162. SESENTA CRITICAS Y SESENTA RAZONES DE LA CRISIS DE LA ESCUELA

7/31/2019 162. SESENTA CRITICAS Y SESENTA RAZONES DE LA CRISIS DE LA ESCUELA

1/67

K^C]CKB[ S ^BXFGJ[MJ IB K^C[C[ MJ IB J[KZJIB 2

[J[JG]B K^]CKB[ S[J[JG]B ^BXFGJ[ MJ IB K^C[C[ MJ IB J[KZJIB EFMJ^GB

B\F^]J[ \B^B JI MJNB]J

\^FA' M^' HF^DJ JMZB^MF GF^Fgf~fhf~Lkbnijgj}'kfe'b~

K^C]CKB S BXFGJ[& 2IB K^C[C[ BAJK]B IB IFDCKB MJ IB J[KZJIB EFMJ^GB

Gf j{ ib j{kzjib ib rzj j{} jg k~c{c{ {cgf ib j{kzjib efmj~gb'2 Kfef jg f}~f{ efejg}f{ mj ib`c{}f~cb) ib |~f}jckb J[KZJIB {za~j }~bg{af~ebkcfgj{''' s ib{ ec{eb{ {z~djg mji bdf}becjg}f mj if{efmjif{ bg}j~cf~j{' Ib k~c{c{ ~j{|fgmj b ib gjkj{cmbm mj kfg{}~zc~ zgb j{kzjib gzjqb rzj {j|b{z|j~b~ }fmf if rzj `b rzjmbmf kfef ib{}~j cggjkj{b~cf mj ib j{kzjib efmj~gb'

J{ ce|f~}bg}j mjicec}b~ ib k~}ckb b ib j{kzjib mj ib efmj~gcmbm8 ji bgic{c{ mj {z{ dgj{c{) mj {zmj{b~~fiif s mj {z zgcqj~{bicxbkcg mjnj~b kfgmzkc~gf{ b ib{ kfgmckcfgj{ rzj `bg |~fqfkbmf ibk~c{c{ mj ib bk}zbicmbm' Ji bgic{c{ f ib{ ~jaj~jgkcb{ b ib j{kzjib jg djgj~bi (bg}cdjmbm)ejmcjqbi) |~cej~b j}b|b mj ib efmj~gcmbm# |zjmj {j~ zg kbecgf |b~b jgzgkcb~ k~c}j~cf{ mj{z|j~bkcg mj ib k~c{c{' [cg jenb~df }bencg j{ gjkj{b~cf {z|j~b~ zgb cg}j~|~j}bkcg icgjbirzj {ce|icackb ib{ ~jibkcfgj{ j{kzjib%j{}bmf%efmj~gcmbm) ac~ebgmf if{ bkzj~mf{ bn{fiz}f{jg}~j }fmf{ if{ bk}f~j{) kzbgmf jg ~jbicmbm {j }~b}b mj zgb ~jibkcg }~bnbhf{b) kfgaick}cqb) kfgcg}j~j{j{ kfg}~b|zj{}f{ s gf {cje|~j kfcgkcmjg}j{) jg ib rzj kbmb zgf |z{f s {bk ezk`f mjif rzj kfgacdz~ b ib efmj~gcmbm) bi j{}bmf s b ib j{kzjib'

2Ib jmzkbkcg gf {cje|~j mj|jgmc mj ib cg{}c}zkcg j{kfib~' Mz~bg}j ezk`f{ {cdif{ ib{ {fkcjmbmj{ z}cicxb~fg

ejkbgc{ef{ mcaj~jg}j{ b ib j{kzjib |b~b ~j|~fmzkc~ {z{ qbif~j{ s {z{ ebgj~b{ mj |jg{b~' Ib ebgj~b mj qj~ jiezgmf mj j{b{ {fkcjmbmj{ j{}bnb ~jdzibmb |f~ zg kfghzg}f mj ~c}zbij{ rzj gf }jgbg rzj qj~ kfg zg ebj{}~f)zg {big s zgf{ j{}zmcbg}j{ ~jkcncjgmf kib{j mj ijk}z~b f mj djfd~bab' Ib `c{}f~cb mj ib jmzkbkcg `bnb }jgcmf)bg}j{ mj gzj{}~b j~b efmj~gb%fkkcmjg}bi) f}~f }c|f mj |~k}ckb{) mj cg{}c}zkcfgj{ s mj {zhj}f{ rzj ib `bkbcgkfe|b~bnij b ib rzj `fs }jgjef{' Jg Jz~f|b) bg}j{ mji {cdif pqc f rzcx{ mji pq) ib jmzkbkcg j~b zg b{zg}f|~f|cf mj ib Cdij{cb s {j ~jaj~b azgmbejg}biejg}j b ib{ |~k}ckb{ mj ib aj' Bmje{ mj ib kb}jrzj{c{) ib bkkcgcg}jgkcfgbmb mj jmzkb~ b ib |fnibkcg gf j~b zg b{zg}f ce|f~}bg}j' Jg Be~ckb j{}j ajgejgf |j~mz~ `b{}bib {jdzgmb ec}bm mji {cdif pqccc' Bg}j{) ib{ kzi}z~b{ iibebmb{ djg~ckbejg}j |~jkfifencgb{ |~bk}ckbnbg f}~f}c|f mj ~c}zbij{ ezs mc{}cg}f{) ~jibkcfgbmf{ kfg if{ |b|jij{ mcaj~jgkcbmf{ rzj if{ `fen~j{ s ib{ ezhj~j{

~j|~j{jg}bnbg jg {z{ {fkcjmbmj{' IQB^JX DBIIJDF BIJHBGM^F) Mji j{}bmf mfkjg}j b ib {fkcjmbmjmzkbmf~b) zg kbencf mj |fkb6) ^jqc{}b mj Jmzkbkcg mj ib FJC' g >1' ebsf%bdf{}f >


2/67

K^C]CKB[ S ^BXFGJ[MJ IB K^C[C[ MJ IB J[KZJIB >

Gf {j }~b}b mj kfga~fg}b~ {fibejg}j ib j{kzjib efmj~gb kfg ji bizegf |f{}efmj~gf' J{}f j{{fif zgb b|b~cjgkcb mj ib ~jbicmbm8 ib j{}~zk}z~b efmj~gb mj ib j{kzjib gf |zjmj izk`b~ kfg}~bib mj{%j{}~zk}z~bkcg mj if{ kb~bk}j~j{ efmj~gf{ mj ib {fkcjmbm' Gf {j }~b}b {fif mj if{bizegf{' [j }~b}b mj jiif{ s }fmf if{ rzj gf{ if `bg kfgqj~}cmf jg |f{}efmj~gf{''' Mj bidzgbebgj~b) zgb j{kzjib efmj~gb rzj |f}jgkcj {z{ qc~}zmj{ |zjmj }~bg{af~eb bi bizegf

|f{}efmj~gf' Ib |~jdzg}b j{ {c {j |zjmj }~bg{af~eb~ mj{mj ib j{kzjib (efmj~gb# zgb {fkcjmbmrzj {j `b mj{b~ebmf s rzj gf |cjg{b jg ~j%kfg{}c}zc~{j'

K^C]CKB S ^BXFGJ[ & >K^C[C[ MJ IDCKB MJI \JG[BECJG]F EFMJ^GF

Ib j{kzjib ~j{|fgmj b ib idckb mji |jg{becjg}f efmj~gf s mji kb|c}bic{ef cgmz{}~cbi? qb |j~mcjgmf

azj~xb b ejmcmb rzj ifd~b {z{ fnhj}cqf{) sb rzj {j cgckcb zg |~fkj{f mj mcaj~jgkcbkcg |~fd~j{cqb s mja~bdejg}bkcg' Jg ji kfg}jp}f mji gzjqf kb|c}bic{ef f gjficnj~bic{ef if{ ejkbgc{ef{ mj|~fmzkkcg) bmrzc{ckcg s kfg{zef mj ib kzi}z~b {fg f}~f{' Ib j{kzjib gf }~bnbhb gc kfg ib idckb) gckfg ji kmcdf mj ib cgmz{}~cb kzi}z~bi) gc ~j{|fgmj b zgb j{}~b}jdcb mcaj~jgkcbmf~b s jpkizsjg}j'

Ji gzjqf kb|c}bic{ef efmcackb |~fazgmbejg}j if{ |b}~fgj{ kzi}z~bij{ mji |b{bmf) kfef bdjg}j~j{|fg{bnij mj ib |~fmzkkcg s mj ib mc{}~cnzkcg mj ib kzi}z~b' Ecjg}~b{ jg ji kb|c}bic{efcgmz{}~cbi) ib j{kzjib s if{ ejmcf{ mj kfezgckbkcg fa~jkbg b }fmf{ ji ec{ef |~fmzk}f s j{}bfaj~}b }jgb zg azj~}j |fmj~ `fefdjgjcxbmf~ (jp|~j{cg mj ib idckb mj if{ {jk}f~j{mfecgbg}j{#) if{ gzjqf{ ejkbgc{ef{ kzi}z~bij{ {j nb{bg jg ib idckb mj ib mjebgmb(kicjg}j{#) cgqc~}cjgmf ji j{rzjeb bg}j~cf~''' \b~b rzj ib mjebgmb ~j{|fgmb b if{ cg}j~j{j{

mji gzjqf kb|c}bic{ef) {j cg{}bib f}~b idckb rzj gf j{ ib mj ib j{kzjib) {cgf mj zgb kzi}z~b|f|zib~ rzj ~j{|fgmj b zgb qj~mbmj~b cgmz{}~cb kzi}z~bi (ej~kbmf / njgjackcf jkfgeckf#' Ibj{kzjib |nickb) d~b}zc}b) fnicdb}f~cb) gf ~j{|fgmj b j{}b idckb) }~bnbhb kfg f}~f{ kmcdf{ sdjgj~b gb}z~biejg}j mj{kfgacbgxb f mj{cg}j~{' (]JMJ[KF#

K^C]CKB S ^BXFGJ[ & ;J[KZJIB8 CG[]^ZEJG]F MJI \FMJ^ MFECGBG]J

Ib j{kzjib j{ ib jp|~j{cg mji |fmj~ mfecgbg}j s j{}~b}dckb ~j|~fmzk}f~b mj if{ efmjif{cmjfidckf{ s {fkcfjkfgeckf{ qcdjg}j{' [z kfg}cgzcmbm s {z qcdjgkcb }cjgmjg b |~fazgmcxb~ ib{mcaj~jgkcb{ {fkcbij{ jg izdb~ mj ~j{fiqj~ib{' Ji {zjf `fefdjgjcxbmf~ s mjefk~}ckf mji f~cdjg `bezj~}f mjacgc}cqbejg}j) }~bg{af~ebmf jg cg{}~zejg}f mj |fmj~ jg ebgf{ mj ib{ kib{j{`jdjegckb{' >

> BI]@Z[[J^8 B\B^B]F CMJFIDCKF MJI J[]BMF8 Rz {j b|~jgmj jg ib j{kzjib6 J{ |f{cnij iijdb~ `b{}b

bidzgb{ }kgckb{) s }bencg f}~b{ kf{b{) cgkiz{f jijejg}f{ (rzj |zjmjg {j~ ~zmcejg}b~cf{ f |f~ ji kfg}~b~cf|~fazgmcxbmf{# mj kzi}z~b kcjg}ackb f ic}j~b~cb z}cicxbnij{ mc~jk}bejg}j jg if{ mc{}cg}f{ |zj{}f{ mj ib

|~fmzkkcg (zgb cg{}~zkkcg |b~b if{ fn~j~f{) zgb |b~b if{ }kgckf{) zgb }j~kj~b |b~b if{ cgdjgcj~f{) f}~b |b~bif{ kzbm~f{ {z|j~cf~j{) j}k'#' [j b|~jgmjg `bncicmbmj{ ({bqfc~ %abc~j#' \j~f bi ec{ef }cje|f) s hzg}f kfg j{b{}kgckb{ s kfgfkcecjg}f{) jg ib j{kzjib {j b|~jgmjg ib{ ~jdib{ mji nzjg z{f) j{ mjkc~ mj ib{ kfgqjgcjgkcb{ rzj


3/67

K^C]CKB[ S ^BXFGJ[MJ IB K^C[C[ MJ IB J[KZJIB ;

Jg ji |jg{becjg}f mj C'CIICK@) ib j{kfib~cxbkcg s ib jmzkbkcg {j qzjiqjg kfgkj|}f{bg}cgeckf{) |f~ ib jmzkbkcg cg{}c}zkcfgbicxbmb s ib cg{}c}zkcg j{kfib~ kfef |~fmzk}f~b{ mjej~kbgkb{ kfg zg mj}j~ecgbmf qbif~ mj kbencf jg ib {fkcjmbm) iijqb b zgb {c}zbkcg mjjqcmjg}j mj{cdzbimbm mfgmj {cje|~j {j njgjackcbg eb{ rzcjgj{ sb mc{|fgjg mj zg kb|c}bi

kzi}z~bi cgckcbi' Eb{ bii mji |jg{becjg}f mj CIICK@) kbnj |~jdzg}b~{j {c brzji {zjf`fefdjgjcxbmf~ rzj |fgb bi {zhj}f zgcqj~{bi bi {j~qckcf mj zg |~fsjk}f rzj mfecgbnbg sbmecgc{}~bnbg zgf{ |fkf{''' gf |zjmj kfgqj~}c~{j) jg zgb hzdbmb }~be|f{b) jg zgb j{kzjib

gj}bejg}j mcaj~jgkcbmb rzj kfg{}~zsj qj~mbmj~b{ faj~}b{ |b~b if{ rzj }cjgjg ji |fmj~ s

|~jmckb zgb zgcqj~{bicmbm {cg kfg}~fi s {cg qbif~ |b~b ji ~j{}f' ]bi qjx ib j{kzjib bi {j~qckcf mj ib

ebsf~b {jb zgf mj if{ |fkb{ b~kb{ mj {biqbkcg rzj ib {fkcjmbm kfg{j~qj' Jg ji }jp}f Ib^j|~fmzkkcg) NFZ^MCJZ%\B[[J^FG) ~jibkcfgbg ib bkkcg j{kfib~ kfg zg |~fkj{f mjmcaj~jgkcbkcg {fkcbi ce|zj{}f |f~ zg |fmj~ b~nc}~b~cf) kfg cgkzikbkcg mj {cdgcackbmf{ rzj {j|~fkz~b ijdc}ceb~' Rzjmb kib~bejg}j |ibg}jbmf rzj bii mfgmj bi {c{}jeb jmzkb}cqf eb~kbmj{cdzbimbmj{ cgmcqcmzbij{ (ijdc}cebmf |f~ kcj~}b{ kfgkj|kcfgj{ |{ckfidckb{# jg ~jbicmbmj{}bef{ bg}j ib |~j{jgkcb mj mj{cdzbimbmj{ {fkcbij{8 .}fmb bkkcg |jmbddckb j{

fnhj}cqbejg}j zgb qcfijgkcb {cenickb jg }bg}f ce|f{ckcg |f~ zg |fmj~ b~nc}~b~cf mj zgbb~nc}~b~cjmbm kzi}z~bi'''}fmb bkkcg |jmbddckb j{} mj}j~ecgbmb b ~j|~fmzkc~ ib b~nc}~b~cjmbmkzi}z~bi mb ib{ kib{j{ mfecgbg}j{' .}fmb bkkcg |jmbddckb j{ fnhj}cqbejg}j zgb qcfijgkcb{cenickb jg }bg}f ce|f{ckcg |f~ zg |fmj~ b~nc}~b~cf mj zgb b~nc}~b~cjmbm kzi}z~bi'''}fmbbkkcg |jmbddckb j{} mj}j~ecgbmb b ~j|~fmzkc~ ib b~nc}~b~cjmbm kzi}z~bi mb ib{ kib{j{mfecgbg}j{'. Jg Ib j{kzjib kb|c}bic{}b) NBZMJIF]%J[]BNIJ] z}cicxbg zgb idckb {cecib~' [jkb~bk}j~cxb b ib j{kzjib {jdg ib{ kfgkj|}zbicxbkcfgj{ mj BI]@Z[[J^ mj .b|b~b}f{ cmjfidckf{mji j{}bmf.8 {j |~fkz~b {jbib~ ji kb~k}j~ |~fazgmbejg}j kib{c{}b mj ib cg{}c}zkcg j{kfib~)mj{}bkbgmf kfef) nbhf ib b|b~cjgkcb mj zgb j{kzjib zgcackbmb jg ~jbicmbm {j mcqcmj {fkcbiejg}jb ib |fnibkcg'

mjnj fn{j~qb~ }fmf bdjg}j mj ib mcqc{cg mji }~bnbhf) {jdg ji |zj{}f rzj j{} mj{}cgbmf b fkz|b~8 ~jdib{ mj

ef~bi s mj kfgkcjgkcb kqckb s |~faj{cfgbi) if rzj {cdgcackb jg ~jbicmbm ~jdib{ mji ~j{|j}f b ib mcqc{cg {fkcbi%}kgckb mji }~bnbhf s) jg mjacgc}cqb) ~jdib{ mji f~mjg j{}bnijkcmf |f~ ib mfecgbkcg mj kib{j' [j b|~jgmj}bencg b `bnib~ ncjg ji cmcfeb) b ~jmbk}b~ ncjg) if rzj mj `jk`f {cdgcackb (|b~b if{ az}z~f{ kb|c}bic{}b{ s

{z{ {j~qcmf~j{# {bnj~ mb~ ~mjgj{) j{ mjkc~ ({fizkcg cmjbi#) {bnj~ mc~cdc~{j b if{ fn~j~f{) j}k}j~b'

Jgzgkcbgmf j{}j `jk`f jg zg ijgdzbhj e{ kcjg}ackf) mc~jef{ rzj ib ~j|~fmzkkcg mj ib azj~xb mj }~bnbhf gf

{if jpcdj zgb ~j|~fmzkkcg mj {z kbicackbkcg {cgf) bi ec{ef }cje|f) ib ~j|~fmzkkcg mj {z {zec{cg b ib{~jdib{ mji f~mjg j{}bnijkcmf) j{ mjkc~ zgb ~j|~fmzkkcg mj {z {zec{cg b ib cmjfifdb mfecgbg}j |f~ |b~}j mjif{ bdjg}j{ mj ib jp|if}bkcg s ib ~j|~j{cg) b acg mj rzj b{jdz~jg }bencg |f~ ib |bibn~b ji |~jmfecgcf mj ibkib{j mfecgbg}j' Jg f}~f{ }~ecgf{) ib j{kzjib (s }bencg f}~b{ cg{}c}zkcfgj{ mji J{}bmf) kfef ib Cdij{cb) sf}~f{ b|b~b}f{ kfef ji Jh~kc}f# jg{jb ib{ `bncicmbmj{ nbhf af~eb{ rzj b{jdz~bg ji {fej}cecjg}f b ibcmjfifdb mfecgbg}j f ji mfecgcf mj {z |~k}ckb' }fmf{ if{ bdjg}j{ mj ib |~fmzkkcg) ib jp|if}bkcg s ib

~j|~j{cg) {cg `bnib~ mj if{ |~faj{cfgbij{ mj ib cmjfifdb (Eb~p# mjnjg j{}b~ kfe|jgj}~bmf{ jg }bi f kzbi

kb~k}j~ kfg j{}b cmjfifdb |b~b kze|ic~ kfgkcjgxzmbejg}j kfg {z{ }b~jb{) {jb mj jp|if}bmf{ (if{

|~fij}b~cf{#) mj jp|if}bmf~j{ (if{ kb|c}bic{}b{#) mj bzpcicb~j{ mj ib jp|if}bkcg (if{ kzbm~f{#) mj d~bgmj{{bkj~mf}j{ mj ib cmjfifdb mfecgbg}j ({z{ azgkcfgb~cf{#) j}k}j~b'\f~ {z |b~}j F[XIBO8 2=2) {jbib8 Ji mj{f~mjg j~b }bencg qc{}f kfef |~fmzk}f mj ib ec{j~cb) s {c ji |~fd~j{f

~jrzj~b f~mjg) }bencg ji f~mjg ~jrzj~b |~fd~j{f' J{ mjkc~) ji |~fd~j{f j~b zg abk}f~ ijdc}cebg}j mji f~mjg)

|f~ if rzj ib bkkcg mji j{}bmf mjnb bg}ckc|b~{j b ~j{fiqj~ zg be|icf j{|jk}~f mj gjkj{cmbmj{ cg{b}c{ajk`b{rzj bdc}bnbg if{ j{|~c}z{ s bejgbxbg mj{}~zc~ zgb zgcmbm }bg mz~bejg}j kfg{jdzcmb'


4/67

K^C]CKB[ S ^BXFGJ[MJ IB K^C[C[ MJ IB J[KZJIB =

K^C]CKB S ^BXFGJ[ & =IB J[KZJIB8 QBKCB MJ [JG]CMF S KFG]JGCMF

Ib j{kzjib {j `b qbkcbmf mj {jg}cmf) mj kfg}jgcmf{) mj b}~bkkcfgj{) kfgqc~}cgmf{j |b~b if{|~f}bdfgc{}b{ jg zgb cg{}c}zkcg jp}~bb s bhjgb' [fif `b kfg{j~qbmf ib k{kb~b) ib{ af~ebicmbmj{)|j~f `b |j~mcmf {z {jg}cmf i}cef s azgmbejg}bi' Bzgrzj {fkcbiejg}j ib j{kzjib kfg}cgb qcdjg}j ){z |~j{jgkcb {fkcbi j{ jg ib |~k}ckb cg{j~qcnij f mjnj gjdfkcb~ {z ~jijqbgkcb {fkcbi b{zecjgmfazgkcfgj{ rzj gf {fg ib{ rzj djgzcgbejg}j ib mjacgjg' ;

