7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 1/118
CMNKF
FSZFCNBK
HÁB HF KB ABH_F.
_ F Y N S X B
cnckg:9?:23
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 2/118
p f r b k t b
Abrnb`b Znaf`tb+ 3< bògs+ y su abaâAbrnb Kunzb Znaf`tb hf Zbhub+ 9? bògs.
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 3/118
Runf` af cg`gcfhfshf snfaprf.
Xghb rfkbcnó`fs u` rflbkg.
Kunzb rfpbrtáb su tnfapgf`trf sus mndgs y fk trbobdg.Su mndb+ Abrnb`b+ hfdó hftrbobdbr pbrb fstbr aâscfrcb hf sus `nògs.F` cgapkncnhbh kbs hgscgapbrtf` kb cfrtfzbhf quf+ pbrb sfr abhrf+`g fxnstf` ióraukbs.Fxnstf bagr.
Ifknz pgr kb vnhb.
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 4/118
Buhng Kn`e bsntng wfo
Cg`tf`nhgfxtrb
Cfrrbr Ynhfg
Luá Ló_ u_ o
SNL@NINCBHG HF KGS ÁCG@GS
@bturb tbaonî` tf girfcf kb
vfrsnó` Hnlntbk pbrb tbokfts"
f n`vntbags b hfscbrcblbr kbbpkncbcn` f` ppkf tgrf gtnknzb`hg fk chnlg R_ hfbdg.
R_ CGHF ! Zbrb hfscnirbr fstf cóhnlg+ `fcfsntbs tf`fr cfkukbrg tbokft cg` câabrb y fk bpkncbtnvg kfctgr n`stbkbhg.
fkvf b kbnkngtfcbhg`hf sf
f`cf`trb` tghbs kbsfhncng`fs.
fsknzbmgrnzg`tbkaf`tf
pgr fk scrgkk
pbrb `b `fvbab`frb hf`bvflbr.
oscb cbptkgspgr pbkbrbs
`vnb fk kn`e hf kb _fvnstbbtrb pgr f!abnk
fsknzb
mgrnzg`tbkaf`tfpbrb `bvflbr f`trf kbs pâln`b
Zbrb mbcfr zggan` 'gt tgcbrâpnhbaf`tf? vfcfs kbpb`tbkkb g hfsknzbkgs hfhgs.
gcb kb pb`tbkkb2 vfz pbrb kkbabr
kb brrb hf`bvflbcn`.
?
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 5/118
·Frfs Cg`suktgr'b7
mBz CKNCe y CG@YNîrtFtF F@
CG@SuKtGr'B.
gapkftb fk igraukbrng y sôabtf
cgag g`suktgr'b.
BCCFSG F]CKuSNYG CG@SuKtGr'B.
_fbknzb tu pfhnhg g`kn`f f` an`utgs.
·Fstâs n@tF_FsbHG F@ CGap_b_@uFst_Gs p_GHuCtGs7
g`tâctbtf cg` tu g`suktgr'b
bturb y fapnfzb b hnsirutbr fk
onf`fstbr quf tf orn`hb` `ufstrgs
prghuctgs.
F@CuF@trB F@ IBCFoGGe
tu CG@SuKtGr'B aâS
CFrCB@G'B.
mBz CKNCe
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 6/118
@BXV_BFEGS3?
@BXV_BABAÂ OFOÎ
69
@BXV_BF_YB HGCF
68
_FYNSXB @BXV_B FS V@B ZVOKNCBCNÓ@ HF @BXV_B CGSAÎXNCGS SB HN_NLNHB B CG@SVKXG_BS+ CG@SVKXG_FS+ CG@SVANHG_FS ^ HFAÂSZÔOKNCG _FKBCNG@BHG CG@ @BXV_B KBS Z_GAGCNG@FS ^ KGS Z_GHVCXGS GI_FCNHGS SG@ YÂKNHGS ZB_B FK CNCKG :9'?:23+ G ONF@ MBSXBBLGXB_ F]NSXF@CNBS KGS Z_FCNGS HF FSXF ABXF_NBK SG@ SGKBAF@XF SVLF_F@CNBS RVF KFS GI_FCFAGS B CG@SVKXG_BS ^ CG@SVKXG_FS HF@BXV_B+ RVNF@FS SG@ BOSGKVXBAF@XF KNO_FS HF _FYF@HF_ KGS Z_GHVCXGS CG@ KGS Z_FCNGS RVF AÂS KFS CG@YF@LB@ SN XÔ @G FSXÂS
SBXNSIFCMG CG@ KGS Z_GHVCXGS HF @BXV_B+ ZVFHFS CBAONB_KGS G ZFHN_ FK _FFAOGKSG CGG_HN@BCNÓ@ B@H_ÎS SÂ@CMFT KGTB@G ^CB_GKN@B AGG_F Z_GHVCCNÓ@ B_NTG@BKBXN@ _FSZG@SBOKF KGVNSF HG@BHFK+ LBO_NFKB FSCBANKKB CG@CFZXG C_FBXNYG B_NTG@BKBXN@Z_G^FCXG L_ÂINCG ONTV HFSNL@ X_BHVCCNÓ@ CF@X_G KBXN@G HF KÁ@LVBS -CKK. NAZ_FSNÓ@ _FZ_GHVCCNG@FS IGXGAFCÂ@NCBS SB HF CYKGS CGKG_FS HF KGS Z_GHVCXGS ZVFHF@ YB_NB_ F@ KB NAZ_FSNÓ@ @bturb Cgsaîtncgs SB fs kb tntukbr hf cubkqunfr hfrfcmg hf prgpnfhbh n`tfkfctubk y hfbutgr sgorf fk cg`tf`nhg hf fstb _fvnstb y sf rfsfrvb tghgs sus hfrfcmgs @bhb hf kg n`ckunhg g cg`tf`nhg bquá+ tbkfs cgag abtfrnbk prgtflnhg pgr hfrfcmgs hf butgr+abrcbs+ kglgs y hfaâs n`grabcnó` sgorf kb cubk rfcbnlb u` hfrfcmg hf prgpnfhbh n`tfkfctubk+ n`ckuyf`hg pfrg `g knantbhg b tfxtgs+ gtglrbábs+ nkustrbcng`fs y kb tgtbknhbhhf kgs cg`tf`nhgs hf kb _fvnstb+ pghrâ sfr rfprghucnhg+ bktfrbhg+ aghnicbhg cgag u`b gorb hfrnvbhb+ rfhnstrnounhg+ trb`santnhg g usbhg pbrb i`fs cgafrcnbkfs+ f`tghg g f` pbrtf+ f` cubkqunfr grab g nhngab g pgr cubkqunfr afhng+ fkfctró`ncg g afcâ`ncg+ n`ckuyf`hg gtgcgpnbhg+ lrbobcnó` g pgr cubkqunfr gtrg afhng ôtnk pbrblubrhbr n`igrabcnó` g rfcupfrbrkb+ sn` butgrnzbcnó` prfvnb+ fxprfsb y pgr fscrntg hf @bturb Cgsaîtncgs S.B. Cubkqunfr usg `g bprgpnbhg hfk cg`tf`nhg hf fstb _fvnstb fstâprgmnonhg yb quf pufhf vngkbr kb kflnskbcnó` bpkncbokf f` kb abtfrnb y sfr hf`u`cnbhg b`tf kbs butgrnhbhfs cgrrfspg`hnf`tfs
LB_B@XÁB @BXV_B4 S@BC ! SF_YNCNG @BXV_B HF BXF@CNÓ@ BK CG@SVANHG_ XFK4 :2=:: =>: >?>8 ! \\\@BXV_BCGAA]CG_ZG_BXNYG @BXV_B AÎ]NCG FDÎ_CNXG @BCNG@BK 6<>+ GINCN@B AFTB@N@F!C+ CGK L_B@BHB+ AÎ]NCG HI+ CZ 226?:
@BXV_BCM_G@GS
??
Zrgagcng`fs b kg kbrlg hf kgs cbpátukgsÁ@HNCF
BKCGMGK YFLFXBK G_LÂ@NCGKb abygr pbrtf hf `ufstrbs cgkg`nbs y hfsghgrb`tfs f` sprby cg`tnf`f` bkcgmgk vflftbk grlâ`ncg f` suóraukb Zgr fsg+ kgs prghuctgs cbusb` af`gs napbctg f` kb bturbkfzb
@G _FBKNTBAGS Z_VFOBS F@ B@NABKFS
Hfshf fk bòg ?::9+ frrbhncbags cgapkftbaf`tf kbs prufobs f` b`nabkfs Zbrb fkkg+ rfbknzbags u`b lrb`n`vfrsnó` f` tfc`gkgláb y cbpbcntbcnó` n`tfr`b quf lbrb`tnzb kb sflurnhbh `fcfsbrnb f` `ufstrgs prghuctgs
Z_GHVCXGS CG@ _FZVFSXGS
Iunags u`bs hf kbs prnafrbs faprfsbs hf cgsaîtncgs hf Baîrncb Kbtn`b quf kb`zó rfpufstgs f` susprghuctgs+ f` 2>=3 Fstgs cg`suaf` af`gs abtfrnb prnab quf kgs f`vbsfs `grabkfs
@BXV_BZKB@X
98
@BXV_B@BXV_Î
6=
ZF_IVAF_ÁB<:
@BXV_BIGXGFRVNKÁO_NG
@BXV_BC_FF_ ZB_B YF_>?
@BXV_BV@B
2::
@BXV_BYNYB
>8
FSZFCNBKHÁB HF KBABH_F
Zrglrbabs+ prgyfctgs f nhfbs n`spnrbhgrbsquf prgaufvf` fk onf` fstbr onf` hf `ufstrb sgcnfhbh
9
Naprfsg pgr _fprghuccng`fs Igtgafcâ`ncbs+ SB hfCY cg` hgancnkng f` Hfagcrbcnbs @g 229 Cgk Sb`Anlufk Bab`tkb+ Hfkflbcnó` Bzcbpgtzbkcg+ CZ :?<::+Aîxncg HICfrtnicbhg f` kb cbhf`b hf custghnbSLS@B!CGC!::332?
9:
@BXV_BSÍYF
>:
@BXV_BXGHGHNB
89
CVNHBHGSZB_B FK MGAO_F
=9
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 7/118
• Cg`gcf kb rfvnstb @bturb Hnlntbk.N`lrfsb b www.`bturb.cga.ax
• Cg`gcf kb vfrsnó` hf kb _fvnstb @bturb¡pbrb nZbh y nZmg`f" Bccfhfb Bppkf Stgrf y obdb kb bpkncbcnó`.
• R_ Cghf – Bccfhf b ufstrg sntng wfo hfshf
tu cfkukbr. Zbrb usbr fstf cóhnlg fcfsntbs u`
cfkukbr cg` câabrb y kb bpkncbcnó` hf R_ cghf
n`stbkbhb. Bpu`tb kb câabrb mbcnb fk cóhnlg
y bprgvfcmb tghg fk cg`tf`nhg hnspg`nokf.
MB^ AÂS F@ N@XF_@FX• F`cuf`trb kbs gvfhbhfs hf @bturbf` kbs rfhfs sgcnbkfs4
bcfogge.cga'`bturb
J`bturbWafxncg
ygutuof.cga'`bturbax
www.pn`tfrfst.cga'`bturbkbtba
¡Oôscb`gs"
¡Bprgvfcmb u`b rfvnstb rfpkftb hf gpgrtu`nhbhfs"
FSZFCNBK HÁB HF KB ABH_F
BAÓ ]GHÓ
Kb ká`fb Baó prfsf`tbu` `ufvg fbu hf tgnkfttffaf`n`g+ cg` u` hfkncbhgbrgab b kbvb`hb y u`cmb`tnkky mnhrbtb`tfcgrpgrbk f` u`b fxckusnvbcbdb hf rflbkg. Hfscuorfaâs sgorf fstf kb`zbanf`tgf` kb pâln`b 26.
XGHG HNB DBTAÁ@Kkflbrg` kgs prghuctgs Xghghnb Dbzaá`+ hf rblb`cnb igrbk yf`vgkvf`tf. Hfscuorfkgs f` hgsents fxckusnvgs pbrb fk háb hf kb
abhrf+ f` kbs pâln`bs 2? y 23.
_VOG_ ZF_KBS XG@BKNTB@XFS Xf prfsf`tbags fk `ufvg ruogr hf @bturb V@Bcg` ffctg org`cfbhg+ tu pnfk kucnrâ cg` bspfctg`bturbk y sbkuhbokf tghg fk bòg. @g tf pnfrhbskb prgagcnó` f` kb pâln`b 2:3.
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 8/118
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 9/118
_flbkg @bturb
FEGS ZNXB@LB
Z_FXB• 2 `îctbr mnhrbtb`tf cgrpgrbk – ?6: akF]CKVSNYG
• 2 irfscgr hf pntb`lb prftb – 26: akgrbk | rfirfscb`tf | mgdbs hf pntb`lb• 2 cbdb fspfcnbk abhrfs
( ?>>.::-8:6=3.
<
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 10/118
_flbkg @bturb
XGHGHNB ZF_B• 2 mnhrbtb`tf hf obòg
cg` f`dubluf – 3:: ak
F]CKVSNYG
• 2 mnhrbtb`tf cgrpgrbk – 8:: akF]CKVSNYG
• 2 cbdb fspfcnbk abhrfs
(?8>.::-8:6=9.
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 11/118
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 12/118
_flbkg @bturb
FEGS AB_BCV^• 2 pukpb mnhrbtb`tf pbrb pnfr`bs y pnfs – 2:: l
• 2 dboó` káqunhg pbrb fk cufrpg – ?6: ak
• 2 `îctbr mnhrbtb`tf pbrb fk cufrpg – 8:: ak
• 2 cbdb fspfcnbk hf spb F]CKVSNYBAfhnhbs4 K ?<+6 x B ?8 x B = ca
(3<6.::-8:?6=.
2:
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 13/118
22
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 14/118
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 15/118
_flbkg @bturb
XGHGHNB DBTAÁ@• 2 fxigknb`tf cgrpgrbk – 2>: l
F]CKVSNYG
• 2 mnhrbtb`tf cgrpgrbk – 8:: ak
• ? dbog`fs f` obrrb absbdfbhgrfs – >: l c'uF]CKVSNYG
• 2 cbdb fspfcnbk abhrfs
( ?=>.::-8:?92.
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 16/118
Kb cbdb hf Baó trbf u` pgrtbrrftrbtgs.
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 17/118
_flbkg @bturb
BAÓ ]GHÓ• 2 cgkg`nb ifaf`n`b
Baó ]ghó – <6 ak
• 2 cmb`tnkky mnhrbtb`tf
cgrpgrbk – ?:: l• 2 cbdb hf rflbkg
fspfcnbk baó xghó
F]CKVSNYB
Afhnhbs4 K 9+6 x B 2=+6 xB 28+6 ca
( 3>:.::-8:6=8.
26
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 18/118
_flbkg @bturb
CM_G@GS• 2 crfab utrntnvb b`tnsfòbkfs pgkntf`sgr
hf sgyb `gcmf – 6: l
• 2 lfk crfab b`tnsfòbkfs pgkntf`sgr hf
sgyb háb IZS 26 – 6: l• 2 cbdb fspfcnbk abhrfs
(39>.::
3:% -8:?93.
86% -8:6=2.
9:% -8:6=?.
29
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 19/118
_flbkg @bturb
ÂLVBS ZÎXBKGSHF YBN@NKKB• 2 cgkg`nb ifaf`n`b – 26: ak
hukcf | rfirfscb`tf | vbn`nkkbF]CKVSNYB
• 2 cbdb fspfcnbkAfhnhbs4 C 9+6 x K ?2 x B 22 ca
( 2=6.::-8:6=<.
2<
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 20/118
2=
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 21/118
_flbkg @bturb
ABAB OFOΕ 2 luáb hf onf`vf`nhb
• 2 iunhg hf knapnfzb – ?:: ak
• 2 ókfg hf mnlnf`f – 2:: ak
• 2 tbkcg f` crfab – 96 l• 2 fapbquf hf tgbkkntbs
môafhbs – 6: u`nhbhfs
• 2 `fcfsfr
Afhnhbs4 C = x K ?9+6 x B ?: caF]CKVSNYG
( 8>>.::-8:?9?.
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 22/118
_flbkg @bturb
SÍYF BKAF@H_BSHVKCFS
• 2 bcfntf cgrpgrbk – ?:: ak• 2 cgkg`nb – 2:: ak
F]CKVSNYBigrbk | sf`subk
• 2 cbdb fspfcnbk abhrfs
(??9.::-8:?6>.
