Post on 10-Apr-2015
Introducción a la Lectura Comprensiva de Inglés Académico para Medicina Veterinaria
FICHA #12: CONJUNCIONES y CONECTORES LÓGICOS
Se pueden combinar dos o más afirmaciones o cláusulas dentro de un enunciado mayor a través de conjunciones, o bien
combinar afirmaciones expresadas en diferentes enunciados o partes del texto a través de conectores. Los conectores y
conjunciones lógicas cumplen la función de unir o combinar ideas dentro de un enunciado o afirmaciones de diferentes
enunciados o partes del texto, como párrafos. Es fundamental que te familiarices con ellos a fin de que comprendas las
relaciones lógicas entre las ideas del texto, a la vez que las jerarquizas. Según el tipo de combinación, reciben diferentes
nombres. El siguiente cuadro clasifica, explica y ejemplifica las conjunciones/conectores y sus usos:
ADICIÓN SIMPLE CONJUNCIÓN
CONECTOR EJEMPLOS SIGNIFICADO
Also,
in addition
furthermore
moreover
You can pay your fees by credit card. You can also
write a check.
Ming has to register for classes today. In addition, he
has to pay his course fees.
This plant requires sun all day. Furthermore, it needs
rich soil.
As your mayor, I promise to make this city safe for all.
Moreover, I will create more jobs.
Expresan una simple adición.
Tienen el mismo significado de
also y too (también, además)
ADICIÓN ENFÁTICA CONJUNCIÓN
CONECTOR EJEMPLOS SIGNIFICADO
what is more
(más aún, y lo que
más)
as well
(incluso)
besides (this)
(además de esto)
We have succeeded in cleaning up the river. What is
more, we have made it the cleanest in the entire
province.
Ricardo won the award for athletic achievement. He
received academic honors as well.
My brother goes to school full time. Besides this, he
manages to work twenty hours a week.
Presentan una idea que
enfatiza algún aspecto de lo
que se ha dicho anteriormente.
Su significado es similar a: “No
solo eso (lo que acabo de
mencionar) sino también esto
(lo que voy a decir a
continuación) Not only ... but
also …
ADICIÓN INTENSIFICADORA CONJUNCIÓN
CONECTOR EJEMPLOS SIGNIFICADO
in fact
as a matter of fact
actually
Spokane has a lot of rain lately. In fact, it has been
raining all week.
You can take the rest of the pie with you. As a matter
of fact, I wish you would since I am on a diet.
Gretchen has never cared for the color magenta.
Muestran que la idea a
continuación apoyará
fuertemente la idea
mencionada anteriormente.
(de hecho)
Conjunciones y Conectores Lógicos
Actually, it’s one of her least favorite colors.
DE EJEMPLIFICACIÓN CONJUNCIÓN
CONECTOR EJEMPLOS SIGNIFICADO
for example
for instance
Reactions to bee stings can be severe. For example, a
person could experience breathing difficulty.
Some sports involve considerable body contact. Take,
for instance, rugby.
Presentan ejemplos de lo que
se ha mencionado antes.
Presentan un miembro o
instancia típica de un grupo.
especially
in particular
Violence in movies seems to be increasing. Action films
especially appear to be getting more violent.
Learning the use for article use in English can be
difficult. In particular, the use of articles with generic
nouns may be confusing.
Presentan un miembro o
instancia importante de un
grupo.
to illustrate
as an example
The steps to save your computer files are quite simple.
To illustrate, we will save the file you have just
created.
Many great composers have had their share of misery.
As an example, consider the life of Mozart.
Presentan ejemplos extensos
que consisten en una narración
o un proceso.
DE IDENTIFICACIÓN CONJUNCIÓN
CONECTOR EJEMPLOS SIGNIFICADO
namely
(es decir)
specifically (para ser específico)
There is a very important issue before us; namely, we
need to decide how to reduce the budget by one fourth.
I have a question about connectors; specifically, when
do you use “in fact”?
Identifican algo, sea que se
haya mencionado o implicado
anteriormente. Presentan una
elaboración más específica
o detallada.
DE ACLARACIÓN CONJUNCIÓN
CONECTOR EJEMPLOS SIGNIFICADO
that is
(es decir)
in other words (en otras palabras)
The garlic should be minced; that is, you should chop it
into very small pieces.
You can’t go on with this hectic life style. In other
words, you need to learn to relax.
Señalan que algo va a ser
expresado nuevamente de otra
manera o que va a ser
aclarado.
Introducción a la Lectura Comprensiva de Inglés Académico para Medicina Veterinaria
DE SIMILITUD CONJUNCIÓN
CONECTOR EJEMPLOS SIGNIFICADO
similarly
(similarmente)
likewise
(del mismo modo)
in the same way
(del mismo modo)
The lungs of vertebrates absorb oxygen from the air.
Similarly, gills, the respiratory organs of many aquatic
animals, take in oxygen from water.
If you study, you will probably do well in the exam.
Likewise, if you write in a journal every day, you will
probably become a better writer.
Learning to play a musical instrument well requires
practice. In the same way, learning to speak a
second language fluently cannot be accomplished
without practice.
Señalan que dos o más ideas o
situaciones son similares.
DE CONTRASTE CONJUNCIÓN
CONECTOR EJEMPLOS SIGNIFICADO
however
(sin embargo)
in contrast
(en contraste)
on the other hand
(por otro lado)
though
(sin embargo)
no confundir con:
“through”: a través
(preposición),
“thought” (pensó,
pensamiento, pensado)
de “think”
In some creation myths, the sun exists before people
do. In other, however, people create the sun.
The characters in legends may be based on people who
actually lived. In contrast, the characters in fables,
often animals, are fictional.
The proposed new hotel complex will benefit our city.
On the other hand, it will create serious problems
with increased traffic.
This lake is not very good for fishing. It’s great for
swimming and water skiing, though.
Muestran que dos ideas se
contraponen, o que la
segunda idea no es la
esperada en relación con lo
expresado en la primera.
Otras conjunciones:
although, (si bien, aunque)
even though, (si bien,
aunque), whereas
(mientras que)
in fact
(de hecho)
however
(sin embargo)
Early civilizations thought the Herat was the center of
the Universe. In fact, the Earth revolves around the
sun.
Some people think that whales are fish. However,
these animals are actually mammals.
Señalan que la idea a
continuación es contraria a algo
que se mencionó
anteriormente.
Conjunciones y Conectores Lógicos
DE CONCESIÓN CONJUNCIÓN
CONECTOR EJEMPLOS SIGNIFICADO
even so
(aún así)
however
(sin embargo)
nevertheless (no obstante, con todo,
sin embargo)
nonetheless (no obstante, con todo,
sin embargo)
despite this
(a pesar de ésto)
in spite of
(a pesar de )
on the other hand
(por otro lado)
New York has many urban problems. Even so, it still a
great city.
Most of my meal was excellent. The vegetables,
however, were slightly overcooked.
Native Americans have often had difficulties preserving
their traditions. Nevertheless, they had been able to
pass down old stories about their cultures to the new
generations.
I know mountain climbing can be dangerous. I would
like to try it, nonetheless.
Chifumi has to get up at five to get to school on time.
Despite this, she has never missed a class.
The day was cold and rainy. In spite of the inclement
weather, we decided to take a hike.
Learning a new language can be fun. On the other
hand, it can be frustrating.
Señalan una reserva acerca de
algo. La primera idea es cierta,
pero la segunda idea es
también verdad o debería
considerarse.
DE RESULTADO O EFECTO CONJUNCIÓN
CONECTOR EJEMPLOS SIGNIFICADO
accordingly
(así pues, por
consiguiente)
as a result
(como resultado)
as a result of (this)
because of (this),
(debido a (ésto))
Rain is an important theme in many African religions.
Accordingly, their rituals often focus on rain-making
and rain stopping.
English spelling rules can be confusing. As a result,
some have proposed simplified spelling.
Some people suffer from acrophobia. As a result of
this phobia, they avoid heights.
Canvas is strong material. Because of its strength, it
is used for tents.
Señalan que una idea es in
efecto o resultado de algo. Se
diferencian entre sí
principalmente por sus grados
de formalidad.
Introducción a la Lectura Comprensiva de Inglés Académico para Medicina Veterinaria
due to (this)
(debido a (ésto))
consequently
(en consecuencia)
therefore
(por lo tanto)
thus (así, de este modo)
hence
(de aquí que)
A megaphone is a hollow cone. Due to its shape, it
can amplify sound.
John couldn’t get to the library. Consequently, he
wasn´t able to finish his research.
The plot of this book is not very original. The ending,
therefore, is easy to predict.
Spring water is filtered through permeable rock. Thus,
it is usually fairly clean.
Fluorocarbons have stable carbon-fluorine bonds;
hence they are inert and heat resistant.
The ending of this book is easy to predict because the
plot is not very original.
DE PROPÓSITO CONJUNCIÓN
CONECTOR EJEMPLOS SIGNIFICADO
in order to (do this)
(para ésto)
with this in mind (con ésto en mente)
for this purpose (con este propósito)
We will test your cholesterol levels tomorrow. In order
to check it, we must ask you not to eat anything for
four hours.
Catherine needed to go to the market after work. With
this in mind, she took her grocery list with her.
The candidate for mayor needed to increase her
campaign funds. For this purpose, her manager
scheduled several fund-raising dinners.
Presentan el propósito de la
idea a continuación. También
expresan relación causal.
Otras conjunciones: so as to,
(de manera tal que), in
order that (para que)
Fuente: FRODESEN, J, EYRING, J: Grammar Dimensions 4, Heinle&Heinle, 2000, pág. 203-220. (adaptado, mi traducción).
Conjunciones y Conectores Lógicos