;Ji |b|ji mj ib j{kzjib jg [bg}b Aj (IB GBKCG' ;= jmcackcf{}fmbqb `bs |~fnijeb{ mj bdzb? f}~f{ 2> {j kfg{cmj~bg mj ezs mcakci ~j|b~bkcg s e{ mj zg kjg}jgb~ {j `bgkfgqj~}cmf jg b{jg}becjg}f{ |~fqc{cfgbij{ mj jqbkzbmf{) {cg rzj jg if cgejmcb}f `bsb |f{cncicmbm bidzgb mjrzj |zjmbg mjhb~ mj |~j{}b~ j{b azgkcg'Jg j{}j kzbm~f mj eb~kbmb{ ~j{}~ckkcfgj{) ib ~jznckbkcg mj if{ ejgf~j{ j{ zgb ibnf~ |f~ mje{ b~mzb s {jkbikzib) bmje{) rzj bi~jmjmf~ mj 2:'


5/67

K^C]CKB[ S ^BXFGJ[MJ IB K^C[C[ MJ IB J[KZJIB :

Ji kfgkj|}f mj j{kzjib qbkb `b {cmf mj{b~~fiibmf ~jkcjg}jejg}j) mj{mj ib {fkcfifdb mj ibjmzkbkcg8 ]JG]C ABGABGC = `b bqbgxbmf jg j{j {jg}cmf) mj}j~ecgbgmf ib{ ~bxfgj{ mj ib k~c{c{mj ib cg{}c}zkcg j{kfib~' Ezk`f{ {f{|jk`bg rzj ji ebi rzj bajk}b b ib jmzkbkcg {j jp|~j{b

jg zgb |~mcmb mj {jg}cmf mj ib{ |~k}ckb{ j{kfib~j{' J{}j qbkf kfg{|c~b kfg}~b ji mj{b~~fiif mjib{ |j~{fgb{ s mj ib {fkcjmbm'

Jg gzj{}~f{ mb{ {j b{c{}j b zg |~fkj{f mj qbkcbecjg}f mj ib{ azgkcfgj{ j{jgkcbij{ mj ib j{kzjibs |f~ }bg}f b zgb mc{ecgzkcg m~{}ckb mj ib kbicmbm mj ib jmzkbkcg' Gf{ jgkfg}~bef{ kfg zgqbkcbecjg}f mj {jg}cmf mji ezgmf j{kfib~'

K^C]CKB S ^BXFGJ[ & :J[KZJIB8 MJ[\^FQC[]B MJ ZG EBGMB]F [FKCBI

Ib j{kzjib j{ jp|~j{cg mj zg ebgmb}f {fkcbi' ]~bg{af~ebkcfgj{ rzj {j `bg f|j~bmf jg ib {fkcjmbm

s jg if{ cg{}~zejg}f{ mj kfezgckbkcg s mj kfg}~fi {fkcbi `bg mj{bk~jmc}bmf ji |fmj~ mj ibj{kzjib) }~bg{ac~cgmf{jif b f}~b{ cg{}c}zkcfgj{ {fkcbij{' Ib j{kzjib {cdzj ~c}zbi s ~z}cgb~cbejg}j kfg{z{ bkkcfgj{) |f~rzj gbmcj {j b}~jqj b kfezgckb~{j b }bg njgje~c}b mbeb rzj j{ gjkj{b~cf rzj {j

hzncij' Mc{cezibg {z{ mjajk}f{ s icec}bkcfgj{ |b~b gf `j~c~ {z {z{kj|}cncicmbm) |j~f sb gbmcj kfgab jg{z{ |f{cncicmbmj{' :

Ib j{kzjib kfef cg{}c}zkcg azj k~jbmb |b~b b}jgmj~ abecicb{ jg zg ezgmf eb{ rzcj}f)ebsf~ejg}j ~z~bi s kfg |fkb{ bi}j~gb}cqb{8 {j }~b}bnb mj {j~qc~ b ib{ ~jmj{ {fkcbij{ sbjpc{}jg}j{' Jg j{}j kb{f) b|b~jkj ~jkfgfkcmb jg ezk`f{ |~fsjk}f{ ib gjkj{cmbm mj ~jk~jb~ j{b{~jmj{ cg}j~|j~{fgbij{) b`f~b mbbmb{ f mj{}~zcmb{) f mj djgj~b~ f}~b{ gzjqb{' Ib j{kzjib {jkfgqcj~}j jg zg kjg}~f mj ~jaj~jgkcb kfezgc}b~cf) mfgmj {j kfg{}~zsj cmjg}cmbm) {jg}cmf s

kfgfkcecjg}f' \fm~ {j~ rzj zg kfgfkcecjg}f b{ kfg{}~zcmf gf {jb zg kfgfkcecjg}f|z~bejg}j cgj~}j) {cgf zg kfgfkcecjg}f f|j~bnij |b~b efmcackb~ ib qcmb6 (DF^J J') \b|ji mj ib{j{kzjib{ jg ib {fkcjmbm kcqci' FJC'#

K^C]CKB S ^BXFGJ[ & 1CG[]BIBMB JG JI HZJDF MJI [CEZIBK^F

[j `b cg{}bibmf zgb kzi}z~b mji {cezibk~f8 }fmf ji ezgmf (ji j{}bmf) ib {fkcjmbm) ib{ abecicb{) if{

mfkjg}j{ s `b{}b if{ bizegf{# {cezib kfgacb~ jg ji |fmj~ s jg ib jajk}cqcmbm mj ib j{kzjib''' |j~f jgif{ `jk`f{) mj{k~jjg mj jiib' Gf fkz|b zg izdb~ mj |~cqcijdcf) {j ib |f{}j~db jg ib j{kbib mj qbif~j{)gf `bs cgqj~{cfgj{) gf {j qzjikbg jg jiib if{ cg}j~j{j{ azgmbejg}bij{''' s {z{ |~f}bdfgc{}b{ mbgezj{}~b mj {z `b{}f s mj {z mj{cg}j~{'''1

J{ gjkj{b~cf mj%ef{}~b~ (kfef mj%qjib~# ib {c}zbkcg kfg}~bmck}f~cb rzj gf{ ~fmjb) sb rzj |f~zgb |b~}j ib {fkcjmbm ebg}cjgj }fmb{ ib{ j{}~zk}z~b{ efmj~gb{ mj ib jmzkbkcg af~ebi jg ibj{kzjib s |f~ f}~b kfg{}~zsj mc{kz~{f{ jp|ikc}f{ f ce|ikc}f{ rzj ib ezj{}~bg jg k~jkcjg}j

=]JG]C ABGABGC) Ib j{kzjib qbkb' Mjnj~j{ mji J{}bmf s ~j{|fg{bncicmbmj{ mj ib {fkcjmbm' ZGCKJA&If{bmb'

233> s \B^^B [BGMFQBI s f}~f{) Ib j{kzjib qbkb' Azgmbkcg AJ[' ]E jmc}f~j{' 2330':

J{}b `c|}j{c{ mjnj {j~ }~bnbhbmb s ~jaf~xbmb mj{mj ji |zg}f mj qc{}b mj ib {fkcfifdb j{}~zk}z~bi%azgkcfgbic{}b1 Jpc{}j zg mck`f |f|zib~) ezs mj efmb |f~ j{}f{ }cje|f{ ~jaf~ec{}b{ jg jmzkbkcg) rzj mckj8 Ji ebj{}~f `bkjrzj jg{jb) ji bizegf `bkj rzj b|~jgmj s ji J{}bmf `bkj rzj ij |bdb'


6/67


mj{kfgacbgxb s ~j}c~bmb' [j mjnj kfg}~b|fgj bi mc{kz~{f `fefdgjf s ~jmzgmbg}j mj if{cgckcf{ mj ib j{kzjib efmj~gb' @fs ib k~c{c{ j{ zg izdb~ kfeg |j~f ib j{kzjib j{ zgbcg{}c}zkcg kb|bx mj dzb~mb~ kcj~}b{ b|b~cjgkcb{8 ib{ bzib{ j{}g iijgb{) {j {z|fgj rzj if{ebj{}~f{ jg{jbg s if{ bizegf{ b|~jgmjg? {j kze|ijg kcj~}b{ ~z}cgb{ s ic}z~dcb{' Ib{b|b~cjgkcb{ mjgf}bg gf~ebicmbm' Ib ebsf~b mj if{ bizegf{ jgkzjg}~bg {z izdb~ jg ib j{kzjib s

|b{bg mj d~bmf' S {cg jenb~df ezk`f{ {fg if{ rzj {f{|jk`bg rzj ib j{kz jib j{} qbkb'(]JG]C ABGABG8 3#

K^C]CKB S ^BXFGJ[ & 4J[KZJIB8 JGA^JG]B F]^B[ AF^EB[ MJ JMZKB^

Ji ce|bk}f mj f}~b{ af~eb{ mj jmzkbkcg) j{|jkcbiejg}j gf af~ebij{) `b djgj~bmf zgb

kfe|j}jgkcb mz~b s mj{ijbi' Ib j{kzjib |b~jkj mjk~jkj~ jg ~jkz~{f{) ecjg}~b{ if{ f}~f{ ejmcf{|b~jkjg af~}bijkj~{j s jp|bgmc~{j' Jg ib ejmcmb jg rzj if{ cgmcqcmzf{ s ib {fkcjmbm jgkzjg}~bg rzj|zjmjg bn~jqb~ jg f}~b{ azjg}j{) ij rzc}bg j{|bkcf) |~j{jgkcb s ~jijqbgkcb b ib j{kzjib'

If{ {c{}jeb{ jmzkb}cqf{ }cjgjg bg}j { zg ~j}f dcdbg}j{kf bg}j ji rzj f ~j{|fgmjgkfgqjgcjg}jejg}j f rzjmb~g ~jijdbmf{ %jg j{}b fkb{cg mji }fmf% b zgb azgkcg mj kz{}fmcb)mj{ijdc}cebmf{ jg zgb mj {z{ azgkcfgj{ kb|c}bij{8 ji |~f|f~kcfgb~ ji bkkj{f bi kfgfkcecjg}f' Ib{fkcjmbm |f{}%cgmz{}~cbi gjkj{c}b jmzkbkcg s djgj~b ezk`b{ bk}cqcmbmj{ mj jmzkbkcg) |j~f gfj{} b{jdz~bmf rzj ib qbsbg b |~f|f~kcfgb~ ib{ cg{}c}zkcfgj{ rzj }jgjef{' [j bn~j zg|bgf~beb mj faj~}b{ ezs qb~cbmb{) aijpcnij{ s b}~bk}cqb{) ijhf{ mj if{ |b}~fgj{ kz~~ckzib~j{ki{ckf{ mj ib j{kfib~cxbkcg' DCEJGF [BK^C[]BG

K^C]CKB S ^BXFGJ[ & 0JG K^C[C[ [Z[ BDJG]J[ S ^J[\FG[BNIJ[

Ib j{kzjib `b jg}~bmf jg k~c{c{ |f~rzj `bg jg}~bmf jg k~c{c{ {z{ ~j{|fg{bnij{' K~jkc s {j af~}bijkcbi kbif~ mj ib acdz~b mji jmzkbmf~ (s kfef {z |~fsjkkcg# |j~f) if{ jmzkbmf~j{ mj `fs gf ifd~bg~j{|fgmj~ b ib{ jpcdjgkcb{ bk}zbij{' Ji |~fazgmf kbencf mj ib{ kfgmckcfgj{ mj jhj~kckcf mj ib }b~jb

jmzkb}cqb s mfkjg}j jg ji kfg}jp}f j{kfib~ s jg zg gzjqf }c|f mj {fkcjmbm) `b {cmf ib kbz{b mj ib{c}zbkcg ~jcgbg}j' Ib |~j{zg}b |~faj{cfgbicxbkcg mj ib }b~jb) b{fkcbmb b k~jkcjg}j{ mjebgmb{ibnf~bij{ azj mj{b~ebgmf ji }c|f mj |~j{jgkcb s mj azgkcfgbecjg}f mj if{ jmzkbmf~j{ jg ib j{kzjib'Ecjg}~b{ if{ mfkjg}j{ mji |b{bmf kfg{}~zsj~fg ib j{kzjib kfef if {cdzjg `bkcjgmf rzj b{zejg zgebgmbmf azgmbkcfgbi b kf{}b mj {z jg}~jdb s mj {z {bk~cackcf (b|f{}fibmf) qfkbkcg) {bkj~mfkcf){bk~cackcf) kjicnb}f) j}k'#''' if{ kfg}jp}f{ jg if{ rzj if{ jmzkbmf~j{ {j `bkjg kb~df mj ib j{kzjib jg jimj{b~~fiif mj ib `c{}f~cb |f}jgkcbg if{ ~b{df{ ibnf~bij{ s mj |~faj{cfgbicxbkcg) jg if{ rzj {jmjebgmbg mj~jk`f{ s mjnj~j{) kfgmckcfgj{ mj jhj~kckcf mj }~bnbhf) mjicec}bkcg mj if{ }cje|f{ibnf~bij{' Bidzgb{ bk}cqcmbmj{ kfe|ijejg}b~cb{ mj ib }b~jb j{}~ck}bejg}j j{kfib~ {cdzjg {cjgmfef}cqf mj mjnb}j bkj~kb mj ib |j~}cgjgkcb mji ~fi mji jmzkbmf~ s {fn~j ib gjkj{b~cb ~jezgj~bkcgrzj mjnj bkfe|bb~ }fmf{ if{ }~bnbhf{ (|~j|b~b}f~cf{ s kfe|ijejg}b~cf{# mj if{ mfkjg}j{ jg ib

j{kzjib' Mj bidzgb ebgj~b ib j{kzjib mj {cje|~j gf |zjmj {j~ b}jgmcmb |f~ if{ mfkjg}j{ mj `fs''' sif{ mfkjg}j{ mj `fs (rzj sb gf ~j|~j{jg}bg zgb |f{cncicmbm mj cmjg}cackbkcg |b~b if{ {zhj}f{ mj ib


7/67


j{kzjib# |zjmjg }~bnbhb~ jg ji kfg}jp}f mj f}~b j{kzjib (gf sb ib efmj~gb {fbmb |f~ Gb|fijg jgji rzj kbmb mfkjg}j {j~ kfgqj~}b jg zg azgkcfgb~cf mji d~bg jh~kc}f kzi}z~bi mji j{}bmf) rzj{fibejg}j mjnb fnjmcjgkcb b {z{ {z|j~cf~j{ hj~~rzckf{#' Ji fnjmcjg}j mfkjg}j mji |b{bmf {j `bkfgqj~}cmf jg zg cg}jijk}zbi k~}ckf rzj mjebgmb) kzj{}cfgb) {j ~j{c{}j j cebdcgb kfgmckcfgj{ejhf~j{'

[j `b mck`f bidzgb qjx rzj ib j{kzjib j{ zgb cg{}c}zkcg mcakci mj kbencb~ |f~rzj rzcjgj{ {jmjmckbg b }~bnbhb~ jg j{kzjib{ rzc{cj~fg rzjmb~{j jg jiib{ |f~rzj ij{ dz{} ib cg{}c}zkcg }bikfef j~b' Kfg {jdz~cmbm j{}f gf j{ kcj~}f jg }fmf{ if{ kb{f{) |j~f gf kbnj mzmb rzj ib{af~eb{ j{kfib~j{ ezj{}~bg d~bmf{ mj cg{}c}zkcfgbicxbkcg j{|jkcbiejg}j bi}f{' Zg kc~zhbgf rzjf|j~ `bkj kcgkzjg}b bf{ gf |fm~b efqj~{j jg gcgdg rzc~abgf mj `fs jg mb' Zg ebj{}~f)jg kbencf) jgkfg}~b~b ezk`b{ ejgf{ mcaj~jgkcb{' (DF^J J') \b|ji mj ib{ j{kzjib{ jg ib{fkcjmbm kcqci' FJC#

K^C]CKB S ^BXFGJ[ & 3CG[]C]ZKCFGJ[ JG K^C[C[8 J[KZJIB JG K^C[C[

Ib j{kzjib j{ zgb |~fsjkkcg mj zg kfghzg}f mj cg{}c}zkcfgj{ rzj mjijdbg jg jiib |~j{jgkcb s~j{|fg{bncicmbmj{' Bzgrzj jg zg |b{bmf ~jef}f |zmf }jgj~ kcj~}b bz}fgfeb) {cje|~j k~jkc bikbif~ mj ib{ mjebgmb{ kib~b{ s j{|jkackb{ mj ib{ cg{}c}zkcfgj{ mj ib {fkcjmbm' [c ezk`b{ mj ib{cg{}c}zkcfgj{ jg}~b~fg jg k~c{c{)4 {c sb gf {j |zjmj `bnib~ mj abecicb) {fkcjmbm) |fi}ckb f j{}bmf jg}~ecgf{ }~bmckcfgbij{ (efmj~gf{#0) j{ gb}z~bi rzj ib j{kzjib {j mj{f~cjg}j) |cj~mb ~jijqbgkcb s gf{j|b kef cg}j~|~j}b~ ji {j~ s ji rzj`bkj~ rzj ib hz{}cackb' 3

4Ka~' JAJK]F MCMJ^F] f ib ]JF^CB MJ IF[ JKF[C[]JEB[8 kfef {j }~b}b mj zg kfghzg}f mj jijejg}f{

cg}j~bkkcfgbmf{) ib {ce|ij efmcackbkcg mj zgf mj jiif{ fnicdb b ib efmcackbkcg mji kfghzg}f' (AJ^^J[) >


8/67


D~bgmj{ ~j}f{ |b~b zgb cg{}c}zkcg kbmb qjx ejgf{ |f}jg}j8 Bi }cje|f rzj {j mjncic}bji |b|ji kzi}z~bi mj ib j{kzjib) b ib qjx rzj {j a~bdejg}b ji |b|ji mji {c{}jeb jmzkb}cqf) {j}cjgmj b qj~ jg if{ kjg}~f{ jmzkb}cqf{ if{ ~jmjg}f~j{ mj }fmf{ if{ ebij{ ef~bij{ rzjbajk}bg b ib {fkcjmbm' B|~jkcbef{ rzj gzjqf{ kfej}cmf{ {j qzjikbg {fn~j ib j{kzjib bg}j

ib mj{b|b~ckcg mj f}~b{ j{aj~b{ mj {fkcbicxbkcg8 abecicb) kfezgcmbm)''' DCEJGF [BK^C[]G

Mbmb {z mjg{cmbm cg{}c}zkcfgbi) ib j{kzjib }cjgmj b ec~b~{j b { ec{eb kfef zg j{|bkcfbz}f{zackcjg}j rzj jgkcj~~b {z |~f|cb qj~mbm' \j~f j{ |~jkc{f ~jkf~mb~ rzj }fmbcg}j~|~j}bkcg mj zg jijejg}f f mcejg{cg mj ib {fkcjmbm ~jrzcj~j zgb ~j|~j{jg}bkcg~jibkcfgbi' J{ gjkj{b~cf ~jibkcfgb~ib kfg f}~b{ bdjgkcb{ mj {fkcbicxbkcg) jg j{|jkcbi kfg ibabecicb)2< if{ ejmcf{ mj kfezgckbkcg s if{ kfg{zef{ kzi}z~bij{ eb{cqf{) ib cdij{cb) j}k'Bzgrzj ib j{kzjib |j~ebgjxkb jg d~bg ejmcmb cmg}ckb b { ec{eb) kfef fnhj}f {fkcbi j{f}~b kf{b {c kbencbg if{ jijejg}f{ kfg if{ kzbij{ ebg}cjgj ~jibkcfgj{ mj {jg}cmf8 cdij{cb)abecicb) ejmcf{''' (]JG]C ABGABGC#

Jg ji |b{bmf) ib{ cg{}c}zkcfgj{ |f{jbg zgb cmjg}cmbm |~f|cb) {j mjacgbg |f~ { ec{eb s`b{}b |fm~bg ~j|~j{jg}b~ zgb jg}cmbm kb{c {zn{}bgkcbi rzj if{ kfgkj|}f{ {bnbg mj{cdgb~ sjp|~j{b~''' jg ib bk}zbicmbm ib{ cg{}c}zkcfgj{ {fg kfg{}~zkkcfgj{ {fkcbij{ rzj k~jkjg s {jkfg%af~ebg jg mj}j~ecgbmf{ kfg}jp}f{' Zg jhje|if mj j{}f j{ ib abecicb rzj ~j|~j{jg}bzgb gjkj{b~cb ~jaj~jgkcb |b~b ib j{kzjib' Ib{ abecicb{ mj `fs {j b~ebg s {j mj{b~ebg''' s jgezk`f{ kb{f{ j{ ib j{kzjib ib rzj f|j~b {fn~j jiib) ezk`b{ qjkj{ {cg j{|j~b~ gbmb bkbencf'

]jgdf bg}j e zg ~j{zejg |~fmzkc~ |f~ ji Gbkcfgbi Kjg}j~ af~ K`cim~jg cg \ftj~smfgmj {j |fgj mj ebgcacj{}f rzj jg 231


9/67


abecicb) }bg}f jg J{|bb kfef jg }fmf ji ezgmf fkkcmjg}bi) `b kbencbmf |~fazgmbejg}jmj{mj if{ bf{ {j{jg}b `b{}b if{ acgbij{ mj j{}j {cdif PP' ('''#

