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LSD_RD AC[ BC AD

RC_IGBKFÄIKLDEs|küf cfrc ca ctskakokg { ca fg)ctskakokg Idlg|lüpklg rcigbkfäiklg

/\DAD]D_ PG\RSADRC/ RC_LC_D AC[ BC FCZRGF LGIPAKLC [ UC_BSJG BCA LSIPAKIKCFRG BC AD\AC[C\ BC AD RC_IGBKFÄIKLD LAD\KLD 

Ad kfrcdllküf .bc esc}d| bc dllküf { cdllküf+ cfrc ad| egfrcd| bc|so|k|rcid| lélaklg|! |gf ad od|c pdd ad lcdlküf bca igukikcfrgpcidfcfrc pcpcrsg .ipp+&

Ad rclcd ac{ bc Fczrgf |c nd uk|rg lgig sfd |kipac ac{ tsc |cpgbslc kfréf|cldicfrc { lgrkbkdfdicfrc lsdfbg kfrcdlrýdf bg| giä| lscpg| okcf |cd dfrc| { bc|psë| bc ndoc|cjcfcdbg igukikcfrg& Pcg c|rd kipgrdfrc ac{ fg nd |kbgdpguclndbd cf rgbd |s c~rcf|küf pg ad Lkcflkd! |k lgf|kbcdig| tsccaad |c bd cf ad| egfrcd| bc bg| g iä| lscpg| cf lgfrdlrg g fglgfrdlrg .ldipg idjfërklg+ { |c pgbslcf esc}d| bc kjsda idjfkrsbpcg cf bkeccfrc| bkcllkgfc| akfcdac|! ldbd sfd bc caad| rd|ikrkbd cf

ca lscpg gpsc|rg&

Lgf c|rd |cflkaad lddlrcé|rkld bc ad Rclcd ac{ bc Fczrgf! |k addpakldig| d bg| lscpg| bgfbc ldbd sfg bc caag| |c cekcc d sf|so|k|rcid lélaklg { bgfbc pdd ldbd |so|k|rcid c~k|rd sfdlgipgfcfrc bc Esc}d rdfjcflkda cf ad egfrcd bca lklag! bc rda egidtsc jcfcc sf igukikcfrg pcidfcfrc pcpcrsg .ipp+& Bc c|rdegid agjdig| bd |gaslküf d sf pgoacid bca lsda ca ngioc aacud>00 |kjag| |kf c|gauc! dpdrc bca pc|g lgflcprsda gpg|krg bc ad|ac{c| bc ad rcigbkfäikld .pkicd { |cjsfbd ac{+ pgodbd| cf sfdkfekfkbdb bc c~pckicfrg| { da bc|pc|rkjkg tsc |c nd lcdbg bsdfrc|kjag| pdd ag| tsc pcrcfbdf kf|k|rk cf rdf bc|ldocaadbd kbcd& Pg agdfrckgicfrc c~psc|rg /AD RC_LC_D AC[ BC FCZRGF

8/3/2019 4 LEY DE LA TERMODINÁMICA

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BCPCFBKCFBG BC LGIG \C NDJD KFRC_DLRSD_ CFR_CAG\ LSC_PG\ .\SO\K\RCID\+ PSCBC \C_ AD _CJAD [ ADC^LCPLKÜF BC AD _CJAD BCA LSIPAKIKCFRG BC AD\ AC[C\BC AD RC_IGBKFÄIKLD/! C\ BCLK_ /LGIPAKLC [ UC_BSJG