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 23/118
Xu rflbkg bô`
AÂS FSZFCNBK
Xf girfcfags u`b cbdb
fxckusnvb pbrb bcgapbòbr
tus rflbkgs y mbcfrkgs aâsfspfcnbkfs
Cbdb fspfcnbk ABH_FS
• 2 pbquftf cg` 8 cbdbs
Afhnhbs4 K 28 x B ?2+6 x B =+6 ca
(?6.::-8268<.
?2
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 24/118
@
B X V _ B C M _
G @ G S
_f`btb Ku`brhfkkn+ 8=
00 KNAZNB_
Fauksnó` crfagsbhf knapnfzb – 26: ak
( ?=:.::-?:>68.
rfpufstg ( ??8.:: -?:>8>.
Knapnb kb pnfk sn blrfhnrkb@g prfcnsb f dubluf
pnfk `grabkb sfcb
pnfk lrbsb
pnfk anxtbb lrbsb
_faufvf rfsnhugs
sn` blrfhnr kb pnfk y
prgpgrcng`b subvnhbh.
2 Byuhb b rfagvfr kgs rfsnhugs hfk háb b háb+ cgag fkabqunkkbdf+ kb cg`tban`bcnó` y fk suhgr+sn` blrfhnr kb pnfk.
Z_FZB_BCNÓ@
knapnbr+ hfsabqunkkbr+ fxgknbr y tg`nicbr
X_BXBANF@XGCGSAÎXNCGZB_B KB ZNFK
@bturb Cmrg`gs fs u`b ká`fbhf prghuctgs quf vbkgrb kb
n`hnvnhubknhbh y cunhb kb pnfk f`cubkqunfr ftbpb hf kb vnhb Xghg pgrafhng hf kb afdgr cgaon`bcnó`hf bctnvgs y tfc`gkglábs pbrbquf pufhbs fkflnr fk trbtbanf`tgcgsaîtncg aâs bhfcubhg pbrbcbhb u`b hf tus `fcfsnhbhfs@bturb Cmrg`gs.
Mby u`g pbrb tu mnstgrnb.
@
B X V _ B C M _
G @ G S
Dboó` f` lfk hfknapnfzb n`tf`snvb 28: l
( ?=:.::
-?:>62.
rfpufstg ( ??8.:: -?=<8=.Knapnb prgiu`hbaf`tfkgs pgrgs y fxigknb kbpnfk subvfaf`tf
Fspuabhf knapnfzb
rfirfscb`tf – 26: ak
( ?=:.::-?:=63.
rfpufstg ( ??8.::
-?:=68._faufvf napurfzbs y
rfirfscb kb pnfk
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 25/118
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 26/118
?8
Aâscbrb hf mnhrbtbcnó`
n`tf`snvb – 6: l( ?:9.::-?:>6<.
Mnhrbtb kb pnfk pgr?8 mgrbs+ prgpgrcng`b`hgsubvnhbh y kuan`gsnhbh
Sîrua
cg`cf`trbhg – 3: ak( 8>>.::-?:>66.
Bktb cg`cf`trbcnó`hf bctnvgs quf subvnzbsfòbkfs y prgpgrcng`b u`ffctg tf`sgr n afhnbtg
_GSX_G
Â_FB F]CFSNYBAF@XF_FSFCB
_GSX_G
SFÒBKFSN@XF@SBS
X_BXBANF@XG CGSAÎXNCG FSZFCÁINCG F N@XF@SNYGHfspuîs hf prfpbrbr kb pnfk+ fs mgrb hf cgapkfaf`tbr fk trbtbanf`tg cgsaîtncg.
·Sboábs quf cbhb rflnó` hfk rgstrg f`vfdfcf hf u` aghg hnifrf`tf7 Fs pgr fsg quf f`fstb ftbpb hfofs fscglfr prghuctgs bhfcubhgs pbrb kbs `fcfsnhbhfs aâs
fspfcáicbs hf tu pnfk. Nhf`tnácbkbs.
?
VSB_ ? YFCFS ZG_ SFAB@BHFDB_ BCXVB_ ZG_6 AN@VXGS _FXN_B_ CG@BKLGHÓ@ MÔAFHG
BXF@VBCNÓ@ HFKÁ@FBS HF F]Z_FSNÓ@ F@XGHBS KBS _FLNG@FSHFK _GSX_G$
>2&
<<&FIFCXG XF@SG_N@AFHNBXG $
2::&AFDG_B KB
MNH_BXBCNÓ@HF KB ZNFK $
@BXV_BCM_G
@GS
BCKB_BANF@XGHF KB ZNFK $$$
=:&
2::&AFDG_B HF KBKVAN@GSNHBH HF KB ZNFK $$
VSB_ HV_B@XF KB@GCMF+ HF HÁB VXNKNTB_Z_GXFCXG_ SGKB_
><&FIFCXG XF@SG_N@AFHNBXG $$
Sîrua n`tf`snvgbckbrbhgr b`tnsfòbkfs – 3: l
( 666.::-3:=?8.
Bckbrb+ gtgrlb u`ngranhbh fnkuan`b kb pnfk Subvnzb kbssfòbkfs y buaf`tb kb irafzb
Cmrg`gs Zmbrab
_GSX_G
Â_FBS GSCV_FCNHBS
$ _ f s u k t b h g s
o b s b h g s f ` k b p f r c f p c n ó ` h f a f d g r b h f k b p n f k h f k b s v
g k u ` t b r n b s q u f
u t n k n z b r g ` k g s
p r g h u c t g s .
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 27/118
?6
Crfab pbrb kbongsy cg`tgr`g hf kbongs – 26 l
-?:>69.
KBONGS_FSFCBANF@XG SFÒBKFS BCF@XVBHBS
AFDG_B HFK_FSFCBANF@XGHF KGS KBONGS $
==&
<=&BXF@VBCNÓ@ HFB__VLBS ^ KÁ@FBSHF F]Z_FSNÓ@ $
Fauksnó` b`tnsfòbkfsrfbirabhgrb pbrbcg`tgr`g hf gdgs – 26 l
( ?>>.:: -?:>6=.
Hnsnaukb y subvnzb ogksbs+gdfrbs y sfòbkfs Zrgpgrcng`bffctg tf`sgr n afhnbtg
GDGSGDF_BS+ OGKSBS^ KÁ@FBS HF F]Z_FSNÓ@
HNSNAVKBN@AFHNBXBAF@XFKBS GDF_BS $
9<&
Crfab hf knapnfzbong!fxgknb`tf – 26: ak
( 2>>.::
-29<>?.Fxgknb y rfaufvfcîkukbs aufrtbs fnapurfzbs hf kb pnfk
Sîrua cgrpgrbkong!rfhuctgr – 2:: ak
( 89>.:: -292?<.
( 3<<.:: -29=36.
Byuhb b rfhucnr afhnhbs+ bsá cgagkb bpbrnf`cnb hf kb pnfk hf brb`db
Crfab pbrb ab`gsong!rflf`frbhgrbIZS 26 – 6: l
( ?2>.::-29=3=.
Hfvufkvf kb irafzby fkbstncnhbh b kb pnfkhf kbs ab`gs
CVF_ZG@bturb Cmrg`gs Cufrpg
Xrbtbr fk rgstrg hnbrnbaf`tf fs fsf`cnbk pbrb u`b pnfksbkuhbokf. Zfrg tu cufrpg tbaonî` rfqunfrf hf cunhbhgsfspfcnbkfs. Bquá f`cg`trbrâs tghb kb tfc`gkgláb
@bturb Cmrg`gs pbrb fk cufrpg f`tfrg.
@ B X V _ B C M _ G
@ G S
rfpufstg
@ B X V _ B C M _ G
@ G S
@ B X V _ B Z _ G A
G C N G @ F S
8:& hf hfscuf`tg
f` kb crfab pbrb kbongs
Hf4 ( ?>>.::
2<>39
8 : & h f h f
sc u f t g
_fstburb y prgtflf kgs kbongscg`trb fk rfsfcbanf`tg y kbslrnftbs+ y subvnzb kbs sfòbkfs
$ $ Z g r c f ` t b d f h f v
g k u ` t b r n b s f ` k b s c u b k f s k b a f d g r á b i u f p f r c n o n h b c k á ` n c b a f ` t f u t n k n z b ` h g f k C m r g ` g s Z m b r a b B c k b r b h g r B ` t n s f ò b k f s .
$ $ $ Z g r c f ` t b d f h f
v g k u ` t b r n b s q u f p f r c n o n f r g ` a f d g r á b u t n k n z b ` h g f k
C m r g ` g s Z m b r a b B c k b r b h g r B ` t n s f ò b k f s c g a o n ` b h g c g ` u ` p r g t f c t g r s g k b r .
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 28/118
i p s26
Lfk f` crfab b`tnsfòbkfspgkntf`sgr hf sgyb háb IZS 26 – 6: l
( 38>.::
rfpufstg( ?9>.::
Zrgpgrcng`b irafzb b kb pnfkCg` IZS 26
3:% bògs -36:?<. rfpufstg -36:?=.
86% bògs -36:?>. rfpufstg -36:3:.
9:% bògs -36:32. rfpufstg -36:3?.
=>&AÂS IN_AFTB HF KB ZNFKCG@ FK VSG CG@XN@VG
AFDG_B HF KBBZB_NF@CNB HF KB ZNFK
>9& >:&ZNFK AÂS KNSB V@NIG_AF
BCXNYGS 3:% 86 % 9:%
pgkntf`sgr hf sgyb4irafzb n`afhnbtb
hfraglkncáhfgs4 aâsirafzb+ af`gs ká`fbs hf fxprfsnó`
fkbstn`gk % r4 af`gs sfòbkfs
3MNH_BXBCNÓ@Fstb fs kb ftbpb aâs napgrtb`tf hfk trbtbanf`tg cgsaîtncg bcnbk+ yb quf ab`tnf`f kb pnfk prgtflnhb
y sbkuhbokf. @bturb Cmrg`gs grfcf hnfrf`tfs gpcng`fs hf mnhrbtbcnó`. Fscglf kb tuyb.
Cmrg`gs Zgkntf`sgr hf Sgyb
MNH_BXBCNÓ@ B@XNSFÒBKFS
Zbrb qunf` sf prfgcupb pgr buaf`tbr kb
irafzb hf kb pnfk y qunfrf u` prghuctg
bhfcubhg pbrb su fhbh. Xrbtbanf`tg
cgsaîtncg cgapkftg pbrb fk háb
y pbrb kb `gcmf.
X_NZKF IN_AFTB ZB_B KB ZNFK
ZNFK CG@2'8 AÂS HFCGKÂLF@G
X_NZKFIN_AFTB
FIFCXGXF@SG_
N@AFHNBXG
?9
@BXV_BCM_G
@GS
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 29/118
Lfk crfab b`tnsfòbkfspgkntf`sgr hf sgyb `gcmf – 6: l
( 38>.::
rfpufstg
( ?9>.::
3:% bògs -39?=9. rfpufstg -39?=?.
Zrgpgrcng`b `utrncnó` y rff`frlnzb kb pnfk
86% bògs -36:33. rfpufstg -36:38.
Byuhb f` kb rfcg`struccnó` hf kb pnfk
BCXNYGS 86%
Nsgibvg`bs hf sgyb4rfcg`struccnó` y rffqunknorng
BCXNYGS 3:%
Zfptáhfgs hfbrrgz4 afdgrb` fkbspfctg hf kb pnfk
?3& aâs fcg`óancg<6& af`gs
napbctg baonf`tbk
GZCNÓ@
CG@ _FZVFSXG
Bhrnb`b Abtgsg+ 39
?<
@ B X V _ B C M _ G
@ G S
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 30/118
@BXV_BCM_G
@GS
?=
Znfk cg` ouf`b bpbrnf`cnb+ sn`kbs prnafrbs sfòbkfs vnsnokfshf f`vfdfcnanf`tg
Z_NAF_GS cunhbhgsZ_GHVCXGSZB_B FK HÁB
-?:>6?.-?:>8=.
Zrfvnf`fhbògs y prnafrbssfòbkfs.
_f`btbKu`brhfkkn+ 8=
Ifr`b`hb@glufnrb+ 33
B`hrfssbFstfvfs+ ?6
F H V B _ H G H
F K I N A
X B
X F _ E B
X B X F _ E B
Crfabb`tnsfòbkfs ?6%
IZS 26 – 3: l ( 8?9.::
( 3?:.::
Crfab
b`tnsfòbkfs 3:%
IZS 3: – 3: l
( 8>:.::
( 39=.::
Crfab
b`tnsfòbkfs 86%
IZS 3: – 3: l
( 8>:.::
( 39=.::
MNH_BXBCNÓ@ B@XNSFÒBKFS
Zbrb qunf` qunfrf u`b mnhrbtbcnó` b`tnsfòbkfscgapkftb+ cg` kb afdgr cgaon`bcnó` hf
bctnvgs y kb aâs bktb tfc`gkgláb pbrb cbhbfhbh f n`tf`snhbh hf sfòbkfs.
XGHGS KGS OF@FINCNGSF@ V@ SGKG Z_GHVCXG • ? YFCFS AÂS MNH_BXBCNÓ@$
• AÂS IN_AFTB
• Z_GXFCCNÓ@ SGKB_ IZS 3: VYB$
• AF@GS SFÒBKFS• OKGRVFG HF KGS _BHNCBKFS KNO_FS
OF@FINCNGS
$ Sókg f` kbs crfabs b`tnsfòbkfs 3:%+ 86% y 9:%
Z_FYF@CNÓ@
_F@GYBCNÓ@
_FFRVNKNO_NG
_FSVKXBHGSF@
< hábs$$
rfpufstg
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 31/118
@ B X V _ B C M _ G
@ G S
?>
Bpbrncnó` hf kbs prnafrbs ká`fbs hffxprfsnó` y ibcnhfz kfvf hf kb pnfk
Zrfvnf`fpfqufògshbògs+ rfhucf tf`sng`fs y trbtb sfòbkfskfvfs.
-32>8=.
-32>8<.
Hnsan`uyfkbs sfòbkfsy rffqunknorb kbpnfk.-32>88.
-32>83.
Bpbrncnó` hf sfòbkfs+ ká`fbshf fxprfsnó` y ibcnhfz aghfrbhbhf kb pnfk
Sfòbkfs bcf`tubhbs+ aucmbs ká`fbshf fxprfsnó`+ ibcnhfz n`tf`sb ypîrhnhb hf kb rfsnstf`cnb hf kb pnfk
Zrgpgrcng`b aâsrafzb y trbtbkbs sfòbkfs hff`vfdfcnanf`tg.-32>89.
-32>86.
Orn`hb rafzb+hnsan`uyf sfòbkfsy rffqunknorbkb pnfk.-32>8?.
-32>82.
Orn`hb rfsnstf`cnb+ trbtb sfòbkfs hff`vfdfcnanf`tg y rffqunknorb kb pnfk.-32>8:.
-32>3>.
Xu rgstrg `g fs nlubk bk rgstrg hf bklunf` quf tnf`f tu ansabfhbh. Cbhb u`g tnf`f u`b mnstgrnb+ u` fstnkg hf vnhb y mâontgsquf n`tfrfrf` f` fk aghg f` quf kb pnfk f`vfdfcf.
Bprf`hf b fscglfr tu mnhrbtbcnó` b`tnsfòbkfs4
2. Nhf`tncb tu rb`lg hf fhbh4 ?6+ 3:+ 86+ ó 9: bògs.
?.Yfrncb kb n`tf`snhbh hf tus sfòbkfs+ cg`snhfrb`hgfk lrbhg hf ibcnhfz y kb cb`tnhbh hf brrulbs f` kb pnfk.
Bccfhf b www.`bturbcmrg`gs.cga.axy cg`gcf aâs sgorf kgs prghuctgs
hf kb ká`fb y sus of`fcngs
$$ _fsuktbhgs gotf`nhgs cg` obsf f` kb pfrcfpcnó` hf afdgrb hf kbs vgku`tbrnbs quf utnknzbrg` fk prghuctg
ZGCBS sfòbkfs Sfòbkfs AVCMBS sfòbkfs@
B X V _ B C M _ G
@ G S
?3& aâs fcg`óancg<6& af`gs
napbctg baonf`tbk
GZCNÓ@CG@ _FZVFSXG
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 32/118
@BXV_BCM_G
@GS Bquá+ pufhfs fscglfr pgr kb fhbh f n`tf`snhbh hf sfòbkfs.
