٢١١ - syrcs.net files/القياس والتحكم في العمليات... · א א ٢١١ א א...
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אאאאאאאאאFאאאאאא
٢١١אאאאאאאאאאאאא
- ٣٨ -
אאKEאאאאאאאאאK
F٤J٣Eאאא
אאאאאאאא
אאאאאאא،אאThermopileאאאאאא
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אאאאאאאאpyrometer אאאאאאא
אאK
٢١١אאאאאאאאאאאאא
- ٣٩ -
٤J٣J٣אאאא♦ אK♦ אK♦ אאאK♦ אK♦ אK
אאאאאאאKאאאאאאKא
٤J٣J٤אאא♦ Fusually ٥٠ µV/°C (٢٨ µV/°F) or lessKE♦ אאאא،אא
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אאאאKF٤J٤EאאאאאK
٢١١אאאאאאאאאאאאא
- ٤٠ -
F٤J٤EאאResistance Temperature Detectors
אאאאאאא
אאאאאKאאאאאKא∆R
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٢١١אאאאאאאאאאאאא
- ٤١ -
אאאאאאאאאK
אאאאF٢٧٠°C toH١١٠٠°C KEאא٢٠٠°C to H٤٣٠°CאH٢٦٠°C٢٠٠°C toKאאא
אאאאאFאאE،אאאאH٥٠٠°CKאאFא
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א،אK
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F٤J٣EFאE
٢١١אאאאאאאאאאאאא
- ٤٢ -
F٤J٥EאאאFRt/R٠Eאאאא
Resistance-Temperature Relationshipfor some RTD materials
٤J٤J١אאW♦ K♦ אאאאK♦ אאFHigher signal-to-noise ratioKE
٤J٤J٢אW
♦ K♦ K♦ אאK
٤J٥אאאFאE
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٢١١אאאאאאאאאאאאא
- ٤٣ -
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- ٤٤ -
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אאKF٤J٨Eא،אאאאאאא٠٠١٠K
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Electromagnetic emission from a ٣٠٠ K blackbody
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٢١١אאאאאאאאאאאאא
- ٤٧ -
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אאאאאKאאאאאאאא٦٥٠
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אאאKאא،א+٦٠٠°C .
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- ٥١ -
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- ٥٢ -
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- ٦٤ -
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Air velocity probe provides ٥١ % accuracy for local flow rate measurementK
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- ٦٧ -
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- ٨٧ -
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- ٨٨ -
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- ٨٩ -
אא Example for On/Off Control
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b a
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- ٩٠ -
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x
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- ٩١ -
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x
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trolle
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put
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tate
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- ٩٢ -
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- ٩٣ -
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- ٩٤ -