Kfcgkcmcef{ kfg ib b~dzejg}bkcg mji |~faj{f~ ]jmj{kf jg ib{ efmcackbkcfgj{ rzjb|b~jkjg jg ji {jgf mj ib abecicb b acgbij{ mji {cdif PP' Ib {fkcbicxbkcg |~ceb~cb iijgb mjbajk}f{ s mj {cenfic{ef cgabg}ci b |b~}c~ mj if{ kzjg}f{) ijsjgmb{ s gb~~bkcfgj{ mj if{

bmzi}f{ `b mbmf |b{f b zgb |~mcmb mj j{}j ezgmf {cenickf kfg ib jg}~bmb mji }jijqc{f~jg if{ `fdb~j{ abecicb~j{) cg}~fmzkcjgmf bi gcf jg if{ {jk~j}f{ rzj bg}j{ j~bg |~j{j~qbmf{|f~ if{ bmzi}f{8 ib qcfijgkcb) ji {jpf s ib cgkfe|j}jgkcb mj if{ |~f|cf{ bmzi}f{' ('''#

Ji kb{f mj ib abecicb j{ |b~bmcde}ckf ~j{|jk}f bi a~bkb{f mj if{ ejmcf{ }~bmckcfgbij{ mj{fkcbicxbkcg' [c bg}j{ mj if{ bf{ {j{jg}b mji {cdif PP ib cg{}c}zkcg abecicb~ j~b ib~j{|fg{bnij mj k~jb~ zgf{ efmjif{ mj ~jaj~jgkcb mj kfe|f~}becjg}f (if{ |bm~j{# smcazgmb zgf{ qbif~j{ mj kfibnf~bkcg s {ficmb~cmbm mj |jrzjf d~z|f (ib abecicb jp}jg{b#jg if{ kzbij{ {j mj{kzn~bg if{ {jk~j}f{ mji ezgmf bmzi}f) b |b~}c~ mj ib {jdzgmb ec}bm mjiqjcg}j if{ kbencf{ {fg ezs ce|f~}bg}j{' ]bg}f jg ib kfe|f{ckcg mji gkijf abecicb~ (j{e{ |jrzjf j cgkfe|ij}f# kfef jg if{ }cje|f{ mc{|fgcnij{ |b~b cg}j~kbencb~cgaf~ebkcfgj{ s {jg}cecjg}f{' ('''#Ib{ abecicb{ `bg jg}~bmf jg zgb gzjqb {c}zbkcg) |b~b

ib kzbi gf mc{|fgjg mj k~c}j~cf{ kib~f{ mj {fkcbicxbkcg' Ezk`f{ kfgacj{bg rzj gf {bnjgkef jmzkb~ b {z{ `chf{) f}~b{ qjkj{ ij{ {fn~j|~f}jdjg s jg f}~b{ fkb{cfgj{ ib{{j|b~bkcfgj{ f ib bz{jgkcb mji `fdb~ |f~ ef}cqf ibnf~bi mb izdb~ b rzj if{ bizegf{ gf|zjmbg kfezgckb~{j kfg {z{ |bm~j{ s ebm~j{'

2>

K^C]CKB S ^BXFGJ[ & 22'4=2%30 G 31) 2 mj {j|}cjen~j mj >


10/67

K^C]CKB[ S ^BXFGJ[MJ IB K^C[C[ MJ IB J[KZJIB 2J[KZJIB SB GF J[ IB ^J[\FG[BNIJ MJ IB KFG[]^ZKKCG MJI J[]BMF

Jg ji kfg}jp}f mj ib{ {fkcjmbmj{ bn{fiz}c{}b{) ji J{}bmf ce|fgj ib ijs s {fej}j b if{ {nmc}f{8 jif~mjg mj ib {fkcjmbm mj|jgmj jpkiz{cqbejg}j mji |fmj~ fegefmf mji dfnj~gbg}j bn{fiz}f'Kzbgmf b|b~jkjg ib{ gbkcfgj{ efmj~gb{ s {j cg}~fmzkjg if{ ejkbgc{ef{ mj ~j|~j{jg}bkcg s|~fd~j{cqb{ af~eb{ mj mjefk~bkcb) ji |fmj~ mji J{}bmf mjnj kfg{}~zc~{j kfgji b|f~}j {ficmb~cf mj}fmf{ if{ ecjen~f{ mj ib {fkcjmbm) kfg ji kfg{jg{f mj if{ kczmbmbgf{ (cdzbij{ jg mj~jk`f bg}j ibijs#' \j~f j{}j bkzj~mf ~bkcfgbi s gjkj{b~cf gf |zjmj |~fmzkc~{j {if) {cgf rzj mjnj kfg{}~zc~{j kfgj{}~b}jdcb{ mj kfgqjgkcecjg}f s mj qcdcibgkcb' Ib j{kzjib {z~dj kfef zgb cg{}c}zkcg gjkj{b~cb |b~b

`bkj~ |f{cnij ib {fkcjmbm) |b~b |~j|b~b~ ji {fej}cecjg}f b zgb mc{kc|icgb kfeg rzj {j }f~gbgjkj{b~cb |b~b f~mjgb~ ji azgkcfgbecjg}f mji kfghzg}f' [if b{ ib mc{kc|icgb {j kfgqj~}c~ jg bidfbkj|}bmf s ~jrzj~cmf) |f~rzj ib ec{eb j{kzjib {j kfg{}~zc~ {fn~j ib j{}~zk}z~b mj ib mc{kc|icgb'J{kzjib) mc{kc|icgb s ijs (hz{}ckcb) qcdcibgkcb s kb{}cdf# Kzbgmf jg}~b jg k~c{c{ ib {fkcjmbm rzj qcdcib skb{}cdb) djgj~bgmf zgb j{}~zk}z~b mj kfg}~fi) 2: ib j{kzjib mjhb mj mj{je|jb~ j{b azgkcg s|j~ebgjkj bhjgb b j{b{ mjebgmb{ mj ib {fkcjmbm' Jg ib {fkcjmbm mj kfg}~fi) if{ |fmj~j{ {fkcbij{ {jb{jdz~bg ji mfecgcf bn{fiz}f mji kfg}~fi' 21

Ji }~bnbhf fnicdbmf (af~xbmf# {j }~bg{af~eb jg zg }~bnbhf jijdcmf? ji }~cnz}fkfe|zi{cqf {j }~bg{af~eb jg zg b|f~}j {ficmb~cf s |~f|f~kcfgbi b if{ cg}j~j{j{ djgj~bij{? jijhj~kckcf b~nc}~b~cf mj ib ijs s mji |fmj~) zgb bmecgc{}~bkcg ~bkcfgbi mj ib hz{}ckcb s mji

kb{}cdf) bg}j zg kzj~|f ijdbi mjacgcmf |f~ if{ ~j|~j{jg}bg}j{? ib ijqb mj }~f|b{ {j kfgqcj~}jjg ib {zeb mj kczmbmbgf{ qfizg}b~cf{ b~ebmf{ |b~b {j~qc~ s mjajgmj~ b ib |b}~cb''' Mj j{}f{

2: Ka~' Dciij{ Mjijzxj8 \f{mb}b {fn~j ib{ {fkcjmbmj{ mj kfg}~fi) Jm' Gf~mbg) Efg}jqcmjf) 2332) s XB^BGOCGBgm~{ (>


12/67

K^C]CKB[ S ^BXFGJ[MJ IB K^C[C[ MJ IB J[KZJIB 2>

kbencf{ j{ ~j{|fg{bnij mc~jk}b ib j{kzjib efmj~gb''' (2#|~j|b~b~ |b~b ji }~bnbhf) (>#|~j|b~b~ |b~b ib f~mjgbmb qcmb jg {fkcjmbm) (;# |~j|b~b~ |b~b ji {j~qckcf b ib |b}~cb' [cg j{}b|~j|b~bkcg ejmcb}b) if{ kczmbmbgf{ gf {j kfg{}c}zsjg jg }bi) |f~rzj gf `bs azj~xb {fkcbirzj |zjmb ifd~b~if'B mcaj~jgkcb mj ib{ efmbicmbmj{ kfg{cmj~bmb{ `b{}b b`f~b) ib|jgj}~bkcg cmjfidckb b|ji b ejkbgc{ef{ ezk`f eb{ {z}cij{) b qjkj{ {znicecgb~j{'

Ejkbgc{ef{ rzj) f|j~bgmf {fn~j zg kbe|f mj |j~kj|kcfgj{) qbif~j{) bk}c}zmj{)~j|~j{jg}bkcfgj{ s kfe|f~}becjg}f{ {fkcbij{ kib~bejg}j b{fkcbmf{ b if{ {jg}cecjg}f{ mj|j~}jgjgkcb b zgb kfezgcmbm gbkcfgbi }jgmcj~bg b ijdc}ceb~ ji gzjqf |b}~g mj ~jibkcfgj{{fkcbij{ rzj {j qjgb kfgaf~ebgmf' ('''#[c ncjg ib |jgj}~bkcg cmjfidckb mji J{}bmf gbkcfgbice|ickb ifd~b~ rzj jg ib kfgkcjgkcb f~mcgb~cb mj if{ ecjen~f{ mj zgb {fkcjmbm {j cg{}bijgkcj~}b{ k~jjgkcb{ s qbif~j{ `b{}b kfgqj~}c~if{ jg kfe|fgjg}j{ |~f|cf{ mj zgb kfgkcjgkcbkfijk}cqb) j{ |~jkc{f mcaj~jgkcb~ mf{ b{|jk}f{ mc{}cg}f{ mj j{}j |~fkj{f' \f~ zgb |b~}j) ibk~jbkcg mj zgb kfgkcjgkcb gbkcfgbi) j{ mjkc~ zg {jg}cmf |~fazgmbejg}j b~~bcdbmf mj|j~}jgjgkcb b zgb {fkcjmbm }j~~c}f~cbiejg}j mjicec}bmb) rzj {j cmjg}cackb |f~ zgbkfezgcmbm mj f~cdjg) ijgdzbhj) {enfif{) }~bmckcfgj{) k~jjgkcb{ s jp|jk}b}cqb{ bkj~kb mj zgmj{}cgf kfe|b~}cmf' \f~ f}~b) ib cg}j~gbicxbkcg mj {jg}cecjg}f{ rzj jg}~bbg zgb bm`j{cg

gb}z~bi bi f~mjg {fkcbi qcdjg}j s rzj) bi ijdc}ceb~if) |j~ec}j rzj ib mfecgbkcg {jkfgqcj~}b jg `jdjefgb' (F[XIBO8 2:


13/67

K^C]CKB[ S ^BXFGJ[MJ IB K^C[C[ MJ IB J[KZJIB 2;

cgecd~b}f~cf' ('''# Ib kb~db {cenickb cg}j~gbicxbmb mz~bg}j ji |b{bhj |f~ ib{ acib{ kfe|ij}bnbzg |~fkj{f mj {fkcbicxbkcfg rzj {j mj{jbnb zgcaf~ej) mj efmf mj b~djg}cgcxb~ fgbkcfgbicxb~ e{ qjifxejg}j b if{ `chf{ mj zgb |fnibkcg mj f~djgj{) ijgdzb{ s }~bmckcfgj{`j}j~fdgjb{' Ib az{cg) ib `fefdjgjcxbkcg) ji k~c{fi mj ~bxb{ }bencg kfgqj~}c~b b j{f{`fen~j{ jg kczmbmbgf{ |~jqc{cnij{' ^c}zbij{ s {enfif{ cg{}~zejg}f{ mj |jgj}~bkcg

cmjfidckb kfg}~cnzsj~fg b efmjib~ zg mj{}cgf kfeg) ib {bk~bicxbkcg mj ib abecicb kfefkizib n{ckb s enc}f gb}z~bi mj kfgqcqjgkcb) ib kfg{}~zkkcg mj zg mc{kc|icgbmf gf{f}~f{)ib bm`j{cg b if{ hz{}bejg}j iibebmf{ {enfif{ |b}~cf{ (hz~bejg}f b ib nbgmj~b) `cegf)

izkcecjg}f mj zgb j{kb~b|jib# azj~fg bidzgf{ ejkbgc{ef{ mj if{ rzj {j {c~qc ji j{}bmf|b~b k~jb~ jg ib kfgkcjgkcb f~mcgb~cb mj if{ kczmbmbgf{ ib kfgqckkcg mj rzj ji f~mjgcg{}c}zcmf kfcgkcmb kfg zg f~mjg ijd}cef s mj{jbnij' (F[XIBO8 2:: 2:1#

K^C]CKB S ^BXFGJ[ & 2;

J[KZJIB8 CG[]C]ZKCFG JGMFDECKB S BZ]C[]B8 KJ^^BMB BI KBENCF'

Ib j{kzjib rzj gbkc) k~jkc s {j af~}bijkc bkf~mbgmf kfg bidzgb{ cg{}c}zkcfgj{) ~jaj~jg}j{ s |fmj~j{~jbij{ mj ib {fkcjmbm) `bkcgmf{j zg izdb~ s bzgbgmf azj~xb{ ({cgj~dcb#' Kfg ji |b{f mji }cje|f{cdzcj~fg b}bmb{ b j{b{ ec{eb{ ~jaj~jgkcb{) {cg |fmj~ b~}ckzib~ zgb cg}j~%~jibkcg bk}cqb kfg f}~b{~jbicmbmj{' Ib j{kzjib gf {z|f ijj~ f gf |zmf cg}j~|~j}b~ ib{ mcqj~{b{ |~j{jgkcb{ mj f}~f{ |fmj~j{rzj {j azj~fg cgkf~|f~bgmf b if ib~df mj {z `c{}f~cb' [j ~jazdc jg { ec{eb s {cdzc {jdz~b s acji b{z{ |~cgkc|cf{ (jgmfdeckb s bz}c{}b#) ecjg}~b{ eb{ bii mji {c{}jeb s mj {z{ ez~f{ {j kfg{}~zbggzjqf{ kmcdf{) gzjqf{ ejg{bhj{ s {j j{}bnijkbg f}~f{ bkzj~mf{ kfg if{ |fmj~j{ mj {cje|~j' If{ejg{bhj{ mj ib {fkcjmbm {j qfiqcj~fg ei}c|ij{) mcqj~{f{) kfg}~bmck}f~cf{) a~jg}j b zgb j{kzjib rzj

~j|~fmzkb j}j~gbejg}j ji ec{ef mc{kz~{f s if{ ec{ef{ ejg{bhj{ mj {z `c{}f~cb'

Jg j{}b igjb mjnj~b ~jqc{b~{j ji b|f~}j rzj `bg ~jbicxbmf if{ ejmcf{ mj kfezgckbkcgeb{cqf{ (cgjpc{}jg}j{ jg ib |zj{}b jg eb~k`b mj ib j{kzjib#) ji ce|bk}f rzj if{ ec{ef{}zqcj~fg jg {z{ mcqj~{f{ af~eb}f{ jg ib af~eb mj |jg{b~ s mj b~}ckzib~ cmjb{ j cmjfifdbmj ib |fnibkcg) ib c~~z|kcg mj if{ ejmcf{ }jkgfidckf{8 if{ bzmc}cqf{ s if{ qc{zbij{) jice|bk}f mj ib{ gzjqb{ }jkgfifdb) ib b|b~ckcg mj ib cgaf~e}ckb) ji |~fkj{becjg}f mj ibcgaf~ebkcg s ib kc~kzibkcg difnbi mj ib ec{eb b }~bq{ mj cg}j~gj}'

Ib j{kzjib |zjmf ebg}jgj~{j bi eb~djg mj j{b{ c~~z|kcfgj{ ~jqfizkcfgb~cb{ (|j~cmckf{)mcb~cf{) ~bmcf) kcgj) }jijqc{cg) kfe|z}bmf~b{) cg}j~gj}#){jdz~b mj { ec{eb s bicejg}gmf{jmj {z{ |~f|cb{ |~fmzkkcfgj{8 kzbgmf ~j|b~ jg ib{ mcqj~{b{ |~j{jgkcb{) {j jgkfg}~ kfg zg

mj{b~~fiif jpbdj~bmf kfg ji rzj gf |zmf f gf |zjmj mcbifdb~) s rzj ~j|~j{jg}b zgbkfe|j}jgkcb f zgb bejgbxb |b~b {z }b~jb'

Gbmcj j{} fnicdbmf b bkj|}b~ if{ kbencf{ rzj `c{}~ckbejg}j {j qbg |~fmzkcjgmf) |j~fmjnj kfe|~jgmj~ rzj jg ji {c{}jeb mj cg}j~bkkcg mj ib{ cg{}c}zkcfgj{ j{b{}~bg{af~ebkcfgj{ ce|ickbg zgb efmcackbkcg mji j{kjgb~cf s zg ce|bk}f {jdz~f jg ibazgkcg rzj kbmb zgb mj ib{ f~dbgcxbkcfgj{ {cdzj mj{je|jbgmf


14/67

K^C]CKB[ S ^BXFGJ[MJ IB K^C[C[ MJ IB J[KZJIB 2=

K^C]CKB S ^BXFGJ[ & 2=ACG MJI B\^JGMCXBHJ ZGCKF S IJDC]CEBMF

Ib j{kzjib {j kfg{}~zsj s {j af~}bijkj {fn~j ib nb{j mj zgb k~jjgkcb mc{kz}cnij8 rzj if{ b|~jgmcxbhj {j|~fmzkjg jg {z cg}j~cf~ s rzj j{ jiib ib jgkb~dbmb {fkcbiejg}j {j kj~}cackb~if{' J{}b k~jjgkcb {j|f}jgkcb kzbgmf {j bac~eb rzj jg |~cgkc|cf ib |~j{jgkcb jg ib j{kzjib j{ zgb db~bg}b mj b|~jgmcxbhjqbicf{f) mj if{ b|~jgmcxbhj{ {fkcbiejg}j ijdc}cebmf{ s {cdgcackb}cqf{) {f{ibsbgmf f}~f{ b|~jgmcxbhj{s mj{kfgfkcjgmf rzj ib ebsf~ |b~}j mj if{ b|~jgmcxbhj{ gf j{ kfg{jkzjgkcb mj zgb cg{}~zkkcg {cgfji ~j{zi}bmf mj zgb |b~}ckc|bkcg mj if{ {zhj}f{ mj zg jg}f~gf {cdgcackb}cqf' Mj j{}b ebgj~b% s gf mjebgj~b gjz}~bi j cgdjgzb ib j{kzjib {j kfgqcj~}j jg zg |b}~g mj ~jaj~jgkcb s kzbg}cackbnij mj if{b|~jgmcxbhj{8 ib{ |j~{fgb{ rzj {j {fej}jg b gf~eb{ `j}j~gfeb{ |b~b ejmc~ {z |~f|cf mj{b~~fiif|j~{fgbi) {j jgkb{ciibg s jgkb{ciibg b if{ mje{) ~j{|fgmcjgmf b if{ efmjif{ {fkcbij{ rzj {j ij{

ce|fgj' Ib j{kzjib jgqzjiqj mj ebgj~b }bg g}ceb b if{ {zhj}f{) rzj gcgdzgf |zjmj {j~ icnj~bmf mjjiib8 mj{mj ib efmj~gcmbm }fmf{ j{}g kfgmjgbmf{ {fkcbiejg}j b {z mfecgcf f b |bmjkj~c~~jejmcbnijejg}j ib jpkiz{cg'

J{}b cmjb j{ {f{}jgcmb |f~ C' CIICK@ s j{ zgf mj {z{ |cib~j{ mj {z{ cmjb{ mj mj{%j{kfib~cxbkcg8 ibj{kzjib j{}bnijkj zg EJ^KBMF mj cg{}~zkkcg s b|~jgmcxbhj{) kfgqc~}cgmf{j jg zgbqjgmjmf~b mj kz~~kzif) ji |~faj{f~ j{ ji mc{}~cnzcmf~ s if{ bizegf{ {fg if{ kfg{zecmf~j{) jgzgb }~beb mj ~jibkcfgj{ kzcmbmf{bejg}j |ibgcackbmb{ s }bnzibmb{' Ib kb~~j~b mj if{ jpejgj{)ib{ kbicackbkcfgj{ s ib{ }c}zibkcfgj{ j{ zg kbecgf kzi}z~biejg}j fnicdbmf |b~b b{jdz~b~ ji |~f|cfk~jkcecjg}f) ib cg{j~kcg jg ib {fkcjmbm s ji bkkj{f b if{ ejhf~j{ |zj{}f{ ibnf~bij{' ^fe|j~kfg ib j{kzjib ~j|~j{jg}b zgb qj~mbmj~b ~jqfizkcg s bejgbxb) |f~rzj |fgj jg ~cj{df ji f~mjg

jkfgeckf s ji f~mjg |fi}ckf' Mcakciejg}j ji {c{}jeb jmzkb}cqf rzj ~j|~fmzkj bi {c{}jeb|fi}ckf jg jhj~kckcf mji |fmj~ |zjmj abqf~jkj~ j{}b ~jqfizkcg8 {j je|jb jg af~}bijkj~ ib{j{}~b}jdcb{) if{ b|b~b}f{ cmjfidckf{ s if{ cg{}~zejg}f{ |b~b b{jdz~b~ {z{ ~j{zi}bmf{'

K^C]CKB S ^BXFGJ[ & 2:K^C[C[ MJ IB FNICDBKCG J[KFIB^ S JI MJ^JK@F B IB JMZKBKCFG

Ib j{kzjib efmj~gb ce|z{f jg {z f~cdjg % {z zgcqj~{bicmbm b{fkcbmb b {z fnicdb}f~cjmbm) s if `cxfaf~xbmb |f~ ji J{}bmf rzj |~j}jgmb n~cgmb~ b if{ `bnc}bg}j{ s kczmbmbgf{ ib jmzkbkcg j{kfib~cxbmb(`fefdgjb s ijdc}cebmb#) |j~f b{fkcbgmf j{}b djgj~f{cmbm kfg ib gjkj{cmbm mj kfgqj~}c~if{ jgnzjgf{ {nmc}f{ f jg kczmbmbgf{ ~j{|fg{bnij{' Kfg ji |b{f mji }cje|f kfg}cgz kfg j{b j{}~zk}z~bf~cdcgbi bzg kzbgmf ib cgkf~|f~bkcg s qcdjgkcb mj gzjqf{ mj~jk`f{ azgmbejg}bij{) jg ji kfg}jp}fmji j{}bmf mj ncjgj{}b~) kfgqc~}c jg mj~jk`f b ib jmzkbkcg) mj~jk`f rzj ji j{}bmf mjnb ~j{|j}b~ skfg}~cnzc~ b {b}c{abkj~) s gf af~xb~ b }~bq{ mj ib fnicdbkcg' Ib j{kzjib ce|zj{}b |f~ ji j{}bmf kfeffnicdbkcg) gf |zjmj {j~ ib ec{eb rzj ib j{kzjib rzj if{ kczmbmbgf{ jicdjg jhj~kcjgmf ji mj~jk`f b ibjmzkbkcg'