Mby u`b crfab n`hncbhb pbrb cbhb ftbpb hf tu vnhb.
Orn`hb irafzb+grtbkfcf kb obrrfrb hfprgtfccnó` hf kb pnfk y
trbtb br rulbs.
-3?::?. -3?::2.
_fstburbcnó` yrffqunknornghf kb pnfk anf`trbshufrafs
Oftty Ag`tfnrg+ 9?
X B X F _ E B
MNH_BXBCNÓ@ B@XNSFÒBKFSXGHGS KGS OF@FINCNGS
F@ V@ SGKG Z_GHVCXG
• ? YFCFS AÂS MNH_BXBCNÓ@$
• AÂS IN_AFTB
• Z_GXFCCNÓ@ SGKB_ IZS 3: ^ VYB$
• AF@GS SFÒBKFS
• OKGRVFG HF KGS
_BHNCBKFS KNO_FS
OF@FINCNGS
$ Sókg f` kbs crfabs b`tnsfòbkfs 3:%+ 86%+ 9:% y <:%
$$ _fsuktbhgs gotf`nhgs cg` obsf f` kb pfrcfpcnó` hf afdgrb hf kbs vgku`tbrnbs qufutnknzbrg` fk prghuctg
@GCMF_FSXBV_BCNÓ@
Bpbrncnó` hf sfòbkfs+ká`fbs hf fxprfsnó` y ibcnhfzaghfrbhb hf kb pnfk
Sfòbkfs
IVF_TB
_FSVKXBHGSF@
< hábs$$
ZB_BXGHBS KBSfhbhfs
rfpufstg
Crfab b`tnsfòbkfs
9:% IZS 3: 3: l
( 8>:.::
( 39=.::
Crfab
b`tnsfòbkfs
`gctur`b – 3: l( 8>:.::
-?:>33.
(39=.::
-?:>39.
3:
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 33/118
Mnhrbtb`tfprgtfctgr hnbrng
pbrb rgstrg – 6: ak ( 2=>.::
P _ G X F
CCNÓ @ V
Y B
I G X G
F S X B O K F
? 8 m r s
.
Háb -369=8. @gcmf -398??.
tfxturb knvnb`bZ_GOBHGS+ HF_ABXGKÓLNCBAF@XF
^ GIXBKAGKÓLNCBAF@XF
@ B X V _ B C M _ G
@ G S
@ V F Y G
@ B X V _ B C M _ G
@ G S
@ B X V _ B C M _ G
@ G S
3MNH_BXBCNÓ@ CM_G@GS M^H_BZbrb qunf` qunfrb mnhrbtbr y prgtflfr kb pnfk+ bhfaâs hf prfvf`nr fk f`vfdfcnanf`tg prfcgz+Cmrg`gs Myhrb girfcf u`b sgkucnó` cgapkftb hf mnhrbtbcnó` cg` u`b tfxturb kfvf hfrâpnhb bosgrcnó` quf `g hfdb kb pnfk lrbsb. N`hncbhg pbrb tghgs kgs tnpgs hf pnfk.
32
Hurb`tf kb `gcmf tu pnfk
`fcfsntb aâs mnhrbtbcnó`
• Cgapkfaf`tb fk usg hfk
Myhrb IZS 3:
• Bccnó` hfragcbkab`tf
• Znfk sbkuhbokf f mnhrbtbhb
pgr aâs tnfapg.
Hurb`tf fk háb+ mnhrbtb y
prgtflf hfk sgk y hf kbs
blrfsng`fs hnbrnbs
• Mnhrbtbcnó` ?8 mgrbs
• Byuhb b prfvf`nr fk
f`vfdfcnanf`tg prfcgz
• IZS 3:. Zrgtflf cg`trb kgs
rbygs VYB 'VYO.
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 34/118
3?
Fk háb fapnfzb y kb sfkvb fstâ hf
ifstb. F` kg bktg hf kgs bìbnzfnrgs+
kgs blrncuktgrfs cfkforb` kb
kkflbhb hf u`b ufvb cgsfcmb hf
bìbá rfcglnf`hg fk rutg+ quf fs
aucmg aâs quf u` sustf`tg pbrb
kgs pufokgs hf kb Babzg`nb. Zbrb
fkkgs+ fk bìbá fs trbhncnó`. Fs kb
ab`nfstbcnó` hf u`b cukturb qufafrfcf sfr cfkforbhb.
Zukpb mnhrbtb`tf
cgrpgrbk – 8:: ak
( ?86.:: -386=3.
Cgag tghgs kgs irutgs hf kb `bturbkfzb+fstgs prghuctgs fstâ` hnspg`nokfs pgru` pfrághg ô`ncg hfk bòg.Zrufob kbs tfxturbs+ irblb`cnbs y cgkgrfsô`ncgs quf kb cgsfcmb hf fstf bòg `gs
girfcf.
B Ì B Á
3?
KB CG@F]NÓ@ F@X_F MGAO_F ^ @BXV_BKFTB
Xghgs igrabags pbrtf hf u`b lrb` rfh vntbk hf rfkbcng`fs f n`tfrhfpf`hf`cnbN`spnrâ`hg`gs f` kb sbonhuráb pgpukbr+ trb`sigrabags kbs trbhncng`fs f` cgsaîtncgsquf hfspnfrtb` kgs sf`tnhgs y `gs cg`fctb` `ufvbaf`tf cg` `ufstrgs grálf`fs Cg`fsg qufrfags prbctncbr y hniu`hnr kgs prn`cnpngs hfk hfsbrrgkkg sustf`tbokf cgag
iufrzb trb`sigrabhgrb+ cfkforb`hg hf fstb ab`frb kb hnvfrsnhbh hf kb vnhb@bturb Fegs+ vnvf tu bturbkfzb.
@ B X V _
B F E G S
Cg`gCf kb
puoknCnhbh hf fEgS
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 35/118
Cbhb cgsfcmb hf bìbá fs ô`ncb Cbhbprghuctg fs pbrtf hf u` hfscuornanf`tgCg`gcf aâs f www.`bturbfegs.cga.ax
Irfscgr – 26: ak
( ?>:.:: -3898=.irutbk | ibscn`b`tf | bìbá
Zukpb mnhrbtb`tfpbrb ab`gs – <6 l
( 286.:: -386=8.
Bcfntf trniâsncgcgrpgrbk – ?:: ak
( ?3>.:: -386<<. @
B X V _ B F E G S
33
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 36/118
38
Kb pntb`lb fs u` rutg rfcg`gcnhg trbhncng`bkaf`tfcgag sáaogkg hfk cknab trgpncbk orbsnkfòg Sus rutgs`bcf` f` bou`hb`cnb y lf`frbkaf`tf sg` rgdgsy b`brb`dbhgs Lrbcnbs b sus `uafrgsgs cb`bkfsprghuctgrfs hf bcfntfs brgaâtncgs+ sus mgdbs fxmbkb`u` pfruaf subvf+ blrbhbokf y rfrfscb`tf
Z N X B @ L B
@BXV_BFEGS
Dboó` f` obrrbpurg vflftbk pntb`lb3 u`nhbhfs crfagsbs
hf 2:: l cbhb u`b
( 26>.:: -399<>.
Irfscgr pntb`lb – 26: ak$
( ?>:.::-38986. rutbk | vnorb`tf |mgdbs hf pntb`lb
Bcfntf trniâsncg pntb`lb – ?:: ak
( ?3>.:: -386<3.
( 2>2.:: -386<8.
Bcfntf trniâsncgpntb`lbprftb – ?:: ak
( ?3>.:: -3866<.( 2>2.:: -3866=.
Irfscgr pntb`lb prftb – 26: ak$ igrbk | rfrfscb`tf | mgdbs hf pntb`lb( ?>:.:: -38989.
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 37/118
36 rfpufstg
@ B X V _ B F E G S
F]IGKNBCNÓ@SVBYF
Dboó` káqunhgfxigknb`tf pntb`lb?:: ak
( 296.:: -3892<._faufvf kbs cîkukbsaufrtbs hf kb pnfk
I_BLB@CNBI_FSCB ^HV_BHF_B
Dboó` káqunhgpbrb ab`gspntb`lb – ?6: ak
( 29:.:: -389:=. ( 2?=.:: -389:>.
Znfk subvf y pfriuabhb
FSZVABBOV@HB@XF
Dboó` káqunhgpbrb fk cufrpgpntb`lb – ?6: ak
( 28:.:: -3892?.
( 22?.:: -38923.Hfdb kb pnfk subvf
y pfriuabhb
CBOFKKG L_BSG
Bcg`hncng`bhgr pntb`lb – 3:: akZbrb cbofkkg lrbsgHfdb fk cbofkkg knvnb`g( 226.:: -386>2.
( >?.:: -386>3.
Smbapgg pntb`lb – 3:: ak
( 226.:: -386=>.
( >?.:: -386>:.Zbrb cbofkkg lrbsg
Hfdb fk cbofkkg knvnb`g
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 38/118
39
Smbapgg – 3:: ak
( 226.:: -386=6.
( >?.:: -386=9.
@îctbr cg`cf`trbhg
b`tnirnzz – 2:: ak
( 236.:: -3893<.
@îctbr mnhrbtb`tfpbrb kbs ab`gs <6 l
( 286.:: -3869?.Mnhrbtb kbs ab`gs cg` tfxturb knlfrby rfirfscb`tf Hf râpnhb bosgrcnó
Zukpb mnhrbtb`tfpbrb pnfr`bs
y pnfs – 2:: l( 26>.:: -38693.
Mnhrbtb kbs ârfbs aâsrfsfcbs Irblb`cnb irfscb
rfpufstg
CBOFKKG _FOFKHF
^ CG@ I_NTT
Xrbhncng`bkaf`tf cg`gcnhg pgr suvbkgr bknaf`tncng y pgr sus prgpnfhbhfscbkab`tfs+ fstf irutg hf lrb` hnvfrsnhbhfs u` tfsgrg hf utnknhbhfs Fk bcfntf hfabrbcuyâ cg`tnf`f âcnhgs lrbsgs cg`bccnó` fagknf`tf quf hfdb` kb pnfk subvf
A B _ B C V ^ Â
@BXV_BFEGS
@îctbr mnhrbtb`tfpbrb fk cufrpg8:: ak
( ?86.:: -3869:.
( 2>9.:: -38692.
Bcg`hncng`bhgr – 3:: ak
( 226.:: -386=<.
( >?.:: -386==.
39
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 39/118
3<
Dboó` f` obrrbpurg vflftbk – 3 u`nhbhfshf 2:: l cbhb u`b
( 26>.:: -399<=.
Bcfntf trniâsncg – ?:: ak
( ?3>.:: -386<2.
( 2>2.:: -386<?.
Dboó` káqunhgpbrb fk cufrpg – ?6: ak
( 28:.:: -3892:.
( 22?.:: -38922.Nhfbk pbrb u` obòg rfirfscb`tf
Dboó` káqunhg pbrbab`gs – ?6: ak
( 29:.:: -389:9.
( 2?=.:: -389:<.Subvnhbh+ irfscurb
y u`b irblb`cnbhurbhfrb
@ B X V _ B F E G S
Dboó` káqunhgfxigknb`tf
pbrb fk cufrpg – ?:: ak
( 296.:: -38929.Fxigknb subvfaf`tf
kb pnfk rftnrb`hg napurfzbsy cîkukbs aufrtbs
Irfscgr – 26: ak irutbk | subvf | abrbcuyâ
( ?>:.:: -38983.
3<
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 40/118
@BXV_BFEGS
Kfcmf cg`cf`trbhbrfpbrbhgrb hfpu`tbs – 2:: ak
( 236.:: -38?8<.
@bturb Fegs bprf`hnó hfk cg`gcnanf`tg
trbhncng`bk hf kb cbstbòb f` kb cgau`nhbh
hfk Nrbtbpuru
Smbapgg – 3:: ak
( 226.:: -38?82.( >?.:: -38?8?.
3=
CBOFKKG SFCG
G RVFO_BHNTG
Fk ârogk hf kb cbstbòb fs fk rfy hf kb sfkvbbabzó`ncb Hf su irutg sf fxtrbf u`b kfcmfokb`cb y `utrntnvb+ quf fs u`b hf kbs prn`cnpbkfsiuf`tfs hf bknaf`tbcnó` hf kgs pufokgs hf kbrflnó` Hfonhg b kbs prgpnfhbhfs mnhrbtb`tfshfk bctnvg+ kgs prghuctgs girfcf` `utrncnó` fmnhrbtbcnó` b kb pnfk
C B S X B Ò B
@BXV_BFEGS
Bcg`hncng`bhgr – 3:: ak
( 226.:: -38?83.
( >?.:: -38?88.
Aâscbrb mnhrbtb`tf – ?:: l
( ?2:.:: -38939 .
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 41/118
@ B X V _ B F E G S
3>
Zbrb cg`gcfr aâs sgorf kgs `ufvgsprghuctgs `bturb Fegs n`lrfsb b4www`bturbfegscga
_FCVZF_B KBFKBSXNCNHBH^ IG_XBKFCFKB OB__F_BZ_GXFCXG_BHF KB ZNFK
MNH_BXBCNÓ@
^ @VX_NCNÓ@MBSXB ZG_3: MG_BS
SF@SBCNÓ@HF KFCMF
F@ KB ZNFK
Zukpb mnhrbtb`tfpbrb ab`gs – <6 l
( 286.:: -38?89.
Zukpb hf knapnfzbfxigknb`tf pbrb pnfs – 9: l
( 23>.:: -38?86.
Zukpb mnhrbtb`tfpbrb pnfs – <6 l
( 286.:: -3839<.
FSZVABC_FAGSB
@VX_NCNÓ@ IG_XBKFCNANF@XGHF KBS VÒBS
ZNFK AÂSSVBYF
_ÂZNHBBOSG_CNÓ@
Dboó` f` obrrb
purg vflftbk3 u`nhbhfs crfagsbshf 2:: l cbhb u`bfapbcbhbsn`hnvnhubkaf`tf
( 26>.:: -399=?.
Dboó` crfagsgpbrb fk cufrpg – ?6: ak
( 28:.:: -38?6:.
( 22?.:: -38?62.
@ B X V _ B F E G S
Obòg hf kfcmfmnhrbtb`tf – ?:: ak
( ??6.:: -362=6.
Zukpb mnhrbtb`tfpbrb fk cufrpg – 8:: ak
( ?86.:: -38396. ( 2>9.:: -38399.
Irfscgr hf cbstbòb26: ak$hukcf | rfirfscb`tf |cbstbòb( ?>:.:: -3898?.
rfpufstg
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 42/118
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 43/118
Hfk cbcbg sf fxtrbf u`b ab`tfcb auy
mnhrbtb`tf Kgs prghuctgs hf kb ká fb trbtb`
fk cbofkkg auy rfsfcg+mnhrbtâ`hgkg y
ab`tf nf`hg fk vgkuaf obdg cg`trgk.
CBOFKKG AV^ SFCG
^ YGKVAN@GSG
Crfab pbrbpfn`br – 26: ak
( 236.:: -3893=.
Crfab `gctur`bpbrb fk cbofkkg – 26: ak
( 296.:: -3893>.
Aâscbrb
mnhrbtb`tf – ?:: l
( ?2:.:: -38936.
Smbapgg – 3:: ak
( 226.:: -386>8.
( >?.:: -386>6.
Bcg`hncng`bhgr
3:: ak
( 226.:: -386>9.
( >?.:: -386><.
82
@ B X V _ B F E G S
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 44/118
Smbapgg – 3:: ak( 226.::-38962.
( >?.:: -3896?.
Bcg`hncng`bhgr – 3:: ak
( 226.:: -38963.( >?.:: -38968.
Crfab pbrb
pfn`br – 26: ak( 236.:: -362=8.
Dboó` f` obrrbpurg vflftbk
3 u`nhbhfscrfagsbs hf 2:: l
cbhb u`b fapbcbhbsn`hnvnhubkaf`tf
( 26>.:: -399=:.
rfpufstg
CBOFKKG HBÒBHG^ RVÁANCBAF@XFX_BXBHG
@btnvb hf kb Sfkvb Babzó`ncb5 hf sussfankkbs sf mbcf u` bcfntf quf curbtghgs kgs abkfs Zgr sus n``uafrbokfsusgs+ fstf irutg fs u` lrb` banlghf kgs mbontb`tfs hf kb sfkvb
B @ H N _ G O B
Zukpb mnhrbtb`tfpbrb fk cufrpg – 8:: akMnhrbtbcnó` pgrmbstb ?8 mgrbs( ?86.:: -38698.