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٢١١אאאאאאאאאאא
- ٩٥ -
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- ٩٦ -
t
t
yc
xc
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٢١١אאאאאאאאאאא
- ٩٧ -
kIWאFאאEReset GainMW
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t
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Low Reset Adjustment
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Time
Time
Open
Closed
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TI
K E
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٢١١אאאאאאאאאאא
- ٩٨ -
024
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Pivot Valve StemWater in
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Lever arm
Float
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Water out
Water Level
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dtdE kV D=
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- ٩٩ -
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- ١٠٠ -
Time
Time
yController
Output
xd
T1 Tn
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٧J٧אא
אאאWJ١J אאאאאא٢J אאאאאאא
אאKאאאאWJ
kp אאאTIא
٢١١אאאאאאאאאאא
- ١٠١ -
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אאF٧J١٠Eאאא
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XJאZJאאXJאאFאE
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- ١٠٢ -
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٢١١אאאאאאאאאאא
- ١٠٣ -
T im e
400
x
yz500
300
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400
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z500
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400
500
300
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y
xS etP o in t
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R eset T im ex- Too S hortz- Too Longy- C orrect
F٧J١٠Eאא
٢١١אאאאאאאאאאא
- ١٠٤ -
א٧א
٢J١אאאאא؟٢J٢؟אאא٢J٣؟אאא٢J؟٤אאאאאא٢J؟٥א
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- ١٠٥ -
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אאאאאאאאאאאאא
אW
אאאאאאאאאא א א א א א א Kא
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אאאWאאW
♦ אK ♦ אK ♦ אאK ♦ אאאK
אאWD١, D٢, D٥
אאW
אאWאאK
אאW٤
٢١١אאאאאאאאאא
- ١٠٦ -
٨J١אאאא
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(١٠ cm)אאאאF٨J١E–F٨J٤EאאK
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F٨J٢E
٢١١אאאאאאאאאא
- ١٠٧ -
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F٨J٤E
٨J٢אאאאאא(Proportional Action)א
–א(P+I Action)אJאJא(P+I+D Action)WJ١J אאאNull Balance Type
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٢١١אאאאאאאאאא
- ١٠٨ -
٢J אא(Direct Type)אאאF٨J٥Eא
אאא(Electrical Null-Balance Controller)אאאאאאא،א(Feed Back Signal)
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ControllerAmplifier
Final ElementPositioning
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Feedback
