Download - El tendido de instalaciones eléctricas

7/30/2019 El tendido de instalaciones eléctricas

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/el-tendido-de-instalaciones-electricas 1/81

Gl tgehnhj hg lcs nestclconjegs

Mjce Lluës Aukchÿ

Ndeconj Vcrnonj



0

N_@E= 28+>0?307+2+6

Hgpÿsntj Lgdcl= ]+?113+>>

Vrjbn`nhc lc rgprjhuoo nÿe tjtcl j pcroncl pjr o uclqungrkghnj j p rjoghnkngetj sne lc cutjrnzconÿe prgvnc hgljs tntulcrgs hgl ©

© Ndeconj Vcrnonj

© @nscdrc

3ª ghnonÿe= Hnongk`rg 3>>>

Kcqugtconÿe y trctckngetj hg lcs nkãdgegs= Cec Vcrnonj

Ghnonÿe= Kgroâ Pnus

@nscdrc@crogljecXgl%= >? 827 30 27G+kcnl= `nscdrcFcrrcins%gsbttp=**www%crrcins%gs

Gstg ln`rj bc snhj rghcotchj ge p rnkgrc pgrsjec pjr N% Vcrnonj, cuequg, ojkj nehnoce ljsorîhntjs hg cutjr, gs gl rgsultchj hg lc ojlc`jrconÿe oje M%Ll% Aukchÿ, qug bc cpjrtchjsus prjpnjs tgxtjs, nhgcs y hjoukgetjs%



ËEHNOG

3% Lc gxpljsnÿe hg lcs nestclconjegs 7

3%3 Lj qug gstã jourrngehj 1

3%0 Hg pngl y bugsjs c vcsjs y egrvnjs 2

3%? Lc pjsturc hgl crquntgotj 36

0% Lcs nechgouchcs gstrctgdncs trchnonjeclgs 34

0%3 Xrchnonÿe vgrdjezcetg= lc joultconÿe 32

0%0 Lcs eugvcs nesgronjegs= lc coogsn nlnhch 00

0%? Gl ojstg hg gesgócr= lc gxbn nonÿe 01

?% Ljs eýolgjs vgrtnoclgs 0>

?%3Lc trchnonÿe hgl pctnegmj ?6

?%0 Ljs eýolgjs vgrtnoclgs y lc plcetc hg lcs vnvngehcs ?8

?%? Ljs tgehnhjs ge acobchc ?2

8% Lcs hnstrn`uonjegs netgrnjrgs 83

8%3 Lc lnkntchc ocpconhch hg ljs glgkgetjs vgrtnoclgs 80

8%0 Lc aãonl gvnhgeonc hg ljs aclsjs tgobjs 88

8%? Ljs prjkgtghjrgs sugljs tîoenojs 76

7% Lc neejvconÿe tgoejlÿdnoc 74

7%3 Lc prgac`rnoconÿe bjy 72

7%0 Ljs eugvjs kctgrnclgs 16

7%? Lcs eugvcs tîoenocs 10

1% Vgrspgotnvcs netglndgetgs 17

1%3 Cprgehngehj uejs hg jtrjs 111%0 Gl nehnvnhuj y gl drupj 46

1%? Vrjygotj=prgvnsnÿe y ojjrhneconÿe 48



8

Ej kg dustce ljs tu`js y lcs ocógrëcs% Pgclkgetg ljs jhnj pjr ojk+

plgtj, pgrj c ocusc hg gstj, sngetj qug sg lgs hg`g hcr su ludcr% _n

sjlj ljs jhncsg y ej tuvngsg ounhchj, orgj qug nevchnrëce gl ghnanonj y

lj hgstrunrëce tjtclkgetg%

Ljuns Icbe ontchj pjr P% @cebck



26

XGXXJE

_ckgp, _%L%

V% Qcllhcurc, 032 0½?ª62680 @crogljecXgl%= >?%?7?%43%>>Acx= >?%?7?%>0%48

PGHGLGO

XHKO* _cetc @rndnhc 3402006 Kcmchcbjehc "Kchrnh.Xgl%= >3%1?2%24%33

BGPAJPHGP

Cnhg Drjup

Vl% Crclcr, 8 @m%06316 LcscrtgXgl%= >8?%?1%70%76Acx= >8?%?4%08%?2

NEXGPOGLL

OchjrXjrrg Kcparg ‟ Qnllc JlëkpnocO* Kcrnec, 31+32 Vl% 38H62667 @crogljecXgl%= >?%003%38%31Acx= >?%003%0?%?2

