Mendoza, ArgentinaMarch 24-27
2013
from cradle to gravesustainability metrics
Proceedings of the Vth International Conference on Life Cycle Assessment, CILCA2013
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Copyright @ Facultad Regional Mendoza, Universidad Tecnológica Nacional, 2013. Todos los derechos de este volumen están reservados. Sólo está permitida la reproducción parcial o total con fines Académicos siempre que se mencione el origen.
Primera edición: Marzo de 2013
Diseño de Tapa: Gabriela Barón (UTN)
Logotipo de Tapa: Mercedes Civit (Ludwig Morris)
ISBN 978-950-42-0146-5
Editores
Alejandro Pablo Arena
Bárbara Civit
Roxana Piastrellini
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Impreso en la Argentina - Printed in Argentina
Queda hecho el depósito que previene la ley 11.723
Responsabilidades: El contenido y opiniones vertidas en los trabajos incluidos en este libro son responsabilidad de sus respectivos autores.
Proceedings of the Vth International Conference on Life Cycle Assessment, CILCA2013
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Proceedings of the V International Conference on Life Cycle
Assessment - CILCA2013
CILCA 2013, Mendoza, Argentina
March 24th- 27 th, 2013
Proceedings of the Vth International Conference on Life Cycle Assessment, CILCA2013
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Sustainability metrics, from cradle to grave
Organización General
Alejandro Pablo Arena (chair)
Bárbara Civit (co-chair)
Comité Organizador
Francesc Castells Pique (Universidad de
Rovira i Virgili, España)
Joan Rieradevall Pons (Sostenipra -
Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona,
España)
Nydia Suppen Reynaga (CADIS, México)
Cassia M. L. Ugaya (UTFPR, Brasil)
Armando Caldeira Pires (Univ. de Brasilia,
Brasil)
Gil Anderi da Silva (Univ.de Brasilia, Brasil)
Ana Quiros (Ecoglobal, Costa Rica)
Claudia Peña (CIMM, Chile)
Elena Rosa (Univ. Central de las Villas,
Cuba)
Isabel Quispe (Pontificia Univ. Católica del
Perú)
Sonia Valdivia (UNEP, Francia)
Carlos Naranjo (GAISA, Colombia)
Alejandro Pablo Arena (UTN FRM,
Argentina)
Barbara Civit (UTN FRM, Argentina)
Liliana Niveyro (FCA UNCuyo, Argentina)
Pablo Martínez (CNEA, Argentina)
Fernando Mele (UNT, Argentina)
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Comité Científico
Francesc Castells Pique
(España)
Joan Rieradevall Pons
(España)
Nydia Suppen Reynaga
(México)
Cassia M. L. Ugaya (Brasil)
Armando Caldeira Pires
(Brasil)
Gil Anderi da Silva (Brasil)
Ana Quiros (Costa Rica)
Claudia Peña (Chile)
Elena Rosa (Cuba)
Isabel Quispe (Perú)
Sonia Valdivia (Francia)
Carlos Naranjo (Colombia)
Alejandro Pablo Arena
(Argentina)
Barbara Civit (Argentina)
James Fava (USA)
Llorenc Mila i Canals
(Inglaterra)
Maite Aldaya (Francia)
Greg Norris (USA)
Thomas Koellner
(Alemania)
Mary Ann Curran (USA)
Martina Prox (Alemania)
Sangwon Suh (USA)
Mark Goedkoop
(Holanda)
Fernando Mele
(Argentina)
Jorge Hilbert (Argentina)
Claudio Zaror (Chile)
Miguel Brandao (España)
Edmundo Muñoz (Chile)
Patricia Güereca (México)
Comité Local
Alejandro Pablo Arena (UTN/CONICET)
Enrique Puliafito (UTN/CONICET)
Bárbara Civit (UTN/CONICET)
Roxana Piastrellini (UTN/CONICET)
José Luis Córica (UTN)
Magalí García (UTN)
Luisa Baumhauer (UTN)
Silvia Curadelli (UTN)
Juan Nuñez Mc Leod (UTN)
Miriam López (UTN)
Andrés Benito (UTN)
Eugenio Fisicaro (UTN)
Liliana Niveyro (UNCuyo)
Cecilia Rébora (UNCuyo)
Andrea Rivarola (UTN)
María Celeste Gardey (UTN)
Claudia Kolosow (UTN)
Paula Díaz Ortiz (UTN)
Gabriela Barón (UTN)
Cuerpo de Revisores
Alejandro Pablo Arena
Alfredo Iriarte Garcia
Amalia Sojo
Ana Quiros
Anderi da Silva
Anna Lucia Mourad
Armando Caldeira Pires
Assumpció Antón
Barbara María Civit
Cassia M. L. Ugaya
Celina Rosa Lamb
Claudia Peña
Claudio Alfredo Zaror
Zaror
David Gabriel Allende
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Elena Rosa
Fausto Freire
Fernando Daniel Mele
Francesc Castells Pique
Gabriela baron
Gerardo Javier Arista
Greg Norris
Irma Mercante
Isabel Quispe
J Adolfo Almeida Neto
Joan Rieradevall Pons
Leonor Patricia Guereca
Llorenc Mila i Canals
Luiz Kulay
Maite Aldaya
María Dolores Bovea
Miguel Brandão
Mireya Gonzalez
Montserrat Nunez
Nydia Suppen Reynaga
Pablo Martinez
Paulo Sergio Moreira
Soares
Rafael Rafael Pazeto
Alvarenga
Ronaldo Francisco Santos
Herrero
Roxana Piastrellini
Sangwon Suh
Silvia Palma Rojas
Comunicación
Elba Pescetti (UTN/CONICET)
Florencia Ruggeri (UTN)
Gestión tecnológica
Javier Gustavo Gitto (UTN)
José Luis Córica (UTN)
Diseño
Mercedes Civit (Ludwig Morris)
Gabriela Barón (UTN FRM)
Compaginación
Juan Nuñez Mc Leod
Protocolo
Silvana Scarpetta (UTN FRM)
Proceedings of the Vth International Conference on Life Cycle Assessment, CILCA2013
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PROLOGO
En nombre del Comité Organizador de la V Conferencia Internacional sobre Análisis de Ciclo de Vida – CILCA 2013, ponemos a su disposición estas Actas que recopilan las contribuciones de los distintos autores que han hado sustancia a este evento.