( 2>9.:: -38699.
8?
@BXV_BFEGS
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 45/118
Zukpb hf
absbdfcgrpgrbk 2:: l
( ?<:.::-38696.
Bcfntf hf absbdfb`hnrgob – 2:: ak
( 29=.:: -386<=.Xfxturb knlfrb Nhfbk
pbrb kb rfkbdbcnó` hfkcufrpg
Bcfntf trniâsncg – ?:: ak
( ?3>.:: -3869>.
( 2>2.:: -386<:.Hfdb kb pnfk pfriuabhby sfhgsb Cg` bcfntfs
vflftbkfs y f`vbsf hf ZFX
@bturb FEGS bprf`hnó hfk cg`gcnanf`tgtrbhncng`bk hf kb b`hnrgob f` kbs cgau`nhbhfshfk Afhng Duruâ
83
@ B X V _ B F E G S
A B X F Y F _ H F
Hg`hf kgs vnf`tgs rágs y ufrtfs sgpkb`+kgs broustgs hf abtf vfrhf crfcf` f`bou`hb`cnb. Cg` u` cufrpg hf `gtbs hfabhfrb y âaobr+ kb n`tf`snhbh y f`frláb hfkabtf vfrhf sf ab`nifstb` f` u`b rblb`cnbhf brgab rfscg y hnstn`lunhg+ pg`nf`hg bkmgaorf f` sn`tg`áb cg` su `bturbkfzb.
Cgkg`nb abtf vfrhfFbu hf tgnkfttf – 2:: ak$
( 3=:.:: -3898<.mfrobk | rfirfscb`tf | abtf vfrhf
Irblb`cnbABSCVKN@B
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 46/118
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 47/118
86
@ B X V _ B F E G S
Blub hf obòg39: ak $
( 3<>.::Orfu orb`cghukcf | hnstn`lunhg | orfu orb`cg-38=?.
Zrnprngcb igrbk | sf`subk | prnprngcb-38=2.
OBÒGS HF B_GABHnsrutb hf u` obòg pfruabhg+ quf borbzb tucufrpg cg` brgabs rfscgs y babhfrbhgsSnf`tf f` kb pnfk rblb`cnbs crfbhbs b pbrtnr hfkgs bcfntfs fsf`cnbkfs utnknzbhgs f` kgstrbhncng`bkfs obògs brgaâtncgs hf Orbsnk
@ B X V _ B Z _ G A G C N G @
F S
3 : & h f h f
sc u f t g
3 : & h f h f
sc u f t g
Hf4 ( 3<>.::
?9623
Hf4 ( 3<>.::
?9623
3:& hf hfscuf`tg
f` Blubs hf obòg
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 48/118
V@ HÁB SNFAZ_F FSZFCNBK
Kgs pfqufògs cunhbhgs hnbrngs sg` u`b fxpfrnf`cnb hf onf`fstbr. Cbhb agaf`tgfs ô`ncg. Cbhb sf`sbcnó` fs fspfcnbk. @bturb Xghghnb fs u`b ká`fb hf cunhbhgspbrb fk cufrpg quf cg`vnvf cg`tnlg hnbrnbaf`tf. _fhfscuorf kgs pfqufògs pkbcfrfsf` cbhb agaf`tg hf tu háb+ tghgs kgs hábs.
@bturb Xghghnb. Hfscuorf fk pkbcfr hf kb rutn`b.
Abrb _nofnrg+ ?3 bògs.
@
B X V _ B X G H G H N B
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 49/118
Dboó` f` obrrb6 u`nhbhfs hf >: l c'u¡KB@TBANF@XG" -3<8?=.
( 23=.::
Mnhrbtb`tfcgrpgrbk – 8:: ak
¡KB@TBANF@XG"( 2=>.:: -3?3=3.
Mnhrbtbcnó` mbstbpgr ?8 mgrbs
XGHGHNB DBTAÁ@
Dboó` káqunhg – 3:: ak
¡KB@TBANF@XG"
-3<8?<.
( 2?>.::¡KB@TBANF@XG"
F`cuf`trb fstgs
prghuctgs f` fstucmfs
napfrhnokfs+ nhfbkfs
pbrb rflbkbr f` fk
háb hf kb abhrf
Hfscôorfkgs f` kbs
pâln`bs 2? y 23
8<
@ B X V _ B X G H G H N B
F`cuf`trb fstgs
prghuctgs f` fstucmfs
napfrhnokfs+ nhfbkfs
pbrb rflbkbr f` fk
háb hf kb abhrf
Hfscôorfkgs f` kbs
pâln`bs 2? y 23
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 50/118
abcbhbanb
pnfk sfcb
-?6>28.
bklghó`
pnfk sfcb
-?6>2:.
mnhrbtbcnó`
?8 mgrbs
Mnhrbtb`tf cgrpgrbk – 8:: ak
( 2=>.::
8=
MNH_BXB@XFS CG_ZG_BKFS
agrb ybkaf`hrbs
pnfk sfcb
-3366:.
Mnhrbtbcnó`
mbstb pgr?8 mgrbs
Cg` u` tgqufnkuan`bhgr
rgafrg y sbkvnb
pnfk `grabk
-?6>26.
Hf4 ( 262.::
>>::c'u
Mnhrbtb`tf cgrpgrbk – 8:: ak
Mnhrbtbcnó` mbstb pgr ?8 mgrbs
@BXV_BXGHGHNB
3 6 & h f h f
sc u f t g
irutbs rgdbspnfk sfcb
-29?=8.@utrf tu pnfk
hf igrab
n`tf`snvbIrblb`cnbrfirfscb`tf
anfk y cfrfbkfspnfk fxtrb sfcb
-29?=:.@utrf kb pnfk hf
ab`frb rfpbrbhgrb
Irblb`cnbcg`igrtbokf
hurbz`gpnfk fxtrb sfcb
-29?=<.@utrf kb pnfk
hf ab`frb
rfpbrbhgrbIrblb`cnbrfirfscb`tf
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 51/118
@ B X V _ B X G H G H N B
anfk y cfrfbkfs
pnfk fxtrb sfcb
-?6>2?.
irutbs rgdbs
pnfk sfcb
-?6>22.
agrb y bkaf`hrbs
pnfk sfcbMht Cgrpgrbk nkuan`bhgr
-3368=.
hurbz`gpnfk fxtrb sfcb
-?6>23.
rfpufstg 8>
Z_FCNG FSZFCNBK f` rfpufstgs mnhrbtb`tfs cgrpgrbkfs$
¡`g tf kg pnfrhbs"
@ B X V _ B X G H G H N B
@ B X V _ B
Z _ G A G C N G @ F S
3 6 & h f
h f sc u f t g
grquáhfbpnfk fxtrb sfcb
-328:?.Irblb`cnb
rfirfscb`tf+ utrf
y rfpbrb kb pnfkfxtrb sfcb
-328?6.
rgafrg y sbkvnbpnfk grabk
-?:6>=.Irblb`cnb
rfirfscb`tf
y knlfrb
abcbhbanbpnfk sfcb
-29?<=.Irblb`cnb
cg`igrtbokf
$Fk rfpufstg hf grqunhfb `g fstâ prgagcng`bhg
bklghó`pnfk sfcb
-??>36.Irblb`cnbsubvf y
cg`igrtbokf
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 52/118
@BXV_BXGHGHNB
6:
MNH_BXB@XFS ZB_BAB@GS ZNFS
Crfab mnhrbtb`tfpbrb kbs ab`gs – 6: ak ( =9.::Mnhrbtb hfdb`hg u`b subvfpfkácukb sgorf kb pnfk qufprgpgrcng`b vntbknhbh y
subvnhbh sn` hfdbrkb lrbsgsb
Crfab mnhrbtb`tfpbrb kgs pnfs – 6: ak
( =9.::@utrf kb pnfk hf kgs pnfs+prn`cnpbkaf`tf f` kbs ârfbsrfsfcbs y cg` cbkkgs Fs hf
tfxturb knlfrb y râpnhb bosgrcnó`
HFSGHG_B@XFS
Hfsghgrb`tfb`tntrb`spnrb`tfrgkk!g` – <: ak
( <>.::
Mnhrbtb`tf nkuan`bhgr pbrbcufkkg+ orbzgs y pnfr`bs.Agrb y bkaf`hrbs – <: l
( 229.:: -336=6.
abcbhbanbpnfk sfcb – pnfs
-29=6?.
cbrbaogkbpnfk sfcb – ab`gs¡ÔKXNAG CNCKG
HF YF@XBS" -3?62>.
abcbhbanb
pnfk sfcb – ab`gs-29?>:.
bklghó` pnfksfcb – pnfs-?8=6=.
bklghó`pnfk sfcb
ab`gs
-?8=6>.
kfcmf hf bklghó`¡ÔKXNAG CNCKG HF YF@XBS"
Irblb`cnb rfcg`igrtb`tf
-9<88.
sn` pfriuaf¡ÔKXNAG CNCKG
HF YF@XBS"
-<>96.
rgafrg y sbkvnb¡ÔKXNAG CNCKGHF YF@XBS"
Irblb`cnb knlfrby rfirfscb`tf
-?96=3.@BXV_BXGHGHNB
6:
¡ÔKXNAG CNCKGHF YF@XBS"
¡ÔKXNAG CNCKGHF YF@XBS"
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 53/118
MNH_BXB@XFS HF OBÒG
Mnhrbtb`tfhf obòg cg`f`dubluf – 3:: ak
( 28>.::
Xus rblb`cnbs prffrnhbspbrb usbr f` fk obòg
bklghó`pnfk sfcb
-?=6>:.Irblb`cnb
cg`grtbokf
agrb y bkaf`hrbs-33<96.Mnhrbtbcnó` n`afhnbtbf n`tf`sb quf fvntb kbrfsfqufhbh hf kb pnfk
irutbs rgdbspnfk sfcb-?>92<.Irblb`cnbrfrfscb`tf
abcbhbanb – pnfk sfcbIrblb`cnb cg`grtbokf-?>92>.
62
Kgs Mnhrbtb`tfs hf obòg hf @bturb
Xghghnb tnf`f` u`b tfxturb iunhb+ cg`
bktb cg`cf`trbcnó` hf bcfntfs vflftbkfs
Igrab` u`b pfkácukb prgtfctgrb quf
ab`tnf`f kb mnhrbtbcnó` hf kb pnfk+
hfdâ`hgkb subvf y pfruabhb
@ B X V _ B X G H G H N B
62
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 54/118
@BXV_BXGHGHNB
6?
DBOG@FS F@ OB__B
Xus irblb`cnbs prfifrnhbs pbrb usbr f` fk obòg
Cg` bcfntf 2::&
vflftbk quf hfdb
kb pnfk subvf
Dboó` f` obrrb purgvflftbkCbdb cg` 6 u`nhbhfs
hf >: l cbhb u`b
( 23=.::
Dboó` f` obrrb purg vflftbkfxigknb`tf grquáhfbCbdb cg` ? u`nhbhfs hf >: l cbhb u`b
( <>.:: -328?8.
irutbs rgdbs-293:?.Irblb`cnb rfirfscb`tf
knaó`
-293:9.Irblb`cnbrfirfscb`tf
bklghó` -??>3<.
Irblb`cnb subvf
y cg`igrtbokf
abcbhbanb
-293:3.Irblb`cnb
cg`igrtbokf
agrb y bkaf`hrbs
-3368>.
Sntng \fo @bturb Xghghnb Cg`suktb tghb kb n`igrabcnó` hf Xghghnb y f`tîrbtf prnafrg
hf sus kb`zbanf`tgs y prgagcng`fs.
N`lrfsb b www.`bturbtghghnb.cga.ax y cg`gcf aâs.
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 55/118
@ B X V _ B X G H G H N B
63
DBOG@FS KÁRVNHGS Dboó` káqunhg pbrbfk cufrpg – 3:: ak
( 2?>.::
grquáhfb fxigknb`tf-328:=.Orn`hb u`bsubvf fxigknbcnó`Irblb`cnb rfirfscb`tf
anfk y cfrfbkfsfxigknb`tf-29329.Orn`hb u`bsubvf fxigknbcnó`
Irblb`cnb cg`igrtbokf
rgafrg y sbkvnb-?:6>>.Irblb`cnb knlfrb yrfirfscb`tf
agrb ybkaf`hrbs-336<>.Xfxturby fspuabcrfagsbs
bklghó`-?=6<:.Irblb`cnbcg`igrtbokf
irutbs rgdbs
-293:>.Irblb`cnbrfirfscb`tf
Kgs dbog`fs @bturb Xghghnb
trb`sigrab` fk obòg f` u`b
fxpfrnf`cnb n`crfáokf
Fkkgs pfriuab` y cunhb` hf
kb pnfk cg` fk cg`igrt hfu`b fspuab subvf y crfagsb
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 56/118
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 57/118
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 58/118
Frneb+ ?=+ y su mndgIfknpf 3 afsfs
Agaf`tg pgst!obòg
Agaf`tg hf onf`fstbr+ cbkab y rfkbdbcnó`f` fk quf kb abaâ mnhrbtb y prgtflf bk ofoî+trb`santnî`hgkf tghg su bagr
Xbkcg f` crfab
prgtfctgr – 96 l
( 2:>.:: -3:866.Fvntb kb nrrntbcnó` f` kgs pknflufshf kb pnfk Zrfvnf`f kb nrrntbcnó`hf kb pnfk hfk ofoî
Kgcnó` mnhrbtb`tf
prgtfctgrb – ?:: ak
( 269.:: -3:868.
69
@BXV_BAB
AÂ^OFOÎ
Smbapgg subvf – ?:: ak
( 2:>.:: -9836.
( =>.:: -99<6.
Knapnb sn` nrrntbr fk cufrg cbofkkuhg
Dboó` vflftbk
? u`nhbhfs hf 2:: l cbhb u`b
( 2:>.:: ->>92. Knapnb y subvnzb kb pnfk hfk ofoîFapbquf cg` ? u`nhbhfs
Bcg`hncng`bhgr subvf26: ak
( 2:>.:: -3:86>. ( =>.:: -3:86=.
Byuhb b hfsf`rfhbrfk cbofkkg Hb ornkkg y subvnhbh
@ B
X V _ B A B A Â ^ O F O Î YÁ@CVKG ABAÂ OFOÎ
B pbrtnr hf kb lfstbcnó` fs quf fk vá`cukg f`trf abhrf f mndg cganf`zb b crfbrsfy sf igrtbkfcf cg` fk tnfapg5 îk sf snf`tf prgtflnhg pgr kb anrbhb+ pgr kb vgz+pgr fk brgab y pgr kbs cbrncnbs hf kb abhrf5 f` kgs agaf`tgs hfk absbdf+ knapnfzbpbsfg y obòg+ fk ofoî crfcf sbkuhbokf y ifknz Cub`tg abygr fs fk vá`cukgf`trf fkkgs+ afdgr sfrâ kb rfkbcnó` hfk `nòg cg`snlg ansag+ cg` sus ibanknbrfs y cg`
kgs gtrgs hurb`tf kb vnhb @bturb Abaâ y Ofoî. Fk Bagr Iu`hbaf`tbk.
Dboó` káqunhg lkncfrn`bhg
hf kb cbofzb b kgs pnfs – ?:: ak( 28:.:: -3:86<. Ióraukb subvf+ `g blrfhfkb pnfk hfk ofoî
rfpufstg
Agaf`tg obòg
Fk obòg fs u` agaf`tg hf pkbcfr y hf n`tfrcbaongF` fstf cgapbrtnr+ kb abaâ y fk ofoî sf cgau`ncb` cg` fkkf`lubdf hfk bifctg+ f`tf`hnî`hgsf y cg`gcnî`hgsf afdgr
Xmnblg+ 9 afsfs ysu abaâ Ikâvnb+ ?>
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 59/118
Agaf`tg knapnfzb
Fs u` agaf`tg quf rfufrzb kb
cg`ib`zb hfk ofoî f` kb abaây kf prgpgrcng`b sflurnhbh y cg`grt
Snf`tf quf snfaprf quf kb `fcfsntf+fkkb fstbrâ bmá
Xgbkkntbs môafhbsfapbquf cg` 6: u`nhbhfs
( >>.:: -2:8:3.
Ikunhg hf knapnfzb – ?:: ak
( 2?>.:: -3:869.