BCA LSIPAKIKCFRG BC AD\ LSDR_G .AC[ G! 4! ?! { <+ AC[C\ BCAD&RC_IGBKFÄIKLD/&

Ad cjad g ca lsipakikcfrg |c bd jcfcdaicfrc lsdfbg ag| lscpg|bgfbc kfrcdlrýdf ad| esc}d|! c|rg| |c dpg{df cf grg lscpg c~rcfgd caag| pdd pgbc lgfrdc|rd ad esc}d gpg|krgd! |k ca lscpgc~rcfg cf tsc |c dpg{df ag| bg| lscpg| c| ca ik|ig! ad |sidrgkdbc igicfrg| g rgtsc| lgf c|pclrg d sf bcrcikfdbg lcfrg bc jkg

bca lscpg c~rcfg |c dfsadf! bcokbg d tsc c| lgiýf ca lcfrg bc jkgbca lscpg c~rcfg cf tsc dpg{df ag| lscpg| tsc c|räfkfrcdlrsdfbg& Ad c~lcplküf bc ad cjad g ca kflsipakikcfrg bc ad|ac{c| bc ad rcigbkfäikld da pdclc |c bdf lsdfbg ag| lscpg| cftsc dlrýdf ad| esc}d| bc kfrcdllküf! c|rg| pc|cfrdf dpg{g cfbkeccfrc| lscpg| c~rcfg| jcfcdfbg lcfrg| bc jkg|kfbcpcfbkcfrc|& Ad dpakldlküf bc c|rc pg|rsadbg pgbéd aacud|c d ldogd fkuca idlg|lüpklg { iklg|lüpklg c kflas|g kfrcigaclsad ckfrdigaclsad&

Ag| |so|k|rcid| lélaklg| |gf c|rslrsd| bc jcgicréd d|kiërkld|büfbc ad| esc}d| rd|ikrkbd| g lgisfkldbd| cf ad egfrcd bc ag||so|k|rcid| lélaklg| pscbcf |c jcfcdbd| pg pc|küf nkbäsakld.aétskbg|+ g bc jd|c|& Rgbg lscpg |kiërklg lgf sfd pc|küf kfrcfdjcfcd sfd pc|küf kjsda |goc äcd| kjsdac| bc ad| ldd| gpsc|rd||kiërkldicfrc! jcfcdfbg bg| esc}d| gpsc|rd| bc kjsda idjfkrsb!jcfcdfbg sfd |sidrgkd bc esc}d| kjsda d lcg lgf c|pclrg dlsdatskc psfrg bc ceccflkd! cf grd| pdadod| |sidrgkd bc pdc| bcigicfrg| .rgtsc|+ kjsdac| d lcg! c|rg |slcbc pgtsc ad| bg|esc}d| gpsc|rd| escgf dpakldbd| cf ca ik|ig lscpg& Pcgdpguclndfbg tsc ad| esc}d| bc dllküf { cdllküf |c pscbcf

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rdf|ikrk d rduë| bc äcd| |kiërkld| { gpsc|rd| bc ag| lscpg| gicbkg| .|k|rcid| nkbäsaklg|+! sfd bc c|rd| äcd| pcrcfclc|gadicfrc d sf |so|k|rcid lélaklg kfic|g pdlkdaicfrc cf ca grg|so|k|rcid lélaklg { |k ad pdrc bca |so|k|rcid lélaklg .tsc fg |c

cflscfrc kfic|g cf ca grg+ |c cflscfrd cf sf icbkg lgf bkeccfrcpc|küf .islng id| odmd+! cfrgflc| ldbd |so|k|rcid lélaklg rdf|ikrcclépgldicfrc sf pd bc esc}d| kjsdac| .bg| cf ldbd |so|k|rcid+ {cf |cfrkbg gpsc|rg pcg dpakldbd cf bkeccfrc lscpg g |so|k|rcidlélaklg! jcfcdfbg igukikcfrg pdd diog| |so|k|rcid| lélaklg| pcgcf bkcllküf lgfrdkd! bcokbg d tsc |c cflscfrdf bg| esc}d|gpsc|rd| bc bkeccfrc idjfkrsb jcfcdbd ldbd sfd pg ldbd|so|k|rcid tsc |c cflscfrd d bkeccfrc| pc|kgfc| .sfg d dard