Error Signal
F٨J٥Eאאא
٨J٢J١ אאא אאאאאא
אא(Proportional Band)אאKאאאאKאא
אאאאאאאF٨J٦E
٢١١אאאאאאאאאא
- ١٠٩ -
ElectricalVoltageChange
UnbalanceDetecting
Circuit
Motor DrivenSlide Wire
VariableResistor
Output
F٨J٦Eאא
٨J٢J٢ אאאJאאאא
F٨J٧KEאאאאאאאאC KאאאR،
אאR،אKאKא،אאאאאאא
אאא،אאאאאאKא(Error)א
אא(Set Point)א،(Rest Action)אאאאאאאK
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R
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F٨J٧EאאJא
٢١١אאאאאאאאאא
- ١١٠ -
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א،אR ٢ אאאא،אאאאאאא
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ModifiedFeedbackVoltage
DerivativeResistor
Adjustable
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R
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Feedback signal modified to provideproportional + derivative action
F٨J٨EאאJא
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א K א א א א א א אKא،אאאאאאאאא א א א א א א
אאאאאאK אא א א א א א א
(Digital/Analog Converter) (Amplifier) K
٢١١אאאאאאאאאא
- ١١١ -
א א א אא אאא א א K
٨J٣J١אא
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אאא،אאFאEאאאאאK
א א אא Relay א א K אאאאאאאאK
אאJet PipeSpool valveאאK א א אאא א א א א
אאאאאFאאJet pipeEאאאK
٨J٣J٢אאא
אאאאאSpool valveאאFlapper valveאאJet pipe valveK
١JSpool valveK
אאא،אאאF٨J٩Eאאא
אאאאאאאK
٢١١אאאאאאאאאא
- ١١٢ -
٢JאאFlapper valve K
אא،אאאאKאאJetFlapperאFאE א א א
א Kאאאאאאאא א א K F٨J٩ E א אא
K٣JאאJet pipeK
אא F٨J٩Eא،אJetאאאJet
אא א אאאFאKE
F٨J٩ESpool valve
٢١١אאאאאאאאאא
- ١١٣ -
F٨J٩EאאFJEFlapper valve
F٨J٩Eאא
٨J٣J٣א
אא אאא Kא אא א א א א
אKאF٨J١٠EF٨J١٢EאאאK
٢١١אאאאאאאאאא
- ١١٤ -
F٨J١٠E
אא
F٨J١١E
אאאP١ אאאP٢אאאא
٢١١אאאאאאאאאא
- ١١٥ -
F٨J١٢Eא
א٨J٤ אא٨J٤J١ אא
א א א א א ، א א א א א א א
א א Kא א א א א א אא א א א א
א א K א א אJ Baffle-nozzle
amplifier אאPilot RelaysאאPressure divider circuitאאFeedback amplifierK
١J J Baffle-nozzle amplifier Jאאאאא
אאאKF٨J١٣E–אK،א
אא–K
٢١١אאאאאאאאאא
- ١١٦ -
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٢J אאPilot Relays אאאF٨J١٤Eא–
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אאאK
٢١١אאאאאאאאאא
- ١١٧ -
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٣J אאPressure divider circuit
אאא،אאKאאאאKF٨J١٥Eא
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אF٨J١٥EאK
٢١١אאאאאאאאאא
- ١١٨ -
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٤J אאFeedback Amplifier
אאאאאאאאאאאא
–אאאאאאאKאאאאא
F٨J١٦KEאאאאאJאאאאאאאKא
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אאKאאאא
אאאאאאאאאאKאאאא
KאאF٨J١٧EאאאאאKאא
אאאאKאאאאאאאאאאאKאאא
٢١١אאאאאאאאאא
- ١١٩ -
אאאאKאאאאאאאאאא
אאאK
F٨J١٦Eאאאאא
٢١١אאאאאאאאאא
- ١٢٠ -
F٨J١٧Eאאאאאא
٨J٤J٢אא
אאאאאא،אאא٢٠–٠١אL٢KאאWJ
١J אאאאאאא،אא
אאK٢J אאא
אאאא٥٠١٪אאK٣J אאאאאאא
אאאאאאFeed backאאאאJאאאאאאא
אא١٠٠אK٤J אאאאא
Nonlinearity אאInertia אאPure delayK
٢١١אאאאאאאאאא
- ١٢١ -
٥J אא،א،אאאאאאאאא
אJאK٦J אאאא