Agaf`tg absbdf
Fk cg`tbctg fs fk prnafr kf`lubdfquf fk ofoî f`tnf`hf Fk rntubk hfkabsbdf fs u` brtf hf hbr y rfcnonrbagr+ mbcf quf fk ofoî crfzcb
cg` aâs butgcg`ib`zb
LVÁB HF ONF@YF@NHBFs u` abtfrnbk n grabtnvg sgorf
fk Bagr Iu`hbaf`tbk N`ckuyffk aîtghg hf absbdf Smb`tbkb+
quf byuhb b grtbkfcfr fk vá cukgf`trf abaâ+ pbpâ y ofoî
Ókfg vflftbk pbrbmnlnf`f y absbdf – 2:: ak
( 28>.:: -9832.
Zfrantf hbr u` absbdfrfkbdb`tf bk ofoî Ynf`f cg`kb Luáb hf Onf`vf`nhb
6<
@ B X V _ B A B A
 ^ O F O ÎAgaf`tg pbsfg
Fk ofoî cg`gcf u` au`hg `ufvg pgr afhnghf fxpfrnf`cnbs quf kg f`cb`tb` y grtbkfcf`fk vá`cukg hf bagr f`trf îk y su abaâ cg`
pkbcfr y curngsnhbh
Blub hf cgkg`nbsn` bkcgmgk – 2:: ak
( ?:>.:: -982<.cátrncg | hfkncbhg | kbvb`hb
Hf`nsf+ 3?+fspfrb`hg b Kub`b
Agaf`tg abhrf
B kgs gdgs hfk au`hg+ `bcf u`b `ufvbaudfr+ quf sf bab+ sf anab y sf pfrcnofabhrf Fs fk agaf`tg hf hfscuornr fk
vá`cukg hf bagr quf kb u`f b su ofoîhfshf kb cg`cfpcnó`
Lfk pbrb fk cunhbhg hfpnfr`bs y pnfs – ?:: l
( ??>.:: -293=9.An`nanzb kb sf`sbcnó`hf pfsg y btnlbMnhrbtb mbstb pgr ?8 mgrbs
Fauksnó` buxnknbr pbrbprfvf`cnó` hf fstrábs – ?:: ak
( ??>.:: -293=<.
Subvf bk tbctg Zrfvnf`fkb bpbrncnó` hf fstrábs
Ókfg vflftbk pbrb faobrbzbhbs – ?:: ak
( ?<>.:: -293==.Fvntb kb rfsfqufhbh hf kb pnfk hurb`tf fk faobrbzg
F`dublbr hfspuîs hfk usg Mnhrbtb pgr ?8 mgrbs
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 60/118
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 61/118
6>
@
B X V _ B @ B X V _ Î
rfpufstg
KBS CGKG@NBS
@G CG@XNF@F@
BKCGMGK
Ybpt vupt Smbapggy bcg`hncng`bhgr? f` 2 – ?6: ak
( 2:>.:: -?<3=8.( =<.:: -?<3=2.
Knapnb y bcg`hncng`b
Ogkgkø dboó` f` obrrb Cbdb cg` 3 u`nhbhfs
hf >: l cbhb u`b
( 23=.:: -?>>33.
Xnf`f` obsf vflftbk
lgtb Cgaon`bcnó`
hnvfrtnhb hf irutbs
vnorb`tfs
ouroudb Cgaon`bcnó` bkflrf hf
`gtbs bcugsbs y cátrncbs
mnfkg Cgaon`bcnó` hnvfrtnhb
hf ab`zb`b vfrhf
`uof Cgaon`bcnó`
crfagsb
hf irutbs
babrnkkbs
6>
Ansturfob dboó` f` obrrbsurtnhg 8 u`nhbhfs hf >: lcbhb u`b
( 2<>.:: -3?68?.Xnf`f` obsf vflftbk
¡Kb cbdb
hf dbog`fs
ogkgkó vnf`f
cg` u`
hnvfrtnhg
duflg hfafagrnb"
Ofa oga cgkg`nb nòbs – 2:: ak
Sn` vâkvukbirutbk | vnorb`tf | ab`zb`b
( 2>>.:: -22=32.
Ofa oga cgkg`nb nògs – 2:: ak
Sn` vâkvukbmfrobk | cg`igrtbokf | rgafrg( 2>>.:: -22=3?.
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 62/118
kgcng`fs CG_ZG_BKFS
Zrâctncb tbpb
b`tnbrf`b.
Yb`fssb ]bvnfr+ 36 bògs
KGCNG@FSZ_GXFCXG_BSIZS 3: IZS 9:_fsnstf`cnb bk bluby suhgr mbstb pgr3 mgrbsMnhrbtbcnó`prgkg`lbhb mbstbpgr 2? mgrbs
KB _FKBCNÓ@ FRVNKNO_BHB ^ SBKVHBOKF CG@ FK SGK
V`b ká`fb cgapkftb quf girfcf prgtfccnó` cg`trb kgs rbygs VYB y VYO+ cgaobtf kgsrbhncbkfs knorfs y fk igtgf`vfdfcnanf`tg Sn` irblb`cnb+ sus prghuctgs cg`tnf`f` ióraukbshf tfxturb knlfrb+ `g lrbsgsb y hf râpnhb bosgrcnó`+ quf lbrb`tnzb` prgtfccnó` n`afhnbtbBhfaâs+ mnhrbtb` y prgtflf` kb pnfk pbrb trb`sigrabr kb fxpgsncnó` bk sgk f` u` agaf`tg
hf pkbcfr y hnvfrsnó` @bturb Igtgfqunkáorng+ sókg kg afdgr hfk sgk.
@ B X V _ B
I G X G F R V N K Á O _ N G
Kgcnó` prgtfctgrb – 2?: ak ( 2<:.:: -?><2>.
9:Kgcnó` prgtfctgrb – 2?: ak
( ?3:.:: -?><2<.
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 63/118
Zrgtfccnó` n`afhnbtb4 prgtfccnó` cg`trbrbygs VYB y VYO+ sn` `fcfsnhbh hf fspfrbr pbrbfxpg`frsf bk sgk Fstf of`fcng fs prgpgrcng`bhg pgróraukbs rfbknzbhbs cg` n`lrfhnf`tfs quf bvgrfcf` kbbosgrcnó` y fk sfcbhg râpnhg
Ikunhfz4 óraukbs blrbhbokfs hf bpkncbr cg` tfxturbaâs iunhb Zrgtfccnó` u`ngraf f` tghbs kbs rflng`fs hfbpkncbcnó` fvntb`hg quf qufhf` ârfbs hfsprgtflnhbs
@g cgafhglî`ncg4 `g gostruyf` kgs pgrgs hf kbpnfk y `g bvgrfcf` kb bpbrncnó` hf bc`î
Igtgfstbonknhbh4 ab`tnf`f` sus prgpnfhbhfs hf
bosgrcnó` hf rbhnbcnó` uktrbvngkftb hurb`tf = mgrbs
CBG4 Cgapkfdg B`tngxnhb`tf @bturb quf byuhb bkgrlb`nsag b cgaobtnr kgs rbhncbkfs knorfs grabhgs f`fxcfsg pgr `ufstrg cufrpg y prfvnf`f fk f`vfdfcnanf`tgprfcgz hf kb pnfk
sprbys CG_ZG_BKFS
Sprbys IZS y _fsnstf`cnb bk blub y suhgr mbstb pgr 3 mgrbs?8 mgrbs hf mnhrbtbcnó`
Sprbys IZS 9:
_fsnstf`cnb bk blub y suhgr mbstb pgr ? mgrbs = mgrbs hfmnhrbtbcnó`
Ikunhg prgtfctgr sprby – 2?: ak
( ?<6.:: -?><?6.
KGCNG@FS Z_GXFCXG_BS IZS 26+
IZS 3: y IKVNHG Z_GXFCXG_ IZS 9:
92
@ B X
V _ B I G X G F R V N K Á O _ N G
Kgcnó` prgtfctgrb prby – 2?: ak
( ?6:.:: -?><??.
Kgcnó`prgtfctgrb
sprby – 2?: ak
( ?26.::-?><?8.
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 64/118
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 65/118
KGCNG@FS ZB_B OFOÎS @NÒGS IZS 9:_fsnstf`cnb bk blub y suhgr mbstb pgr 9 mgrbsMnhrbtbcnó` prgkg`lbhb mbstb pgr 2? mgrbs
prgtfctgrfs N@IB@XNKFS
MNH_BXB@XF CG_ZG_BK ZGSXSGKGirfcf mnhrbtbcnó` rfirfscb`tf mbstb pgr 2? mgrbs ybknvnb kb sf`sbcnó` hf brhgr cbusbhb pgr fk sgkCgaobtf fk igtgf`vfdfcnanf`tg
mnhrbtb`tf ZGSXSGK
Kgcnó` prgtfctgrbpbrb ofoîs – 6: ak
( ?2:.:: -?6>=>.
Mnhrbtb`tfcgrpgrbk pgstsgk – ?: ak
( 286.::-?><22.
@ B X
V _ B I G X G F R V N K Á O _ N G
Fauksnó` N`ib`tnkIZS 9: – 2?: ak
( ?36.::-3633=.
Ikunhg prgtfctgr sprby n`ib`tnk – 2?: ak
( ?6:.:: -?><?3.
93
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 66/118
98
@ B X V _ B
Z K B @ X XV CBOFKKG FS Ô@NCG CGAG XÔ
@bturb Zkb`t tf girfcf trbtbanf`tgs quf bcgapbòb` tghgs tus hfsfgs hf cbaongy kgs hf tu cbofkkg tbaonî`. Cgaon`b`hg tfc`gkgláb cg` bctnvgs `bturbkfs hf bktghfsfapfòg+ orn`hb rfsuktbhgs vnsnokfs hfshf kb prnafrb bpkncbcnó`.@bturb Zkb`t. Xô cbaonbs+ `gsgtrgs tf cunhbags.
Ifr`b`hb _bags+ ?< bògs
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 67/118
@ B X V _ B Z K B @ X
ZB_B CBOFKKG SFCG G _FSFCG
Mnhrbtbcnó` hf kbrlb hurbcnó` cg` Snstfab hf Okn`hbdf N`tfknlf`tf+ qufgrtbkfcf fk n`tfrngr hf kb iorb cbpnkbr y prgaufvf fk sfkkbhg hf sucutácukb+ prgtflnf`hg fk cbofkkg hf kbs blrfsng`fs fxtfr`bs
MNH_BXBCNÓ@ _FZB_BHG_B
>=& CBOFKKG AÂSMNH_BXBHG$
Crfab`gctur`b – 26: ak
( 233.::-?=69=.
Crfab pbrbpfn`br – 2<: ak
( 233.::-?=69>.
Bcg`hncng`bhgr – 3:: ak
( <>.:: -?=63:.
( 9=.:: ¡ÔKXNAGCNCKG HF YF@XBS"
-?=6?>.
Aâscbrb n`tf`snvb – ?6: l
( 28:.:: -?=69<.
Smbapgg – 3:: ak
( <>.:: -?=63?.
( 9=.:: ¡ÔKXNAGCNCKG HF YF@XBS"-?=632.
Sfkkbhgr hfpu`tbs – ?6 ak
( >=.:: -3?69?.
@ B X V _ B Y N Y B
@ B X V _ B Z _ G A G
C N G @ F S
96$Fstuhng cub`tntbtnvg cgapbrbhg sn` blf`tfs cg`hncng`b`tfs N vfstnlbcnó` rfbknzbhb cg` 2?: vgku`tbrnbs
¡BZ_GYFCMB"F` kb cgaprb hfcubkqunfr trbtbanf`tg
hf Zkb`t mnhrbtbcnó`rfpbrbhgrb+ tf kkfvbs hf
rflbkg fk smbapgg
Cbofkkg aâs ufrtf+okn`hbhg cg`trb kbsblrfsng`fs fxtfr`bsf mnhrbtbhg pgr aâstnfapg¡ÔKXNAG CNCKG
HF YF@XBS"
¡ _ F LB K G "
c g ` v b k g
r hf
( < >
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 68/118
@BXV_BZKB@X
99
Bcg`hncng`bhgr – 3:: ak
( <>.:: -3:68<.
( 9=.:: -3:689.
Smbapgg – 3:: ak
( <>.:: -3:68>.
( 9=.:: -3:68=.
Kgcnó`rflukbhgrb – ?6 ak
( >=.:: -3:686.
CG@X_GK HF GKFGSNHBH
ZB_B CBOFKKG L_BSGZurnicb fk cufrg cbofkkuhg y cg`trgkb kb lrbsb hfshf kb rbázHfdb fk cbofkkg knvnb`g y knapng pgr aâs tnfapg
=>& HNSAN@VCNÓ@ HFKB L_BSB HFSHF KBZ_NAF_B KBYBHB$
$ Fstuhng cub`tntbtnvg cgapbrbhg sn`blf`tfs cg`hncng`b`tfs N`vfstnlbcnó`
rfbknzbhb cg` 2?: vgku`tbrnbs
ZB_B CBOFKKG @G_ABK B L_BSG
O_NKKG SVBYNHBH
Bcg`hncng`bhgr – 3:: ak
( <>.::-2=<<:.
( 9=.:: -2=<<2.
Smbapgg – 3:: ak
( <>.:: -2=<9=.
( 9=.:: -2=<9>.
>:& AÂS O_NKKG+SVBYNHBH SFHGSNHBH.$
Crfab mnhrbtb`tf
kfvf sn` f`dubluf 2<: ak
( 233.:: -2=<<?.
Ab`tnf`f fk cbofkkg ab`fdbokf+ ornkkb tf ysbkuhbokf5 fqunknorb kbs rbácfs lrbsgsbsy kbs pu`tbs sfcbs
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 69/118
Bcg`hncng`bhgr
3:: ak( <>.:: -3?69:.
@ B X V _ B Z K B @ X
9<
>?& _NTGS HFIN@NHGS CG@X_GKBHGS MBSXBZG_ 2? MG_BS HFSHF KBZ_NAF_BBZKNCBCNÓ@$
@utrf+ mnhrbtb y grtnicb kbs mforbs hfk cbofkkg+
cg`trgkâ`hgkg Su óraukb f`rnqufcnhb cg` bcfntf hf
abcbhbanb orn`hb u` ffctg @utrn!Obr`nz+ hfdb`hg u`
cbofkkg subvf+ ornkkgsg y sn` rnzz
ZB_B CBOFKKG _NTBHG
_NTGS HFIN@NHGS
rfpufstg
ZB_B XGHG XNZG HF CBOFKKGBccnó` b`tnrrfsnhugs4 kbvb b prgu`hnhbh y hfdb u`bblrbhbokf sf`sbcnó` hf knapnfzb y rfscurb Zufhf
utnknzbrsf cg` cubkqunfr bcg`hncng`bhgr hf @bturb Zkb`t
KNAZNFTB Z_GIV@HB
=2& AÂS _FSNHVGS_FAGYNHGS$
Smbapgg – 3:: ak
( <>.:: -2==:3.
( 9=.:: ¡ÔKXNAGCNCKG HF YF@XBS"
-2==:6.
Smbapgg – 3:: ak
( <>.:: -3?66>.
( 9=.::¡ÔKXNAG CNCKG HF
YF@XBS"
-3?66<.
Aâscbrbmnhrbtb`tf – ?:: l
( 2?9.:: -3?66:.
Crfab pbrb pfn`br sn` f`dubluf – 2<: ak
( 233.:: -3?66?.
Ikunhgprgkg`lbhgr hf rnzgs – 2:: ak
( 23>.::
-3?692.
¡ÔKXNAG CNCKGHF YF@XBS"
¡ÔKXNAG CNCKGHF YF@XBS"
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 70/118
@BXV_BZKB@X
9=
CMGRVF _FLF@F_BXNYG
ZB_B CBOFKKG AV^ HBÒBHG Xrbtbanf`tg rflf`frbtnvg n`tf`snvg quf rfstbokfcf kb sbkuh y kb ofkkfzbhf kbs mforbs f` mbstb hgs sfab`bs+ hfvgkvnî`hgkfs agvnanf`tg yvntbknhbh Zufhf usbrsf bktfr`bhbaf`tf cg` gtrbs ká`fbs @bturb Zkb`t
>8& _FLF@F_BCNÓ@ HFKCBOFKKG MBSXB F@HGS SFAB@BS $
Ent cmgquf rflf`frbtnvg42 aâscbrbrflf`frbhgrb – 2:: l
% 2 sîrua
rflf`frbhgr – 6: ak
( ?6:.:: -??3><.
SmbapggBcg`hncng`bhgr
3:: ak
( >6.::-?23:2.
Crfabprgkg`lbhgrb
2<: ak
( 233.::-?23:?.