Desde la primera edición en Costa Rica en el año 2005, CILCA se ha convertido en una conferencia periódica, bien establecida, y reconocida a nivel internacional, que provee un marco para la difusión del conocimiento generado en los grupos de investigación, en las consultoras y en las empresas, quedando disponible para toda la comunidad. Pero no es eso lo más importante, sino el marco que brinda para la reunión, discusión, cooperación y generación de nuevas ideas, que impulsan edición tras edición nuevos proyectos y publicaciones conjuntas.
En este proceso de consolidación y crecimiento, CILCA incorpora nuevas actividades y ofrece una mayor variedad de opciones para sus participantes. Opciones no sólo académicas, sino también recreativas que ayudan a hacer más “sostenible” Cilca, a través del establecimiento y reforzamiento de relaciones. Este año, el vino mendocino será protagonista de las actividades recreativas, con visitas a bodegas, degustaciones y cenas.
A los ya clásicos cursos, sesiones técnicas orales y poster, conferencias plenarias y Mesas redondas, este año sumamos la realización de un Taller para Doctorandos, que ofrece a los tesistas un ámbito de discusión e intercambio de experiencias que enriquecerá sus trabajos de investigación con el aporte de expertos en los temas abordados..
Confiamos en que disfruten de este material tan valioso, y del exigente programa propuesto. A los que no pudieron participar del evento, esperamos que estas memorias les sean útiles, y nos auguramos encontrarlos en el próximo CILCA.
Alejandro Pablo Arena
Bárbara Civit
Marzo de 2013
Proceedings of the Vth International Conference on Life Cycle Assessment, CILCA2013
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FOREWORD
On behalf of the Organizing Committee of the V International Conference on Life Cycle
Assessment - CILCA 2013, we provide these proceedings which collect the contributions of the
various authors, the marrow of this event.
Since the first edition in Costa Rica in 2005, CILCA has become a periodic conference, well
established and internationally recognized, which provides a framework for the dissemination
of knowledge generated by the research groups, consulting firms, and technical centres. But
the most important thing is the framework provided for the meeting for discussion,
cooperation and generation of new ideas that drive year after year new projects and joint
publications.
In this process of consolidation and growth, CILCA incorporates new activities and offers a
wider range of options for its participants. Options not only academic, but also recreational
that help make Cilca more "sustainable", through the establishment and strengthening of
networks. This year, the recreational activites will feature a starring role by the wine from
Mendoza: the visits to wineries, wine tastings, lunch at Altavista winery and dinner
accompanied with good wine are some of the optional activities included.
To the classic courses, oral and poster technical sessions, plenary lectures and panel
discussions, this year we added a PhD Workshop, which offers postgraduate students a space
for discussion and exchange of experiences that will enrich their research with input from
experts in the topics.
We hope you enjoy this valuable material, and the demanding program we propose. For those
unable to attend the event, we hope these memories will be useful, and we hope we will meet
them in the next CILCA.
Alejandro Paul Arena
Barbara Civit
March 2013
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CONTENTS
FULL PAPERS ................................................................................................20
Carbon and Water footprints ...........................................................................21
A new method for assessing impacts of water use in life cycle assessment .......22
Farm-gate environmental decision tool ...............................................................27
Study of embodied energy and CO2eq.as eco-efficiency descriptors of Brazilian
building materials ...............................................................................................41
Modeling carbon footprint of the Chilean apple production .................................50
Carbon Footprint of Three Walls Systems in Low Cost Housing in Colima, Mexico
...........................................................................................................................54
Assessing water footprint of companies in Colombia .........................................63
Water and energy consumption at KAUST and how to reach a null water footprint
...........................................................................................................................74
Rice water footprint in paddy systems of Entre Ríos ..........................................80
Organization´s carbon footprint ..........................................................................91
Kraftliner paper – A temporary carbon stock packaging material ........................98
The water footprint and water use efficiency in vineyards-Mendoza, Argentina 103
Design for sustainability ................................................................................ 110
Contribution of Simplified LCA to Design for Sustainability – Cases of Industrial
Application ....................................................................................................... 111
Ecolabelling, Environmental Product Declarations Type III (PCREPD) and
green purchasing ........................................................................................... 125
Communicational strategy for environmental aspects to promote the consumption
of sustainable products .................................................................................... 126
Comparison between European EPD issuing Systems and lessons learned to
Latin American Countries ................................................................................. 137
Education and Capability Development ....................................................... 150
Life Cycle approach and use of softwares in the chain of Brazilian biodiesel .... 151
UndeRstandable methOdology Bonding KnOwledge from cRadle-to-cradle for
Undergrad Students: UROBORUS ................................................................... 158
Industrial Ecology .......................................................................................... 168
Proposal for technical and environmental performance improvement actions at an
electricity cogeneration plant within the sugar/alcohol sector ............................ 169
Industrial Symbiosis in the Industrial Area of Villa El Salvador ......................... 175
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Multi-Step Decision Making on Life Cycle Assessment Methods for Industrial
Sectors ............................................................................................................. 358
Environmental and Socioeconomic LCA of Milk in Canada .............................. 366
Comparative LCAs of ceramic tiles and bricks vs concrete equivalents in the
Brazilian context ............................................................................................... 378
Sustainability assessment of chemical processes and/or products using life cycle
assessment ...................................................................................................... 384
Life Cycle Assessment of the CILCA 2007 event ............................................. 396
Life cycle assessment of Chilean copper wire rods .......................................... 402
Energy balance of IVS 4500 wind turbine through a Life Cycle Assessment .... 409
Life cycle analysis of handmade ceramic brick in chiapa de corzo, chiapas,
mexico ............................................................................................................. 422
Life cycle assessment of corn-based ethanol via dry milling in Province of Santa
Fe, Argentina ................................................................................................... 428
Analysis of the procedures for allocation criteria and the system boundaries in
LCA: study case of a toothbrush ...................................................................... 434
Evaluation of the dicalcium phosphate process with a view to environmental
performance improvement identification ........................................................... 441
LCA-based comparison of different scenarios of the application of a novel
ceramic nanofiltration membrane in the pulp industry ....................................... 447
Allocation in Brazilian milk production: a case study ......................................... 452
