10.2.1 Comparar las ideas principales de filósofs y sus efectos en las revoluciones en Inglaterra, los EEUU, Francia y Latinoamérica.

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• Después de la revolución científica, nuevas maneras de pensar se propagaron

• Los académicos y filósofos empezaron a reevaluar las ideas viejas sobre la sociedad

• Se buscaba una comprensión nueva a las creencias sobre el gobierno, la religión, la economía, y la educación

• La Ilustración: siglos XVII y XVIII, movimiento intelectual

que estresaba la razón y el pensamiento

• Conocida como la edad de la razón

• Trajo grandes cambios a muchos aspectos de la civilización occidental

Filósofo: alguien que procura entender y explicar los principios de la

existencia y realidad

¿Qué es la Ilustración?

- Un movimiento intelectual que estresaba la razón y el

pensamiento-Conocido como la edad de la

razón

• John Locke• Thomas Hobbes

• Voltaire• Baron de Montesquieu

• Jean-Jacques Rousseau

1. La razón2. La naturaleza3. La felicidad4. El progreso5. La libertad

•Creía que todo ser humano tenía el derecho a la vida, la libertad, y la propiedad [los

derechos naturales)

•Para proteger estos derechos naturales formaron gobiernos

•El poder del gobierno viene del pueblo no de Dios (La

Declaración de Independencia fue influenciada por las ideas

de Locke)

•Si un líder violaba estos derechos el pueblo se justificaban rebelarse

What are John Locke’s Natural

Rights?-Life, Liberty, &

Property

• Believed people were by nature selfish and ambitious in his book

Leviathan

• Hobbes stated, “war… of every man against every man,” and life would

be “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.”

• He argued that to avoid chaos, people had to hand over their rights to a strong ruler (absolute monarch)

in exchange for law & order

• This agreement by which people created a government the Social

Contract

What did Hobbes write in

Leviathan?-People are selfish and ambitious

so they need to be ruled by an absolute ruler in a social contract

•Voltaire was the pen name for Frenchmen Francois Marie Arouet

•Published more than 70 writings

•Exiled to England after being jailed for targeting clergy, aristocrats, and

the government

•He argued for tolerance, reason, freedom of

religion, and freedom of speech

•Influenced the U.S. Bill of Rights

“I do not agree with a word you say but will defend to the death your right to say it” -

Voltaire

Where is Voltaire’s influence seen in the

American government?

Bill of Rights

• French writer who devoted himself to the study of political liberty

• Believed Britain was the best governed politically balanced country

• Wrote his famous book, On the Spirit of Laws to proposed the separation of

powers would keep any one person from gaining too much power

• “Power”, he wrote, “should be a check to power.” This idea would be called checks

& balances

• Believed in Separation of Powers

Video sobre Montesquieu Video

How did Montesquieu’s beliefs influence the

United States?

-Separation of Powers

-Checks & Balances

•Swiss philosopher who was passionately committed to individual

freedom

•Disagreed with most other philosophers that reason and science

would improve people’s lives

•Rousseau argued that civilization corrupted people’s natural goodness.

“Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains.”

•Argued that a direct democracy is the only good government that is freely formed by the people and

guided by the general will of society

•Under such a government, people would agree to give up some of their

freedom in favor of the common good

•He explained this political philosophy in his book called The

Social Contract

What is Rousseau’s Social Contract?

Agreement that citizens will give up some of their freedom for the

general will

THOMAS HOBBES-Era un acuerdo

entre la sociedad y su gobierno

-Insistía en que un líder absoluto

gobernara

JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU

-Era un acuerdo entre individuos libres a

crear una sociedad y un gobierno

-Insistía en que un gobierno legítimo

venía del permiso los gobernados

• Creía que las leyes existían para preservar el orden social, no para

vengar crímenes

• En contra de los abusos de la justicia: la tortura y los castigos

crueles

• Grado del castigo debe coincidir con el delito (crimen)

• Un juicio rápido

• El castigo capital debe ser abolido

Why did Beccaria believe laws existed?

Laws existed to preserve social order, not to avenge crimes

• Compuso A Vindication of the Rights of Woman

• Insistía en que la educación de las mujeres no fuera segunda a

la de los hombres

• Creía que las mujeres necesitaban la educación para

ser virtuosas y útiles

• Alentaba a las mujeres a que entraran en los campos de los hombres (medicina, política)

What did Mary Wollstonecraft believe women

should get?-Rights & Education

• Challenged long held ideas of:

• Divine right

• Union of church and state

• Existence of unequal social classes

• Need for reform:

• Scientific Revolution

• Secular outlook-non-religious

• Importance of individual’s ability to

reason

believed in tolerance, reason,

andfreedom of thought,

expression, and religious belief;

foughtagainst prejudice and superstition

advocated separation of

powers and checks and balances to

keepany individual or

group from gaining complete control of

government

committed to individual freedom;

viewed government as anagreement among free individuals to create a society

guided bythe “general will”

believed laws existed to preserve social order; advocated a criminal

justice system based on fairness and reason

believed that women, like men, need education to

become virtuousand useful; argued for

women’s rights to become educated

and to participate in politics

Each student will receive two sheets of paper with bold and dotted lines

Cut ONLY the BOLD linesFold the dotted lines

You will have 8 folded pieces of paper (7 philosophers and 1 core beliefs)

The 7 philosophers are from your worksheet:John Locke

Jean Jacques RousseauMary Wollstonecraft

Cesare BeccariaBaron de Montesquieu

VoltaireOn the front of the folded paper, you will color a picture of each

philosopher.In the inside (right side) you will write each philosopher’s main

ideas and significance.The last foldable will be the philosophes 5 core beliefs. You will write each belief on the front and then write their definition on

the right inside page. (located on pg 196)After you have colored and written all the information you may

glue your folded papers to the main page.