.]fmb |j~{fgb }cjgj mj~jk`f b ib jmzkbkcg' Ib jmzkbkcg mjnj {j~ d~b}zc}b) bi ejgf{ jgif kfgkj~gcjg}j b ib cg{}~zkkcg jijejg}bi s azgmbejg}bi' Ib cg{}~zkkcg jijejg}bi {j~


15/67

K^C]CKB[ S ^BXFGJ[MJ IB K^C[C[ MJ IB J[KZJIB 2:

fnicdb}f~cb' Ib cg{}~zkkcg }kgckb s |~faj{cfgbi `bn~ mj {j~ djgj~bicxbmb? ji bkkj{f b if{j{}zmcf{ {z|j~cf~j{ {j~ cdzbi |b~b }fmf{) jg azgkcg mj if{ e~c}f{ ~j{|jk}cqf{' Ibjmzkbkcg }jgm~ |f~ fnhj}f ji |ijgf mj{b~~fiif mj ib |j~{fgbicmbm `zebgb s jiaf~}bijkcecjg}f mji ~j{|j}f b if{ mj~jk`f{ `zebgf{ s b ib{ icnj~}bmj{ azgmbejg}bij{?abqf~jkj~ ib kfe|~jg{cg) ib }fij~bgkcb s ib bec{}bm jg}~j }fmb{ ib{ gbkcfgj{ s }fmf{ if{

d~z|f{ }gckf{ f ~jicdcf{f{? s |~fefqj~ ji mj{b~~fiif mj ib{ bk}cqcmbmj{ mj ib{ Gbkcfgj{Zgcmb{ |b~b ji ebg}jgcecjg}f mj ib |bx' If{ |bm~j{ }jgm~g mj~jk`f |~jaj~jg}j b j{kfdj~ ji}c|f mj jmzkbkcg rzj `bn~ mj mb~{j b {z{ `chf{.MJKIB^BKCG ZGCQJ^[BI MJ IF[MJ^JK@F[ @ZEBGF[) B^]' >1

.If{ J{}bmf{ \b~}j{ jg ji |~j{jg}j \bk}f ~jkfgfkjg ji mj~jk`f mj }fmb |j~{fgb b ibjmzkbkcg' Ib jmzkbkcg mjnj f~cjg}b~{j `bkcb ji |ijgf mj{b~~fiif mj ib |j~{fgbicmbm`zebgb s mji {jg}cmf mj {z mcdgcmbm) s mjnj af~}bijkj~ ji ~j{|j}f |f~ if{ mj~jk`f{ `zebgf{s ib{ icnj~}bmj{ azgmbejg}bij{' Ib jmzkbkcg mjnj kb|bkc}b~ b }fmb{ ib{ |j~{fgb{ |b~b|b~}ckc|b~ jajk}cqbejg}j jg zgb {fkcjmbm icn~j' Ib jg{jbgxb |~ceb~cb mjnj {j~ fnicdb}f~cb sb{jrzcnij b }fmf{ d~b}zc}bejg}j' Ib jg{jbgxb {jkzgmb~cb) jg {z{ mcaj~jg}j{ af~eb{) cgkiz{fib jg{jbgxb {jkzgmb~cb }kgckb s |~faj{cfgbi) mjnj {j~ djgj~bicxbmb s `bkj~{j bkkj{cnij b}fmf{) |f~ kzbg}f{ ejmcf{ {jbg b|~f|cbmf{) s jg |b~}ckzib~ |f~ ib ce|ibg}bkcg |~fd~j{cqb mjib jg{jbgxb d~b}zc}b''Ib jg{jbgxb {z|j~cf~ mjnj `bkj~{j cdzbiejg}j bkkj{cnij b }fmf{){fn~j ib nb{j mj ib kb|bkcmbm mj kbmb zgf) |f~ kzbg}f{ ejmcf{ {jbg b|~f|cbmf{) s jg|b~}ckzib~ |f~ ib ce|ibg}bkcg |~fd~j{cqb mj ib jg{jbgxb d~b}zc}b''' [j mjnj |~f{jdzc~bk}cqbejg}j ji mj{b~~fiif mji {c{}jeb j{kfib~ jg }fmf{ if{ kckif{ mj ib jg{jbgxb) ce|ibg}b~zg {c{}jeb bmjkzbmf mj njkb{) s ejhf~b~ kfg}cgzbejg}j ib{ kfgmckcfgj{ eb}j~cbij{ mjikzj~|f mfkjg}j' If{ J{}bmf{ \b~}j{ jg ji |~j{jg}j \bk}f {j kfe|~fej}jg b ~j{|j}b~ ibicnj~}bm mj if{ |bm~j{ s) jg {z kb{f) mj if{ }z}f~j{ ijdbij{) mj j{kfdj~ |b~b {z{ `chf{ f |z|cif{j{kzjib{ mc{}cg}b{ mj ib{ k~jbmb{ |f~ ib{ bz}f~cmbmj{ |nickb{) {cje|~j rzj brziib{{b}c{abdbg ib{ gf~eb{ egceb{ rzj ji J{}bmf |~j{k~cnb f b|~zjnj jg eb}j~cb mj jg{jbgxb) smj `bkj~ rzj {z{ `chf{ f |z|cif{ ~jkcnbg ib jmzkbkcg ~jicdcf{b f ef~bi rzj j{} mj bkzj~mfkfg {z{ |~f|cb{ kfgqckkcfgj{''''''Gbmb mj if mc{|zj{}f jg j{}j b~}kzif {j cg}j~|~j}b~ kfefzgb ~j{}~ckkcg mj ib icnj~}bm mj if{ |b~}ckzib~j{ s jg}cmbmj{ |b~b j{}bnijkj~ s mc~cdc~cg{}c}zkcfgj{ mj jg{jbgxb) b kfgmckcg mj rzj {j ~j{|j}jg if{ |~cgkc|cf{ jgzgkcbmf{ jg ji|~~baf 2 s mj rzj ib jmzkbkcg mbmb jg j{b{ cg{}c}zkcfgj{ {j bhz{}j b ib{ gf~eb{ egceb{rzj |~j{k~cnb ji J{}bmf. \BK]F CG]J^GBKCFGBI MJ MJ^JK@F[ [FKCBIJ[) JKFGECKF[ SKZI]Z^BIJ[) B^]' 2;

Jg ~jbicmbm {j }~b}b mj eb~kb~ ji MJ^JK@F mj }fmf {j~ `zebgf b ib jmzkbkcg ({cg rzjj{}f ce|icrzj ce|fg~{jib kfef zgb fnicdbkcg# s ib fnicdbkcg mj }fmb {fkcjmbm s j{}bmf mjn~cgmb~ ib jmzkbkcg s b{jdz~b~ ib{ kfgmckcfgj{ |b~b bkkjmj~ b jiib s |j~ebgjkj~ jg ji{c{}jeb `b{}b {z bk~jmc}bkcg' A~jkzjg}jejg}j ji j{}bmf rzcj~j b{jdz~b~{j |b~b { ibjmzkbkcg mj {z{ az}z~f{ kczmbmbgf{ s ib ce|fgj kfef fnicdbkcg) bzgrzj gf kze|ij kfg{z{ fnicdbkcfgj{ kfef jg}cmbm {fkcbi ~j{|fg{bnij |b~b rzj {jb |f{cnij jhj~kj~ ji mj~jk`f'

K^C]CKB S ^BXFGJ[ & 21MJ[NF^MBMB \F^ IB[ JPCDJGKCB[ J CE\F[CKCFGJ[ MJ IB [FKCJMBM

Ib j{kzjib b|b~jkj jg ji j{kjgb~cf efmj~gf |b~b {b}c{abkj~ ib gjkj{cmbm mj jmzkbkcg af~ebi' \j~f~|cmbejg}j {j kfgqcj~}j jg zg kjg}~f mj mjebgmb{ |f~ |b~}j mj if{ cgmcqcmzf{ s mji j{}bmf'


16/67


Ijg}bejg}j qb {zebgmf zgb {fn~jkb~db mj jpcdjgkcb{ rzj ib mj{nf~mb s rzj {cjen~b jqjg}zbij{kfgaick}f{ jg}~j if{ mj~jk`f{ s ib{ mjebgmb{ (mj~jk`f{ mj if{ cgmcqcmzf{ s jpcdjgkcb{ mj ib {fkcjmbm smji j{}bmf#' Jg ib j{kzjib {j mj|f{c}b }fmf if rzj ji j{}bmf s ib {fkcjmbm |~j}jgmjg ifd~b~ mj {z{kczmbmbgf{) eb{ bii mj if rzj if{ ec{ef{ z{zb~cf{ mj ib j{kzjib mjebgmb{ s jpcdjg |b~b { ec{ef{'

Ib j{kzjib (kfef jp|~j{cg |fi}ckb mj ib jmzkbkcg af~ebi# b|b~jkj jg ji kfg}jp}f mjif{ kfgaick}f ~jicdcf{f{ mji {cdif PQC) |j~f {j af~}bijkj b }~bq{ mji jhj~kckcf mj if{ mj~jk`fmji cgmcqcmzf jg ji {cdif PQCCC8 (2# ib mjajg{b a~jg}j b ib f|~j{cg mji J{}bmf) mj~jk`f mji`fen~j b dfnj~gb~{j b { ec{ef) ~jgzgkcbmf b ib }z}jib mj kzbirzcj~ }c|f mj |fmj~? (>#mj~jk`f{ rzj kfgkcj~gjg bi cgmcqcmzf kfef {zhj}f mj ib qcmb |fi}ckb (kczmbmbgf#8|b~}ckc|b~ jg ji dfncj~gf mji J{}bmf (gzjqf ~dcejg ~j|~j{jg}b}cqf s ib mjefk~bkcb kfef ib{fkcjmbm mj if{ kczmbmbgf{#'

[j }~b}b mj (b# ef~bicxb~ s mc{kc|icgb~ ji |fmj~ mji J{}bmf) |b~b icec}b~ {z |~j{jgkcb s s|zjmb ~jdzib~ (kfg}~b}f{ {fkcbij{# ib kfgqcqjgkcb jg}~j mj{cdzbij{? s mj (n# ef~bicxb~ b if{kczmbmbgf{ ecjen~f{ mj zgb {fkcjmbm rzj {j kfg}~b|fgjg jhj~kcjgmf {z{ mj~jk`f{|b~}ckzib~j{) |j~f |b~}ckc|bgmf mj ib kfezgcmbm' Jg j{}j {jg}cmf {j }~b}b mj kfg{jdzc~ gf

{if ib cdzbimbm hz~mckb) {cgf }bencg ib cdzbimbm {fkcbi) s |b~b jiif gbmb ejhf~ rzj|~fefqj~ ji bkkj{f djgj~bi b ib jmzkbkcg) |fmj~f{f cg{}~zejg}f |b~b {z|j~b~ ib{mj{cdzbimbmj{ {fkcbij{? ib jmzkbkcg mjnj {j~ zg abk}f~ mj jrzcicn~cf {fkcbi'

Ib cg{}~zkkcg j~b gjkj{b~cb b }fmf{' Ib {fkcjmbm mjnj abqf~jkj~ kfg }fmf {z |fmj~ ji|~fd~j{f mj ib ~bxg |nickb s |fgj~ ib cg{}~zkkcg bi bikbgkj mj }fmf{ if{ kczmbmbgf{' \j~fj{}b bac~ebkcg cg}~fmzkj f}~f }c|f mj mj~jk`f s mjnj~j{8 ib j{kzjib s ib jmzkbkcg k~jkjgkfef zg mj~jk`f mj ib {fkcjmbm s mji J{}bmf {fn~j if{ kczmbmbgf{8 aif~jkj ib cmjb mj ibjmzkbkcg kfef abk}f~ mj cg}jd~bkcg |fi}ckb s mj kfg}~fi {fkcbi? mj{mj ji |zg}f mj qc{}b mjib cg}jd~bkcg |fi}ckb) {j kfgkjnc~ ib jmzkbkcg kfef jijejg}f {z{}bgkcbi |b~b ji ifd~f mjzgb gzjqb ijbi}bm s |~fkz~b~ rzj ib{ kib{j{ ejmcb{ s {z|j~cf~j{) nb{j mji gzjqf ~dcejg~j|~j{jg}b}cqf) }jgdbg akci bkkj{f b ib jg{jbgxb'

Ib jmzkbkcg azj zgf mj if{ bk}f~j{ mj ib {fkcbicxbkcg |fi}ckb rzj ejhf~ {z|f k~jb~ zgbgzjqb ijbi}bm bi gzjqf ~dcejg? azj zg jijejg}f ce|f~}bg}j |b~b ji ~jkiz}becjg}f mj ibjic}j |fi}ckb rzj ji J{}bmf gjkj{c}bnb? azj) cgkiz{f) ib nb{j mj ib cg}jd~bkcg qj~}ckbi jg}~jib{ mcaj~jg}j{ ~jdcfgj{ kfg ebsf~ f ejgf~ kfgkcjgkcb mj ib cmjg}cmbm gbkcfgbi' azj zgf mjif{ bk}f~j{ mj ib {fkcbicxbkcg |fi}ckb rzj ejhf~ {z|f k~jb~ zgb gzjqb ijbi}bm bi gzjqf~dcejg? azj zg jijejg}f ce|f~}bg}j |b~b ji ~jkiz}becjg}f mj ib jic}j |fi}ckb rzj jiJ{}bmf gjkj{c}bnb? azj) cgkiz{f) ib nb{j mj ib cg}jd~bkcg qj~}ckbi jg}~j ib{ mcaj~jg}j{~jdcfgj{ kfg ebsf~ f ejgf~ kfgkcjgkcb mj ib cmjg}cmbm gbkcfgbi'

Jg ib{ bk}zbij{ kc~kzg{}bgkcb{8 (2# jg rz ejmcmb if{ cgmcqcmzf{ |zjmjg jhj~kj~ijd}cebejg}j ji mj~jk`f b ib jmzkbkcg kfef |b{b|f~}j mj cg}jd~bkcg s efqcicmbm {fkcbi6\zjmj db~bg}cxb~if ji J{}bmf f if ebg}cjgj kfef zg {j~qckcf bi rzj ij b{cdgb ~jib}cqb

}~b{kjgmjgkcb6''' (># [cdzj kfg{cmj~bgmf ji j{}bmf b ib j{kzjib kfef cg{}~zejg}f mjcg}jd~bkcg s kf`j{cg {fkcbi f `b qbkcbmf mj kfg}jgcmf{ ~jbij{ {z{ ebgmb}f{ f kfgab jgf}~f{ cg{}~zejg}f{ e{ jajk}cqf{6 24

K^C]CKB S ^BXFGJ[ & 24J[]BMF MJ AZJ^XB RZJ QZIGJ^B ICNJ^]BMJ['

24

EBGZJI MJ \ZJIIJ[ NJG]JX) J[]BMF S JMZKBKCG JG IB[ [FKCJMBMJ[ JZ^F\JB[' ^jqc{}bCnj~fbej~ckbgb mj Jmzkbkcg' Gej~f 2 % J{}bmf s Jmzkbkcg ' Jgj~f % Bn~ci 233;'


17/67


Ib j{kzjib j{ zg cg{}~zejg}f mji j{}bmf rzj azj~xb s qzigj~b ib{ icnj~}bmj{ |j~{fgbij{) rzj{znf~mcgb ji |jg{becjg}f s ib{ bkkcfgj{ bi {j~qckcf mji J{}bmf' [c ib j{kzjib kze|icj~b kfg {z{fnhj}cqf{ mj{}~zc~b b if{ kczmbmbgf{' J{ |~jaj~cnij mj{}~zc~ib{ f |~cqb}cxb~ib) efimjgmfib {jdg if{cg}j~j{j{ mj ib{ mcqj~{b{ kib{j{'

J{ zgb |f{ckcg {f{}jgcmb |f~ if{ {jk}f~j{ icnj~bij{ e{ jp}~jef{ s kfg{jkzjg}j{) jgmjajg{b mj ib{ icnj~}bmj{ |j~{fgbij{ s if{ mj~jk`f{ cgbicjgbnij{ mj ib abecicb' ]jgjef{ rzjmj{nb~b}b~ ji {c{}jeb |~z{cbgf s |~fkjmj~ `bkcb zgb jmzkbkcg nb{bmb jg if{ |~cgkc|cf{ mjiicn~j ej~kbmf s ib icnj~}bm cgmcqcmzbi' ]jgjef{ rzj {j|b~b~ bi j{}bmf mj ib jmzkbkcg' J{bj{ ib gckb ebgj~b mj ~jqc}bicxb~ b ib jmzkbkcg) b ib{ abecicb{ s bi j{|~c}z bej~ckbgf' Ji|~cgkc|bi fnhj}cqf mj ib{ j{kzjib{ |nickb{ gf j~b jg}~jgbecjg}f cg}jijk}zbi {cgfbkfgmckcfgb~ b if{ gcf{ b .ib fnjmcjgkcb) {znf~mcgbkcg s b ib qcmb kfijk}cqb.'

Ib j{kzjib efmj~gb k~jkj nbhf ji be|b~f s ib f~dbgcxbkcg mji j{}bmf rzj |f~ ~bxfgj{{fkcbij{ s |fi}ckb ij z{z~|b ji |fmj~ s ji mj~jk`f jmzkb}cqf b ib{ abecicb{' \j~f bi j{}bmf

ij ce|f~}bnb ejgf{ jmzkb~ b j{f{ `chf{ rzj kfg}~fib~ |fi}ckbejg}j b ib hzqjg}zm8 |~cej~fj~j{ ec bizegf) izjdf {j~{ ec kfgqjgkcmf {nmc}f s) {c `bkj abi}b) {j~{ ec qbij~f{f{fimbmf? bmje{) ji |~fkj{f mj ib jmzkbkcg bi kbif~ mj ib{ cmjb{ mji [cdif{ mj ib{ izkj{if{ hqjgj{&`chf{ {bibg mji bgbiabnj}c{ef s j{f |f}jgkcbnb if{ jajk}f{ mj ib jmzkbkcg s mjib {j|b~bkcg) |f~rzj ib jmzkbkcg fackcbi ebg}jgb b if{ |bm~j{ kfef bgbiabnj}f{)be|icbgmf ib n~jk`b jg}~j ib gzjqb djgj~bkcg s ib abecicb' If rzj jg {zeb cg}j~j{bnb j~bkfg}~fib~ ib{ f|cgcfgj{ |fi}ckb{ s ib{ kfgmzk}b{ rzj |zmcj~bg bajk}b~ b ib {fkcjmbm'

K^C]CKB S ^BXFGJ[ & 20K^C[C[ MJ IB [ZNHJ]CQBKCG JG IB J[KZJIB

Ib j{kzjib `b {cmf zgb mj ib{ cg{}c}zkcfgj{ kibqj{ mj ib kcqcicxbkcg efmj~gb jg ib kfg{}c}zkcg mj{znhj}cqcmbmj{' Jg ib j{kzjib) {fkcjmbm s bk}f~j{ {fkcbij{ nz{kbnbg s jgkfg}~bnbg ib |f{cncicmbm mjkfg{}c}zc~{j jg {zhj}f) kfg if{ kb~bk}j~j{ ~jrzj~cmf{ |f~ ib {fkcjmbm' Kib~bejg}j jg ji jgkzjg}~fjmzkbmf~ & jmzkbgmf {j mjacgb zg {zhj}f |jmbddckf bicejg}bmf |f~ ib kib~cmbm mji ebgmb}f s mjib ec{cg |b~b if{ jmzkbmf~j{ s jg ib mjacgckcg mj ib mjebgmb |f~ |b~}j mj if{ jmzkbgmf{' If{|~fkj{f{ mj {znhj}cqbkcg {cdzjg jg |cj''' |j~f gf |b~jkj {j~ ib j{kzjib ji izdb~ jijdcmf |b~b

kfg{}c}zc~if8 ib j{kzjib mji |~j{jg}j gf }cjgj zg ebgmbmf kib~f s jp|~j{f) s {z{ z{zb~cf{ gf ij~jkibebg ji |b{b|f~}j |b~b mj{kzn~c~{j s ifd~b~ ib |~f|cb bz}fgfeb' [j `b ~f}f ib ~jibkcg rzjmcbik}ckbejg}j zgb b ib j{kzjib s b if{ jmzkbgmf{8 ib kfg{}c}zkcg mj ib cg{}c}zkcg (mj ib rzj {jj{|j~bnb kfg kib~cmbm if rzj ib {fkcjmbm bgzgkcbnb s }jgcjgmf ib kj~}jxb mj bikbgxb~if# s ibkfg{}c}zkcg mji {zhj}f' 20

20Kzij{ {fg ib{ kfgmckcfgj{ mj |~fmzkkcg {fkcf`c{}~ckb mj ib {znhj}cqcmbm6 [f{ibsjef{ ~jmzkkcfgc{ef{8 ji

ncfifdc{}b) ji abecicb~c{}b) ji {fkcfifdc{}b s ji j{}~zk}z~bic{}b' Ji {zhj}f {if j{ |jg{bnij cgej~{f jg if