Importance of dry matter intake on environmental impacts of Brazilian milk
production: a case study .................................................................................. 456
Life-cycle evaluation of the ceramic block with a focus on social interest housing
......................................................................................................................... 460
LCA of lighting products: looking for methodological consistency ..................... 472
Comparison of different methods for vinasses treatment from the bioethanol
industry based on LCA ..................................................................................... 480
Life cycle assessment applied to technology for the remediation of contaminated
sites: a case study with chemical oxidation ...................................................... 490
LCI & LCA Databases ..................................................................................... 497
The need for consequential system modelling in Life Cycle Assessment for robust
decision support ............................................................................................... 498
LCADB.sudoe: Life Cycle Inventories database of the southwest of Europe .... 507
LCIA ................................................................................................................ 514
Life Cycle Impact Assessment on the land use impacts and application of
Geographic Information Systems ..................................................................... 515
Incorporation Of Risks Analysis Into The Lca Methodology: Challenges In
Petroleum Production ....................................................................................... 526
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LCM and Eco-efficiency ................................................................................. 533
Development of a methodology for the integration of nutritional and
environmental aspects for sustainable food consumption ................................. 534
The environmental evaluation of alternatives for energy improved performance in
printing and writing paper production by way of Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) ....... 543
Driving product stewardship: an empirical evaluation of the association between
some form of LCA implementation and environmental strategy choice in
Colombian firms ............................................................................................... 548
Life Cycle Management of Products in Embraer: challenges and persperctives
......................................................................................................................... 558
Systematic Monetization and Integration of environmental Impacts in planning
processes ......................................................................................................... 566
Life Cycle Costing .......................................................................................... 574
Economic and environmental impacts assessment along the supply chain of
anhydrous ethanol from sugarcane in Brazil ..................................................... 575
Social Responsibility and Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment ............... 584
Studying the Social Hotspots of 100 product categories with the Social Hotspots
Database .......................................................................................................... 585
Social Life Cycle Assessment of Brick Production in El Algarrobal, Mendoza,
Argentina: Preliminary Selection of Indicators .................................................. 594
Framework for social life cycle impact assessment .......................................... 600
Managing issues of responsibility across the entire product life cycle: Towards an
integrative model from the resource-based view of the firm and stakeholder
theory ............................................................................................................... 608
Environmental and Economic Hybrid Life Cycle Assessment of Bagasse-Derived
Ethanol Produced in Brazil ............................................................................... 629
Sustainability evaluation of biodiesel production using Life Cycle Assessment
performed with a specific Sustainability Index at Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil ...... 638
The use of aggregation step in Social Life Cycle Assessment: cocoa's soap case
study ................................................................................................................ 650
Sustainable Resource Management ............................................................. 658
Improvement of the Energy Balance of Microalgae Biodiesel by Integration with
anEthanol Distillery .......................................................................................... 659
Environmental viability assessment of soybean ethyl ester in vehicle use ........ 670
The state of the art on calculating abiotic resource depletion ........................... 676
Material assessment beyond geological availability .......................................... 682
LCA of logs extracted by forest management in Amazonian rainforests ........... 687
Estimating CO2 emissions in the employees transportation service of an
agricultural sector ............................................................................................. 693
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Waste Management and Recycling ............................................................... 699
Uncertainties in modelling impacts from the application on agricultural land of
processed organic waste .................................................................................. 700
Sustainability Assessment of Chemical Processes and/or Products using Life
Cycle Assessment ............................................................................................ 706
The Clean Development Mechanism in Wastewater Treatment Plants: The Case
of Latin America and the Caribbean ................................................................. 718
Environmental impact allocation methods and their reflection on the
attractiveness of blast furnace slag in cement industry ..................................... 725
ABSTRACTS ................................................................................................. 731
LCA Case Studies .......................................................................................... 732
Land Use in drylands: Desertification risk assessment. An agricultural case study
......................................................................................................................... 733
Management of whey in small dairy industries. A life cycle analysis ................. 735
Waste Management and Recycling ............................................................... 737
Use of garlic herbaceous waste as a fiber source on growing Rabbits ............. 738
POSTERS ...................................................................................................... 740
Carbon and Water Footprints ........................................................................ 741
Green Water Footprint for agricultural exports from the Province of Buenos Aires
......................................................................................................................... 742
Water Footprint and Life Cycle Assessment frameworks: synergies and hurdles
......................................................................................................................... 752
Water footprint of soybean under different tillage practices .............................. 753
Effect of water recovery on the water footprint of cellulose production in Chile . 754
Sustainability analysis of the Colombian flower industry: LCA, environmental
indicators and benchmarking ............................................................................ 756
Carbon footprint of the Chilean raspberry production ....................................... 758
Water footprint of the tourism sector in Chacras de Coria, Mendoza, Argentina
......................................................................................................................... 759
Carbon footprint of beers of a small processing plant in Chile .......................... 760
Water footprint of a cattle breeding production system in the Argentine Pampa
......................................................................................................................... 761