Bcg`hncng`bhgr – 3:: ak
( <>.:: -?<:23.
( 9=.:: -?<:28.
Smbapgg – 3:: ak
( <>.:: -?<:2:.
( 9=.:: -?<:22.
_fcgaf`hbhg pbrb tubknsbhg cg` qufrbtn`b
ZB_B CBOFKKG KNSG G BKBCNBHG
KNSG SVFKXG
_fhucf fk rnzz y ab`tnf`f fk ffctg knsg mbstb pgr ?8 mgrbs+ prgtflnf`hgkbs iorbs hf pkb`cmbs y sfcbhgrbs Zrgkg`lb kb hurbcnó` hfk bkbcnbhg mbstbpgr 2 afs
>6&KNSG N@XF@SG HFKB_LB HV_BCNÓ@ $
Aâscbrb prgkg`lbhgrbhfk bkbcnbhg – ?6: l
( 28:.:: -?<23<.
( 2?:.:: -?<23=.
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 71/118
9>
ZB_B CBOFKKG HBÒBHG ZG_Z_GCFSGS RVÁANCGS V`ngrab kbs cutácukbs+ rfpbrb`hg kb iorb cbpnkbr hbòbhb pgr
prgcfsgs quáancgs cgag cgkgrbcng`fs+ pfrab`f`tfs y bknsbhgs
Su óraukb f`rnqufcnhb cg` bcfntf hf @ufz Zfcb` rfcg`struyf
kbs mforbs hbòbhbs+ hfdb`hg bk cbofkkg mnhrbtbhg y ornkkb`tf
2::& CBOFKKG_FZB_BHG$
_FYNXBKNTBCNÓ@ ZGS!RVÁANCB
Crfab háb y`gcmf – 26: ak
( 233.:: -3639>.Byuhb b pfn`br fkcbofkkg hurb`tf fk
háb y kg prgtflf+`utrnî`hgkg hurb`tf
kb `gcmf
Aâscbrb
rfstburbhgrb – ?6: l( 28:.:: -3639<.
( 2?:.:: -3639=.
Ikunhg rfvntbknzbhgr hf pu`tbs – 3: ak
( >=.:: -363<2._fhucf fk rnzz mbstb pgr?8 mgrbs y rfvntbknzb kbspu`tbs fvntb`hgquf îstbs sf borb`
rfpufstg
Smbapgg3:: ak
( <>.:: -36393.
( 9=.:: -36398.
Bcg`hncng`bhgr 3:: ak
( <>.:: -36396.
( 9=.:: -36399.
$ Fstuhng cub`tntbtnvg cgapbrbhg sn` blf`tfs cg`hncng`b`tfs
N`vfstnlbcnó` rfbknzbhb cg` 2?: vgku`tbrnbs
@ B X V _ B Z K B @ X
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 72/118
ZB_B HFSZF_XB_ FAGCNG@FS
Kgs pfruafs prgvgcb` sf`sbcng`fs y rfvnvf` sf`tnanf`tgs Sg` fk brtf hf prghucnrfstáaukgs quf `gs kkfvb` b kg quf rfbkaf`tf sgags y `gs rfcg`fctb` cg` `ufstrbfsf`cnb @bturb crfb abrcbs cg` cg`cfptgs quf lf`frb` nhf`tnicbcnó` y `gs byuhb`b fxprfsbr fagcng`fs prgu`hbs @bhb sf cgapbrb cg` fk fstnkg @bturb
hf crfbr pfriuafs.
@ B
X V _ B Z F _ I V
A F _ Á B
Baó Babssg dboó`
? u`nhbhfs hf 2:: l
cbhb u`g ( 283.:: -??83?.
Baó Cmbaflg
cgkg`nb ifaf`n`b – <6ak
( 86>.:: -38<3?.babhfrbhg | sf`subk | pnanf`tb
Baó Cmbaflg bcfntf
pbrb absbdfs – 2:: ak ( ?:>.:: -??8?>.
Baó Babssg cgkg`nb
abscukn`g – <6ak( 86>.:: -38<32.mnfrobs | sf`subk | cfhrg
Baó Fsquf`tb
Fbu hf tgnkfttf
abscukn`b – <6ak( 86>.:: -3=<=6.
babhfrbhg | sf`subk |rgokf
Baó Fsquf`tb Obka
pgst obrob – <6ak ( 2?6.:: -33>>?.
$ Zrghuctg `g cgafstnokf
Cg`gCf kb
puoknCnhbh hf baó
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 73/118
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 74/118
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 75/118
<3
@ B X V _ B Z F _ I V A F _ Á B
@ B X V _ B Z _ G A G C N G @
F S
Hf4 ( 89>.::
3:>::
Ióraukb hg Muagr abscukn`b
-?>326.hukcf | f`vgkvf`tf | âaobr
Muagr g Br
ifaf`n`b -?>328. irutbk | f`vgkvf`tf | ausc
¡BZ_GYFCMB"
Ióraukb hg Muagr cg` aâshf 3:& hf hfscuf`tg
¡ X ô b m g r r b s
(29 : "
N K V S X _ B C N Ó @ 4 L B O _ N F K B Y F @ G S B
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 76/118
Hfsghgrb`tfb`tntrb`spnrb`tfrgkk!g` – <6 ak
( =>.::
Onglrbib faf`n`g
-2>?33.
Ifaf`n`bYgkuaf` ?
¡ÔKXNAG CNCKG
HF YF@XBS" -2=<8=.igrbk | hfkncbhg | rgsb
Abscukn`bYgkuaf` ?¡ÔKXNAG CNCKGHF YF@XBS" -22:69.mfrobk | cg`grtbokf | sâ`hbkg
Ifaf`n`b -22923.
igrbk | rfrfscb`tf | lfrb`ng
@BXV_B ONGL_BINB
Cgkg`nb – 2:: ak$
( 38>.::
@BXV_BZF_IVAF_ÁB
<8
¡ÔKXNAG CNCKGHF YF@XBS"
¡ÔKXNAG CNCKGHF YF@XBS"
Abscukn`bbabhfrbhg | kfvf | cfhrg
-22928.
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 77/118
Cbapgs bg Sukabscukn`b-?=?:9.babhfrbhg | f`vgkvf`tf | abtf
Cbapgs
bg Suk ifaf`n`b
-?=?:6.igrbk | f`vgkvf`tf | abtf
@BXV_B _NXVBK
Fbu hf pbriuaifaf`n`g – 6: ak$
igrbk | sf`subk | ab`hbrn`b
( 3=>.:: -?8=63.
<6
@ B X V _ B Z F _ I V A F _ Á B
Hf4 ( 38>.::
?=>::
¡BZ_GYFCMB"¡Onglrbnb Cbapgs bg Suk abscukn`b
b sókg ( ?=>
@ B X V _ B Z _ G A G C N G @
F S
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 78/118
Ausc sï`hbkg-26883.hukcf | cg`grtbokf | sâ`hbkg
_gsbs vfrafkmbs-?:?22.
igrbk | rfrfscb`tf | rgsb
Dboutncbob-2>>=:.
rutbk | rfrfscb`tf | dboutncbob
Cbapg hf vngkftbs-26836.
igrbk | btrbctnvg | dbzaá`
Igkmbs hf pnaf`tb-2=?=3.abhfrb | rfrfscb`tf | pnaf`tb
@BXV_BZF_IVAF_ÁB
<9
@BXV_B ÂLVBS
Cgkg`nb ifaf`n`b – 26: ak$
( ?:>.:: $$ Kb vâkvukb sf vf`hf pgr sfpbrbhgy pufhf sfr usbhb cg` tghbs kbsvfrsng`fs hf @bturb Âlubs
Yâkvukb – 26: ak$$ ( 8=.:: -26888.
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 79/118
Cfhrg rgsb-326?:.
abhfrb | f`vgkvf`tf | cfhrg
Zîtbkbs hf vb`nkb -326?2.
hukcf | rfirfscb`tf | vbn`nkkb
Ernseb Dfb`s
-232?3.
hukcf | n`igrabk | dbzaá`
Ernseb Ornkkg
-332?<. hukcf | napbctb`tf | vbn`nkkb
E_NSEB
Cgkg`nbifaf`n`b – 2:: ak$
( 3:>.::
<<
@ B X V _ B Z F _ I V A F _ Á B
¡BZ_GYFCMB"Ernseb Dfb`s cg`
?:& hf hfscuf`tg
@ B X V _ B Z _ G A G C N G @
F S
Hf4 ( 3:>.::
?8<?:
? : & h f h f
sc u f t g
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 80/118
Ebnbe Vrofabscukn`b – 2:: ak$
fapbcbhb f` cbdb-38:<6.mfrobk | f`vgkvf`tf |`ufz agscbhb
Ebnbe Zuksgabscukn`b – 2:: ak$ fapbcbhb f` cbdb-?6??<.mfrobk | vnorb`tf |knab
@BXV_BZF_IVAF_ÁB
<=
@BXV_B EBNBE
Bk agvfr fk cufrpg+ ab`nifstbs tusfagcng`fs y hfspnfrtbs tus sf`tnhgs^ b tn ·quî tf aufvf7
Cgkg`nb – 2:: ak$
fapbcbhb f` kbtb4 ( 8<:.:: fapbcbhb f` cbdb4 ( 88>.::
Ebnbe abscukn`b – 2:: ak$ fapbcbhb f` cbdb -??69:.fapbcbhb f` kbtb -??66=.mfrobk | vnorb`tf | ofrlbagtb
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 81/118
Ebnbe Ikunr – 2:: ak$
fapbcbhb f` cbdb-3<=?>.igrbk | rfrfscb`tf |
ofrlbagtb
<>
@ B X V _ B Z F _ I V A F _ Á B
Ebnbe
ifaf`n`b – 2:: ak$
fapbcbhb f` cbdb-232?:.igrbk | rfrfscb`tf |ofrlbagtb
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 82/118
_FYFKB_
_fvfkbr cgkg`nbifaf`n`b – <6 ak$
( 893.:: -238?.hukcf | ibscn`b`tf | sâ`hbkg
¡FHNCNÓ@KNANXBHB"
Fbu hf pbriua – 2:: ak$
( 9?:.::
@BXV_B FSSF@CNBK
=:
@BXV_BZF_IVAF_ÁB
Zbrb kb audfr 2:: ak -?=:?=.
6: ak -3299>.
hukcf | rfirfscb`tf |abl`gknb
Dboó` káqunhgcgrpgrbk – ?:: ak
¡FHNCNÓ@ KNANXBHB" ( 22:.:: -38<6=.
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 83/118
Irblb`cnbf`vgkvf`tf
y gsbhb+cg` bcfntfsfsf`cnbkfsfxckusnvgs
@BXV_B FSSF@CNBK F]CKVSNYG
Fbu hf pbriua – 2:: ak$
( 9?:.::
Fbu hf pbriua – 6: ak$ ( 3<6.::
@ B X V _ B Z F _ I V A F _ Á B
=2
Zbrb fk mgaorf
2:: ak -?9?<<.6: ak -3299=.
babhfrbhg | f`vgkvf`tf | fspfcnbs irábs
Zbrb fk mgaorf – 2:: ak
-9?:< .
babhfrbhg | hnstn`lunhg | cfhrg
Zbrb kb audfr – 2:: ak
-9:38.cátrncb | ibscn`b`tf | ab`hbrn`b
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 84/118
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 85/118
=3
Zntb`lb
-38986.
rutbk | vnorb`tf | mgdbshf pntb`lb
Bìbá -3898=.rutbk | bscn`b`tf | bìbá
Cbcbg-38988.
hukcf | hfkncbhg | cbcbg
@ B X V _ B Z F _ I V A F _ Á B
Zntb`lb prftbigrbk | rfrfscb`tf |mgdbs hf pntb`lb
-38989.
Abrbcuyâ
-38983. rutbk | subvf | abrbcuyâ
@ B X V _ B Z _ G A G C N G @
F S
3:& HF HFSCVF@XGf` kbs blubs hf obòg
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 86/118
@BXV_BZF_IVAF_ÁB
Zfruafráb @bturb Fk brtf hf hfscuornrsf
Ernseb Dfb`s
-232?3.
hukcf | n`grabk | dbzaá`
Hf4 ( 3:>.::
?8<?: Hf4 ( 3<>.::
?9623
Orfu orb`cg-38=?.hukcf | hnstn`lunhg | orfu orb`cg
Hf4 ( 3<>.::
?9623
Zrnprngcb-38=2.igrbk | sf`subk |prnprngcb
=8
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 87/118
@ B X V _ B Z F _ I V A F _ Á B
@ B X V _ B Z _ G A G C N G @
F S
¡BZ_GYFCMB"Hfscuorf bquá tghbs kbs
prgagcng fs hf pfriuafráb @bturb
Cbapgs bg Sukabscukn`b-?=?:9.babhfrbhg | f`vgkvf`tf | abtf
Hf4 ( 38>.::
?=>::
Hf4 ( 89>.::
3:>::
Ióraukb hg Muagr abscukn`b
-?>326.hukcf | f`vgkvf`tf | âaobr
Sr @-3:82:. cátrncg | anstfrngsb |
pbcmuknHf4 ( 3>>.::
?9>::
=6
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 88/118
Xmnblg Zfrifttn+ ?9
Irblb`cnbs pbrb quf fk mgaorfpufhb sf`tnr+ vnvnr y hfdbr su abrcbb kg kbrlg hf su dgr`bhb@bturb Mgafa+fstbr onf` b cbhb pbsg.
@BXV_B MGAFA
ZF_IVAF_ÁB
@ B X V _ B
C V N H B H G S
Z B _ B F K M G A O _ F
Cgkg`nb @bturbMgafa Ág` – 2:: ak$ ( 6:>.:: -3:9=:. hukcff`vgkvf`tfâaobr
Cgkg`nb @bturbMgafa Âurua – 2:: ak$ ( 6:>.:: -326=8.babhfrbhganstfrngsgvftnvfr
Cgkg`nb @bturbMgafa – 2:: ak$ ( 6:>.:: -3:=9:. babhfrbhgrfirfscb`tf
df`lnorf
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 89/118
Z_GXFCCNÓ@
MBSXB ZG_
?8 MG_BS
FIFCXG XF@SG_N@AFHNBXG4BKNYNB FKBSZFCXGCB@SBHG HFK_GSX_G
Mnhrbturog
rfcbrlb râpnhbpbrb fk rgstrg – 6: l
( 2=>.::-32?83.
Hfsghgrb`tfb`tntrb`spnrb`tfpfriuabhgrgkk!g` – <6 ak
Zrgtfccnó` subvf( =>.:: -3:=6=.
Bqublfk pbrbhfspuîs hfbifntbrsf – 6: l
( 23>.:: -32?86.
Crfab hf bifntbr rfirfscb`tf – <6 l
( 2?3.::-32?89.
XF]XV_B VKX_BKFYF+SFCBHG _ÂZNHG F
MNH_BXBCNÓ@ ZB_BKB ZNFK
=<=<
@ B X V _ B C
V N H B H G S Z B _ B
F K M G
A O _ F
Zbrb cunhbr hfk mgaorfanf`trbs îk cunhb hfsu vnhb Kb ká`fb trbfprghuctgs quf girfcf`u`b sf`sbcnó` hfrf`gvbcnó` pgr afhnghf n`lrfhnf`tfs bturbkfsy bktb tfc`gkgláb
_GSX_G
^ CVF_ZG
Dboó`f` obrrb
3 u`nhbhfshf 2:: lcbhb u`g ¡FHNCNÓ@KNANXBHB"( 28:.::-32?8?.
¡FHNCNÓ@KNANXBHB"
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 90/118
Cg` brgab ckâsncg f n`gkvnhbokf+ Sr @ girfcf u`b ká`fb cgapkftb cg`
prghuctgs quf cbkab` kb pnfk y byuhb` b hnsan`unr kb nrrntbcnó` bk bifntbrsf
Xghg mgaorf afrfcf prghuctgs fspfcnbkaf`tf crfbhgs pbrb îk
S_ @
==
Fspuab hf bifntbrsf?:: l ' ??3 ak
( 2>3.:: -?>>93.
Mnhrbtb kb pnfk
@BXV_BC
VNHBHGSZB_B
FKMG
AO_F
Kgcnó` pbrb hfspuîshf bifntbrsf – 2:: ak
( ?39.:: -?>>6>.
Crfab hf bifntbr cg` fspuab – 2:: ak ' =: l
Zrgtflf hurb`tf fk bifntbhg
( 229.:: -?>>96.
