Tema 2 De o paradigma fundamental da

fitopatologíaao paradigma da epidemiologia

Analisar o concepto de infeção e contagio em o contexto dos paradigmas

Objetivo da Aula

Cuál e o paradigma fundamental

da fitopatologia?

InteractionGenetics

Cellular and Subcellular

Infection Principle

Etiological Paradigm

Tissue Plant Pathogen

Physiology of Parasitism

Etiology and histology

Agrotoxic

Resistance Transgenics

Population

IPC

IPM

Epidemiological Paradigm Contagious Principle

Community

IMC

Integrated Regional Manag.

+Agroecosystem Stability-

Etiological Paradigm => Epidemiological Paradigm

Romero 2003

2 milhões emigrados 1 milhoes de mortes

O Contexto histórico da origem de Fitopatologia com ciência

Romero y Mora, 2002

"WorkofPrevost(1807)asthefirstirrefutable evidenceofthecausativenatureoffungiinplant diseaseandtheearlypaperbytheBary(1853)as thenextonetosupportthisconcept... early

1860's(wehave a)crystallizationofplant pathologyasadistinctdiscipline"

J.C. Walker (1963).

A.Pesquisa de Prevost: Etiologia1. Associação

Observation and illustration of "spores" in bunted kernels. Spores germination studies in relations to temperature, substrate, toxic agents, age.

2. IsolamentoUse of water culture. Controlling quality of water, types of spores and conditions of incubation.

Inoculations by using different inocula and plant age. Observations of post-inoculation.

3. Inoculação

"The cause of bunt is a plant of the genus uredos or of a very nearly related genusThis plants are "...internal parasitic plants"

"...bunt is contagious..." if it occurs "on the seed, mixed with soil or upon the young plant"..." contact alone does not suffice to

establish infection", to do that, "wheat must be moistened... fresh bunt must be used"

infecciocidad, condicoes da infeccione e qualidade de inoculo

endoparasitismo

Bacteriosis

Phytophthora sp Patógeno

Enfermedad

Causa Efeito Postulados de Koch

Principio etiológico:

Doenca

O patogeno

"bunt begins its growth on the wheat plant, or in its vicinity, and not within it"...penetration

occurs at "very young" stage into the embryo and became "perfect gemmae when...maturity"

Desenvolvimento da Doença

Principio Histológico:Causa Efeito

TecidoSadio

Tecido Doente

Mora-Aguilera, A. 1997

EmbonecamientoManga

Comparação estrutural detecidos e órgãos da plantas sadias e doentes

1.Test of liming, copper, copper sulphate, copper acetate and other metallic salts or oxides on germination and development of

bunt

2. Test of copper and copper sulphate on wheat dusted and sown in open field

Copper salts prevented spore germination. Prevost categorized effects as inhibitory and

lethal.

Concentration, time, and temperature are factors for successful control.

The best control of the disease was obtained with copper sulphate. He recommend "its general adoption" and as mean to "propagate pure seed".

Efeito Fungistatico e Fungicida

Produto, doses, modo e momento da aplicação

Uromyces Puccinia

Phragmidium Aecidinei

Phytophthora infestans

Implicações do Principio etiológico:

> Ênfases em o agente causal

Ustilago spp: U .maydis, U.longissima, U.hypodytes, U.antherarum .

Protomyces Cystopus

Coleosporium Trichobasis

"Themostimportantandup tonowmost disputedrelevantpartofplantpathologyis...(to

demostrate that) fungi...arenottheconsequence butthecauseofpathologicalprocesses"

Anton de Bary (1853).

"Theemergence ofPlant Pathology (as science)was impossibleuntiltheprincipleofinfectionhad

been elucidated" Aisworth

Anton de Bary 1853

estructuras fungosas

Que e uma doença? Uma anormalidade (J. Kunt, 1900s Uma Alteração do processos fisiológicos

(Walker, 1950) Uma iteração de fluxos energéticos (Kent

1970) Uma alteração de expression génica

Teoría Botánica (XVII XVIII), Fisiológica (XIX), Quántica (XIX), Biomolecular (XX)

Proteção específica (Química, Biológica, Genética)

Fungos: Fungicidas Nematoides: Nematicida Bactérias: Bactericidas Insetos: Inseticidas Malesas: herbicidas

Qual e a implicação da causalidade?

Folidol Foley Furadan Parathion Lanate Tamaron

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Captan

paration metilico Folidol Foley Parathion Met.

carbofuran Furadan

metomilo Lanate metamidofos Tamaron

oxicloruro de c. Oxicloruro de Cbenomilo Benlatemencozeb Manzatemetalaxil Ridomilcaptan Captan

Paradigma Fundamental da Fitopatología

Principio da Infeccao bajo a assunção de una relação causa e efeito

InteractionGenetics

Cellular and Subcellular

Infection Principle

Etiological Paradigm

Tissue Plant Pathogen

Physiology of Parasitism

Etiology and histology

Agrotoxic

Resistance Transgenics

Population

IPC

IPM

Epidemiological Paradigm Contagious Principle

Community

IMC

Integrated Regional Manag.

+Agroecosystem Stability-

Etiological Paradigm => Epidemiological Paradigm

Gabriel García Márquez Colombia, Premio Novel Amor en los tiempos del cólera

La epidemia de cólera…había causado en once semanas la más grande mortandad de nuestra historia…el cementerio fue desbordado, y no quedó un sitio disponible en las iglesias…Entonces se dispuso continuar los enterramientos en La Mano de Dios, una hacienda…que mas tarde fue consagrada como Cementerio Universal.