Design for Sustainability ............................................................................... 763
Application of Life Cycle Assessment in Enhancing the Environmental
Characterization of Materials for Ecodesign ..................................................... 764
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Calculation of the ecological footprint of concrete. A tool for sustainable design
......................................................................................................................... 774
Redesign of a portable water treatment plant ................................................... 784
LCA applied case: Strategic Analysis for a Sustainable traveling exhibition ..... 786
Balancing Ecology & Economy – A case study................................................. 788
Ecodesign (ISO 14006) and Environmental Management Systems (ISO 14001):
specifications, comparisons and organizational advantages of its integration ... 789
Proposition of LCA - and LCC- based eco-efficiency indicators for selection of
concrete building structural components .......................................................... 790
Life cycle assessment of temporary structures: A framework for decision making
and evaluation .................................................................................................. 792
Inventory Of Life Cycle Of The Polymer Phb- Polyhydroxybutyrate .................. 794
Education and Capability Development ....................................................... 795
Implementation of LCA in Poland ..................................................................... 796
Laboratory of Life Cycle Assessment of Energy Systems at the IEE-USP ........ 806
Empirical guidelines to reduce errors in LCA data gathering process .......... 807
Green Economy and Sustainable Policies ................................................... 808
Factores inherentes al Análisis de Ciclo de Vida: recomendaciones de política
......................................................................................................................... 809
Sustainability Policies in Tourism Protected Areas. Case: Archipelago Los
Roques National Park ...................................................................................... 818
Operationalising sustainability: current industrial practice ................................. 819
Life cycle sustainability of wind power in Brazil ................................................ 820
Pilot Project: Neutralization of Emissions from Agribusiness through Afforestation
and Reforestation ............................................................................................. 821
Inherent factors to Life Cycle Assessment: policy guidelines ............................ 822
Industrial Ecology .......................................................................................... 823
Sustainable assessment of the pervaporation process for bioethanol
dehydration using an LCA-based approach ................................................... 824
LCA & Rural Development ............................................................................. 826
Life Cycle Assessment As A Tool To Assess The Sustainability Of Cocoa In
Colombia .......................................................................................................... 827
Biodigestors And Lca – A Contribution To The Pig Farming’s Sustainability – The
Case Of Santa Catarina (Brazil) ....................................................................... 831
LCA & Sustainable Cities............................................................................... 832
Quantifying the environmental value of building reuse...................................... 833
Cumulative energy demand estimation of SIP (structural insulated panels) homes
through LCA ..................................................................................................... 834
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Life Cycle Assessment of social interest housing in Mexico ............................. 835
LCA of housing in Chile .................................................................................... 836
LCA Case Studies .......................................................................................... 837
Home and ready-made meals .......................................................................... 838
Beyond Carbon Footprinting for Corporate Activities – LCA vs. Carbon Footprint
of a Canadian Bank .......................................................................................... 844
Life cycle assessment of Miscanthus pellet production in Ireland ..................... 850
LCA application in the water footprint dairy chain. Argentina case study .......... 851
Life Cycle Impacts Assessment as a support for risks management: the case of
chemotherapy drug waste in a Brazilian hospital .............................................. 852
Trade off between operating cost increment and Carbon market income due to
life cycle greenhouse gases emissions reduction ............................................. 853
Preliminary study on the environmental profile of bioethanol production from
Spartina argentinensis. Inventory phase .......................................................... 855
Environmental impact assessment of mercurial sludge generated from Chlor-
alkali Cuban plant by means of Life Cycle Analysis: Disposal or Remediation?856
Environmental impacts of used cooking oil: direct wastewater treatment or
transportation to Biodiesel production plants? .................................................. 858
LCA-based hotspot analysis of food products to inform major Chilean retailer’s
sustainability strategy ....................................................................................... 859
Management of whey in small dairy industries. A life cycle analysis ................. 861
Life Cycle Assessment of Electric Cars in Portugal .......................................... 863
Life Cycle Energy Analysis Of Rainwater Harvesting System With Reservoir
Made Of Reinforced Concrete .......................................................................... 864
Modeling the Consequential Life Cycle Assessment of Brazilian Biodiesel ....... 865
Energy Balance Analysis And Life Cycle Energy Assessment Of Sugarcane
Bagasse Ethanol Production And Electricity Generation ................................... 867
Definition of the allocation rules in the PCR of basic metals based on a case
study ................................................................................................................ 869
Life cycle assessment of cellulose production from pine and eucalyptus wood in
Chile ................................................................................................................. 871
LCA methodology to guide Green Process Innovation: A case study of Brazilian
MDF industry .................................................................................................... 872
Potentiality of Life Cycle Assessment to determine points of inefficiency in
agribusiness systems: a case study for the sugar and ethanol agro industry of
Tucumán .......................................................................................................... 873
Life Cycle Assessment applied to a clothing product ........................................ 874
Handprints: The Positive Counterpart to Footprints .......................................... 875
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Life Cycle Assessment of Concrete Blocks Masonry: Processes Contribution
Analysis............................................................................................................ 876
Big Affect from Little Wooden Tongue Depressors ........................................... 877
Comparison between internal combustion and electric vehicles in Brazil using Life
Cycle Assessment ............................................................................................ 878
Life cycle assessment of Jatrophacurcas cultivation in tropical regions destinated
to biodiesel production ..................................................................................... 879
Environmental Evaluation of an Intensive Production System in the Central Basin
of Argentina employing the Extended Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) ................ 881
Physic-mechanical and environmental comparison of Compressed Earth Blocks
stabilized with cement and lime ........................................................................ 882
Post-consumer PET bottles Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) in Mexico ..................... 883