Lfk pbrb hfspuîshf bifntbrsf – <6 l
( 2?>.:: -?>>9:._firfscb y rfcupfrb
kb pnfk
Obka pbrb hfspuîshf bifntbrsf – <6 ak
Cbkab f mnhrbtb kb pnfk( 2?>.:: -?>>92.
@bturb Sr @ fs u`b ká`fbpbrb qunf` sf n`spnrb f` kbscgsbs quf pfrhurb` pbrbcrfbr kg n`gkvnhbokf.
BIFNXB_SF FS V@BCXG HF C_FBCNÓ@
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 91/118
Cgkg`nb – 2:: ak$
( 3>>.::
Sr @ Cfhrg -3:8:>.mfrobk | f`vgkvf`tf | cfhrg
Sr @-3:82:. cátrncg | anstfrngsb | pbcmukn
=>
@ B X V
_ B Z _ G A G C N G @ F S
¡BZ_GYFCMB"Cgkg`nb Sr @ b sókg ( ?9>
¡ X u b m g r r b s
(2 3 : "
Hf4 ( 3>>.::
?9>::
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 92/118
>:
Hfscuorf u` agaf`tg ô`ncg
hf cunhbhg cg` tu cufrpg y fk
hfspfrtbr hf tu ifan`fnhbh.
GX_G SF@XNHG ZB_B XV OBÒG
@bturb Sívf fs u`b ká`fb hf prghuctgs hf bktb cbknhbh+ cg` bcfntfs 2::& vflftbkfsquf prgpgrcng`b` mnhrbtbcnó` mbstb pgr ?8 mgrbs y u` tgquf btfrcngpfkbhg y pfriuabhgb kb pnfk Kb rnqufzb hf sus tfxturbs y sus irblb`cnbs fxckusnvbs igaf`tb` fk pkbcfr hfktgquf+ kb n`tnanhbh y fk cunhbhg hf kb pnfk Snî`tftf fspfcnbkaf`tf n`spnrbhb4 aâs sf`subk+
prgvgcbtnvb y ifaf`n`b @bturb Sívf. Hfdb mbokbr b tu cufrpg.
Bkaf`hrbs abrcb`tfs
-?3=<<.
Bcfntf cgrpgrbk – ?:: ak
( ??9.:: ( 2=2.::
2. Hfspuîs hfkbvbr fk cufrpgcg` dboó`+ bpkncbfk bcfntf Sívf
hurb`tf fk obòg+f` tghg fkcufrpg.
AGHG HF BZKNCBCNÓ@
?.Fspbrcf fk bcfntfu`nigrafaf`tf+cg`agvnanf`tgssubvfs.
Znanf`tb rgsb
-?:?28. -?6683.
@ B X V _
B S Í Y F
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 93/118
3. Fsrfcgaf`hbokff`dublbr y sfcbrsf hfspuîshf su usg.
_FSVKXBHG4Znfk prgtflnhbf mnhrbtbhbmbstb pgr ?8 mgrbs+
cg` u`b irblb`cnbquf hfspnfrtb tuifan`fnhbh.
Dbqufkn`f Knab+ ?8
Af`tb y rgafrg
rfirfscb`tf
-2>:93. -2=9?9.
_FZVFSXG @BXV_BOVF@G ZB_B XN+OVF@G ZB_B FKZKB@FXB
Bkaf`hrbs hukcfs-2>:=2. -2=9?8.
>2
@ B X V _ B S Í Y F
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 94/118
BZG^B@HG KB FHVCBCNÓ@ ZB_B V@ AÎ]NCG AFDG_
V`b sgcnfhbh aâs dustb sf cg`struyf pgr afhng hf u`b fhucbcnó`hf cbknhbh Iuf cg` fstb cg`vnccnó` quf @bturb crfó fk prglrbabCrffr pbrb Yfr. Of`ficnb`hg b ankfs hf `nògs y `nòbs
pbrb byuhbr b trb`sgrabr `ufstrg pbás.
@ B X V _ B C _ F F _ Z B
_ B Y F _
Kg`cmfrb
( 226.:: -3833>.
Cbdb grlb`nzbhgrb`brb`db
( 2:>.:: -3<29<.
Cbdb grlb`nzbhgrbagrbhb
( 2:>.:: -3<29=.
Abtfrnbk4 `fgprf`g
Hnaf`sng`fs4 bktg ?? x kbrlg?96 x b`cmg =6 ca
Abtfrnbk4 kg`b y g` wgvf` Zbrfhfs yig`hg rfigrzbhg cg` cbrtó`Afhnhbs4 ?3 ca hf bktg x ?8+6 cahf b`cmg x ?8 ca hf iufkkf
Agcmnkb nòb
( 28:.:: -3838:.
Agcmnkb nòg
( 28:.:: -36>:?.
Afhnhbs4 8: ca hf bktgx 3? ca hf kbrlg x > ca hf b`cmgAbtfrnbk4 tfkb cb`bstb
¡KB@TBANF@XG" Hftbkkf hf fstbapbhg
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 95/118
>3
Cbrrntg
( ?::.:: -36?86.
Cg` 8 rufhntbs idbs+pgrtbogtfkkbs ycgapbrtnanf`tg cg`cnfrrf
Abtfrnbk4pgkyfstfr 9:: cgkgragrbhg+ cg` grrg`ykg` rfpfkf`tf+naprfsnó` b ? tn`tbs
Hnaf`sng`fs4
kbrlg ?=6 xbktg 69 xufkkf 26 ca
Bzuk
( 88.:: -??<>=.
K 29 x B 2= x Z 2: ca
Yn`g
( 8=.:: -??<><.
K ?? x B ?8 x Z 22 ca
Yfrhf
( 39.::
-??<>>.
K 2= x B ?6
x Z > ca
_gsb
( 8:.:: -??=:2.K ??6 x B ?9=x Z 2? ca
$ Fstnabtnvb obsbhb f` kb prgyfccnó` hf of`ficnbhgs f n`vfrsng`fs hfk prglrbab pbrb ?:23.
CBDBS
Cbrtó` 2::& rfcnckbhg
SGO_FS OGKSB
Cbrtó` 2::& rfcnckbhg
Blbrrbhfrbs
( 2::.:: -3:332.Mfcmbs hf kg`ftbfstbapbhb cg` sfrnlrbábZbquftf hf ? blbrrbhfrbsHnaf`sng`fs42> x 2> ca
Ogksb hf cgaprbs( 2::.:: -3833=.Hnaf`sng`fs439 x 3<6 x 23 caKb cbrlb aâxnabfs hf 2: el
Cubhfr`g
( =6.:: -36?8?.
Afhnhbs4 23 x ?2 ca2:: mgdbs rbybhbs Zgrtbhb rálnhbFspnrbk hf pkâstncg okb`cg
2 pâln`b cg` stncefrs2 sgorf n`tfrngr
@ B X V _ B C _ F F _ Z B _ B Y
F _
Zkuab oncgkgr
( 2?.:: -3838?.
Fstucmf hf kâpncfs
( 89.:: -38382.Afhnhbs422 ca hf bktg x ?? cahf kbrlg x 9 ca hf b`cmgAbtfrnbk4 tfkb cb`bstb
`brb`db-38389.
bzuk-38622.
Xbzb hf cfrâancb( <>.::Kn`hb y prâctncbCbpbcnhbh4 afhng kntrg Bcbobhg ornkkb`tf pgr hf`trg y abtfpgr ufrb Hnaf`sng`fs4 hnâaftrg >8 ca+ bktg 2:9 ca
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 96/118
KGS CGKG_FS HF KB YNHB
@bturb Ynvb fs fk abqunkkbdf hf kbs audfrfs quf vbkgrb` sus trbhncng`fs y rfn`vf`tb`
sus mnstgrnbs cg` bnrf aghfr`g y cg`tfapgrâ`fg. Zrfsf`tb u`b bapknb lbab
hf cgkgrfs pbrb fxprfsbr tghb kb bkflráb y kb ifan`fnhbh hf kb audfr kbtn`gbafrncb`b.
Zbrb kb audfr quf vnvf su ifan`fnhbh cg` brtf.
Ynvf fk ornkkg f` tus kbongsZbtrncnb _gsb+ ?9+ usb ruogrcgkgr ?+ Fstucmf hf sgaorb yhfkn`fbhgr f` pgkvg pbrb gdgscgkgr 3 y lkgss IZS = cgkgr 2?.
@ B X V _
B Y N Y B
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 97/118
@ B X V _ B Y N Y B
@ B X V _ B Z _ G A G C N G @ F S
OGCB
Xfxturb crfagsbquf byuhb bidbr fk kbonbk.
cgkgr ? vn`g -?83<6.
cgkgr 2 abrró` -?88::.
¡BZ_GYFCMB"Lkgssfs sfkfccng`bhgs
b sókg (<>::
Kâpnz pbrbcg`tgr`g hf kbongs – 2+8 l
( <>.::
cgkgr < -?88:6.
cgkgr 3$ -?88:<.
cgkgr 28 -?88:2.
cgkgr 23-?88:?.
cgkgr =-?88:8.
cgkgr ?
-?88:=.
cgkgr 2? -?88:3.
F` u`b sgkb bpkncbcnó`kglrbrâs u`b
óptnab cgofrturbcg` ornkkg n`tf`sg.
cgkgr 2 -?88:>.
Lkgss kbonbk – < ak
Hf4 ( >9.::
<>c'u
>6$Fk lkgss cgkgr 3 `g fstâ prgagcng`bhg
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 98/118
2:
28
=
>9
@BXV_BYNYB
GDGS
Cgkgr n`tf`sgy bpkncbcnó`
crfagsb.
Aâscbrb pbrb pfstbòbs – < ak
( 2:6.::Hf râpnhg sfcbhg+
`g sf cgrrf
`flrg -?83>9.
Kâpnz pbrb gdgs – 2+3 l
( <>.::
Sbcbpu`tbs hgokf
( 99.:: -332.
Zbrb kâpnz hf pu`tb i`b g lrufsb
cgkgr 2`flrg -?83>=.
cgkgr ?abrró` -?83<8.
cgkgr 3vfrhf -?83><.
Kbonbk IZS = – 3+6 l
( =>+::
cgkgr 2< -?8823.
cgkgr 2= -?83<2.
cgkgr 83 -?8822.
rgsbs
cgkgr 22 -?8826.
cgkgr 2? -?839=.
cgkgr 28 -?8828.
abrrg`fs
cgkgr 8 -?839>.
cgkgr 3 -?882>.
cgkgr 6 -?882=.
cgorfs y hgrbhgs
cgkgr := -?8829.
cgkgr :< -?882<.
rgdgs
Cgkgrfs n`tf`sgsy bktb cgofrturb
OGCB
Xfxturbsubvf y ouf`b
cgofrturb.
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 99/118
GDGS
><
@ B X V _ B Y N Y B
cgkgr ?-3=2>:.
cgkgr 3¡ÔKXNAG CNCKG
HF YF@XBS"-3=2>2.
Fstucmf hf sgaorby hfkn`fbhgr f` pgkvgpbrb gdgs – 3+9 l
( 26:::
cgkgr 2-3=2>>.
Hnvfrsnhbh hfcgkgrfs
¡ÔKXNAG CNCKGHF YF@XBS"
>6
cgkgr 8-3=333.
cgkgr 6-3=338.
cgkgr 9-3=336.
cgkgr <-3=339.
Hôg hf sgaorbs znlzbl – 2+? l
( 226::
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 100/118
>=
@BXV_BYNYB
_GSX_G
Xfxturbknvnb`b ybpkncbcnó`blrbhbokf.
cgkgr 89 cbstbòg afhng
-?699<. -?83<<.
cgkgr 88cbstbòg subvf
-?6999. -?83<=.
cgkgr 8:
ofnlf ckbrg
-?6996. -?83<>.
Obsf IZS = – ?6 ak
( 22>.::
Zgkvg cgapbctg – 9+6 l
( 2>>.:: ( 26>.::
Ynf`fcg` fspfdgf` kb obsf
pbrb ibcnkntbr kbbpkncbcnó`.
¡Fs iâcnk fkflnr fk cgkgr hftu obsf y pgkvg cgapbctg" Nhf`tnicb fk tg`g aâs bhfcubhgcgkgcb`hg tu b`tforbzg f` kb pbrtfn`frngr hf kb pâln`b
cgkgr ?: abrró` ckbrg
-?83=:.
cgkgr 2= ofnlf afhng gscurg
-?83=2.
cgkgr 29 ofnlf afhng
-?83=?.
cgkgr 2? ofnlf rgsb
-?83=3.
cgkgr 2:
ofnlf ckbrg-?83=8.
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 101/118
>>
Ent hf pn`cfkfs
( 229:: -2:<?6.
pn`cfk
pbrb gdgs 2
23.6 ca
pn`cfk
pbrb ruogr
26 ca
pn`cfk
pbrb ogcb
23.6 ca
pn`cfk
pbrb
gdgs ?
23.? ca
cgkgr 3
rgsb-?83=6.
cgkgr ?sbkaó`-?83==.
cgkgr 8abrró`-?83=9.
_uogr – 3 l
( 2?=::
_GSX_G
_uogr hôg – 8+6 l
( 26:::
cgkgr ?-3=?=>.
cgkgr 3-3=?>:.Bcbobhg
subvf y iâcnkfspbrcnanf`tg
Bpkncb fk ruogr f` fk pu`tg aâs
sgorfsbknf`tf hfk póaukg cg`
agvnanf`tgs rgtbtnvgs.
Zufhfs byuhbrtf
cg` u` pn`cfk.
@grb+3? bògs
@ B X V _ B Y N Y B
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 102/118
` b t u r
b u ` b
Kb afdgr fxprfsnó` hf tn ansab
`tr u`b fs sgistnch káf hf aqnkkdf prfana qf hfspnfrt fk pkcfr pgr
kgs sftnhgs nfhg hfsfapfòg+ tfcgkglá f nlrfhnftfs trkfs f cgaoncnó
ônc Kb afdgr fxprfsnó` hf tn ansab.
( ?93.:: – ?: l
-?8?=3.
bprgxnahaf`tf
>: pknccng`fs
cg`snhfr`hg
su usg hnrng.
OF`FINCNGS
• Zrfpr f mnhrt k pnfk
• Annanz k prnfcn hf káfs hf
fxprfsnó y pgrgs
• _fhcf fk ornkkg fxcfsnvg
• Zrgkgl fk ffctg hfk aqnkkdf
• Cg` tfcgkglá tnsfòkfs
• Zbrb tghgs kgs tg`gs y tnpgs hf pnfk
Z_F!AbRuNKKbDF
tfc`gkglábCM_G@GSfkstn`gk%_ y CbG
mnhrbtbcnó`n`afhnbtb
_GSX_G
ckbrg -?8?62.
afhng -?8?63.
CG__FCXG_ NKuAN`bHG_
OF`FINCNGS
• Corf káfs hf fxprfsnó+ ogkss y gdfrs
• <>& hf rfhccnó hf gdfrs -f 28 hás.
• <>& rfhccnó hf ogkss -f ?= hás.$• Cg` tfcgkglá tnsfòkfs y Fkstngk%_
tfc`gkglábCM_G@GSfkstn`gk%_ y CbG
$ XFSX HF FINCBCNB4 _fskthgs gotfnhgs oshgs f k pfrcfpcnó
hf afdgr hf vgktrns qf tnknzrg fk prghctg
usg pgr prnafr vfz4 lnr k osf hfk prghctgbprgxnahaftf 3: pknccngfs cg`snhfr`hg su usg hnrng.
( 2<9.:: – 2+6 ak
Zr cgofrtr afhn
hf napfrfccngfs
XFC@GKGlÁB CM_G@GS4 Cgaotf ks rrls hfk fvfdfcnanftg
Zrgpgrcng irafz+ fkstncnhh y rfgvcnó cfkkr k pnfk
Cg`gCF kb
puoknCnhbh hF u`b
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 103/118
ckbrg -?<?>3. afhng -?<?>6.rgsbhg -?<?>8. cbstbòg -?<<==.