{fkcf`c{}~ckf jg}~bebgmf |~k}ckb{) mc{kz~{f{) {jpzbicmbm) cmjbij{) mj{jf{) cmjfifdb) cmjg}cmbm) |~f`cnckcfgj{'Gf j{ zg {c{}jeb bncj~}f |f~rzj `bsbef{ mjkcmcmf b|ickb~ij ib }jf~b mj ib kfe|ijhcmbm' J{ bncj~}f |f~rzj if{jgkzjg}~f{) qgkzif{) }~bzeb{) mzjif{ if bz}f~dbgcxbg s i ~jk~jb }fmf brzjiif rzj ~jkcnj' [c `znf zgb

kfgkj|kcg cgdjgzb mj ib `c{}f~cb) jiif gf jpcej mj kzj{}cfgb~ kcj~}f mj{jgkbg}f jg ~jibkcg kfg if {fkcbi%`c{}~ckf) kfg ji |jg{becjg}f s kfg ib |~bpc{ ikcmb' Ib `c{}f~ckcmbm bkb{f gf {z|fgj zgb {znhj}cqcmbmcg{}c}zsjg}j kb|bx mj |jg{b~ {z |~j{jg}j) {z |b{bmf s {z az}z~f6 Acg mj ib `c{}f~cb) Acg mj ib{ cmjfifdb{)


18/67


Ji ejmcf {fkcfkzi}z~bi j{ zg abk}f~ azgmbejg}bi jg ib kfgacdz~bkcg mj ib {znhj}cqcmbmmji cgmcqcmzf) s {z cgaizjgkcb {j jp|~j{b |f~ if djgj~bi jg ib gf~ebicxbkcg mji {zhj}f bkf~mjkfg if{ |b}~fgj{ kzi}z~bij{ mfecgbg}j{) if rzj {zjij cg`cnc~ ji mj{b~~fiif mj {z{

kb|bkcmbmj{ k~jb}cqb{' Mj{mj {z |~j{jgkcb `jdjegckb jg ji kfg}jp}f mji efmj~gcmbm) ib j{kzjib azj zgb|fmj~f{b kfgacdz~bmb mj ib {znhj}cqcmbm mj if{ cgmcqcmzf{) kfgqc~}cgmfif jg {zhj}f {fkcbij{)mc{|zj{}f{ b kfgacdz~b~{j {jdg ib{ mjebgmb{ mj {z jg}f~gf{' F|j~ {c{}je}ckb s kfgbmec~bnij jackbkcb kfef ib d~bg gf~ebicxbmf~b mj if{ cgmcqcmzf{ bi {j~qckcf mj zg |~fsjk}fkcqcicxbmf~) kzsf |b}~g j{}bnijkb ib ciz{}~bmb s |f{c}cqc{}b kcqcicxbkcg fkkcmjg}bi'

@fs) if{ {zhj}f{ }cjgjg zgb ebsf~ kb|bkcmbm mj ~j{c{}jgkcb? gf ib }cjgjg |f~ izk`b) {cgf|f~ kfg}jp}f' Ji }c|f mj {fkcjmbm s mj |jg{becjg}f rzj ~j{|c~bg mjacjgmj e{ ibbz}fgfeb s abqf~jkj ib ~jbicxbkcg mj if{ |~fsjk}f{ |j~{fgbij{' [j ~j{c{}jg b {j~mc{kc|icgbmf{) gf~ebicxbmf{) {zhj}bmf{ b ib{ mjebgmb{ j ce|f{ckcfgj{ {fkcbij{'

23

Ib {znhj}cqcmbm j{ {cje|~j `c{}~ckb s kzi}z~biejg}j j{|jkackb? ib gb}z~bijxb mji gcf j{|f~ { ec{eb zgb gf~eb mjacgcmb |f~ mc{kc|icgb{ kfef ib |{ckfifdb j ce|zj{}b |f~ }kgckb{|jmbddckb{' If{ {zhj}f{ {fkcbij{ (`fen~j{) gcf{) ezhj~j{) fn~j~f{) kbe|j{cgf{)cgmdjgb{) hqjgj{) cgecd~bg}j{ ezk`f{ f}~f{# |b~}ckc|bg mj {c}zbkcfgj{ jmzkb}cqb{']fmb{ jiib{ }cjgjg kfef acgbicmbm kfbmszqb~ b ib kfg{}c}zkcg s bi kbencf mji {zhj}f'J{j kbencf |zjmj {j~ ~jd~j{cqf f |~fd~j{c{}b? kfg{j~qbmf~ f }~bg{af~ebmf~' Jg ji{c{}jeb jmzkb}cqf efmj~gf) {cje|~j {j }~b}b mj {zhj}f{ (jmzkbmf~j{# rzj cg}jg}bgcgkcmc~ jg f}~f{ {zhj}f{ (jmzkbgmf{# |b~b ifd~b~ rzj {j }~bg{af~ejg jg bmzi}f{)kczmbmbgf{) beb{ mj kb{b) mc~cdjg}j{) {fej}cmf{) |~faj{cfgbij{) f if rzj azj~j' >2

K^C]CKB S ^BXFGJ[ & 23MJ[B^]CKZIBKCG MJ IB AF^EBKCFG CG]JD^BI

Ib j{kzjib jg}~b jg k~c{c{ jg kfgaick}f |f~rzj |~fd~j{cqbejg}j {j qb mj{|~jgmcjgmf mj ib|~jfkz|bkcg |f~ ib cg}jd~bicmbm mj ib |j~{fgb |b~b }j~ecgb~ ~j|b~}cjgmf jg}~j if{ mfkjg}j{~j{|fg{bnij{ ~jb{ mji kfgfkcecjg}f s mj ib kzi}z~b mj ib rzj }cjgjg bn{fiz}b s jpkiz{cqb~j{|fg{bncicmbm' Kzbgmf if{ jmzkbgmf{ mc{|fgjg mj ebsf~ |~f}jkkcg s ~j{|bimf abecicb~(jmzkbkcg cgckcbi# ji bkjg}f j{} |zj{}f jg ib |j~{fgb mji gcf''' |j~f b ejmcmb rzj ib abecicb cgckcb{z |~fd~j{cqf bnbgmfgf f {j jkic|{b) ib j{kzjib kfecjgxb b |~jfkz|b~{j jpkiz{cqbejg}j |f~ if{mc{kc|icgb~ s ib cg{}~zkkcg cdgf~bgmf ib{ f}~b{ mcejg{cfgj{ mji {j~ `zebgf' J{ gb}z~bi rzj ji {zhj}fjmzkbgmf ib mj{kfgfxkb kfef zgb cg{}c}zkcg mj ~jaj~jgkcb |b~b b~eb~ {z |~f|cf |~fsjk}fjpc{}jgkcbi'

]JG]C ABGABGC J' (>


20/67

K^C]CKB[ S ^BXFGJ[MJ IB K^C[C[ MJ IB J[KZJIB >


21/67

K^C]CKB[ S ^BXFGJ[MJ IB K^C[C[ MJ IB J[KZJIB >2

~jibkcfgj{ jg}~j {zhj}f{) ib f~dbgcxbkcg mj ib{ bk}cqcmbmj{) ib }c}zibkcg) j}k''' ]cjgj |~j{jg}js az}z~f ib j{kzjib jg j{}j kfg}jp}f cgmc}f6 >>

>>Ka~' [jecgb~cf {fn~j Kb|c}bi Kzi}z~bi) kff~mcgbmf |f~ Ibz~b \z}ebg s {z{ ~jaj~jgkcb{ ncnicfd~ackb{'

Jmzkbkcg [z|j~cf~' \~fqcgkcb mj Nzjgf{ Bc~j{Af~ebkcg s kb|bkc}bkcg mcacj~jg }bencg |f~ ib eb}j~cb rzj if{ kfg{}c}zsj' K~c{}cgb Kf~jb (>>8 gf ce|f~}b ji f~mjg mj kz~{bmb) b ibebgj~b mji `c|j~}jp}f) jg ji rzj ji ijk}f~ |zjmj jijdc~ mcaj~jg}j{ efmf{ mj kfe|fgj~ zgb {jkzjgkcb mjijk}z~b' Jg j{}j ~jdc{}~f {j jgkzjg}~b zgb acdz~b kz~~ckzib~ jg nfdb jg if{ i}cef{ bf{ (bmf|}bmb |f~ ezk`b{

|~fqcgkcb{ jg ib i}ceb }bgmb mj ~jaf~eb{ kz~~ckzib~j{ mj ib af~ebkcg mfkjg}j# rzj j{ ib mj }~bsjk}faf~eb}cqf' J{}b cmjb {z|fgj rzj mcaj~jg}j{ bizegf{ |zjmjg kfe|fgj~ mcaj~jg}j{ ~jkf~~cmf{ mj af~ebkcg{jdg {z{ gjkj{cmbmj{' Jp|~j{bmb jg ib acdz~b mj ib kib{j jp|f{c}cqb) ib b{cej}~b jgzgkcb}cqb jg}~j |~faj{f~ sbizegf ~jec}j bi mc{kz~{f j{}b}bi%j{kfib~) jg ji rzj ib{ |f{ckcfgj{ {fg {z{}bgkcbij{ s j{}g ~jdzibmb{cg{}c}zkcfgbiejg}j' Ib{ f|j~bkcfgj{ |~f|cb{ mj kbmb zgf j{}g mjacgcmb{ mji ec{ef efmf8 zgb }~bg{ec}j) f}~f~jkcnj? zgf |~fmzkj) ji f}~f ~j|c}j f ~j|~fmzkj (b ib ebgj~b mj ib ~j|~fmzkkcg d~ackb) jg ib rzj ib kf|cbdzb~mb ib af~eb mji f~cdcgbi#' Ib acdz~b mji |~faj{f~ j{ cg{}c}zcmb b |b~}c~ mj zgb |f{ckcg mj bz}f~cmbm) kzsf~j{|bimf j{ ji J{}bmf'Ib eb}~cx mj ib kb|bkc}bkcg) jg kbencf) {j kfgk~j}b jg ji }biij~) jg ji rzj ib mc{}bgkcb jg}~j kb|bkc}bmf~ skb|bkc}bmf j{ ejgf{ {z{}bgkcbi rzj |f{ckcfgbi(~jkz~mj{j rzj ji kfg}~fi ce|ickb zg ijgdzbhj gze~ckf) jg jirzj ji qbif~ {j mjacgj |f~ ib |f{ckcg#' Ji kb|bkc}bmf~) jg j{}j {jg}cmf) gf gjkj{b~cbejg}j {bnj e{ rzj jikb|bkc}bgmf) {cgf rzj {j mcaj~jgkcb mj {}j |f~ |f{jj~ zg kfgfkcecjg}f e{ bk}zbicxbmf f j{|jkcbicxbmf jg zg

~jkf~}j |b~}ckzib~ mji {bnj~' [z |f{ckcg j{ kc~kzg{}bgkcbi) s jg }fmf kb{f {z mcaj~jgkcb kfg ji mj{}cgb}b~cf gf~j{cmj sb jg ib bz}f~cmbm kfgaj~cmb |f~ ji J{}bmf {cgf jg ib jp|j~}jx }kgckb kfgqbicmbmb jg ji ej~kbmf|~faj{cfgbi'


22/67

K^C]CKB[ S ^BXFGJ[MJ IB K^C[C[ MJ IB J[KZJIB >>

K^C]CKB S ^BXFGJ[ & >2RZCJN^J MJ FNICDBKCFGJ[8 J[KZJIB S [J^QCKCF ECIC]B^

Ib j{kzjib {z~dj b{fkcbmb b ib acdz~b mj ib f~dbgcxbkcg mj if{ gzjqf{ af~eb}f{ |fi}ckf{ s b ib

mjajg{b mj ib gbkcfgbicmbm s mj if{ }j~~c}f~cf{' Mj ib ec{eb ebgj~b rzj j{}b{ j{}~zk}z~b{ |fi}ckb ijmcj~fg af~eb b if{ jh~kc}f{ efmj~gf{) {z{}c}zsjgmf ji kfg}~b}f s ib |bdb mj if{ {fimbmf{ |f~ ibfnicdb}f~cjmbm mj }fmf kczmbmbgf mj b~eb~{j |b~b {j~qc~ b ib |b}~cb) mj{kzn~cj~fg (s |f{}j~cf~ejg}jmjajgmcj~fg# rzj ib jmzkbkcg s ib j{kfib~cxbkcg j~bg ji |b{b|f~}j gjkj{b~cf rzj |j~ec}bkfgrzc{}b~ % kfg ebsf~ abkcicmbm % if{ fnhj}cqf{ kczmbmbgf{ s ecic}b~j{>;' Rzcjgj{ |b{bnbg |f~ ib

]bencg {fg mcaj~jg}j{ if{ j{|bkcf{ s if{ }cje|f{ jg benf{ mc{|f{c}cqf{' Ib af~ebkcg {j mj{b~~fiib jgcg{}c}zkcfgj{) if rzj {z|fgj ~jdzibkcg) cmjg}cmbm) `c{}f~cb s ~j|~fmzkkcg' Ib cg{}c}zkcfgj{ ~jec}jg b zgbeb}j~cbicmbm (zg jmcackcf) zgb znckbkcg j{|bkcbi |~jkc{b) zg |j~{fgbi kfg kcj~}b |j~ebgjgkcb#' Ji }cje|fcg{}c}zkcfgbi j{ ji }cje|f mji J{}bmf' Ib eb}~cx mj ib kb|bkc}bkcg |b~jkj ~jaijhb~{j ejhf~ jg ib cmjb mj ibf~dbgcxbkcg) rzj ~jec}j b ib aijpcncicmbm) bi kbencf) b ib cgkj~}cmzen~j s b ib |~fmzk}cqcmbm' Ji {f|f~}j eb}j~cbimj ib kb|bkc}bkcg jg gzj{}~f |b{ `b {cmf ib acdz~b mj ib ~jm) kzsf{ gfmf{ {j kfgaf~ebg mj efmf kfg}cgdjg}j|f~ zgb f~dbgcxbkcg f |f~ f}~b) |zjmjg {j~ mj f~mjg ezs qb~cbnij (cg{}c}z}f{ mj |~faj{f~bmf) {cgmckb}f{)kfg{zi}f~b{) zgcqj~{cmbmj{#' \f~ f}~b |b~}j) ib eb}j~cbicmbm cg{}c}zkcfgbi sb gf j{ zgb kfgmckcg cgmc{|jg{bnij|b~b rzj ib }~bg{ec{cg }jgdb izdb~) gc {crzcj~b ib kfjpc{}jgkcb j{|bkcf%}je|f~bi mj mfkjg}j{ s bizegf{) kfef

if ezj{}~bg ib{ efmbicmbmj{ qc~}zbij{ rzj {j mj{b~~fiibg k~jkcjg}jejg}j jg gzj{}~f enc}f'\f~ f}~b |b~}j) ~j{zi}b fnqcf rzj ji }cje|f mj ib af~ebkcg j{ zg }cje|f mj ib~db mz~bkcg) }bg}f |b~b rzcjgj{ {j af~ebg kfef |b~b rzcjgj{ kfg{}~zsjg j{}f{ mc{|f{c}cqf{' J{ |f~ j{f rzj ib af~ebkcg |zmf {j~ zgj{|bkcf mj kfg{}c}zkcg mj {znhj}cqcmbmj{) rzj mjhb eb~kb{ cmjg}c}b~cb{' Ji }cje|f mj ib kb|bkc}bkcg) |f~ jikfg}~b~cf) j{ mj kf~}b mz~bkcg s }cjgj izdb~ gf sb kfef |b{f |~jqcf {cgf jg {cezi}bgjcmbm kfg ji mj{je|jf|~faj{cfgbi' Jg j{}j {jg}cmf) ib |f{cncicmbm mj |~fmzkc~ eb~kb mc{ecgzsj) jg }bg}f ib jp|j~cjgkcb mj ibkb|bkc}bkcg kfe|c}j) j{ kfga~fg}bmb s {fej}cmb b ib |~zjnb mj ib |~k}ckb |~faj{cfgbi kf}cmcbgb'

>;]bi kfef if `bnbg `jk`f if{ |jmbdfdf{ ibgkb{}j~cbgf{ kb{c zg {cdif bg}j{) ib ej}af~b ecic}b~ j~b z{bmb zgbqjx e{ |b~b |jg{b~ if rzj {zkjmb jg ib{ bzib{' Ib cmjb mj rzj `bnb rzj f~mjgb~ ji kfghzg}f) j{}bnijkj~ zg{c{}jeb mj hj~b~rzb) qfiqj~ mkcij{ b if{ kzj~|f{) {jdzb }jgcjgmf qcdjgkcb' Ib }k}ckb j{kfib~ bszmbnb b ifd~b~ji f~mjg) b`f~~bnb }cje|f s k~jbnb jg if{ bizegf{ ji `nc}f mj ib fnjmcjgkcb s }~bb ib zgcaf~ecmbm mj if{

efqcecjg}f{' Ezk`b{ mj if{ ~c}zbij{ s ib{ |~k}ckb{ j{kfib~j{ azj~fg ce|zj{}b{ jg ji {cdif PCP |f~ [jg} |b~bb{jdz~b~ ji bkjc}bmf azgkcfgbecjg}f mj ib j{kzjib s mji {c{}jeb' MZ[[JI Cg{) Ib |~fmzkkcg mj ib jpkiz{cg jgji bzib' >


23/67

K^C]CKB[ S ^BXFGJ[MJ IB K^C[C[ MJ IB J[KZJIB >;

j{kzjib {j kfg}bdcbnbg mj ib fnicdb}f~cjmbm bz}gfeb s {znhj}cqbmb mj {j~qc~ b ib |b}~cb' >= Ibcg{}c}zkcfgj{ mc{kc|icgb~cb{ (Afzkbzi}# ~j{|fgmbg b zgb ec{eb idckb s j{}~zk}z~b8 ji j{rzjebf~dbgcxb}cqf mj ib j{kzjib (jmcackcf) ~jdibejg}f{) ~c}zbij{ j cmjfifdb# bg}ckc|bnb ib{ kf{}zen~j{ s ib{ce|f{ckcfgj{ mj ib jmzkbkcg ecic}b~' Ib j{kzjib gf {if }~bnbhbnb kfg j{}~zk}z~b{ ~dcmb{ secic}b~cxbmb{) {cgf rzj benb{ kfg{}~zbg {znhj}cqcmbmj{ {fn~j ib nb{j mj ib fnjmcjgkcb) ib bkj|}bkcg)

ji ~cdf~' Ib ec{eb fnicdb}f~cjmbm mj ib j{kzjib mjnj~b ~jqc{b~{j `c{}~ckbejg}j mj{mj ji kfgkj|}fmj ib fnicdb}f~cjmbm mji {j~qckcf ecic}b~'>: Jg f}~f{ kfg}jp}f{ |fi}ckf{ s kfg f}~f{ k~c}j~cf{ mjmjajg{b s kfgrzc{}b }j~~c}f~cbi) ib j{kzjib |zjmj kfg{j~qb~ jg {z {jgf j{}~zk}z~b{ rzj |j~}jgjkjg bf}~f j{rzjeb kfgkj|}zbi' J~b gjkj{b~cf }jgj~ j{kzjib{ |b~b |fmj~ mc{|fgj~ mj nzjgf{ jh~kc}f{'''|j~f jg zg hzjdf mj {cej}~b) j~b e{ gjkj{b~cf }jgj~ {j~qckcf ecic}b~ fnicdb}f~cf |b~b kfgkizc~ ji|~fkj{f mj af~ebkcg mji cgmcqcmzf s mji kczmbmbgf' Ib{ mf{ cg{}bgkcb{ mj fnicdbkcg mjacgjg ib{fkcjmbm efmj~gb rzj {z|fgj rzj mj j{}j efmf {j njgjackcb kfg ji b|f~}j) bi }cje|f rzj njgjackcbb if{ cgmcqcmzf{ mjqjgcmf{ jg kczmbmbgf{'>1 If{ qgkzif{ jg}~j jmzkbkcg s mjajg{b ecic}b~ `bg|~j{k~c|}f) |fgcjgmf jg ~cj{df ji qbif~ |fi}ckf mj ib jmzkbkcg j{kfib~cxbmb'

Brz `bs zgb {j~cj mj `jk`f{) mck`f{ s mjkc{cfgj{ rzj |~zjnbg j{}b bac~ebkcg8 (2#GB\FIJG s ib f~dbgcxbkcg ecic}b~ mj ib jmzkbkcg' (># \^Z[CB s ib gjkj{cmbm mj f~dbgcxb~ib jmzkbkcg (b }~bq{ mj ib{ j{kzjib{# |b~b ifd~b~j ebsf~j{ pc}f{ ecic}b~j{) (;# If{mc{kz~{f{ rzj b{fkcbg j{kzjib s {j~qckcf ecic}b~ jg B~djg}cgb ([B^ECJG]F' Efgc}f~ mj ibjmzkbkcg kfeg#'(=# ACK@]J) Mc{kz~{f{ b ib gbkcg bijebgb' (:# Ji nzjg eb}j~cbi mj ib|jikzib mj \CGO AIFSM8 ]@J TBII) jg mfgmj ib jmzkbkcg {j b{fkcb kfg ib ecic}b~cxbkcg'(1# ib gfqjib s ib |jikzib [CG GFQJMBMJ[ JG JI A^JG]J jg ji rzj jmzkbkcg s {j~qckcfecic}b~ b ib |b}~cb |~fgzgkcbg if{ ec{ef{ mc{kz~{f{'