LCI & LCA Databases ..................................................................................... 885
LCA of Buildings in Mexico: Advances, Limits and Catalysts ............................ 886
Life Cycle Inventory Of Milk Production At An Experimental Unit In Itapetinga –
BA .................................................................................................................... 891
The World Food LCA Database (WFLDB) project: towards more accurate food
datasets ........................................................................................................... 896
Life cycle inventory of electronic waste treatment: Brazilian case ..................... 897
LCA-based tools for data collection and data processing towards a National Life
Cycle Inventory for the Chilean Food & Agriculture Sector ............................... 898
Estimating environmental impacts by means of FADN data. Comparison with
horticultural LCA results ................................................................................... 900
Life Cycle Assessment of soybean oil in Brazil ................................................. 902
Inventory of ammonia emission (NH3) from livestock production in Chile ......... 903
The transportation of oil in biodiesel production in Bahia / Brazil and its
importance in Life Cycle Assessment ............................................................... 904
The influence of transportation modal in the life cycle of copper in Brazil ......... 905
LCIA ................................................................................................................ 906
Urea formaldehyde resin: impacts on the productive life cycle of wood panels . 907
Soybean Oil’s Enviromental Impacts andLand ................................................. 908
The use of optional elements of the Life Cycle Impacts Assessment: literature
review .............................................................................................................. 909
LCM and Eco-efficiency ................................................................................. 910
Life Cycle Management of chemicals – How far are we? ................................. 911
Life Cycle Costing .......................................................................................... 912
Life cycle cost analysis of four bioclimatic strategies aimed at saving water and
energy in direct evaporative cooling equipment ................................................ 913
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Social Responsibility and Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment ............... 915
Excessive Caribbean Medical Traveling: Analysis and Suggestions for a Lower
the Carbon Footprint ........................................................................................ 916
Sustainable Resource Management ............................................................. 917
LCA of locally produced feeds for Peruvian aquaculture .................................. 918
Potential environmental impacts of the production of antivenom immunoglobulins
in a brazilian official laboratory ......................................................................... 920
Water consumption analysis for Life Cycle Assessmentin a dairy cattle farm ... 921
Energy consumption analysis in a dairy cattle farm .......................................... 922
Waste Management and Recycling ............................................................... 923
Life Cycle Concept in Waste Management in the Oil & Gas Offshore Exploration
Activities ........................................................................................................... 924
Life Cycle Inventory of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration (MSWI) in Spain and
Portugal............................................................................................................ 933
Car recycling management in the frame of LCM ............................................... 941
Recovery of manganese from spent alkaline batteries: use of MnOx as catalyst
for VOCs elimination ........................................................................................ 942
Municipal Solid Waste Management: A Regional Proposal .............................. 943
Effects of biodynamic preparations on the development of compost from manure
and agro- industrial residues ............................................................................ 944
LCA- C&DW: An environmental assessment tool in the waste management of the
construction sector ........................................................................................... 946
LCA as a tool of Decision making processfor the Environmental Improvement of
wastewater treatment in Latin American and the Caribbean ............................. 947
Life Cycle Assessment of Integrated Management of PET bottles generated in
the municipality of Ecatepec de Morelos .......................................................... 948
Improving the Utilization of Garlic Herbaceous Waste in the Diet of Breeding
Cows ................................................................................................................ 950
Life Cycle Assessment of Municipal Solid Waste Management of San Miguel,
Buenos Aires, Argentina ................................................................................... 951
DOCTORAL WORKSHOP ........................................................................... 952
Integración de ACV y técnicas de optimización. Caso de estudio: Bioetanol a
partir de maíz ................................................................................................... 953
El Valor Intangible Del Desarrollo Tecnológico: Aspectos Ambientales ............ 955
Análisis de Ciclo de Vida de la Gestión de los Residuos Sólidos Urbanos de San
Miguel, Buenos Aires, Argentina ...................................................................... 958
Análisis del Ciclo de Vida del Manejo Integral de las botellas de PET que se
generan en el Municipio de Ecatepec de Morelos ............................................ 960
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Technological Parametrized Lifecycle Analysis Method For Wall Insulation ..... 962
Energía y Huella de Carbono de Edificios Habitacionales en México: Escenarios
de Mitigación Ante el Cambio Climático ........................................................... 966
Envolventes De Hormigon Liviano Sustentable: Diseño Y Propiedades Para El
Ahorro Energetico ............................................................................................ 969
PLENARY CONFERENCE .......................................................................... 971
La Comunicación Estratégica del Pensamiento de Ciclo de Vida desde la
perspectiva regional y mundial ......................................................................... 972
Global LCI for primary copper .......................................................................... 974
From foundations to the building - a blueprint of LCA in Mexico ....................... 975
The Bhutan-UN International Project to Create a New Paradigm for Sustainable
Development .................................................................................................... 976
Interoperability in LCA: problems and solutions ................................................ 977
Contributing To Rio+20: A Unep/Setac Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment
Approach .......................................................................................................... 978
ROUND TABLE ............................................................................................. 980
PCR Guidance Development Process and its Importance to the Latin American
Region ............................................................................................................. 981
Product category rules in emerging regions: the global trade of mineral raw
materials .......................................................................................................... 988
The development of Product Category Rules in order to ensure a Green
Economy in emerging regions .......................................................................... 990
ADDENDUM………………………………………………………………….. 998
Consistent calculation of multiple system models and improved integration of regionalized data in a background inventory database………………………….. 999
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Comparative LCA industrialized and craft supplies vs. alternative materials for sustainable housing.
Gerardo Javier Arista González 12, Jorge Aguillón Robles13, Fernando González Maza14.