אאאאאאאאאאTime constant ٣J٥א٣٠٠
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٨J٤J٣ אאF٨J١٨Eאאאא(I)
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אאא F٦ E אאF٧EאאאF٤KEא(II)
אF٨EאאאאאKאאאאF٩EאPositionerא
F١٠EאF١١Eאא٨،٩،١٠،١١אא(III)K
41 2
3
5 6
7
8 9 10
11
Final Control UnitControllerMeasuring Device
(I) (II) (III) F٨J١٨E
٢١١אאאאאאאאאא
- ١٢٢ -
٨J٤J٥א١JאאאFאאEOn-Off Controller
אWאאאאFlapperאא،א
אאאא،אאControl Valve Kאא
אאא١א٪אאאאאOn-Off،אK
אאאאאאK،אאאאאאא
אאאDifferential Lever SystemאאאאSetpointא
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אאאאאאאאאKא
Higher Gain ControllerK
٢١١אאאאאאאאאא
- ١٢٣ -
Filtered air supplyResriction
Instrumentpen
Flapper
Nozzle
Control valve
Pilot valve
F٨J١٩E
٢Jאא
F٨J٢٠EאאאKאאאאאFאאאE
אאKאאWJ
BandoportionalPr
100Gain =
٢١١אאאאאאאאאא
- ١٢٤ -
F٨J٢٠Eאאאא
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אJא
F٨J٢١E–אא
٢١١אאאאאאאאאא
- ١٢٥ -
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F٨J٢٢E–אאא
٨J٥אאאProgrammable Logic Controllers PLCs ٨J٥J١
،אאF،،،Eאא
אאאאWJ١J אאאאK٢J אאאאאאאK ٣J אא،אא،אאאאאK
٨J٥J٢אאאא
Advantages of Programmable Logic Controllers PLCsאאאאאא
١J אWא،אאאאאאאאאKא
אאאאK
٢١١אאאאאאאאאא
- ١٢٦ -
٢J אWאאאאאאאRelaysKאאPLCאאא
אאאKאPLCאאאאא،
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K ٤J אאWאאPLC
אאאאK ٥J אאאאאW
אPLCK
٨J٥J٣אאאDisadvantages of Programmable Logic Controllers PLCs
אאאאא١J Wאאא
אאאאא ٢J אאא،PLCאאאא
אאPLCK ٣J אאWאאPLC אא
אאאאאאא،אK ٨J٥J٤אאאPLC
אאא PLCאF٨J٢٣EF٨J٢٤EK
١J אאWCentral Processing Unit
٢١١אאאאאאאאאא
- ١٢٧ -
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אאאאKאאCPUאאKאאאאאאאK
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אPLCאאאאאאאאאPMPLC
F٨J٢٥KE٣J ,אאאWI/O Modules
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אאאPLC אאאאCPUKאאאאאHard disksאK
אאF٨J٢٦E
٢١١אאאאאאאאאא
- ١٢٨ -
F٨J٢٣Eאאאא
F٨J٢٤E
٢١١אאאאאאאאאא
- ١٢٩ -
F٨J٢٥E
F٨J٢٦E
FE אFE
٢١١אאאאאאאאאא
- ١٣٠ -
א٨א
٨J١אאאאאאא؟٨J٢אאאאאJ؟א٨J٣؟אאא٨J؟٤אאאאא٨J؟ ٥אא٨J؟ ٦אא٨J٧ א–؟ ٨J؟ ٨אאאא ٨J؟ ٩אאאא
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- ١٣١ -
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אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא
אאK
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אאאKאאאאאא،א،אא،אאא
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אK
אאאWאאW
♦ אאK♦ אאאאאK♦ אאא ♦ אאK ♦ אK
٢١١אאאאאאאאאא
- ١٣٢ -
אאWD١, D٢, D٥
אאWאאWאאK
אאW٢
٢١١אאאאאאאאאא
- ١٣٣ -
٩J١JאאאאאאאKאאא , Sliding Stem
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- ١٣٤ -
אאאBar StockאאאKאא
אאא٣F٨٠Eאאאאאאא
Kאאאאאאא
אאאKאאאאKא
אאאאאאKאאK
אאאאאאאאאאאאאKאא
א½٤F١٥J١٠٠Eאאא،אא،אא،א،אANSI٣٠٠K
،אאאאא¾½אאKאF٩J١EF٩J٥Eא
אאK
٢١١אאאאאאאאאא
- ١٣٥ -
F٩J١Eא(Globe)
٢١١אאאאאאאאאא
- ١٣٦ -
F٩J٢E א(Globe)
F٩J٣E
٢١١אאאאאאאאאא
- ١٣٧ -
F٩J٤E
F٩J٥Eא
٢١١אאאאאאאאאא
- ١٣٨ -
٩J١J٢Ball Valvesאאאאא
אא٢٤F٦٠٠EאאאKאאא
٢٠٪אאאאאKF٩J٦EאאאK