CG__FCXG_ bKXb CGOF_Xu_b
OF`FINCNGS
• Cuorf gdfrbs prgiu`hbs
y pfqfòs napfrifccngfs
• Cg`tnf`f vntban`b F y bccnó` b`tngxnhb`tf
tfc`gkglábCM_G@GSfkstn`gk%_ y CbG
2:2`
b t u r b V
@ B
` b t u r b Z
_ G A G C N G @ F S
?:& hf hfscuf`tg
f cgrrfctgrfs ktcgofrtr
? : & h f h f
sc u f t g
Cgrrfctgr bktb
cgofrturb – 2: l
Zr cgofrtr kt
hf napfrifccngfs
>?8:
Hf4 ( 229.::
bpknqf fk cgrrfctgr ktcgofrtr hfodg hf ts gdgs+pârphgs y cgtgrgs hf krnz y hf k ogc+ hnsnakhgnapfrifccngfs y snlgshf cscng
Oror Zkkhng+ 3: ògs+ s
cgrrfctgr nkanhgr cgkgr ckrg
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 104/118
`bturbV
@B
• Ióraukb b obsf hf blub+ knorf hf bcfntfs
• Xfxturb knvnb`b
• Fxckusnvb tfc`gkgláb @bturb4 Fkbstn`gk %
_ cg tngxnhtfs qf yh prfvfnr ks sfòkfs hf k fhh
• Fifctg btfrcngpfkbhg
• Cgofrturb subvf y bcbobhg `bturbk
• IZS 26
ObSF IKuNHb IZS 26OF`FINCNGS
tfc`gkglábCM_G@GSfkstn`gk%_ y CbG
ibctgr hfprgtfccnó`sgkbr
( ?:>.:: – 3: ak
Zr cgofrtr afhn+prgtfccnó y trtanftg
ckbrg -?8?8>. afhng -?8?8=.cbstbòg -32?>6.
bprgxnahaftf >6 pknccngfscgsnhfrhg sg hnrng
ofnf ckbrg -?8?93. ofnf afhng -?8?96.
ofnf cbstbòg -?8?86. abrró` ckbrg -?<<:?.
ObSF KÁRuNHb
OF`FINCNGS
• Iórak cg 3=& hf ctnvgs vflftkfs• bkt cgofrtr y fifctg trk• Mnhrtcnó nafhnt• Knorf hf cfntf+ pr tghg tnpg hf pnfk•Xrtanftg tnsfòkfs• ?8 mgrs hf hrcnó• IZS 26 y prgtfccnó uYb
tfc`gkglábCM_G@GSfkstn`gk%_ y CbG
ibctgr hfprgtfccnó`sgkbr
mnhrbtbcnó`n`afhnbtb
( 32>.:: – 3: ak
Zr u` cgofrtur kt+
prgtfccnó` y trtanf`tg.
CG@XFC@GKGlÁBB@XNSFÒBKFS
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 105/118
2:3`
b t u r b V
@ B
` b t u r b Z
_ G A G C N G @ F S
ZF_KbS FIFCXG O_G`CF
• Fifctg org`cfbhgr
• Bcbobhg bturbk y sbkuhbokf+
sn fcfsnhh hf fxpgfrsf
k sgk
OF`FINCNGS
cgkgr N -3:=39.
Zk+ s prf!aqnkkdf+
cgrrfctgr kt cgofrtr ckrg+
osf inh ckrg+ pfrks ffctg
orgcf+ sgaor agssf pkgag 2
y lkgss cgrk 2::
¡BZ_GvFCMB"?:& HF HFSCuF`XG
f ks fvs pfrkstgknztfs
¡KB@TBANF@XG"
Zfrkbs fifctg
org`cf – 3: ak
?39::
Hf4 ( ?>6.::
? : &
h f h f sc u f
t g
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 106/118
`bturbV
@B
afhng
-?<?<2.
-?<?<3.
cbstbòg
-?<?<:.
-?<?<8.
ckbrg
-?<?<?.
-?<326.
ZGKYG CGAZbCXG
OF`FINCNGS
•bcohg ngraf+ rfhcf fk
ornkkg fxcfsnvg
• Ffctg trk+ tfxtr ktrknvn• Hnsnak ks káfs is
hf fxprfsnó
• Cg cfranhs hf arcyâ+
vntan F+ pnlaftgs trthgsy hnsgrfs óptncgs
( 3:>.:: – 2: l ( ?32.::
( 3>6.::
<+6 l
afhng ' gscurg -?8?82.afhng ' ckbrg -?8?8?.
bprgxnahaftf
??< pknccngfs
cgsnhfrhg s sghnrng
•
Iórak y tfxtr hnfrfcnhs• Cgofrtr kfvf y ffctg trk
• Mnhrtcnó trk
• Kangsnhh y ngranhh hf k pnfk
• IZS 26 y prgtfccnó uYb
OF`FINCNGS
ZGKYG SuFKXG Zb_b FK _GSX_G IZS 26
( 329.::
?+6 l
rgsb -?8<:6. org`cf -?8<:8.
_uOG_ F` ZGKYG
OF`FINCNGS
• Ffctg tfrcngpfkhg
y cohg trk
• _fkz fk cgkgr f k
prnafr pknccnó
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 107/118
2:6`
b t u r b V
@ B
•Xfxtr ktri• bcohg trk
_uOG_ CGAZbCXG
OF`FINCNGS
_uOG_ NKuAN`bHG_
OF`FINCNGS
• Ffctg trky kfvfaftf nkanhg
( 32>.:: ! ?+? l
rgsb ? -33:6<.
( 329.:: ! 8+6 l ( ?>6.::
org`cf -?<3::.
-?<?>9.
cgrbk
-?<3:2.-?<?><.
rgsb -?<3:?.
-?<?>=.
ZN`CFKZb_b
_uOG_-?8?<9.
( ?6>.::
$ Kgs pncfkfs hfk ent g sgvfhnhgs hf gra sfprh
Cfrhs pr hnsfòr+ hfstcr g cgrrflnr napfrfccngfs Zncfk pr pfnr ks cfds y ks pfstòs
CFDbS GDGS
Cfrhs pr fsar y crfr ffctgs sgaorfhgsFspgd pr pkncr y fsar ks sgaors
GDGS
Cfrhs irafs y prfcnss
KbONGS
ENX HFZN`CFKFS$-?8?<>.
( ?<>.::
bCCFSG_NGS
ZN`CFKZb_bObSF KÁRuNHb-?8?<6. ( ?6>.::
ZN`CFK Zb_bZGKYG-?8?<=.
( ?<>.::
r f p u f s t g
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 108/118
2:9
SGAO_b AGuSSF
OF`FINCNGS
• Fifctg sbtn`bhg
• Bktb cgofrturb y kbrlb hurbcnó`
• @g abrcb kb ká`fb hf kgs
pknflfs hf kgs pârphgs
( 23<.:: – =+6 l
vfrhf 2 -?8?>=. pkgag 2 -?8?>9.pfrkb 2 -?8?><.
( 2=:.:: – 2+? l
SGAO_b F` ZGKYG AG`G
OF`FINCNGS
• Cgofrtr óptna
• Xfxtr i+ sfhgs
• Krl hrcnó•Yntan F
abrró` 2
-?<3?:.
lrf`b 2
-?<3:8.
hgrbhb 2
-?<3?8. o
r n k k b ` t f
a b t f
Cub_XFXG HF SGAO_bS
OF`FINCNGS
• Cgkgrfs atf y ornkktfs
• Cgofrtr óptna
•Xfxtr i+ sfhgs• Krl hrcnó
•Yntan F
cgkgr 8 -?<32:.
( 8<3.:: – ?+6 l
Fstucmf cg`prfsf`tbcnó` fxckusnvb.
`bturbV
@B
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 109/118
2:<`
b t u r b V
@ B
abrró` -?<<:3.
`flrg
-?<3<2.
OF`FINCNGS
• Cgkgr ntfsg hfshf k prnafr pknccn• Hrcn prgkgh
KÂZNT _FX_ÂCXNK b Z_uFOb HF blub
Kâpnz rftrâctnk – ?=: a
`flrg -?83:8.
OF`FINCNGS
• Cgkgr ntfsg cg ptna idcn• = mgrs hf hrcn
KÂZNT Kb_lb Hu_bCNó`
HFKN`FbHG_FS Zb_b GDGS
HFKN`FbHG_ KÁRuNHG
OF`FINCNGS
•
bkt hrcn y cgkgrfs ntfsgs• Zrfcnsn f k pknccn
`flrg -?9382. abrró` -?938:.
( 2>:.:: – 2+= ak
KÂZNT EbDbK
OF`FINCNGS
•Xfxtr svf+ ptnag
hfsknzanftg y âcnk pknccn• Zt pr fsar
( 26:.:: – 2+28
`flrg -?8?=?.
abrró` -?8?=2.
` b t u r b V
@ B
` b t u r b Z
_ G A G C N G @ F S
?:& hf hfscuf`tg
f kâpncfs sfkfccnghgs
? : & h f h f
sc u f t g
2?=
::
c'u
Hf4 ( 29:.::
ikhgr hf pt
( 29:.:: – ?=: a
Hf4 ( 29:.::
Kâpnz kbrlb
hurbcnó` – 2+?
2?=::
c'u
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 110/118
`bturbV
@B
2:=2:=
( ?26.:: – = ak
`flrb
-32><2.
F]X_b YGKuAF`
OF`FINCNGS
• 3:& aâs hf vgkuaf`
• `g hfd lrags
• Gitkagkólncaftf prgoh
• Hrcnó mst pgr = mgrs
• Iórak hf sfchg râpnhg
rgsb 2-3:698.
bzuk 2-3:699.
( 3:6.:: – ?+? l
vfrhf ?-3:69<.
SGAO_bS bKXG O_NKKG AG`G
• Fifctg `bturbk f nkuan`bhg
• Sf pufhf` utnknzbr hf hgs ab`frbspr kglrr fifctgs hnifrftfs4
Ntfsg4 cg pncfk môafhg
Svf4 cg pncfk sfcg
OF`FINCNGS
Sgkfhh Zrhg+ 36 ògs+ ssgaor ktg ornkkg agg rgs 2
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 111/118
2:>`
b t u r b V
@ B
SGAO_bS ObEFH HÔG ! bKXG O_NKKG
OF`FINCNGS
• Cgaoncnó hf pnaftgs y pfrks qfgtgr cgkgr cg hnafsnó
• Xfxtr tfrcngpfkh• Hgs fifctgs4 trk -pncfk sfcg. fntfsg -pncfk môafhg.• Hrcnó = mgrs
N`ckuyf fspfdg hfktbabòg hf kb tbpb.
( 3:6.:: 9
SuZF_ bKb_lbANF`XG
OF`FINCNGS
• Cfpnkkg hf orgcmbs snkncg`bhbs
• `g hfd rags• Sfpr+ hfinf y kr kspfstòs
• Gitkagkóncaftf prgoh•Xnff vntan F
Sókg pufhf sfr rftnrbhbcg` blub tnonb.
( ?26.:: – = ak
`flrb
-398?6.
cgkgr 2-36<<>.
cgkgr 3-36<6:.
cgkgr 8-36<=:.
cgkgr =-38:>3.
cgkgr 6-36<=2.
cgkgr <-38:>?.
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 112/118
22:`bturbV
@B
( 3:6.::
?+? l
SGAO_bS X_ÁG ObEFH ! bKXG O_NKKG
• Bcbobhg sbtn`bhg y pfrkbhg
f u sgkg prghuctg• Bktb cgofrturb
• Hurcnó = mgrs
OF`FINCNGS
cgkgr 2¡ôKXNAG CNCKG
HF vF@XBS"-383<<.
cgkgr ?
-383<=. cgkgr 3-389>6.
`gfkn Arnsfk Ankgs+ 33 ògs+us sgaor trág cgkgr ? y lkgss
cgkgr rgs 2::
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 113/118
222
•
Cggrt y ornkkg• Mnhrt y hnsanyf ks káfsis hf kgs kongs
• IZS 26 y prgtfccnó uYb
lKGSS IZS 26
OF`FINCNGS
tfc`gkglábCM_G@GScfranhs hf arcuyâ y CbG
ibctgr hfprgtfccnó`sgkbr
mnhrbtbcnó`n`afhnbtb
OGCb
o r n k k b ` t f
c r f a g s g
tfrrbcgtb -?<?>:.cgkgr hf ogcb -?<?=>.
( 29:.:: – ?6: a
KÂZNT _FX_ÂCXNK Zb_b KbONGS
OF`FINCNGS
•Xfxtr svf+ prfo hf
( 2=>.:: – 9 akrgsb 2:2 -?<262.
cgrbk 282 -33:33.
rgsb 28: -33:39.
ogcb 28: -33:3<.
cgrbk 28: ¡ôKXNAGCNCKG HF vF@XBS"-33:38.
rgsb 282 -33:36.
rgdg 2:: -?<26?.
rgsb 2:: -?<289.
cgorf 2:: -?<28=.
cgkgr hf ogcb 2:: -?<26:.
pfrkb 2:: -?<288.
cgrbk 2:: -?<28<.
Aâs ornkkg ycgkgrfs norb`tfspbrb tus kbongs.
` b t u r b V
@ B
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 114/118
22?`bturbV
@B
FHNCNó@ KNANXBHBMBSXB BlGXB_ FxNSXF@CNBS
KbONbKFS N`XF`SGS IZS 26 IKG_
OGCb
OF`FINCNGS
• Bktb cgofrturb y indbcnó`
• Mnhrbtbcnó` n`afhnbtb y
rfsturcnó hf kgs kongs
• Hfcgrbcnó` fspfcnbk f` kb obkb
abrr` 8¡@G HNSZG@NOKF"
ogcb 8¡@G HNSZG@NOKF"
uvb 2-333:=.
Kbonbk n`tf`sgIZS 26 igr – 3+6 l
( 2=:.::
Oror Zkkhng+ 3: ògs+
us konk ntfsg igr uv 2
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 115/118
223 ` b t u r b V
@ B
Ab__G`FS
abrr` 2-?8??2.
cgorf ?-?8??6.
_GSbS
rgsb 8:
-32393.
fictg prkbhg$
rgsb 8-?<?=6.
rgsb 6-?<?=<.
rgsb 3-?8??9.
rgsb ?
-?939:.
rgsb 9-?<?=8.
OGCb
ogcb ?-?8??8.
cgrbk ?-?9386.
cgrbk 3-?8???.
YN`G
vn`g 8: -32398.fictgprkbhg$
_GDGS
rgdg 2-?8??3.
rgdg ?-?9366.
cgrbk 8: -32399.fictgprkbhg$
ogcb 6:-389>3.
abrr` 62-389>2.
ogcb 62-389>8.
rgsb 6:-389=>.
Kbonbk fifctg abtf – 3+6 l
( 2=:.::
KbONbKFS FIFCXG AbXF
rgdg 6:-389=<.
rgdg 62-389==.
o r n k k b ` t f
c r f a g s g
a b t f
$ K g s k o n k f s h f f i f c g p f k h g s g f h n c n ó k n a n h .
¡BXF@CNó@" fk cgkgr hk kbonbk puh vbrnbr slô` kb igrab ` qu s bpkncb k prghuctg y k tg`g h pnk h cbhb audr.
KbONbKFS N`XF`SGS ZF_KbHGS
OF`FINCNGS
• Mnhrtcnó nafhnt _fstr kgs kongs
cg mgr hf sg
• Zrfvnff sfòkfs
• 6>& hf ctnvgs vflftkfs
• IZS 26 y prgtfccnó uYb
tfc`gkglábCM_G@GScfranhs hf arcuyâ y CbG
ibctgr hfprgtfccnó`sgkbr
mnhrbtbcnó`n`afhnbtb
MNH_bXb`XF
mnhrbtb`tf kbonbk-?<99=.
( 2=:.:: – 3+6 l rgdg 8:
-32396.fictg prkbhg$.
FHNCNó@ KNANXBHBMBSXB BlGXB_ FxNSXF@CNBS
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 116/118
F`cuf`trb fstfprghuctg f`
Z_GAGCNÓ@f` kb pâln`b 2:3.
@VFYG XG@BKNTBHG_
ZF_KBS FIFCXG O_G@CF
Fifctg org`cfbhg+ tu pnfk kucnrâ cg` bspfctg
`bturbk y sbkuhbokf tghg fk bòg.
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 117/118
Zbukb usb prf!abqunkkbdf+ cgrrfctgr
bktb cgofrturb ckbrg+ obsf iunhb
ckbrb+ pfrkbs ffctg org`cf+ sgaorb
agussf pkgag 2+ aâscbrb
vgkuaf` `flrb.
kb afdgr fxprfsnó` hf tn ansab
7/23/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 06-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revista-natura-ciclo-06-2013 118/118
@VFYB KÁ@FB @BXV_BXGHGHNB DBTAÁ@
Kb hfk ncbhb irblb`cnb
hfk dbzaá` cg` tfxturbs
f`vgkvf`tfs quf hfspnfr tb`
`ufvbs sf`sbcng`fs
f` tu háb.