Ib j{}~zk}z~b mj ib j{kfib~cxbkcg mji {cdif PCP s PP) {j cgckc jg 20=Ka~' [IF]J^MCHO \j}j~) Gf~eb{ |b~b ji |b~rzj `zebgf8 Ib j~b mji `zebgc{ef efmj~gf kfef efmjif

j{kfib~ s jmzkb}cqf sb `b |b{bmf |f~rzj {j `b qzji}f cg{f{}jgcnij ib ciz{cg mj rzj eb{cqb{ j{}~zk}z~b{|fi}ckb{ s jkfgeckb{ |zjmjg {j~ sb f~dbgcxbmb{ {cdzcjgmf ji efmjif becdbnij mj ib {fkcjmbm ic}j~b~cb' ('''#Sbrz `bs rzj }feb~ jg kfg{cmj~bkcg ji `jk`f cgrzcj}bg}j mj rzj ji {biqbhc{ef) `fs kfef {cje|~j) {zjijb|b~jkj~ |~jkc{bejg}j jg if{ efejg}f{ mj ebsf~ mj{|icjdzj mj |fmj~) sb {jb kfef }f{rzjmbm mc~jk}bejg}jdzj~~j~b j ce|j~cbi) f kfef nj{}cbicxbkcg kf}cmcbgb mj if{ {j~j{ `zebgf{ jg if{ ejmcf{ mj jg}~j}jgcecjg}fmj{cg`cnc}f~cf' Mj benf{ }c|f{ {zecgc{}~b~fg if{ ~febgf{ efmjif{ rzj |j~mz~b~bg jg ib Jz~f|b |f{}j~cf~8 mjizgf kfg {z fegc|~j{jg}j ecic}b~c{ef) mji f}~f |f~ ejmcf mj {z |~jefgc}f~cb cgmz{}~cb mji jg}~j}jgcecjg}fnb{bmb jg ji hzjdf {bgd~cjg}f'? s J[KZMJ K') Ji a~bkb{f mji |~fsjk}f b~djg}cgf) jg |d' ;: (bg}fidckb~jaj~jgkcb bi efmjif hb|fg{#>:

Bidzgf{ {z|fgjg rzj ib j{kzjib gjkj{b~cbejg}j {j kfe|ijejg}b kfg ji [J^QCKCF ECIC]B^ FNICDB]F^CF) s

rzj ~jkcg bii {j kfe|ij}b ji ~c}zbi mj cgckcbkcg s mjacgc}cqb kcqcicxbkcg jg ib{ kf{}zen~j{ s jg ib af~ebkcgmj `nc}f{ |j~{fgbij{ s {fkcbij{' Bgzibmf |f~ kbz{b{ e{ rzj b}jgmcnij{) }bi qjx }zqf rzj `bnj~ {cmf {z{}c}zcmf|f~ f}~b{ efmbicmbmj{ mj cgd~j{f b ib qcmb KFEZGC]B^CB8 [j~qckcf {fkcbi) |b~}ckc|bkcfg fnicdb}f~cb jgf~dbgcxbkcfgj{ gf dznj~gbejg}bij{) j}k>1 Ka~' Ji qbicf{f eb}j~cbi rzj fa~jkj F[XIBO F') jg Ib af~ebkcg mji J{}bmf B~djg}cgf' 2:: s 2:1 kfg ji}j{}cfgcf mj ib |fkb jg rzj {j mjebgmb ib cg}jd~bkcg j{kzjib%{j~qckcf ecic}b~' Ka~' ACK@B :=' J[]BMF SJ[KZJIB' F^MJG S \^FD^J[F (kfg ib {jijkkcg mj }jp}f{ mji bz}f~#' Ib abi}b mj zgb ijs mj kfg{k~c|kcgfnicdb}f~cb% |~fnijeb b~~b{}~bmf |~k}ckbejg}j mj{mj ib{ dzj~~b{ mj ib cgmj|jgmjgkcb fnicdbnb bi dfncj~gfgbkcfgbi b mj{}cgb~ bi {j~qckcf bk}cqf b dzb~mcb{ gbkcfgbij{ cgmc{kc|icgbmf{) abi}f{ mj cg{}~zkkcg) mj{|~fqc{}f{mji b|ifef s ib |~faj{cfgbicmbm mji {fimbmf mj igjb' ( F[XIBO8 2


24/67

K^C]CKB[ S ^BXFGJ[MJ IB K^C[C[ MJ IB J[KZJIB >=

jp|z{f {z abef{f mc{kz~{f .Ejg{bhj b ib Gbkcg Bijebgb. ji kzbi iijd b {j~ zg mj if{ e{cgaizsjg}j{ mfkzejg}f{ jg ib `c{}f~cb efmj~gb8 ib gbkcg bijebgb mjnb f~cjg}b~{j `bkcbzgb gzjqb s z}|ckb cg{}c}zkcg mj j{kfib~cmbm af~xbmb) jg ib rzj }fmf{ mjnj~bg b|~jgmj~b fnjmjkj~ ~mjgj{ s ~j{|j}b~ zgb f~dbgcxbkcg'>4

]bg}f ib j{kzjib kfef ji {j~qckcf ecic}b~ f|j~bnbg kfef abk}f~j{ mj cg}jd~bkcg {fkcbi sdb~bg}b mji azgkcfgbecjg}f mji kfg}~b}f {fkcbi' Mz~bg}j djgj~bkcfgj{ ib{ abecicb{ azj~fgazj~}jejg}j jgmdbeb{) ~jaf~xbgmf ib{ |j~}jgjgkcb{ b ib{ kfezgcmbmj{ mj f~djgj{(kj~~bmb{ {fn~j { ec{eb{ s ~jbkcb{ b kzbirzcj~ }c|f mj cg}jd~bkcg#' Ib cg}jd~bkcg gbkcfgbigf |b{ |~jkc{bejg}j |f~ ji `fdb~) {c}zbkcg rzj bd~bqbnb {jdg ib djfd~bab (|fnibkcfgj{bc{ibmb{#) ji cmcfeb s ib |~fkjmjgkcb mj {z{ cg}jd~bg}j{ (cgecd~bg}j{# If{ e~c}f{) jg j{}jkb{f) kf~~j{|fgmjg b ib j{kzjib |~ceb~cb) fnicdb}f~cb) |nickb) d~b}zc}b) ibckb) rzj |j~ec}ckfgqj~}c~ b j{}b {fkcjmbm jg zg k~c{fi mj ~bxb{ s {z|j~b~ ib{ mcaj~jgkcb{ }gckb{ jpc{}jg}j{']F^^BMF [') @c{}f~cb mj ib abecicb jg ib B~djg}cgb efmj~gb (204# }~bnbhbmf~j{ fnjmcjg}j{ |b~b ib{ ecgb{'

(;# {j~qcmf~j{ kcqcij{ ncjg {znf~mcgbmf{ bi dfncj~gf'(=# je|ijbmf{ ncjg {znf~mcgbmf{ |b~b ib cgmz{}~cb'(:# kczmbmbgf{ kzsb af~eb mj |jg{b~ ~j{|jk}f b b{zg}f{ ebsf~j{ azj~b ezs |b~jkcmb'


25/67

K^C]CKB[ S ^BXFGJ[MJ IB K^C[C[ MJ IB J[KZJIB >:

qcdjg}j{ (ib {z|~jeb cdzbimbm mji kczmbmbgf#' [cje|~j ib{ kib{j{ bi}b{ cg}jg}b~fg mc{kz}c~ j{}b`fefdjgjcmbm s kfg{}~zsj~fg gck`f{ mji {c{}jeb rzj {j bmb|}b~b b j{}b cggfqbkcg |fi}ckb rzj|fgb jg ~cj{df |fmj~ s mj~jk`f{' Ib j{kzjib mj gzj{}~f{ mb{ {za~j zg qbkcbecjg}f rzj ib{ kib{j{`jdjegckb{ {z|ijg kfg ib kfg{}~zkkcg mj zg {c{}jeb jmzkb}cqf |b~bijif) mj{|~jfkz|gmf{j mjimj{}cgf mj if{ mj{|f{jmf{ f jpkizcmf{' Cgqfizg}b~cbejg}j fiqcmbg rzj ib jmzkbkcg af~ebi (j{kfib~#

j{ ib rzj k~jb ib{ kfgmckcfgj{ djgj~bij{ (}ckb{# |b~b rzj ib ijs s ji mj~jk`f |zjmbg {j~ jhj~kcmf{ smjajgmcmf{' [cg j{kzjib {cdgcackb}cqb ib {fkcjmbm mj ib rzj |b~}ckc|bg }fmf{ rzjmb mj{|~f}jdcmb8 ibmj{|~jfkz|bkcg {j kfgqcj~}j jg zgb }~be|b |b~b ib {z|j~qcqjgkcb' J{}~b}dckbejg}j ib jmzkbkcgefmj~gb cg}jg} af~eb~ bi kczmbmbgf kfg ib izkj{ mj ib ~bxg |b~b rzj cizecgj kfg {z

|jg{becjg}f {z{ mjkc{cfgj{ s `bdb jajk}cqf ji jhj~kckcf mj ib |b~}ckc|bkcg mjefk~}ckb''' ji |~fkj{fmj je|fn~jkcecjg}f kzi}z~bi mj if{ kczmbmbgf{ if{ qzjiqj b kfgqj~}c~ kfef jg ji |b{bmf ~jef}f

jg hzdzj}j mj if{ dfnj~gbg}j{) s jg zgb bejgbxb {fkcbi' >0 Ib nzjgb jmzkbkcg s zgb nzjgbj{kzjib {fg ~jkj}b{ jajk}cqb{ (jkfgeckb s |fi}ckbejg}j# |b~b kfg{}~zc~ zgb qj~mbmj~b {fkcbi'>3

Jg |bibn~b{ mj ACK@]J) bi kfejgxb~ ji {cdif PCP8 j{}b af~ebkcg icec}bmb iijd {fibejg}j b zgb|jrzjb ecgf~b mj if{) |f~ j{}b ~bxg) mjgfecgbmf{ j{}bejg}f{ kzi}f{) |j~f brzjiib d~bg

ebsf~b jg ib rzj {j azgmbejg}b ib kfezgcmbm) ji |zjnif) |j~ebgjkc kb{c }f}biejg}j bieb~djg mj ib jmzkbkcg s {fej}cmf b ib kcjdb ab}bicmbm' Kfg ib gzjqb jmzkbkcg gf{f}~f{rzj~jef{ `bkj~ mj if{ bijebgj{ zg }fmf rzj {jb efqcmf s ~jqc}bicxbmf jg kbmb zgf mj {z{ecjen~f{ |f~ zgb ec{eb fkz|bkcg? |j~f {c kfg}cgz{jef{ rzj~cjgmf {j|b~b~ b zg j{}bejg}fkzi}f bgcebmf |f~ ji ce|zi{f ~jkcjg}jejg}j mj{b~~fiibmf mj ib b|~fnbkcg }ckb) mj f}~f gfkzi}f) j{}j i}cef {j {j|b~b~b mj gf{f}~f{ s }j~ecgb~bef{ |f~ |j~mj~if) |zj{ ib j{|j~bgxb sji }jef~) gckb |f{cncicmbm mj cgaizc~ jg i) gf j{}b~bg mj gzj{}~f ibmf) {cgf kfg}~bgf{f}~f{' \f~ }bg}f) gf gf{ rzjmb f}~b {fizkcg rzj `bkj~ iijdb~) {cg e{) b }fmf{ if{bijebgj{ ib gzjqb af~ebkcg) mj }bi ebgj~b rzj gf {j kfgqcj~}b jg af~ebkcg mj zgj{}bejg}f mj}j~ecgbmf) {cgf jg af~ebkcg mj ib gbkcg {cg e{ s {cg jpkj|}zb~ b gcgdzgfmj {z{ ecjen~f{) s b{ mj{b|b~jxkb s {j jicecgj |f~ kfe|ij}f) mjg}~f mj zgb af~ebkcg jg

ib g}ceb kfe|ibkjgkcb |f~ ib hz{}ckcb) }fmb mcaj~jgkcb mj j{}bejg}f{ rzj |zjmj rzj bgkfg}cgj jpc{}cjgmf jg f}~b{ abkj}b{ mji mj{b~~fiif) `b{}b ji |zg}f mj rzj {z~hb jg}~jgf{f}~f{ gf zgb jmzkbkcg |f|zib~) {cgf zgb jmzkbkcg gbkcfgbi |~f|cb mj bij%ebgj{''ACK@]J) Mc{kz~{f b ib gbkcg bijebgb' 20


26/67


K^C]CKB S ^BXFGJ[ & >;ACG MJI EBGMB]F F^CDCGBI8 BZ[JGKCB MJ BZ]FGFECB

Ib j{kzjib `b |j~mcmf jg |b~}j {z ec{cg f~cdcgbi8 k~jb~ ib{ kfgmckcfgj{ |b~b rzj ji kczmbmbgf {jkfgqc~}cj~b jg ji kfg{}~zk}f~ mj ib {fkcjmbm s ~j{|fg{bnij mj ib ec{eb';< J{b }b~jb ce|ickbnb k~jb~ zgkczmbmbgf nb{bmf jg ib }ckb) gf jg ib ijdbicmbm ? jg ji kfgqjgkcecjg}f cg}j~cf~ s gf jg ibce|f{ckcg? jg ji j{|~c}z mj ib ijs bg}j{ rzj jg ib ijs? jg ib bz}fgfeb) gf jg ib `j}j~fgfeb' Mj ifkfg}~b~cf) {fg ib{ ijsj{ (s {z{ cg{}~zejg}f{8 ib hz{}ckcb s ji |fmj~ mj |fickb# ib{ rzj mjnjg ce|fgj~ jif~mjg gjkj{b~cf' S gf `bs {fkcjmbm mc{kc|icgb~cb rzj ifd~j f|j~b~ bk}cqbejg}j {c gf {j cg{}bib jg jicg}j~cf~ mj kbmb zgf ({znhj}cqcmbm#) kfef }be|fkf jpc{}j zgb {fkcjmbm mj kfg}~fi rzj |zjmb{z|j~qc{b~ }fmb{ ib{ kfgmzk}b{' S j{ gb}z~bi rzj ji kfg}~b}f {fkcbi {j ~fe|b s kfg jiib ib {jdz~cmbm mjif{ kczmbmbgf{) ecjen~f{ mj zgb kfezgcmbm'

Sb if bg}ckc|bnb ACK@]J jg {z{ Mc{kz~{f{ bi |~f|fgj~ ib af~ebkcg mji {c{}jeb jmzkb}cqf|~z{cbgf8 Ib qj~mbmj~b j{jgkcb mj ib gzjqb jmzkbkcg kfg{c{}j jg ji b~}j {jdz~f s kc~kzg{|jk}fmj af~eb~ bi jmzkbgmf jg |z~b }ckb' Jg |z~b }ckb) mchj' Ib }ckb jg rzj jiib ij jmzkb jpc{}jkfef bidf |~cef~mcbi) cgmj|jgmcjg}j s bz}gfef? bidf rzj |f~ { ec{ef }cjgj qcmb |~f|cb) mjgcgdzgb ebgj~b kfef bidf rzj j{} cenzcmf j cgej~{f? jg bidg f}~f ce|zi{f gf }ckf b kzsb{b}c{abkkcg {c~qj) kfef fkz~~j kfg ib ijdbicmbm a~jkzjg}jejg}j |~j}jgmcmb `b{}b b`f~b' Mchjrzj j{ ji b~}j kc~kzg{|jk}f s {jdz~f mj j{}b jmzkbkcg? }ckb) ib kzbi gf |~fkjmj {cg e}fmf gcbi bxb~) {cgf {jdg zgb{ gf~eb{ achb{ rzj ij {fg ncjg kfgfkcmb{ s mj kzsf pc}f j{} {jdz~b' [zjmzkbgmf {z~dj) jg {z efejg}f) kfef zgb fn~b ebj{}~b ac~ej j cgez}bnij) ~j{zi}bg}j mj {z`bncicmbm b~}{}ckb) rzj gf |zjmj bk}zb~ mj ebgj~b mc{}cg}b b kfef {}b `b mj}j~ecgbmf s rzj

gf gjkj{c}b mj bszmb) {cgf rzj bqbgxb |f~ { ec{eb s {jdg {z{ |~f|cb{ ijsj{' (Mc{kz~{f]j~kj~f'#

K^C]CKB S ^BXFGJ[ & >=ACG8 QCDJGKCB MJ IB IJDBICMBM S IB HZ[]CKCB

Ib j{kzjib azj kfgkjncmb kfef zg ~jb{jdz~f gjkj{b~cf |b~b ji jhj~kckcf s ib qcdjgkcb mj ib hz{}ckcb

(j{|~c}z mj ib ijs rzj `bkj |f{cnij ji ~j{|j}f b ib ijs# s zgb bk}c}zm |~jqjg}cqb a~jg}j b if{jqjg}zbij{ kfgaick}f{) s acdz~b cg{}c}zkcfgbi rzj bijhbnb b if{ {zhj}f{ mji |fmj~ mc{kc|icgbmf~ mj ib|fickb ({jdz~cmbm# s mj f~}f|jmcb {fkcbi mj ib{ k~kjij{' Kzbg}b{ e{ j{kzjib{ azgkcfgb~b ejgf{|fickb s ejgf{ k~kjij{ j~bg gjkj{b~cb{ s e{ {jdz~b j~b ib bmecgc{}~bkcg mj ib hz{}ckcb' Kzbgmfjg}~bg jg k~c{c{ j{}b{ cg{}c}zkcfgj{) {j }~b}b mj af~}bijkj~ ji azgkcfgbecjg}f mj kbmb zgb mj jiib{(~jaf~xb~ ib {jdz~cmbm) ezi}c|ickb~ ib{ k~kjij{) {zeb~ bmecgc{}~bkcg mj hz{}ckcb#) {cg ~jkz~~c~ bi {f{}g

;4

j{jgkcbi rzj `bkj |f{cnij ji jajk}cqf azgkcfgbecjg}f mj ib{ ec{eb{) ib kfgmckcg mj |f{cncicmbm mj}fmb{ ib{ cg{}c}zkcfgj{ mj ib {fkcjmbm8 ib j{kzjib' ;2

Ib kfgacbgxb jg ib jmzkbkcg s jg ib j{kzjib bkfe|b ji {cdif PCP) |f~rzj {j kfg{cmj~ rzj if{kczmbmbgf{ jmzkbmf{ j~bg ib kfgmckcg |b~b ib jpkjijgkcb jg ji azgkcfgbecjg}f mj ib }~beb

{fkcbi' Gf j{ jp}~bf rzj) bi cgbzdz~b~ ji {cdif PCP) ACK@]J bac~eb~b8 `b{}b b`f~b ji J{}bmf `b}jgcmf rzj `bkj~ ezk`f |f~ ib{ cg{}c}zkcfgj{ hzmckcbij{ s |fickcbij{ s) {cg jenb~df) gzgkb |zmf`bkj~ nb{}bg}j? ib{ |jgc}jgkcb~b{ s ~jaf~eb}f~cf{ ij `bg kbz{bmf ezk`f{ db{}f{) s jg kzbg}f)|f~ i}cef) b ib{ cg{}c}zkcfgj{ njgackb{) kzbg}f e{ {j db{}bnb jg jiib{ ebsf~j{ db{}f{jpcdbg) |b~jkcjgmf jg kfghzg}f e{ ncjg cg{}c}zkcfgj{ |b~b |~fmzkc~ |fn~j{' Jg zg J{}bmf rzjce|ibg}b{j ib gzjqb jmzkbkcg) ib{ |~cej~b{ {j ~jmzkc~bg gf}bnijejg}j) ib{ i}ceb{mj{b|b~jkj~bg |f~ kfe|ij}f' Zgb mc{kc|icgb b }cje|f b{jdz~b kfg}~b |f{}j~cf~j{ mc{kc|icgb{ sejhf~b{ mj |f~ { mj{bd~bmbnij{? jg kzbg}f b if{ |fn~j{) gf jpc{}jg jg bn{fiz}f jg zg |zjnifjmzkbmf mj j{}j efmf'

K^C]CKB S ^BXFGJ[ & >:J[]^ZK]Z^B[ ^CDCMB[ \B^B IB MC[KC\ICGB S IB QCDCIBGKCB

Ib j{kzjib kfgacdz~ {z j{}~zk}z~b ~j{|fgmcjgmf b ib kfgkj|kcg mji }cje|f s mji j{|bkcf) |~f|cf{mj ib efmj~gcmbm8 ib mc{}~cnzkcg mji j{|bkcf ({z b~rzc}jk}z~b# s ji f~mjgbecjg}f mji }cje|f(kbijgmb~cf s `f~b~cf{# ~j{|fgmjg b if{ efmjif{ mc{kc|icgbmf~j{ mj ib |fkb efmj~gb s mj ib{fkcjmbm mj ib qcdcibgkcb' B |j{b~ mj if{ kbencf{ s mj ib{ ebgcacj{}b{ }~bg{af~ebkcfgj{ |~fmzkcmb{jg ji kfg}jp}f mj ib |fkb kfg}je|f~gjb % ib j{kzjib `b ebg}jgcmf {z{ j{}~zk}z~b{ kfg}~b~cbgmf

jpcdjgkcb{ mji |~j{jg}j';>

Mj{mj rzj ib j{kzjib {j `b kfgqj~}cmf |f~ ib{ gjkj{cmbmj{ mj gzj{}~b |fkb jg zgbcg{}c}zkcg |nickb) jg zg j{}bnijkcecjg}f |f~ kzsb{ |zj~}b{ `bg mj |b{b~ }fmb{ ib{ gzjqb{djgj~bkcfgj{) s jg kzsf ~jkcg}f `b mj }~bg{kz~~c~{j ib ejhf~ |b~}j mj ib cgabgkcb) `b{}biijdb~ b ib |znj~}bm) mjnjg }jgj~{j |~j{jg}j jg {z kfg{}~zkkcg kfg{cmj~bkcfgj{ mj `cdcjgjs mj f~gb}f rzj {fg mj ib e{ bi}b ce|f~}bgkcb' Ji ifkbi `b mj {j~ gf {fif bmjkzbmf b ibjg{jbgxb) {cgf }bencg bi mj{jgqfiqcecjg}f a{ckf mji kzj~|f) b if{ jhj~kckcf{ dceg{}ckf{)b ib nzjgb mc{|f{ckcg mji gcef s ib {bizm |f~ ib |z~jxb mji bc~j rzj ~j{|c~j'