F٩J٦E
٩J١J٣אאEccentric Plug Valves
אאאאאאאאאאאאאא
אאאאKאאאא٨F٢٠٠EANSI٦٠٠אא
K٩J١J٤אאButterfly Valves
אא١K אא Swing Through٢K אLined
٢١١אאאאאאאאאא
- ١٣٩ -
٣K אאאHigh Performanceאאאאאאאא
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אאאKאאאאא
KאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאKאא
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ANSI٦٠٠אאאKF٩J٧EאאאאK
٢١١אאאאאאאאאא
- ١٤٠ -
F٦J٧Eאא
٩J٢אאValves Selection
אאאאאאא–אא–א
אא،אא،א،אKאאאאאאאאאאא
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אאGeneral Selection Criterion
،،אאאאאאאאאאאאKאאא
١J א٢J –אJא
٢١١אאאאאאאאאא
- ١٤١ -
٣J א٤J א ٥J א٦J אא٧J א٨J אאאא٩J א
١٠J אא١١J א
אPressure Rating אאאANSI Pressureאא
אאאאאANSI٦٠٠ ,٣٠٠ ,١٥٠אANSI אאאאא
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אאOperating Temperature
אאאאאאאKאאאאאאאא
אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאKאא
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٢٠٠٣٥٠F٩٥J١٧٧EאאאאPTFE ٤٥٠F٢٣٢KE
٢١١אאאאאאאאאא
- ١٤٢ -
אאאאאאאאאאאאאPTFE
אאאאאאאאאאאאK
אאאאMaterial Selection
אאאאאאאKאאאאאאאא
،אאאאאאאא،אאאאאKאאאא
אאאאאאאאאאאK
אאאאאאאאאא
אאאאאאאאאאK
אאאאאאאאאא
אאK
אאCarbon Steel Bodies and BonnetsאאאאאאאאANSI
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אאאK
٢١١אאאאאאאאאא
- ١٤٣ -
אאAlloy Steel Bodies and Bonnets
אאאאאאאKאאאאא
TemperingGraphitizationאאאאאאאאASME SA ٢١٧ grads WC٩, WC٦K
אאStainless Steel Bodies and Bonnets
אאאאאCF٨MS٣١٦٠٠א٥١٩٪،٥١٠٪،٥٢
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אאMaterial Selection Process
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٢١١אאאאאאאאאא
- ١٤٤ -
٩J٣אFlow CharacteristicsאאאאאKאא
אאאאאאאאאא،אאאא
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אאאאא
אאKאא
אאאאKא،אאאא
אKאאאאאאKאאEqual Percentageאאאא
אKאאאאאKאFאאאE
Kאאאאאאאאאאאאא
אאאאאK
٢١١אאאאאאאאאא
- ١٤٥ -
F٩J٩Eאא
אRangeability
אאאאאKswing
אאאKאאאאאאK
אא Pressure Drop
אאאאאאאאאאאאא
אKאאאא،אאאאאאאא
אאאאאאאאK
٢١١אאאאאאאאאא
- ١٤٦ -
אאאאאאאאאא
אEnd Connection
אאאאאאאא؟אאאא
אאKאאא،אאאאאאאא
אאאאKאאShutoff Capability
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אאאאאאאK
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אאאאאאאאאאאKא
Kאאאאא
٢١١אאאאאאאאאא
- ١٤٧ -
٩J٤אValve Sizing אאאאKאא
אאאאאKא،א،אאאא
אאKאאאאKאאא
אאאאKאאאאKא
אKאאאאאאK
אאאאאאאW
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٢١١אאאאאאאאאא
- ١٤٨ -
٩J٤J١אאאאSizing Procedure אאאאאאK
אאאאאאאאאANSI/ISA S٠١٧٥ ١٩٨٥אWJ
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٧٠٩٠אאאאאאאאא
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WN א FRFPWא
אאChocked Flow
F٩J١٠EאאאאKאאאKא
אאKאאאאאאאא
אאאאKאאK
γ−
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PP FNF/QC
٢١١אאאאאאאאאא
- ١٤٩ -
F٩J١٠Eאאאאאא
Viscous FlowאאאאאאאאאKא
אאאאKאאאאאאאא
אKאFRאאאK
אאאאPipe Consideration אאאאא
אאאאאKאאאאאאאKאא
TאאKאFPK
٢١١אאאאאאאאאא
- ١٥٠ -