pc|küf { grg d odmd pc|küf+ dpakldbd cf sfd ik|id äcd lgipdrkbdpg ag| bg| |so|k|rcid|& Ldbd |so|k|rcid rcfbédf bg| äcd|lgipdrkbd| cfrc caag| .ag| bg| |so|k|rcid|+ bc bkeccfrc| rdidôg|.sfd jdfbc { grd pctscôd lgf ad ik|id pc|küf+ pcg lgf bkeccfrcpc|küf pdd ldbd |so|k|rcid lélaklg& Pdd ceclrg| pälrklg| |c pscbckfigukak}d sfg bc ag| |so|k|rcid| lélaklg| bcmdfbg tsc jkc ca tscud{d d pgbslk rdodmg g ca tsc |cd srkak}dbg pdd rdf|ikrk cfcjéd&\k okcf rgbd esc}d dlrýd bc egid Fgida ü pcpcfbklsad da äcd bcdpakldlküf cf ad| |spceklkc| lsud| c|rd| bkcllkgfc| fg |gfrdfjcflkdac| d ad| bkcllkgfc| bc ag| lklag| bc ag| |so|k|rcid|! pcglgig |c dpclkd cf ad| ekjsd| da bc|lgipgfcad| pg|ccflgipgfcfrc| bc esc}d| rdfjcflkdac| lgf c|pclrg d ag| lklag| bc ag||so|k|rcid|! cmclkcfbg pdc| bc Esc}d| rdfjcflkdac| gpsc|rd| bckjsda idjfkrsb tsc |gf dpguclndbd| cf ldbd |so|k|rcid pddjcfcd igukikcfrg& \k ca bk|pg|krkug bc ad ekjsd 4 pg esflkgfd lgfad Esc}d bc jducbdb! pgbéd |c lgf|kbcdbg lgig fg ukgadbg bcad| ac{c| bc ad Rcigbkfäikld da kfrcpcrd tsc ad esc}d bcjducbdb pgukcfc bc sfd Cfcjéd bc sf lscpg c~rckg .ad Rkcd+!pcg |k |c rgid ad rkcd lgig pdrc bca |k|rcid! c| bkeélka dekid glsdfrkekld ad cfcjéd kfrcfd bc ad rkcd g tsc |s jducbdb bk|ikfs{dd icbkbd tsc esflkgfc ca bk|pg|krkug& Pdd dladd bsbd| ucd grg

8/3/2019 4 LEY DE LA TERMODINÁMICA

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bk|pg|krkug .Ekjsd ?+ tsc esflkgfd |kf jducbdb { |üag lgf pc|küf bcdlckrc nkbäsaklg! bgfbc |céd kfbk|lsrkoac ad ukgadlküf bc ad| ac{c| bc adrcigbkfäikld laä|kld&

Sf |kipac og|tscmg |c isc|rd cf ad Ekjsd 4! bc sf ipp srkak}dfbg adjducbdb bgfbc ad| pc|kgfc| bc ag| easkbg| .dkc d pc|küfdrig|eëkld { ca djsd d sfd pc|küf icbkd nkbg|rärkld |sikfk|rd adesc}d bc cipsmc pdd sfd grdlküf lgfrkfsd bca bk|pg|krkug&

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Ekjsrd ?

Fgd= Ca ugasicf bcfrg bc ad |cllküf jkrdgrkd bc|pad}dbd cfuscad pgr ad lgocrsrd

caä|kld fg bcoc |cr kfeadfbg lgf dkrc d prc|küf! c|c c| lrcdbg icbkdfc udlkg& Pdrd

caag ag| drg| icäaklg| lkaéfbrklg| bcocf pcjdr|c d ad lgocrsrd prcukdicfc kfeadbd

pdrd ascjg rckrdrac ca dkrc! ad| udrkaad| bc ag| drg| da |cr lkaéfbrkld| ë|d| |gf

|smcdbd| pgr rgbdikcfg| c~crfg| lgf sf dldfdadbg paä|klg |ciklkrlsadr lgf sf

drlg bc ??0 jrdbg|& Grd idfcrd bc idfcfcr ad egrid bca bk|pg|kkug { cukdr tsc

lgadp|c c| skak}dfbg bcfrg bc ad lsokcrd caä|kld sfd c|rslsrd kfcrfd lkaéfbrkld

lgipsc|d pgr sf drg { lsdrg padkaag| bc bkecrcfc bkäicrg| |cjýf |s sokldlküf!