NEXWKGR

Gurjquëknoc

Ocrrgtgrc Crdgetjec, Hjsrnus Ik 062?3> Hjsrnus "@crogljec.Xgl%= >?%4>4%8?%66

PWEXCL

]gbehgr Pchnchjrgs, _%C%

Vjl% Neh% _urjgstgOrtc% Kjllgt c _getkgects6203? Vjlneyæ "@crogljec.Xgl%= >?%43?%0?%3?Acx= >?%43?%3>%03

OBCEEGL ALJJP

Vgrkcstgglnsc Gspcóc, _%C%

V% ]jec Arceoc, 26626?2 @crogljec

Xgl%= >?%0>1%18%81Acx= >?%8?0%02%0?

ALGRCLNEJ

Dgjrd Ansobgr

O* Cloclc 27, 0ª0266> KchrnhXgl%= >3%423%>2%>6

G_VNPJALGR

Gspnrjalgx, _C

Vjl% Neh% Lc AljrnhcO* Qno, s*e, Vjl%Neh% Lc Aljrnhc623?6 _cetc Vgrpgtuc hg lc Kjdjhc "@crogljec.Xgl%= >?%716%08%66Acx= >?%716%01%01

DCPHGEC

Cdrjmcrhëe

Ljpgz hg Bjyjs 0>70268? KchrnhXgl%= >3%8372836

PGBCW

O* Hr% Xrugtc, 3362216 Ocstgllhgagls "@crogljec.Xgl%= >?%1?7%6>%6>

_NGKGE_

_ngkges @unlhned Xgobejljdngs, _%C%Drce Qnc hg lgs Ojrts Octclcegs, 4636263? @crogljecXgl%= >?%0?0%?6%13Acx= >?%017%1>%03

C_VGE VWKV_

_clvchjr Gsojhc, _%C%

O* Pjsgllÿ 8?662607 @crogljecXgl%= >?%?84%77%88

DG@GPNX

Dg`grnt, _%C%

Vcrqug hg Egdjonjs “Kcs @lcu‛, Ghnanonj JogcejO* Dcrrjtxc, 36+3062206 Gl Vrct hg Llj`rgdct "@crogljec.Xgl%= >?%842%?8%83Acx= >?%842%?8%43

IECWA

Iecua

V% Dræonc 24 0ª gsq62662 @crogljec

Xgl%= >?%824%81%84

XCXG

Xgnergsc

O*Jrgesg 3602606 KchrnhXgl%= >3%7>4%80%14

Vcrc kcyjr neajrkconÿe y ojkjhnhch hgl lgotjr sg rgsgóce cquë lcs rgagrgeoncs hg ljs prjhuotjs ontchjs ge gl tgxtj% Gl ojetgenhj hg gstc lnstc

rgspjehg gxolusnvckgetg c lcs gxndgeoncs hgl dunÿe y c ljs ojejonkngetjs hg ljs cutjrgs% Ej sg pughg dcrcetnzcr qug sgce ljs kgmjrgs en ljskãs hnauehnhjs% Ej sg bc gstc`lgonhj eneduec rglconÿe ojkgroncl oje gstcs gkprgscs%

Vrjhuotjs ontchjs



3% LC GRVLJ_NßE HG LC_ NE _XCLCONJEG_

Aneclnzc gl kgs hg muenj, rghcotj gstcs lëegcs ge kn ocsc jygehj gl

rgpnqugtgj hg ljs cl`cónlgs% Kns vgonejs gkpngzce j`rcs ojkj tj+

hjs ljs vgrcejs% Wejs qungrge uenr hjs hjrkntjrnjs, jtrjs vce ckgmjrcr gl cspgotj j gl gqunpj hg su oucrtj hg `cój% Lcs hjs tgrog+