1 Facultad del Hábitat, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Niño Artillero 150, Zona Universitaria, CP
78290, San Luis Potosí, México, Tel (55)444-826-2481 Fax.(55)444-826-2312. 2 Ph.D. in Architecture, Investigator Professor, [email protected]
3 Master Bioclimatic Design, Investigator Professor, [email protected]
4 Applicant to obtain the title of Architect, [email protected]
Abstract
The intention of this article is to present to the reader the results of an investigation that tries to
identify and to quantify the environmental impacts that generate some industrialized inputs and
elaborated others of a handcrafted way widely used in the construction of housings, and the
enormous environmental advantages that it represents to diminish the use or substitution of these
conventional materials for alternate inputs, since it is the adobe stabilized also tabitec called
(Partition of stabilized and compressed land).
The study and comparative analysis between the proposed materials carries out with the
methodological support of the LCA, Life cycle of analysis and the application of the software
Simapro 7.2, which there allows the identification and evaluation of environmental impacts in the
different categories of analysis that offers this program.
The results of the comparative show that the handcrafted partition is a highly pollutant material
for the burning tire (EPA, 1997), followed distantly by the block that for his content of cement
generates significant impacts, whereas the adobe in his two versions constitutes a more amicable
material with the environment, nevertheless the extraction of clay for his production.
One concludes that to achieve a more sustainable building in the production of social massive
housing there will have to be checked the materials and constructive systems with which nowadays
the institutional housing takes place in Mexico.
Key words: analysis of life cycle, sustainable building, alternate materials of construction, adobe.
1.- Introduction.
Today the massive industrialization of housing in Latin America is a source of predation, pollution
and emission of toxic substances that are generating serious environmental impacts. The
construction industry is one of the largest generators of the current environmental crises-half by
the depletion of natural resources. According to international data, construction consumes about
25% of forests and 40% of rocks, gravel and sand used in the world annually. (Salas, 1997)
This paper will address the problem of environmental impact caused by the construction industry
in the city of San Luis Potosi, mainly in the production of inputs such as partition and block, to
meet the demand for these inputs in its core market, which is the social housing, which from the
year 2010 and according to the official guidelines (CONAVI, 2008) must necessarily be built with
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ecological criteria also include eco technologies to encourage savings in energy consumption
resulting from inhabiting these homes.
The methodology of LCA, Life Cycle Analysis, provides an option to analyze and quantify
environmental impacts of materials like cement block and brick craftsmanship so widely used in
the construction of social housing, and establish a comparative analysis with other inputs as
alternate the tabitec, adobe clay tablet made from stabilized and establishing a new thermal option,
economic and sustainable for low-income families living spaces requiring self build with
alternative materials and techniques.
The research hypothesis states that by using the LCA methodology, as applied in construction
materials, can be determined quantitatively the impacts caused by the use of certain conventional
inputs and define with more certainty, which are the most suitable materials for building
sustainable and allows, in decisions taken Designer parameters scientific and less subjective they
need to take into account not only the aesthetic, utilitarian, and functional space or object
generated, but their decision-making should consider materials, production processes and building
systems that are less aggressive friendlier to the environment and, in general, generate less impact
on the planet where we live.
Moreover, the energy use in the construction industry is one of the indicators of increased
environmental impact, as it is a factor in any production process. Energy consumption in its many
processes results in CO2 emissions, gas that can assess the environmental impact of the different
sources involved in the process. The steady increase in CO2 emissions and other greenhouse gases
(GHG) increase the concentration of these compounds in the atmosphere, causing artificially
increase the greenhouse effect, which is partly the source of global climate change (Suppen Van
Hoof, 2005).
2.- METHOD: ANALYSIS OF COMPARATIVE LIFE
CYCLE
2.1. - Defining objectives and scope
The objective of this analysis concerns the definition and quantification of the main environmental
impacts caused by the production of building materials used in the construction of housing and are
responsible for air pollution emissions. To address this stage defined the objectives and scope of
the LCA and they described other important purposes such as:
Set compare products, their life cycles and functions performed,
Set lar environmental reasons for the development of comparative analysis,
Being a comparative analysis should define the functional unit,
Detailed Description of the limits of comparative analysis to be performed.
The target of the investigation concerns the urgent need to assess the impacts to human health and
ecosystems causing materials used as inputs in the production of products such as wall and block,
traditionally used in the city of San Luis Potosi to institutional housing construction and compare
the results with the tabitec, alternative materials based compressed earth without cooking.
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The limits of this study are defined between the stages of life cycle known as the "cradle to gate",
meaning that the analysis considered only from the stages of raw material extraction,
transportation, input production, its transportation and placement and does not consider the stages
of use of the dwelling as such and disposed of it.
2.2. - Functional unit and reference flows.
General functions of the panels to be compared: Isolate, separate and define living spaces indoors
and under certain conditions as outer shell analysis.
General functions of the panels to be compared:
Isolate, separate and define living spaces indoors and under certain conditions as outer shell analysis.
Function relevant: Separate living spaces interior and
exterior spaces eventually;
What are they? Construction elements that serve
structural support and support for housing;
Pot life: 50 years;
Dimensions: 1 m2;
Frequency of use: Continuous.
Functional Unit:
"Separate living spaces through a
constructive component of 1 m2 of wall
surface, able to withstand structural
loads from the weight of the roof and /
or a second floor mezzanine of a
dwelling that considered useful life of
50 years”. Certain functional unit are calculated reference flow, in the amount of each product to fulfill this
functional unit, and from these data starts data collection to define the LCV, life cycle inventory.
Fig 1. - Definition of the functional unit.
The functional unit, previously established (Fig. 1) to determine the exact quantification of inputs
and outputs for each input and output to analyze. Is the extent through which is defined a reference
of what and how large are the inputs and outputs to the system. Meanwhile the reference flow is,
in turn, the quantities of each input needed to cover the intended functional unit, which, for the
selected case study, is a section of 1 m2 in the three individual products: the traditional common
septum, the cement block with industrialized production processes and tabitec (compressed earth
without cooking) with semi-industrialized processes for their manufacture.