bk|rkoskbg| ldbd sfg d ;0 jrdbg|& Ag| padkaag| udf bc egrid rd|ucr|da { |gabdbg| cf

ca lcfrg bc ad udrkaad bca drlg kfcrfg { bcocf cfcr diokëf ag| lkdbg| rgbdikcfg|

pgr ag| lsdac| lkrlsadrdf ag| drg| c~crfg| { rgbdikcfg| kfcricbkg| fg dldfdadbg|

.padfg! pgr bgfbc rscbd ad lsokcrd caä|kld+ { rclsokcrg| lgf sf idcrkda caä|klg

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pdrd |s dlgpadikcfg { |sduk}dr ad erkllküf pdrd cukdr ca bc|jd|c bc ad lgocrsrd

caä|kld& Ag| rccfcbgrc| bca easkbg pdrd ldbd |cllküf .bc |dakbd { cfrdbd+ pgr bgfbc

lkrlsad ad c|rslsrd bc sfg bc ag| |so|k|cid| lélaklg|! |gf c|pclkdac| { lgipacmg|

bcocf cfcr sf drlg icäaklg rc|grdbg lgf iýakpac| rgbdikcfg| lkaéfbrklg| .bc ad|

bg| egrid| bc|lrkd| dfcrkgricfc+ darcbcbgr lgipacdfbg ag| <50 jrdbg|& Dbciä|

bcoc cfcr ldbd sfd lgrgfd caä|kld jdrdfk}dr sfd id{gr rccflküf bca easkbg .dlckc

nkbräsaklg! easkbg paä|klg! cl&+ kfcrfg cipacdbg& Pdrd idfcfcr ca dftsc

prc|kgfdbg |c pscbc rclsrrkr d sfd pdrcb bca dftsc |cik)caä|kld pdrd tsc cf ld|g

bc akjcrd| esjd| bc aétskbg! ë|c pgr |cr kflgiprc|koac fg pkcrbd |s prc|küf

räpkbdicfc& Grd| egrid| |gf lgf sf bk|pg|kkug rc|grdbg tsc prc|kgfd sfd udrkaad

idlk}d ak|d bcfrg bca dftsc lgf |s rc|pclkug rccfcbgr caä|klg&

LSD_RD AC[ BC AD RC_IGBKFÄIKLD = ‑Ad Rcrlcrd Ac{ bc Fczgf .Dllküf)_cdllküf+ _cjad { C~lcplküf bca lsipakikcfg bc ad|

 Ac{c| bc ad Rcrigbkfäikld Laä|kld’!

Ad Rcrlcrd ac{ bc Fczgf pscbc dlsdr lüig lüipaklc g Ucrbsjg bc dlscrbg lgig

|c skaklc pdrd ca lsipakikcfg ad| Ac{c| bc ad Rcrigbkfäikld laä|kld&

_dikrg \dad}dr Ad _gd! C| df fgoac { eac~koac c|d fscud Lsdrd Ac{ bc ad Rcrigbkfäikld tsc

dbciä| bc lcrrdr ad orclnd { sfkr gpkfkgfc| lgfrdbklgrkd| cfrc bcecf|grc| bca lsipakikcfg

bc ad| Ac{c| bc ad Rcrigbkfäikld laä|kld { ag| tsc fg |c lgfegridodf cf dbikkrad| pgr |cr

c|d| c|rkld| ag lsda fg dbikéd ad pg|kokakbdb bc c~lcplkgfc| cf prglc|g| grbkfdrkg| {

lgkbkdfg| .|daug cf ld|g| c~rcig| lsdfbg cf ag| prglc|g| |c jcfcrdodf ucaglkbdbc||spcrkgrc| d ad as} c kfugaslrdodf rcdllkgfc| fslacdrc|! rdf|egridlküf bc ad id|d cf cfcrjéd!