Gzj{}~b{ j{kzjib{ mjnjg) |f~ }bg}f) {j~ kfg{}~zcmb{ mj ebgj~b rzj {z j{|jk}kzif)fn~bgmf mcb~cbejg}j {fn~j ji j{|~c}z mj if{ gcf{) jmzrzj {z dz{}f) {z a{ckf s {z{

cgkicgbkcfgj{' Gf {fif mjnj ~jcgb~ jg jiib{ ji e{ |~fichf s kfg{}bg}j b{jf) kf{b rzjmj|jgmj mj ib b}jgkcg s {fickc}zm fn{}cgbmb mji ebj{}~f) {cgf }bencg }bi kfefmcmbm |b~b

;>]~bnbhf{ {fn~j ji j{|bkcf s ib b~rzc}jk}z~b j{kfib~5

N^BGMB^C[) D') Ib b~rzc}jk}z~b j{kfib~ mj cg{|c~bkcg {b~ecjg}cgb) Nzjgf{ Bc~j{) ABMZ % ZNB % Jzmjnb) 2330'MFEGJK@) H' S QCB[) H') Ib f~dbgcxbkcg mji j{|bkcf s mji }cje|f jg ji kjg}~f jmzkb}cqf) Nb~kjifgb) D~bf) 2[B^ECJG]F) M' A') Mj ib jmzkbkcg |f|zib~ _20=3U) Nzjgf{ Bc~j{) Ib Abkzi}bm) 232:']~ciib) H') Jg{bsf{ {fn~j ib j{kzjib' Ji j{|bkcf {fkcbi s eb}j~cbi mj ib j{kzjib) Nb~kjifgb) Ibj~}j{) 230:'QBSJ^) \') MZQBI) B' S ^FGKCG) K@') Zgb jkfifdb mj ib j{kzjib' Ib mcgeckb mj ib{ j{}~zk}z~b{ eb}j~cbij{)

Nb~kjifgb) \bcm{) 233;'XB^BGOCG) BGM^[' >


28/67


if{ gcf{) s kcj~}f dz{}f s bzg izhf mj mjkf~bkcg) rzj `bnc}j {z{ {jg}cmf{ b qcqc~ jg ejmcfmj j{}f{ jijejg}f{ cgmc{|jg{bnij{ mj ib qcmb kcqcicxbmb' ([b~ecjg}f# ;;

K^C]CKB S ^BXFGJ[ &

>1

K^C[C[ MJ IB [BK^BICMBM MJ J[\BKCF S ]CJE\F'

Ib j{kzjib efmj~gb {if |zmf kfg{}~zc~{j {fn~j ji af~eb}f mj zg }cje|f s mj zg j{|bkcf {bd~bmf'Ibj{kzjib j{}bnijkj s kfg{}~zsj iec}j{) eb~kb kfg}f~gf) kfg{}~zsj ez~f{) rzj ijdc}cebg ji }cje|fkfg%{bd~bmf bi b|~jgmcxbhj s ji j{|bkcf jg ji rzj j{}g |j~ec}cmb{ s `bncic}bmb{ ib{ bk}cqcmbmj{|~f|cb{ mj ib j{kzjib' Kfg ~cdf~ ijdc}ceb s |~f`nj ji cgd~j{f mj |j~{fgb{) bkkcfgj{) |bibn~b{)kfg}jgcmf{) fnhj}f{) cedjgj{ s ~jbicmbm' Kzbgmf ji }cje|f s ji j{|bkcf {j mj{bk~bicxbg) kzbgmf if{b|~jgmcxbhj{ {j |zjmjg bmrzc~c~ jg kzbirzcj~ izdb~) kzbgmf if{ bk}f~j{ }~bg{c}bg ijd}cebejg}j }fmf{if{ j{kjgb~cf{) ib j{kzjib |cj~mj {z{ nb~~j~b{ |~f}jk}f~b{' [c ji b|~jgmcxbhj gf j{ {fibejg}j j{kfib~)

ib j{kzjib ~jib}cqcxb s ~j{}b qbif~ b {z{ bk}f~j{) {z }j~~c}f~cf) {z{ ~c}zbij{) {z{ bkkcfgj{' S jg j{bmcejg{cg `zebgb) jg ji rzj kbjg if{ ez~f{) ib j{kzjib {j qzjiqj mjeb{cbmf qzigj~bnij'

Sb gf jpc{}j ji ji }cje|f {bd~bmf mj ib j{kzjib f ji j{|bkcf cgkfg}becgbmf s {bd~bmfmj ib j{kzjib' Ji }cje|f s ji j{|bkcf {j `bg mj{bk~bicxbmf' ]fmf j{ zgb kfgqjgkcg s zgbkfg{}~zkkcg rzj {j b~eb s {j ~fe|j) {j ~jkfg{}~zsj s {j jg{benib' Ji }cje|f {bd~bmf mjib j{kzjib ce|fgb ~jdib{ kib~b{8 gf abi}b~ |f~rzj if rzj {j |cj~mj j{ c~~jkz|j~bnij) iijdb~}cje|f) b|~fqjk`b~ }fmf{ if{ ecgz}f{) {bnj~ rzj ji }cje|f j{ f~f s rzj |j~mj~if j{ zgbebgj~b mj |fgj~ jg ~cj{df zg }j{f~f' Ji }cje|f j{ {bd~bmf |f~rzj j{ mjeb{cbmfce|f~}bg}j if rzj bii {j `bkj) if rzj bii {j mckj'

\j~f kzbgmf ji }cje|f {j mj{bk~bicxb s |cj~mj {z |~j{zg}f kb~k}j~ {bd~bmf) kzbgmf {j`bkj `zebgf) rzcjgj{ kc~kzibg kfg ib j{kzjib |zjmjg hzdb~ kfg ji }cje|f) gjdfkcb~ {zqbif~) mc{kz}c~ {z ce|f~}bgkcb' \b~b j{}b gzjqb s mcazgmcmb kfgkj|kcg) if rzj {j `bkj jg ibj{kzjib gf j{ }bg ce|f~}bg}j) gf j{ mjeb{cbmf ce|f~}bg}j) `b{}b |zjmj gf }jgj~ qbif~' S ib|~j{jgkcb jg ib j{kzjib j{ ib ~jib}cqb' \bibn~b{ s bkkcfgj{ |zjmjg iijgb~ ji }cje|f) mz~b~'''|j~f {cg `bkj~ kzj{}cfgj{ ce|f~}bg}j{8 jg zg }kc}f s |j~qj~{f bkzj~mf) |zjmjg kfgqjgc~ebj{}~f{ s bizegf{ kfef {j iijgb ji }cje|f' S jg}fgkj{ kfgkz~~c~ f gf kfgkz~~c~ mjhb mj{j~ zg ce|j~b}cqf s ji hzjdf kfg if{ iec}j{ mj cgckcf s acgbicxbkcg j{ kfg{}bg}j'

Kfg}bdcbmf{ mj f}~f{ ebgjhf{ }je|f~bij{ mck}bmf{ |f~ ib{ |~k}ckb{ {fkcbij{) ib j{kzjib|zjmj |bmjkj~ if{ ec{ef{ ebij{8 gf `bs zg kfe|~fec{f rzj ~j{|j}j ib |zg}zbicmbm s jiqbif~ mj }fmf{ if{ ecgz}f{' Jg ezk`f{ kb{f{) ib j{kzjib j{ zg ib~df jhj~kckcf mj

;;\f~ rz kzbgmf zgf cgd~j{b b zgb j{kzjib {j jgkzjg}~b kfg zgb j{}~zk}z~b rzj |b~jkj gf `bnj~ ~jkcncmf

gcgdzgb }~bg{af~ebkcg jg eb{ mj >


29/67


bnz~~cecjg}f) cg}j~~ze|cmf |f~ if{ ~jk~jf{' Bnz~~cecjg}f rzj |~f}bdfgcxbg if{ bizegf{)|j~f mji rzj gf {fg bhjgf{ jg ezk`f{ kb{f{) if{ mfkjg}j{'

Ji }cje|f bn~j izdb~ bi j{|bkcf' \f~rzj ji }cje|f {bd~bmf |zjmj kfgqj~}c~ jg {bd~bmfbidzgf{ j{|bkcf{' Jg ji k~zkj mj ib kff~mjgbmb j{|bkcf }je|f~bij{) |zjmj `bnj~ j{|bkcf{rzj {j b~ejg kfef {bd~bmf{ jg mj}j~ecgbmf{ efejg}f{ s rzj izjdf kze|ibg f}~b{

azgkcfgj{' \j~f ji j{|bkcf mj ib j{kzjib }bencg j~b {bd~bmf8 j{}bnijkb iec}j{) xfgb{)cgd~j{f{ s jd~j{f{) nb~~j~b{) |b~b|j}b{) af~}bijxb{' Bi }j~~c}f~cf mj ib j{kzjib |fmbgcgd~j{b~ mj}j~ecgbmb{ kf{b{) kfgfkcecjg}f) {bnj~j{) |j~{fgb{) cmjb{ (kz~~kzif jp|ikc}f#'''s j{}bnbg qjmbmb{ f}~b{ kf{b{) kfgfkcecjg}f{) {bnj~j{) |j~{fgb{ j cmjb{''' rzj ezk`b{qjkj{ `bkbg {z cgd~j{f |f~ f}~b{ qb{ (kz~~kzif fkzi}f# f gzgkb cgd~j{bnbg (kz~~kzif gzif#'

Ib j{kzjib j~b {bd~bmb8 `bnb kzj{}cfgj{ kfg ib{ rzj gbmcj hzdbnb |f~rzj bii kfef jgzg }je|if gf {j |fmb hzdb~' J{j |bk}f ce|ikc}f bicejg}bnb ib{ kfgmzk}b{ s mjacgbg if{|~fkjmcecjg}f{' If{ rzj {j b}~jqbg b mb~ |b{f{ jg abi{f) {bnb rzj {j bz}f%jpkizbg) j~bgif{ `j}j~fmfpf{ rzj nz{kbnbg {z |~f|cb kfgmjgb) if{ `j~jhj{ rzj) b {bncjgmb{)~jgzgkcbnbg b ib f~}fmfpcb s bi mfdeb' \j~f ji j{|bkcf {j `b mj{bk~bicxbmf) {j `b qzji}fa~dci) ce|~jkc{f) cgkcj~}f8 `bg kbmf if{ ez~f{;= s gf `bs af~eb mj mj}j~ecgb~ ib{ gzjqb{

a~fg}j~b{ |f~rzj gf {j }~b}b sb mj nb~~j~b{ eb}j~cbij{ (rzj |zjmjg {jdzc~ jpc{}cjgmf# {cgfmj ib kc~kzibkcg mj ib{ |j~{fgb{) mj ib{ cmjb{) mj ib{ |~k}ckb{) mj if{ `nc}f{' Ijg}bejg}j ibj{kzjib azj `bkcgmfij izdb~ b }fmf) s b gbmcj ij jp}~bb rzj ib{ kf{b{ rzj {zkjmjg jg f}~b{djfd~bab{) azj~b mj {z{ ez~f{) fkz|jg }bencg ji }j~~c}f~cf mj ib j{kzjib) izk`bgmf kfg}~b}fmf if j{}bnijkcmf8 ~jdib{) kfgfkcecjg}f{) kmcdf{) j{}b}z}f{''' s ~j{}gmfij qbif~ s~jijqbgkcb b if rzj kfef }~bmckcg s ebgmbmf ib j{kzjib `bkb' ;:

;= ka~' bi ~j{|jk}f jg ecgzkcf{f bgic{c{ mj j{}f{ kbencf{ rzj ~jbicxb HF^DJ QC]BIC (2334# jg Ji bzib {cg ez~f{']jkgfifdb s ejmcf{ mj kfezgckbkcg jg ji j{kjgb~cf j{kfib~ bk}zbi' Ecejf' S KZIIJG KB^IF[ B' (2334#)K~}ckb mj ib{ ~bxfgj{ mj jmzkb~' ]jeb{ mj acif{fab mj ib jmzkbkcg' \bcm{' Nzjgf{ Bc~j{' Ib{ gzjqb{a~fg}j~b{ mj ib jmzkbkcg' \|' >:> s {{'

;: Ka~' [BGM^B KB^IC8 \b~b ~j}feb~ ib qc{cg {fn~j ib kczmbm mj if{ jmzkbmf~j{ mji {cdif PCP qfs b kfgqfkb~ ib|bibn~b mj QK]F^ EJ^KBG]J) rzcjg azj~b zgf mj if{ e{ gf}f~cf{ ebj{}~f{ gf~ebic{}b{' Jg .Ib jmzkbkcgmji gcf s {z cg{}~zkkcg. mj 2034 Ej~kbg}j mc{}cgdzb jg}~j if{ jajk}f{ mji ejmcf z~nbgf s ~z~bi jg if{ gcf{'^jkf~mjef{ rzj {z qc{cg mji gcf kfe|~jgmb mf{ b{|jk}f{' Jg |~cej~ izdb~ if kfgkj|}zbnb kfef zg|jrzjf {biqbhj rzj bg gf `bnb |b{bmf mji f~mjg mj ib gb}z~bijxb bi f~mjg mj ib kzi}z~b) |f~ if kzbi {jb{jejhbnb b if{ `fen~j{ |~cec}cqf{' \j~f jg {jdzgmf izdb~ ji gcf&bizegf j~b ecjen~f mj zg d~z|f j{kfib~ smck`f d~z|f jg }bg}f |jrzjb .eb{b. f .ezi}c}zm. |j~ec}b b{cecib~ ji j{|bkcf jmzkb}cqf kfg if{ ajgejgf{mj ib{ {fkcjmbmj{ cgecd~b}f~cb{ b ib izx mj ib .\{ckfifdb mj ib{ eb{b{. mj Ij Nfg'Zgb j{}~b}jdcb jg}fgkj{ mj kib{cackbkcg mj if{ gcf{ {j b|ickbnb b J[B EB[B kfg{cmj~bmb cgaf~ej) |jicd~f{b s{zdj{}cfgbnij) rzj mjnb {fej}j~{j b ib jg{jbgxb mji ebj{}~f' Mck`b qc{cg }jej~f{b mj ib{ kfgmzk}b{cgabg}cij{ {j bdzmcxbnb jg ji kb{f mj if{ gcf{ mj ib{ kczmbmj{' Mj{mj ib j{kzjib {j mjnb jg}fgkj{ {jdg|bibn~b{ mji bz}f~8 .'''ce|jmc~ ib qbdbgkcb f icnj~}bm kbiijhj~b rzj {f |~j}jp}f mj ib cgmj|jgmjgkcb f mji

dfncj~gf mj { ec{ef) ib {cjg}j jg ib {bgd~j kfef zgb azj~xb c~~j{c{}cnij.' \b~b kfg}~b~~j{}b~ ji jajk}f |jicd~f{fmj ib kczmbm Ej~kbg}j b|jibnb b .mfdeb}cxb~ ib bz}f~cmbm |b}j~gb.) |j~f }bencg b afejg}b~ ib bmrzc{ckcg mj`nc}f{ mj }~bnbhf bd~kfib |b~b jqc}b~ mjic}f' ^jkz~~cjgmf bi k~cecgbic{}b Ifen~f{f {f{}jgb rzj .ji d~jecf rzjejgf{ mjic}f{ kfej}j j{ ji mj if{ bd~ckzi}f~j{.) jg if rzj |j~{c{}j zgb qc{cg ~feg}ckb mj ib{ jkfgfeb{|~jkb|c}bic{}b{ b ib qjx rzj if{ }jef~j{ bg}j if{ jajk}f{ mj ib ~jqfizkcg cgmz{}~cbi'Ib qc{cg mj ib kczmbm kfef zg izdb~ mj |j~mckcg |b~b if{ ejgf~j{) kfef zg izdb~ rzj j~f{cfgbnb mj{mj jijp}j~cf~ b ib j{kzjib) kfgqcj~}j b j{}b i}ceb jg ZG ]JE\IF [BD^BMF S MJ BI]F[ JAJK]F[ EF^BIJ[' MjkbEj~kbg}j {fn~j ib kczmbm8 .Ib kczmbm) kfef ib @cm~b mj Ij~gb) b`fdb b if{ cgkbz}f{) {zej b if{ cgjp|j~}f{ jg ibeb}j~cb mj {z{ iibdb{ s |zm~j if{ ~j}ff{ e{ ifxbgf{ mj ib j{|jkcj.' .Ib qf~dcgj ezgmbgb |~jkc|c}b ciz{cfgj{s j{|j~bgxb{ jg ji bnc{ef {cg afgmf mj ib |j~mckcg' Gf mzmbef{ rzj ib cdgf~bgkcb j{ ib |~cgkc|bi kbz{b mj{jejhbg}j{ jp}~bqf{.'Ji hzckcf mj .icnj~}cgbhj. kfg rzj Ej~kbg}j kfgmjgbnb ib{ |~bk}ckb{ kf}cmcbgb{ mj gcf{ sbmfij{kjg}j{ (ib{ .|b~~bgmb{. jg if{ }~bgqb{) if{ aj{}jhf{ mj{baf~bmf{ jg if{ mb{ mj kb~gbqbi) ji mj{nf~mj mj

kbiij{ s |ibxb{#) gf {z|fgb jpkiz{cqbejg}j zgb ce|zdgbkcg mj }c|f ef~bi' J{}b{ |~k}ckb{ j~bg kfgkj|}zbmb{kfef |~fmzk}f{ mj ib{ .ackkcfgj{ mj zgb {fkcjmbm kf~~z|}b. s j{}b mcejg{cg mj ackkcg |j~ec}b znckb~ b ibkczmbm s b ib j{kzjib jg izdb~j{ jp}~jef{ mj zgb ~bkcfgbicmbm gckb'


30/67

K^C]CKB[ S ^BXFGJ[MJ IB K^C[C[ MJ IB J[KZJIB ;4ACG MJ ZGB EC[CG EFMJ^GB ]^BG[AF^EB^ IB EZI]C]ZM JG \ZJNIF

Ib j{kzjib azj zgf mj if{ cg{}~zejg}f{ efmj~gf{ jgkb~dbmf{ mj }~bg{af~eb~ b ib ezi}c}zm jg|zjnif) if ezk`f jg zgf) ji j{}bmf mj nb~nb~cj s gb}z~bijxb jg j{}bmf mj mj~jk`f) kzj~|f |fi}ckf sqfizg}bm gckb' J{}b }~bg{af~ebkcg |j~ec}c }~bg{aj~c~ ji |fmj~ {fnj~bgf bi J{}bmf rzj |zjmjf|j~b~ {fn~j if{ kczmbmbgf{) |b~}kc|j{ mj zg |~fsjk}f kfeg) |f{jjmf~j{ mj ~f{}~f s mj `bnib)|j~f bhjgf{ b ib ~jnjicg s b ib |~f}j{}b' [fibejg}j jg ji kfg}jp}f mj zgb cg{}c}zkcg mfej{}ckbmf~bkfef ib j{kzjib |zmf f|j~b~{j zg kbencf) rzj ji rzcjn~j mj ib kzi}z~b efmj~gb `b mj{}~zcmf)

~jd~j{bgmf bi kfgkj|}f mj ezi}c}zm'

;4

Ib ezi}c}zm }cjgj azj~xb |j~f gf |f{jj {jdz~cmbm s qfx8{fibejg}j kzbgmf ib ezi}c}zm {j }~bg{af~eb jg |zjnif) {j kfg{}c}zsj jg ZGB jg}cmbm) rzj f}f~dbcmjg}cmbm s |j~}jgjgkcb) s |j~ec}j mjacgc~ ji |~f|cf ijgdzbhj' Ib j{kzjib j{ ji j{azj~xf mj kfgqj~}c~ ibezi}c}zm (n~nb~b# jg |zjnif (kcqcicxbmf#' \b~b j{f ib j{kzjib gjkj{c}b ji ebgmbmf {fkcbi rzjmjebgmb j{b kfg{}c}zkcg8 jg ib bk}zbicmbm j{j |~fkj{f mj }~bg{af~ebkcg j{} jg k~c{c{'

[c ib KCZMBM j~b {jmj mj zgb ackkcg) ib J[KZJIB [J ]F^GBNB JG [JMJ JPKIZ[CQB MJ IB QJ^MBM8 ji ebj{}~fjg}fgkj{ mjnb {j~ ji mj|f{c}b~cf mj j{b }~bg{ec{cg bi gcf' [cg jenb~df ib jg{jbgxb |fmb ~jkz~~c~ b if{bdjg}j{ mj kcqcicxbkcg mj ib{ {fkcjmbmj{ efmj~gb{ kfef ji kcgjeb}d~baf s ib |~jg{b j{k~c}b' Ecjg}~b{ ji|~cej~f j~b |jg{bmf kfef zg cg{}~zejg}f rzj abkcic}bnb ji bkkj{f b ib qj~mbm `c{}~ckb) ib ijk}z~b mj if{|j~cmckf{ mjnb {j~ fnhj}f mj ib qcdcibgkcb |b}j~gb' Ji aj~~fkb~~ci kfef f}~f ejmcf mj kcqcicxbkcg qbif~bmf) b ib

qjx rzj |j~ec}b ji icn~j qcbhj mj if{ ejgf~j{) |fmb {j~ zg ejmcf cmgjf |b~b f~dbgcxb~ ib{ abef{b{jpkz~{cfgj{ j{kfib~j{ |~fefqcmb{ |f~ ji gf~ebic{ef' IB[ A^FG]J^B[ rzj {j|b~bnbg b IB J[KZJIB MJ IBKCZMBM j~bg jg}fgkj{ |~jkc{b{ jg ib ejmcmb jg rzj kj~kbnbg zg }j~~c}f~cf kfg{cmj~bmf bg}bdgckf b ib|~fefkcg mj if{ cg{}cg}f{) ib{ ackkcfgj{ s ib icnj~}bm' Ib j{kzjib mjnb jg{jb~ b |bm~j{ s gcf{ b qcqc~ jg ibkczmbm) rzj |jg{bmb kfef |~fmzk}f mj ib efmj~gcmbm) mji |~fd~j{f s mj ib ~jqfizkcg cgmz{}~cbi) j~b }jecmb{cg jenb~df |f~ |~fqfkb~ ajgejgf{ mj eb{b{ s |f~ kf~~fe|j~ ib{ kf{}zen~j{ }~bmckcfgbij{';1