rcs pcrtgs hgl hnegrj qug sg vce c dcstcr tngege qug vgr oje lcs

hnanoultchgs plcetgchcs pjr lcs nestclconjegs j oje lcs j`rcs hg cl+

`cónlgrëc dgegrchcs pjr gllcs% C pgscr hg lj hgskghnhj hg gsg ojs+

tg y hg lc neojkjhnhch hg gscs j`rcs lc sntuconÿe ej pcrgog kjvgr

c rgalgxnÿe c echng%

Ljs oc`lgs tu`js y ojehuotjs orgoge hgetrj hg eugstrjs ghnanonjs, y

oje glljs ljs gspconjs qug joupce y lcs gxndgeoncs hg coogsn`nlnhch%

Vgrj ljs crquntgotjs ej ejs hgonhnkjs c hcr c gstjs tgehnhjs lc nk+

pjrtceonc qug gvnhgetgkgetg tngege% Vcrgog qug ljs prjygotnstcs ge+

tgehgkjs qug gsj ej gs crquntgoturc%%% qug lc crquntgoturc trctc hg

jtrcs ojscs% ºBcstc oucehj pjhrgkjs knrcr bconc jtrj lchj:%

© Ndeconj Vcrnonj% © @nscdrc



1

3%3 Lj qug gstã jourrngehj

Lc ojestruoonÿe gvjluonjec kuy hgspconj y csnknlc oje drce lgetn+tuh ljs ock`njs tîoenojs% Lc neejvconÿe ge lc ojestruoonÿe tngeg ue

kcl kjtjr y ue drce argej% We kcl kjtjr, pjrqug su gstruoturc goj+

eÿknoc gs kuy jpcoc y ej prgknc c ljs ock`njs rczjec`lgs% We

drce argej, pjrqug ocsn tjhjs ljs prjdrckcs ghnanoctjrnjs sje kuy

ojesgrvchjrgs y ljs prjkjtjrgs tgkge ock`njs qug pughce hgs+

vcljrnzcr gl prjhuotj ge ue kgrochj trchnonjeclnstc y knghjsj%

Lc tîoenoc ojestruotnvc ej pcrgog bc`grsg getgrchj hg qug su oje+tgenhj, cqugllj qug ojestrunkjs, bc ock`nchj sustceonclkgetg% Bcstc

bcog pjoj sg trctc`c ocsn ýenockgetg hg ojesgdunr uec kconzc ge+

vjlvgetg prjtgotjrc argetg c lcs neolgkgeoncs gxtgrnjrgs, bjy tgeg+

kjs qug ojetrjlcr ue vcrnchj c`cenoj hg alunhjs qug dcrcetnzcrãe gl

ojeajrt, lcs hnspjen`nlnhchgs hg gegrdëc, lc sgdurnhch y lc neajrkconÿe%

Ej kg ocescrî hg sgóclcr lc prjxnknhch orjejlÿdnoc getrg ck`cssntuconjegs% _jlj bcog oneougetc cójs ljs scentcrnjs grce uejs cpc+

rctjs sugltjs ge ue ljocl y ljs gsocsjs oc`lgs y tu`js, sg tgehëce,

vnstjs oje ljs ojehuotjs rghuonhjs c lcs sclnhcs hg bukjs hg lcs

obnkgegcs% Bjy gl gspconj bc`ntc`lg gstã lnkntchj pjr ogrrckngetjs

truachjs hg bcogs hg oc`lgs, pcqugtgs hg tu`js y ckplnjs ojehuo+

tjs% Oucehj nenonî kn prãotnoc prjagsnjecl, lcs vnvngehcs tgeëce trgs

j ouctrj puetjs hg cduc y quneog j vgnetg puetjs hg luz% Bjy gs

aãonl qug tgedce vgnetg puetjs hg cduc, hngz j quneog rchnchjrgs,

kãs hg onge tjkcs hg gegrdëc glîotrnoc, chgkãs hg trgs j ouctrj

`csgs hg tglîajej, jtrcs tcetcs hg tglgvnsnÿe, gto%

Gs gvnhgetg qug ej pjhgkjs sgdunr vjlvngehj lc gspclhc cl auturj%

Xgegkjs qug tjkcr prgvnsnjegs pcrc bcogr argetg c lcs neknegetgs

gxndgeoncs hg lc hjkÿtnoc, lc an`rc ÿptnoc y gl cnrg cojehnonjechj% Ej

sg trctc hg ue ock`nj snkplgkgetg oucetntctnvj% Gs gl knskj ocrão+tgr hg ljs snstgkcs ojestruotnvjs gl qug hg`g ock`ncr pcrc pjhgr

cl`grdcr gstg ckcsnmj hg tgehnhjs% Lc `rgvghch hg lc vnhc, kctgrncl y

aueonjecl, hg gsjs gqunpjs ej bcog snej ojkplnocr lc sntuconