Tiruchirappalli
Tumkur
SolapurSrikakulam
Cuttack
Aizwal
Gwalior
Dewas
BikanerDelhi
Agra
Ganga river
Kalpetta
Bhimavaram
Karimnagar
Kannur
Siddipet
Eluru
Bijnor
Gangaghat MuzaffarpurKatihar
BongaonBansberia
Bodhgaya
BuxarRamnagarChunar
WHAT IS AN SFD?An excreta flow diagram (often described as shit flow diagram, SFD) is a tool to readily understand and communicate visualizing how excreta physically flow through a city. It shows how all the excreta generated is or is not contained as it moves from defecation to disposal/end-use. The SFD report describes the service delivery context of the city and presents the record of data sources used.
IT IS NOT Based on actual volumes/mass – these are determined by other related factors
A representation of public health risk (risk = hazard x behavior)
A precise scientific analytical tool
IT IS A tool for engineers, planners and decision-makers
Based on contributing populations and an indication of where their excreta (septage or sewage) goes
A representation of public health hazard
An effective communications and advocacy tool
An overview to develop sanitation priorities
SFD- Shit Flow DiagramCentre for Science and Environment
Using excreta flow diagrams (SFDs) as an integral part of city wide sanitation planning for Indian cities
NEEDMany cities of India don’t have a City Sanitation
Plan (CSP). The few CSPs that exist today are rarely implemented. One of the major reason for non-
implementable CSP is the costly centralised sewerage systems proposed in the plans, despite high dependence
of cities on onsite sanitation systems. Hence there is a need to examine the excreta management of the city
before proposing any solution.
METHODOLOGYThe SFDs are developed for three different scenarios
OUTCOMES SFD turns out to be a good advocacy tool, as
the excreta management can be understood at a glance through one diagram
SFD along with report can help identify problems in the service delivery
The CSTF is already talking about FSSM (Faecal Sludge & Septage Management), in the third scenario, where the SFD is developed and shared at the initial stages of development of CSP
Possibility of FSSM to be included in CSP increases if it is based on an SFD
BRIEF SUMMARY To understand the excreta management of 27 selected cities, SFDs (Shit Flow Diagrams) are developed and introduced at different stages of development of CSPs
In all three scenarios, SFDs clearly show high dependence of cities on onsite sanitation systems and extent of untreated waste ending up into the environment
CSTF (City Sanitation Task Force) or decision makers get a better understanding of sanitation scenario, based on the SFD
16% WW not delivered
to treatment
1% WW not
treatment
2%FS not
contained
10%FS not
delivered totreatment
9%FS not
delivered totreatment
7%Open
defecation
29% WW treated
13% SN treated 13% SN treated
10% FS treated 10% FS treated
1% FS contained – not emptied
1% FS contained – not emptied
SN not contained: 22%
SN not contained delivered to treatment: 13%
WW contained delivered to treatment: 30%
FS not contained: 22%
7%
WW contained:42%
FS contained – not emptied: 16%
WW notcontained: 5%
FS not contained – emptied: 20%
FS delivered to treatment: 10%
Offsite sanitation
Onsite sanitation
Open Defecation
Transport TreatmentEmptyingContainment
Safely managed Unsafely managed
Local area Neighbourhood City
Key: WW: Wastewater, FS: Faecal sludge, SN: Supernatant
Agra, India, 21 October, 2015Desk based study
OPEN DEFECATION
Srikakulam 15Solapur 13
Dewas 15Gwalior 6Cuttack 11Aizwal 0
Agra 7Tumkur 7Bikaner 5
Tiruchirappall i 5Delhi 4
Bhimavaram 1Eluru 0
Kalpetta 4Kannur 1
Karimnagar 0Siddipet 0
Bijnor 0Gangaghat 14
Chunar 31Ramnagar 13
Buxar 30Bodhgaya 38Bansberia 0
Bongaon 0Katihar 28
Muzaffarpur 10
S1
S2
S3
OFFSITE
7399
64158
178
231916
000040
620
71400000
167
3045
4140
52
ONSITE
7846691143422230141624
99100807396
100
92846916666272
1007282
2410
1720
4
1626
2
28
8
5024
37
2
SCENARIO 1 (S1): Eleven cities were chosen from different agro-climatic zones of India. Most of the cities already had the CSPs, and neither of them talked about FSSM in their plans
SCENARIO 2 (S2): CSE in collaboration with GIZ India did capacity building of ULBs (Urban Local Bodies) for developing CSPs of cities from three southern states. Despite hand holding training none of the cities had FSSM in their plans, hence CSE helped six champion cities to develop SFDs before their CSPs are finalised
SCENARIO 3 (S3): CSE is doing capacity building of ULBs for developing CSPs of ten small and medium cities in Ganga Basin. CSE in collaboration with the ULBs developed SFDs at the very initial stage of development of CSPs. SFDs are also presented in the CSTF meetings
NOTE: The numbers above represents excreta in terms of contributing percentage of population
For more information: Write to us at [email protected]
For more details: Visit at www.sfd.susana.org
Dr. Suresh Kumar RohillaProgramme Director, Water Programme, CSE
Bhitush LuthraDeputy-Programme Manager, Water Programme, CSE
Shantanu Kumar PadhiResearch Associate, Water Programme, CSE
Anil YadavResearch Associate, Water Programme, CSE
S1 cities
S2 cities
Unsafe management
S3 cities
Safe management
Different scenarios
LOCATION OF TARGET CITIES
I N D I A
Authors
SFD Promotion Initiative - Consortium Partners
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