٩J٤–٢אאSteam and Gases Valve Sizing
אאאאאאאאאאאאאאK
אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאKאאאאא
K
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T١WאאKZ WאK
ZTX YP FNF/QC
11RPv γ
=
٢١١אאאאאאאאאא
- ١٥١ -
א٩א
٩J١؟אאאאא
٩J٢אאא Sliding Stem Valves؟
٢J٣ אא Ball Valves ؟
٩J٤אאא Eccentric PlugValves ؟
٩J٥אאאאLined Butterfly Valve ؟
٩J٦ אאאאאValve Selection؟
٩J؟٧אאאאאא
٩J٨אאאאאאא؟
٩J٩אאאאא
אא؟
٩J١٠א–אאא–אא
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- ١٥٢ -
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אאW
אאאאאאאאאאK
אW
אאאאאאאאאאאאK
אאאW
אאW♦ אאאאאאK♦ אK♦ אא
אאWD١, D٢, D٥
אאW
אאWאאK
אאW٤
٢١١אאאאאאאא
- ١٥٣ -
١٠J١אאאא
אאאאאאW١J אא٢J אאJאא ٣J אא ٤J אאא
אאאאאאאStep InputאF١٠J١KEא
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F١٠J١Eאאא
אאאאאאאW
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٢١١אאאאאאאא
- ١٥٤ -
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אאJאJאPIDאאאD אאPulsatingאאאאK
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אK
٢١١אאאאאאאא
- ١٥٥ -
F١٠J١Eאאא
א
אא
א PאI
אJאPI
אJאJאPID
١Pure dead time
PI
אא
א
٢אא
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PID
אא
א٣א
א
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א٤
אא
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PID
אא
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א
א
٢١١אאאאאאאא
- ١٥٦ -
F٢Eאאא
אאאאא ١אאT PID١٠J٥٠٪١J١٠٢אP PI ١٠J٣٠٪ J٣אF PI ١٠٠J٢٠٠٪١٠J٣٠٤A P ١٠٠٪J٥L PID ٥٠٪١٠١٠J٢אאאאאא
אאאאאאאאאF١٠J٢E
אאאאאאאאאK
אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא
אאאאאאא א א א א א אאאאאא
אאאאאHeat Recoveryא אאאאBrine Heaterאאאאא
אאאאHeat Exchanger אאאאאK
٢١١אאאאאאאא
- ١٥٧ -
F١٠J٢E אאאאא
١٠J٢J١אאאא
Decabonator Make Up Water Level Control
אאDecarbonator אאDisplacement level transmitterאאאאא
אאאאControllerאאאאאControl Roomאא
אF١٠J٣Eא،X ،אXK אא،אאY
אאאE/PאאאאאYKאאYK
אאXאSelector Switch אאXKאXKאא
אאאאHLאאK
٢١١אאאאאאאא
- ١٥٨ -
Panel rear
Panel front
Local s
M
x y
EP
F١٠J٣EאאFאאE
١٠J٢J٢אאאא
Steam Temp. Control after De-superheater אאF١٠J٤EאאאAlarm
אאאאSelector switchאאאאאאאE/Pא
אאאThermo-resistanceאאKאאאאאא١٢٢K
אאWJאאאXאאאא
אאאKאאX, XKאY אאאאאא
אDesuperheaterאאאאElectric to Pneumatic ConverterKאאאאאאXK
٢١١אאאאאאאא
- ١٥٩ -
אאאאאאאאאאאאאאXKאאאא
אאAlarmאאאאK
Panel rear
Panel front
Local s
Ax y
H
PID
EP
LP Steam
Injection Water
F١٠J٤Eאאאא
١٠J٣אא Boilers Automatic Control
،אאאאא،אאאא
אאאא،אאא،…KאKאאאאאאאא
אאKאאאאאK
٢١١אאאאאאאא
- ١٦٠ -
אOrificeאאא،KאאK
אOrificeאאאאאאאאאKאאא
אאאאאאאW
mWא kWאOrifice
hWאאאpWאא
١٠J٣J١אאאאDrum Level Control
אאאאאאאFאאEאאאאK
אאאאאאאoverheating אriser tubesK
F١٠J٥EאאאKאאא(LT)א(LICAHL)א،
אא(FC)אאאאאKאאאאאאא
אLoadאא،אאאאאאאאאאאאא
Feed Forward Control אאאאאאאDifferential Pressure (DP)אאאאאאSquare Root Extractorאאא
א(LC)אא،אאאWJ
p.hkm =
٢١١אאאאאאאא
- ١٦١ -
LSF mmm += WJmFZאmSZאאmLZא(LC)א٥٠Kא
אאאאאאKאאFאEא،אא
אאא– (PI) K