Figure 2 shows the reference flows of each product to be analyzed, necessary to satisfy 1 m2 of
wall (functional unit) therefore reference flows are determined for each comparable parts
according to the unit containing functional, whereas between the pieces, regardless of their
separation is required dimensions of 1 cm. approx. which corresponds to the thickness of the
mortar used for the jointing piece.
Functional unit Raw Materials Reference Flows
Functional Unit Materials Raw Materials Reference Flows
1m2
Craft whith Septum
6x12x24
Clay silt, sand
and water.
60 pc. / M2
1.5 a 2 Kg / pc.
Cement Block
12x 20x40
Cement,
Sand and Water.
12.5 pc. / M2
12.28 Kg / pc.
Tabitec 12x15x30
Selected Clay cal
or cement and
water.
22 pc. / M2
16 Kg / pc.
Fig. 2 - Definition of reference streams.
For purposes of this comparative analysis are seen three different mortars for the jointing of the
pieces of each in a thickness comparable to 1cm. in varying proportions which are described
below:
1:5 lime-sand mortar for jointing parts common septum,
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Mortar cement-lime-sand 1:1:5 for jointing parts hollow cement block,
Clay-lime mortar for jointing 1:10 parts tabitec or stabilized adobe.
Regardless stroke that the walls may be considered uncoated, ie finished apparent, if this analysis
considers three types of coatings with thickness approximately 1 cm. one for each comparable and
different proportions of which are mentioned immediately:
Flattening plaster on both sides for common partition sample;
Leveling mortar cement-lime-sand 1:1:10 on both sides for sample block;
Flatten with clay on both sides to sign tabitec or stabilized adobe.
2.3. ICV: Life Cycle Inventories.
During this phase of stroke were quantified all inputs and outputs including matter and energy, as
in the case of the wall of mud, all emissions tested system that may have an impact on human
health or the environment. As provided in ISO 14041 (1998) this stage involves data collection
and calculation procedures to identify and quantify all adverse environmental effects and also
called environmental burdens that are associated with the defined functional unit.
The block wall inventory is recorded the presence of emissions from cooking in clay brick ovens
using craft supplies such as tires, sawdust, manure and other waste that is burned with fuel oil or
used oil, and are causing emissions of highly toxic gases and particles harmful to human health
and the environment. Moreover, the presence of materials such as lime and gypsum correspond to
inputs used in the jointing mortars and finishing parts, respectively. Similarly, the presence of
fuels such as electricity, diesel and natural gas fuels concerns by factory production equipment
such as vibro-compressors, etc..
The inventory of inputs block wall highlights the presence of materials such as cement, which is
the essential raw material in the production of the block, and its weight amount so indicates. In
itself, the presence of materials such as lime, cement also concerns the use of these inputs in the
production of mortars used in both wall lining M2 as the jointing parts.
In turn, in Tables 3 and 4 present machining adobe inventories (tabitec), in the first table using
cem.-lime (3% -3%) as inputs stabilizers and the second using only lime ( 6%), and also in the
presence both inventories necessary electric power to perform the hydraulic compression tabitec
parts.
Moreover, in the inventories carried out highlights the fact that the bulk of matter corresponds to
inputs aggregates weighing almost 200 kg. The functional unit of matter, which is a significant
amount of soil and sand extraction on ecosystems where banks are located exploitation of raw
materials.
In turn, the amount by weight of cement input decreases by almost 50% of the volume required to
block the manufacture and processing of the grout from the one used in the stabilization of adobe.
Conversely, the amount by weight of the lime used for the jointing mortar coating and the partition
wall and the coating of the block representing 75% and 34% respectively on the lime used in the
stabilization of using only adobe this input.
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In both cases the use of raw materials such as cement and lime production that require high
temperatures, represents the generation of toxic emissions and use of fossil fuels for heat
production.
2.4. LCIA: Impact assessment of the life cycle.
The implementation of this phase is defined by ISO 14042 (2000) and the current study only
considered mandatory testing modalities such as: classification and characterization.
Both the value table in Figure 3 as the graph of Figure 4 are seen characterization impacts caused
by different inputs, highlighting those generated by cement block in the categories of climate
change, ozone layer , etc., the septum in organic and inorganic respiratory and adobe arising in two
versions in the categories of carcinogens and land use.
Similarly, in the eco-points table in Fig 5 and Fig 6 of stand single score, by volume, the impact
generated by the septum into the categories of respiratory acidification inorganic and /
eutrophication, and the consumption of fossil fuels in the block walls and adobe, mainly caused by
transport.
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Fig 6. Impacts of eco-indicators of 1 m2 of wall block, brick and adobe machining.
2.5. - Results and Discussion
2.5.1. - Identification of significant aspects
The study shows the evolution of stroke of 1 m2 of wall block, brick and adobe machining
(tabitec) structured around a distinction between the components defined in the target and the
various inputs, outputs and impacts presented by each, being significant the following:
1. - The impacts caused by the burning of residual sawdust MJ 93.42 and 0.99 kg of used tires
needed for the preparation of solid brick pieces 52.29 for 1 m2 artisanal brick wall that emit at
10.24 kg CO2 atmosphere, 0.07 kg of CH4, N2O 1.40 kg, 0.04 kg and 0.01 kg VOC PST, causing
approximately 53.27% of all damages calculated, 42.52% for respiratory effects and 10.92%
inorganic acidification and eutrophication.
2. - The environmental impacts of fossil fuel consumption account for about 26.32% of all
environmental damage caused by the four walls tested prototypes;
a. 6.12% of the total impact is caused by using 7.66 kg of cement needed for the preparation of
spare block 11.61 for 1 m2 of wall.
b. 4.98% of the damage to the environment are caused by the use of 5.06 kg and 5.06 kg cement
lime used in the production of parts adobe cem 5.24 - 1 m2 of lime mud wall.
c. 6.21% is caused by the transport of the various inputs required for the development of the
basic elements required for the 5 m2 of wall, only 1.79% is for transport of materials for cem.
adobe-lime and 1.68% for moving block the necessary materials.