|kf ciodrjg ad bsdakbdb id|d)cfcrjéd |c |cjséd lgf|cruäfbg|c& Rdiokëf ag| bcrdlgrc| bc ad|

ac{c| bc ad Rcrigbkfäikld laä|kld fg dlcpdodf |s rkjsrg|kbdb pgr |srjkr ë|d| prkflkpdaicfc

bc cf|d{g| edaakbg| pgr lrcdr cfcrjéd! pgr grg adbg ad lgf|dfc rgos|c} bc ad| ik|id| pgr

lsipakr|c cf sf |kf fýicrg bc prscod|! cf|d{g|! c~pcrkicfg| { prgoacid| dldbëiklg| {

rcdac| bsrdfc |kjag| ad| ndlédf iä| Escrc| c kfedakoac|& Ad Fscud Lsdrd Ac{ bc Ad

 Rcrigbkfäikld |c od|d cf grd| ac{c| lgig ad Rcrlcrd Ac{ bc Fczgf .Dllküf)_cdllküf+ sfd bc

id{gr kipgrdflkd cf ad Lkcflkd { ad lsda fg kcfc bk|ls|küf dldbëikld pgr cflgfrdr|c diokëf

prc|cfc cf gbg prglc|g .crigbkfäiklg+& Rdf eac~koac c| ad Lsdrd Ac{ bc ad Rcrigbkfäikld

tsc cf sf |k|cid lcrrdbg { dk|adbg |kf |sikfk|rg bc id|d { cfcrjéd! sf |k|cid lgipsc|g

pgr bg| |so|k|cid| lélaklg| tsc jkrdf cfrc |k ik|ig| cf |cfkbg lgfrdrkg sfg lgf rc|pclg da

grg! ikcfrd| ldbd |so|k|cid kfbkukbsda da |cr dfdak}dbg pgr |cpdrdbg lsipac ad| ac{c| bc ad

crigbkfäikld! ca |k|cid .ag| bg| |so|k|cid| cf lgfmsfg+ lgig sf gbg fg ad lsipac { cf ad|

ergfcrd| bc ag| bg| |so|k|cid| lélaklg| |c lsipac ad lgf|crudlküf bc ldfkbdb bc igukikcfg

.I|so4 U4 9I|so? U?+& C| bclkr |c lsipac ad| ac{c| dfg bcfrg bc ag| |so|k|cid| lgig cfrc

ag| |so|k|cid| .kfcr|so|k|cid|+! pcrg fg |c lsipac cf ad ergfcrd bca |k|cid lgig sf gbg&

Pgr grd pdrc cf ldbd |so|k|cid c~k|c sf bc|ctskakorkg bc Escr}d|! ag lsda ndlc tsc |c

prgbs}ldf escr}d| lgfrdrkd| bc dllküf { rcdllküf cf |cfkbg| dfjcflkdac| d ag| lklag| bc ldbd

|so|k|cid& Pgr gbg ag dfcrkgr |c ac aadid d ad Rcrlcrd ac{ bc Fczgf .Dllküf)_cdllküf+ cf ad

Lsdrd Ac{ bc Ad Rcrigbkfäikld Lüipaklc { Ucrbsjg ._cjad { C~lcplküf+ bca lsipakikcfg bc

ad| ac{c| bc ad crigbkfäikld&

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  Dsgr= _dikrg Dsjs|g \dad}dr Ad _gd! B&\l& .Bglgr cf Lkcflkd|+

Esfbdbgr&bc&R_GLCBGZ 

lëbsad Fg ;4??::?: bc Osldrdidfjd Lgagiokd