F١٠J٥Eאא١٠J٣J٢אאאא Pressure Control
אאאאאאאאKאאא
אאאאאFאEאאאא אא א ،א א
אאאאאאאK א אא א א Firing
Rateאאאא،אPositive Feedback،א
אאא،א Kאא
٢١١אאאאאאאא
- ١٦٢ -
אאאאאQאאאא אא אFא אא א א E
א א אא א א אאאW
p aQ = W
Q Zאאא.aZא
KpZא a אאאFEK
p /hH R H mQ o== a אאWJ
p/hHk a o=W
.mZא . HZאאא h ZאאאR ZאOrifice PZא
HoZאאא אKZ
F١٠J٦EאאאאאDPאhאא
אpאאאאSquare Root ExtractorאאF(t) אR Ho א،אאאQ
אאKאPCa אאא،אQKאאאאאאא
٢١١אאאאאאאא
- ١٦٣ -
אא،אFiring RateאאאאאאאאK
F١٠J٦Eאאאא
١٠J٣J٣אאא Steam Temperature Control
אאאאאאאאאאאKאאBurners
אאKאאאאאאKאאאWork،Bypassא
אאאאאאKF١٠J٧EאאאאKאא
אאאאאאא(TT)אא(TC)אאא(TC)אאאJאPI
אאאא(TC)אאאJאPDאאאאא
אאאCascade Controlאאאאא(TT)K
٢١١אאאאאאאא
- ١٦٤ -
F١٠J٧Eאאא ١٠J٣J٤אאא Combustion Process Control
אאאאאאאאא،אאאאאאKאאאאאאא
אאאאאאאאאאאאK
אאאאאאאאאאאאאאא،אאאאא
אאאWJCFHmQ =
WQZאאאאא
mFZא HCZאאא
אאאאאאאאאאאאא،אאאאW
)TT(Cm)TT(CmQ AAAFFF −+−=
٢١١אאאאאאאא
- ١٦٥ -
WmAZאאCA ZאאאאmFZא CF ZאאאTAZ אאא TFZ אאTZ אא
אאא،אאKAאא،
אאא،K
F
AA m
mK =
אאאא
AAF
AAAFFC
CKCTCKTCH
T+
++=
אאאKאאאאאאא،אא
אאKאאאאאK
١٠J٣J٥אאא Fuel/Air Ratio Control
אאאאKאאאKאאאא
אאאאאאKאאאאאאא،אאאא
אא٥٪א٦٪א١٠٠٪אאK
٢١١אאאאאאאא
- ١٦٦ -
אאאאאאאאאKF١٠J٨Eאאאאאא
אאאאאאאאאK
אאאאאאאאO٢ Controller אא
אאאאאאאאKאאאאא
אאאאאאאKאאאאא
אאאאאאאאאאאK
F١٠J٨Eאאאא
٢١١אאאאאאאאא
- ١٦٧ -
אאא٢٢J١אK
٢J٢אאאא،א،אאא،אא،א،K
٢J٣FEאאאאK
FEאאא،אK
٢J٤FEאאK
FEK
٢١١אאאאאאאאא
- ١٦٨ -
אאא٣٣J١F٣J٢KE
٣J٢אא،אא،אאאK
٣J٣٦٠٠٠ BarK
٣J٤אאאK
٣J٥אאאאאK
٢١١אאאאאאאאא
- ١٦٩ -
אאא٤٤J١אאK
٤J٢١٦٢٩٤ KK
٤J٣FEא٦٠٠° CK
FEאא٦٠٠° CK
٤J٤אאאK
٤J٥K
٤J٦FKE
٤J٧FKE
٢١١אאאאאאאאא
- ١٧٠ -
אאא٥٥J١אאאאאK
٥J٢K
٥J٣אאK
٥J٤אK
٥J٥אאאאאאאא،אאא،אאאאאאאK
٢١١אאאאאאאא
- ١٧١ -
אא ١. Internet Sites.
٢. Medlock, R. S. and Furness, R. A. “Mass flow measurement – a state of the art
review”, Measurement and Control, ١٩٩٠ ,١٣-١٠٠ ,٢٣.
٣. Morris, A. S. : “Principles of measurement and instrumentation”, Prentice Hall, ١٩٩٣.
٤. Perry, R. H., Green, D. W., Maloney, J., O. : “Perry’s chemical engineers’
handbook”, McGraw-Hill Boo; Company, ١٩٩٢.
٥. Quinn, T. J. “Temperature”, ٢nd ed. Academic press, New York, ١٩٩٠.
٦. Spitzer, D. W. “Flow measurement”, Instrumentation Society of America, Research Triangle Park, NC, ١٩٩١.
٧. Tilford, C. R. “Pressure and vacuum measurement”, In Physical methods of
chemistry, ٢nd ed., Vol. ٦, pp. ٧٣-١٠٦, John Wiley and Sons, New York, ١٩٩٢.
٨. “Process/Industrial Instruments and Controls Handbook” Douglas M. Considine, ٤ th Edition, Mc-Graw Hill Inc.
٩. “Process Control Systems-Applications, Design and Tuning”, ٣ rd Edition, Mc-
Graw Hill International, F.G. Shinsky, ١٩٨٨.
١٠. “Principles and practice of Automatic Process Control”, Carlos, A. Smith, and Armando, B. Corripo, ١٩٨٥, Jhon Wiley and Sons.
١١. “Programmable Logic Controllers”, Priciples and Applications , Second
Editions, John W. Webb, ١٩٩٢.
אאאאאא
אאFאEא
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