Jg j{}j gzjqf kfg}jp}f mjnj~bg ~jqc{b~{j s bgbicxb~{j ib{ bd~j{cfgj{ mj{}~zk}cqb{ rzj |bmjkjg ib{ j{kzjib{ srzj |~fqfkbg bi ec{ef }cje|f ib cgmcdgbkcg mj if{ ~j{|fg{bnij{ s mj if{ ejmcf{''' s ib cgmcaj~jgkcb mj ibdjg}j' Ib j{kzjib j{ b`f~b }bencg zg izdb~ bi rzj {j |zjmj bkkjmj~ b ~fnb~) b mj{}~zc~) b qzigj~b~) b mj{}~zc~'Gf |j{b gcgdzgb jpkfezgcg |f~ jiif' If{ }je|if{ (~jicdcf{f{# rzj }jejg f |bmjkjg ji ec{ef ebi) }febg

if{ ~jkbzmf{ bi ~j{|jk}f';4

Qj~ ji mj{b~~fiif s ib }~bg{af~ebkcg mj if{ kfgkj|}f{ mj EZI]C]ZM ([|cgfxb# s \ZJNIF (@fnnj{# jg QC^GF

\bfif) D~be}ckb mj ib ezi}c}zm' \b~b zg bgic{c{ mj ib{ af~eb{ mj qcmb kfg}je|f~gjb' Ecejf) s GJD^C B'@B^M] E') Ce|j~cf (Ib ezi}c}zm kfg}~b ji ce|j~cf~#' \bcm{' If{ bz}f~j{ {f{}cjgjg rzj `bs zg |~fkj{f mj~jd~j{f b ib ezi}c}zm jg ib {fkcjmbm kfg}je|f~gjb'


31/67

K^C]CKB[ S ^BXFGJ[MJ IB K^C[C[ MJ IB J[KZJIB ;2

K^C]CKB S ^BXFGJ[ & >0

K^C[C[ MJ MC[KZ^[F[ EFMJ^GF[ (J]CKB MJI J[AZJ^XF#

Ib j{kzjib efmj~gb djgj~ zgb jmzkbkcg rzj ~jnb{ ji enc}f mj ib cg{}~zkkcg s mj ib }~bg{ec{cg{c{}je}ckb mj if{ kfgfkcecjg}f{) |b~b }~bg{ec}c~ zg j{}cif mj qcmb rzj ~j{|fgmcj~b azgkcfgbiejg}j bif{ ~jrzj~cecjg}f mj zgb {fkcjmbm cg}j~j{bmb jg djgj~b~ azj~xb mj }~bnbhf s mj kfgrzc{}b8 ce|fgj |~fmzkcjgmf zg ejg{bhj ~jmzgmbg}j s kfg}~fibmf kfg ji j{}bmf) ib abecicb s ib{ cg{}c}zkcfgj{mc{kc|icgbmf~b{ zg mfecgcf mji kzj~|f s mj {z{ gjkj{cmbmj{ (ncf|fi}ckb#) |f{}j~dbgmf gjkj{cmbmj{s |ibkj~j{) kfgkjg}~bgmf ji qbif~ jg ji j{azj~xf s jg ib jg}~jdb {cg iec}j{ b if{ cmjbij{ {fkcbij{' Eb{bii mji rzcjn~j mji mc{kz~{f ~jmzgmbg}j (}~bg{af~ebmf jg jg}~|ckf# mj ib{ cg{}c}zkcfgj{) `fs|~cebg f}~f{ |~cgkc|cf{ s f}~f{ qbif~j{''' |zjmj ib j{kzjib mj gzj{}~f{ mb{ kfg{}~zc~{j {fn~j ib{

nb{j{ mj ib{ bg}cdzb{ |~j{k~c|kcfgj{ f {j `b }~bg{af~ebmf jg zgb gzjqb s bg}cdzb qfx rzj kibeb jgji mj{cj~}f6

;0

Ji |~cej~ kckif mj {jkzib~cxbkcg mj ib }ckb (24


32/67

K^C]CKB[ S ^BXFGJ[MJ IB K^C[C[ MJ IB J[KZJIB ;>

e{ acji jp|~j{cg6 Kef ifd~b kfgkcicb~ {z{ mc{kz~{f{ ebpcebic{}b{ s mj cgmc{kz}cnij{|~cgkc|cf{ kfg zgb |~mckb {fkcbi rzj }fmf if gjdfkcb s }fmf |j~ec}j6

K^C]CKB S ^BXFGJ[ & >3\^FMZK]F AZGKCFGBI BI JG]F^GF (KBENCF[#

Ib j{kzjib) mj{mj zgb |j~{|jk}cqb azgkcfgbic{}b) ib j{kzjib j{ mj{kzncj~}b) efimjbmb s af~}bijkcmb|f~ ib efmj~gcmbm s jg zgb {jdzgmb j}b|b % |f~ ji j{}bmf efmj~gf' \b{b b mj{je|jb~ zg |b|ji~jijqbg}j jg ib mcqzidbkcg mj ib{ cmjb{ s jg ji af~}bijkcecjg}f mj ib{ j{}~zk}z~b{ efmj~gb{' Mj ibec{eb ebgj~b rzj ib azgkcg kfg{}c}zsj bi ~dbgf) mj ib ec{eb ebgj~b ib efmj~gcmbm {j jgkfg}~kfg zgb j{kzjib rzj {z|f efimjb~ {jdg {z{ gjkj{cmbmj{' Kbnj |~jdzg}b~{j {c) bdf}bmb ib azgkcg) ji~dbgf mjnj {jdzc~ jpc{}cjgmf f {j qj {fej}cmf b zg |~fkj{f mj |~fd~j{cqb b}~facb rzj bejgbxb kfgib mj{}~zkkcg mji ~dbgf' F {j ~j%azgkcfgbicxb {z |~j{jgkcb jg ji kfg}jp}f mj gzjqb{ mjebgmb{

{fkcbij{ f {j ~jgzgkcb bi azgkcfgbic{ef) s ib j{kzjib |b{b b kfg{}c}zc~{j kfg f}~f{ {f|f~}j{ }j~ckf{'

]FMF IF RZJ [C^QJ BI [C[]JEB (F^DBGC[EF# [J CGKF\F^B8 ib |~j{jgkcb mj ibj{kzjib jg ji efejg}f mj ib epceb jp|bg{cg s kfg{ficmbkcg mji ezgmf efmj~gb) ibezj{}~b kfef mj{kzncj~}b kfef cg{}c}zkcg azgkcfgbiejg}j gjkj{b~cb |b~b ji {c{}jeb

{fkcbi s jkfgeckf'

]FMF IF RZJ [J ]F^GB CG[J^QCNIJ [J MJ[JK@B8 kzbgmf ib {fkcjmbm mj{kzn~j rzj ib{cg{}c}zkcfgj{ jg gzjqf kfg}jp}f) mjhb mj |~j{}b~ij ib z}cicmbm rzj ib{ `cxf gjkj{b~cb{) ib{mj{kb~}b) bzg kzbgmf f|}j |f~ gf mjk~j}b~ {z mj{b|b~ckcg) {cgf {z |~fd~j{cqb ~jib}cqcxbkcg(rzj j{ zg ezj~}j e{ k~zji#'

]FMF IF RZJ KFG[]C]ZSJ ZG [C[]JEB GF ^J[\FGMJ B ZG MJ[B^^FIIF @C[]F^CKFGC B \^F\CJMBMJ[ MJI [C[]JEB) [CGF B IB CG]J^BKKCFG MJ [Z[ \B^]J[8 Ib j{kzjib}cjgj jg}cmbm |~f|cb) jpc{}jgkcb |~jqcb b ib{ mjebgmb{ azgkcfgbij{ mj ib efmj~gcmbm''']cjgj zgb `c{}f~cb rzj ~j{|j}b acjiejg}j {z gbkcecjg}f s {z |~j{jgkcb jg mcqj~{b{ |fkb{ skzi}z~b{''' Eb{ bii mj ib azgkcfgbi |~j{jgkcb jg zg }c|f mj {fkcjmbm) ib j{kzjib |zjmjmj{je|jb~ f}~b{ }b~jb{ rzj gf mj{qcjgjg mj if{ ~jrzj~cecjg}f{ mj zgb {fkcjmbm) {cgf mjif rzj ib j{kzjib ec{eb rzcj~j s |zjmj `bkj~ mj{mj { ec{eb' Ji ~cj{df gf mj{kfgfkcmf|f~ ib {fkcjmbm s {z{ |fmj~j{ `jdjegckf{ ' j{ ji rzj ib j{kzjib) mjhbgmf mj {j~ ji j{|jhfmj ib {fkcjmbm) {j kfgqcj~}b jg zgb k~}ckb ce|ibkbnij) djgj~j bz}fgfeb jg if{ cgmcqcmzf{ s}~bg{af~ebkcfgj{ jg ib {fkcjmbm''' Jg j{}j kb{f) kfgqcjgj mjhb~ jg icnj~}bm b ib j{kzjib6

K^C]CKB S ^BXFGJ[ & ;


33/67

K^C]CKB[ S ^BXFGJ[MJ IB K^C[C[ MJ IB J[KZJIB ;;

{zn{c{}jgkcb' [cg ib af~}bijxb mji eb~kf `jdjegckf mj ib efmj~gcmbm) kef ebg}jgj~ib6 Kef{jdzc~ {cjgmf j{kzjib {cg {j~ sb efmj~gb6 ]fmf{ {z{ kb~bk}j~j{ {fg efmj~gf{6 Ib j{kzjib mc{a~z}mj ib efmj~gcmbm) |j~f |bd kb~f {z mj|jgmjgkcb s {z{ {j~qckcf{' [j qfiqc azj~}j |f~rzj ibefmj~gcmbm ij mcf jg}cmbm s {j {cg}c azj~}j |f~rzj azj ib {f{}jgjmf~b mji |~fsjk}f efmj~gf' [cg ji~j{|bimf s {cg ji |~fsjk}f) ib j{kzjib {j mj{b~eb s }cjgmj b kbj~{j) b {fn~jqcqc~ {cg ~zenf' J{}b

{c}zbkcg ~jec}j b ib{ ej}af~b{ mj if{ cgmcqcmzf{ f mj ib{ cg{}c}zkcfgj{ rzj k~jkjg kfgmckcfgbmf{ |f~kc~kzg{}bgkcb{ f acdz~b{ |~fqcmjgkcbij{8 {z mj{b|b~ckcg if{ b~~b{}~b b ib mj{}~zkkcg' Gf |zjmjg{jdzc~ {cjgmf {cg ib |~j{jgkcb rzj if{ kfgacdz~ f |~jmj}j~ecg' @bkj abi}b zgb ~jqfizkcg cg}j~cf~)zgb qj~mbmj~b kfgqj~{cg) zgb cg}j~qjgkcg j{}~zk}z~bg}j jg ib |~f|cb {znhj}cqcmbm'

If kz~cf{f j{ rzj ib j{kzjib gf ez~c |f~ { {fib) gf {j {zckcm) gbmcj ib eb}8 gf `bsb{j{cgf{ gc mjzmf{) gf `bs mzjif |f{cnij kfg zgb |~j{jgkcb rzj {fn~jqcqj nbhf zgb k~zjijgaj~ejmbm' J{ zgb ezj~}j jg ib rzj gbmcj `b ~j|b~bmf8 |b~jkj {jdzc~ kfg qcmb |f~rzjbzg ~j{|c~b) `bkj dj{}f{) jec}j ejg{bhj{) `bkj |~fsjk}f{) |j~f jg ~jbicmbm `bkj }cje|frzj sb gf jpc{}j'

S gf j{ d~b}f bgmb~ |f~ if{ |b{ciif{ s ib{ dbij~b{) ib{ |ibxb{ s ib{ kbiij{ bgzgkcbgmf zgbezj~}j |f{cnij) `bkcjgmf ib k~gckb mj zgb ezj~}j bgzgkcbmb) |f~rzj {j kf~~j ji ~cj{df mjmb~ |f~ ezj~}f b rzcjg }fmbqb {j ezj{}~b kfg qcmb'\j~f) bmje{) gf ij kf~~j{|fgmj d~c}b~ ib ezj~}j b brzjiif{ rzj {fg ~j{|fg{bnij{ mj {zjqjg}zbi ~j{z~~jkkcg f ~jk~jbkcg) bzgrzj b`f~b {jbg if{ jgkb~dbmf{ mj ~j}c~b~ij ji~j{|c~bmf~ b~}cackcbi) mb~ij ji kj~}cackbmf acgbi s f~dbgcxb~ ib{ `fg~b{ agjn~j{'Ib ezj~}j mj ib j{kzjib efmj~gb gf {cdgcackb ji acgbi mj ib j{kzjib) mj }fmf }c|f mj j{kzjib){cgf mj zgf }c|f dif~cf{f) zgcqj~{bi s }~czgabi rzj `b kze|icmf kfg {z kckif s rzj kfg {zezj~}j j{} jpcdcjgmf ji gbkcecjg}f mj f}~f efmjif f |b~bmcdeb{'

K^C]CKB S ^BXFGJ[ & ;2B[FKCBMB BI AF^EB]F MJI J[]BMF EFMJ^GF

Ib j{kzjib gbkj kfef zgb mj ib{ af~}bijxb{ j cgqjg}f{ mji J[]BMF EFMJ^GF b{fkcbmf b zg kfghzg}fmj cg{}c}zkcfgj{ s mj j{}~b}jdcb{ rzj ij |j~ec}cj~fg {j~ ~jkfgfkcmb) s bacbgxb~ {z cmjg}cmbm s {z{fnhj}cqf{' Ib dif~cf{b |~j{jgkcb mji J{}bmf azj ji ~j{|bimf gjkj{b~cf |b~b ib }~czgabg}j qcdjgkcb mj ibj{kzjib) sb rzj {j bicejg}bnbg ez}zbejg}j' Kzbgmf % jg ji kfg}jp}f mj zg kbencf difnbi mj


34/67

K^C]CKB[ S ^BXFGJ[MJ IB K^C[C[ MJ IB J[KZJIB ;=

|b~bmcdeb{ ji ezgmf {j ib{ cmjb{ djgj~ zg ~j}c~f |~fd~j{cqf mji J[]BMF MJ NCJGJ[]B^) =2 ibj{kzjib kfejgx b {cijgkcb~{j s azj fiqcmbmb jg ejmcf mj ib{ }~bg{af~ebkcfgj{ rzj ib ~fmjbnbg' J{qj~mbm rzj {j `b kfgqj~}cmf mj zgb mj ib{ i}ceb{ }~cgk`j~b{ rzj jp`cnjg ji ~f{}~f mj}j~cf~bmf mj zgJ{}bmf rzj gf {j qj |f~ gcgdzgb |b~}j' \j~f b ib k~c{c{ mj {z {cdgcackbmf s mj {z{ |f{cncicmbmj{) {j ij{zebg ib {zeb mj{|cbmbmb mj ib{ mjebgmb{ rzj gf {j |zjmjg ~j{fiqj~ jg gcgdg f}~f {c}cf' =>

Ib j{kzjib }cjgmj b mj{b~eb~{j kzbgmf mjnj bnbgmfgb~ f mj{%hj~b~rzcxb~ s |f{}j~db~ {z{azgkcfgj{ j{|jkackb{) |f~rzj mjnj b{zec~ ib{ azgkcfgj{) |~f|cb{ mj zg j{}bmf jg ~j}c~bmb srzj ij mj|f{c}b }fmf if rzj gf |zjmj gc {bnj `bkj~' Ib j{kzjib |zjmj |fgj~ jg j{b{ azgkcfgj{{z ejhf~ nzjgb qfizg}bm) |j~f gf {cje|~j ~j{|fgmj jg ib ejmcmb mj if mj{jbmf (j{ mjkc~8 gfkz~b) gf bicejg}b) gf ~j kfg{}~zsj jg}f~gf{ abecicb~j{) gf ~j{zjiqj if{ |~fnijeb{ mji jg}f~gf{fkcbi# s kfg {jdz~cmbm) ~j{}b~ }cje|f s jajk}cqcmbm |b~b ifd~b~ {z{ |~f|cf{ fnhj}cqf{' [jebg}cjgjg qcdjg}j{ ib{ mjebgmb{ f~cdcgbij{ (jgkb~db~{j mj ib jmzkbkcg af~ebi#) bi }cje|f rzj{j ib {b}z~b mj ce|f{ckcfgj{ b~}cackcbij{) ~j{}gmfij ~j{|bimf s ~jkz~{f{' Ib j{kzjib }j~ecgf{cjgmf zgb |~j{jgkcb }~bmckcfgbi) |j~f cg{b}c{abk}f~cb) s ~jkcnj |f~ if }bg}f kfgmjgb{ s|~f}j{}b{ mj }fmf{ if{ ejmcf{ s bk}f~j{ {fkcbij{'

K^C]CKB S ^BXFGJ[ & ;>RZCJN^J \F^ MJEBGMB[ KFG]^BMCK]F^CB[

Ib j{kzjib azj ~jrzj~cmb mj{mj {z f~cdjg `c{}~ckf |f~ mjebgmb{ kfe|ijejg}b~cb{8 af~eb~ bi {zhj}fjg mj{b~~fiif) kb|bkc}b~ ibnf~biejg}j |b~b ifd~b~ rzj ji cgmcqcmzf {j bmb|}j s {j bhz{}j b ib{ ijsj{ mjiej~kbmf ibnf~bi (~jdcmf |f~ mcqj~{b{ s qb~cbnij{ idckb{ mj ib jackbkcb s ib kfe|j}c}cqcmbm |b~b ji

cgk~jejg}f mj ib{ dbgbgkcb{ mji kb|c}bi# s kb|bkc}b~if |b~b ji jhj~kckcf |ijgf s ~j{|fg{bnij mj ibkczmbmbgb (if rzj ce|ickb mj{b~~fiib~ b|}c}zmj{ mj kff|j~bkcg s bz}fgfeb#' Jg ji mj{b~~fiif mj ibefmj~gcmbm `bnb ifd~bmf |ib{eb~ zg {c}zbkcg mj jrzcicn~cf jg ji rzj ib{ mjebgmb{ {jkfe|ijejg}bnbg jg ji {jgf mj ib j{kzjib s mji eb~kf {fkcbi8 ib kb|bkc}bkcg |~j|b~b}f~cb mjimj{je|jf ibnf~bi s |~faj{cfgbi kfg{}c}zb zg ~jkz~{f kcqcicxb}f~cf rzj b{jdz~b ib |~j{jgkcb~j{|fg{bnij s kfg{}~zk}cqb jg ib {fkcjmbm''' s |f~ {z |b~}j ib af~ebkcg kczmbmbgb) db~bg}cxbnb zgbef~bicxbkcg s zgb {fkcbicxbkcg rzj ~j{|bimbnb ib cg{j~kcg {jdz~b jg ji enc}f ibnf~bi'=;J{}j jrzcicn~cf {j `b ~f}f s if rzj {j fn{j~qbnb kfef kfe|ijejg}b~cf {j `b qzji}f kfg}~bmck}f~cf8 {j`b j{}bnijkcmf zg hzjdf mj izk`b jg}~j }jg{cfgj{ mckf}eckb{) sb rzj ji ce|zi{f ce|zj{}f |f~ jiej~kbmf s ib kfe|j}jgkcb `bg bkjg}zbmf ji mj{b~~fiif mj kcj~}b{ kzbicmbmj{ |b~b bkkjmj~ mj ebgj~bjpc}f{b s {jdz~b bi kfe|ijhf ej~kbmf ibnf~bi) |j~f mj{j{}cebgmf s mj{kb~}bgmf if{ qbif~j{ mj ib

|b~}ckc|bkcg) ji kfe|~fec{f |fi}ckf f ji mj{b~~fiif |j~{fgbi' Ji ijgdzbhj mj ib{ j{kzjib{ |zjmj

=2 Jg ib{ i}ceb{ mkbmb{ ib j{kzjib mji kckif n{ckf s mji gcqji |ficefmbi `b mjncmf ba~fg}b~ }b~jb{ skfe|~fec{f{ rzj j{}g e{ bii mj {z{ azgkcfgj{ }~bmckcfgbij{' If{ d~bqj{ |~fnijeb{ rzj `bg cmf bn~zebgmfbi |b{ fnicdb~fg b rzj ib cg{}c}zkcg j{kfib~ }zqcj~b rzj kze|ic~ f}~b{ ec{cfgj{) kfef ib mj {b}c{abkj~mjebgmb{ mj bicejg}f{ rzj if{ bizegf

162. SESENTA CRITICAS Y SESENTA RAZONES DE LA CRISIS DE LA ESCUELA

Documents

Transcript of 162. SESENTA CRITICAS Y SESENTA RAZONES DE LA CRISIS DE LA ESCUELA