3. - The damage to health by inorganic respiratory effects without considering the production of
handmade bricks represent about 10.81% of the total estimated impacts for Eco-gauge 99 (H),
7.67% caused by the inputs of the various materials required for preparing prototypes.
a. 1.87% by the use of 127.91 kg and 7.66 kg of sand cement to manufacture the parts needed
for the construction of 1 m2 of wall block.
b. 2.32% for the use of land and 100.43 kg 26.67 kg of gypsum for the manufacture of bricks
for 1 m2 of wall and its lining.
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c. 1.64% by the use of earth 158.40 kg, 5.06 kg and 5.06 kg of cement lime to the base of the
wall elements adobe cem. - Lime.
4. - The 3.82% of total impacts recorded in the study contribute to climate change;
5. - The damage to the environment by use of soil and exposure to carcinogens represent a total of
1.82% and 1.53% of the impact values respectively. Most are caused by land use and parts and
coatings using adobe and cement blocks to develop.
2.5.2. - Sensitivity Analysis
For the sensitivity analysis we compared the results obtained using the Eco-gauge 99 (H) with the
results calculated by the methodology Impact 2002 and reached the following conclusions:
1. - Inorganic Respiratory effects caused by burning sawdust and tires for production of handmade
bricks required for 1 m2 of wall impacts remain elevated a total of 58.08% of the calculated
impact, increasing by 15.56% with respect to the Eco-gauge assessment.
2. - The fossil fuel consumption impacts a 17.66% less according to the methodology Impact 2002
for the same category, reaching 8.58% of total estimated damage to the environment;
a. Using cement blocks making represents 2.04%, 4.09% lower than the Eco-gauge
calculations.
b. The use of lime and cement-lime cem. adobes impact on a 1.69%, 3.29% less than the same
indicator in the previous methodology.
c. Transportation necessary for the development of the core elements required for the 5 m2 of
wall impacts the environment as fossil fuel consumption by only 1.81% of the total, 4.40%
less than the impacts recorded in the first assessment.
3. - The respiratory effects without considering inorganic solid brick production scale are 0.44%
higher in the methodology Impact 2002 with 11.26% of the total estimated impacts, the inputs of
materials needed to prepare basic elements of the five walls different impacts only 0.34% less,
being 7.34%.
The use of cement and lime to the elements based on the methodology of Impact 2002 raises the
impacts generated by the blocks, the cem. adobe adobe-lime and lime 0.49%, 0.43% and 0.18%
respectively, up from Eco-gauge impacts 99. In turn, the bricks and adobe soil using mainly in
reducing impacts 1.12% and 0.32% respectively.
4. - The contribution to climate change is highly valued by the methodology Impact 2002, the
values of these categories represent 16.95% of the estimated impacts;
a. Using 7.66 kg of cement blocks in manufacturing for 1 m2 of wall represents 3.81% of the
total, 2.97% higher than the values calculated by Eco-gauge.
b. The cement and lime used in cem.-lime bricks represent 3.51% of the total, 2.74% more hits
than the previous assessment.
c. The production of 1 m2 of brick wall represents 3.32% of the total estimated damage to the
environment, 2.53% more than the calculation of Eco-gauge for the same category.
d. The use of lime in the lime bricks equivalent to 2.10% of total 2002 Impact impacts, whereas
Eco-gauge are not considered because their values do not exceed 1%.
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3. – CONCLUSIONS
The extraction, manufacturing and construction of a brick wall m2 environmental impacts almost 4
times the extraction, manufacture and construction of a retaining wall block m2, almost 5 times the
extraction, manufacture and construction of an m2 cem. adobe wall-lime, and more than seven
times what the same activities would impact the construction of an adobe wall m2 cal
methodology according to the Eco-gauge 99 (H).
The impacts of mining, manufacturing and construction of a brick wall m2 according to the
methodology Impact 2002 rising to be about 5, 6 and 10 times greater impact than the same
activities for the development of a m2 of wall block, adobe cem. - lime and lime mud respectively.
The brick production has registered the biggest impacts of research in inorganic respiratory effects
category. In addition to the effects described above on the subject of impact assessment, according
to EPA reports, uncontrolled burning of open tire delivers a series of dangerous gases and heavy
metals including polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, dioxins and furans that are the most toxic
chemicals known and the main causes of cancer if the use of oil burned as fuel could reduce these
effects, emissions caused by burning liquids such generate hazardous gases and heavy metals, and
the same consequences.
In the production of blocks or any mechanized adobes for building walls are significantly reduced
(by 40 thousand per cent) the chances of contracting respiratory effects according to the Eco-gauge
inorganic. The environmental damage by fossil fuel consumption represents the highest values in
both assessments, although the methodology in 2002 IMPACT 3 times lower than that in the Eco-
gauge.
4.- References
CONAVI; (2008) Criterios e indicadores para desarrollos habitacionales sustentables; México DF:
Comisión Nacional de la Vivienda, INFONAVIT: http://portal.infonavit.org.mx
EPA (1997) Emisiones al Aire de la Combustión de Llantas Usadas, Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards y Centro de Información sobre Contaminación de Aire (CICA) U.S. –
México, Visita 09-11-12, <http://www.epa.gov/ttn/catc/dir1/tire_esp.pdf>
NMX-SAA-14044-IMNC-2008, (2008) Gestión Ambiental, ACV, Requisitos y Directrices,
Norma Mexicana IMNC, México D.F.
SALAS Espíndola, Hermilo, (1997), El impacto del ser humano en el planeta, Edamex, México.
SUPPEN Nydia, VAN HOOF Bart, 2005, Conceptos básicos del Análisis de Ciclo de Vida y su
aplicación en el Ecodiseño, CADIS, México.
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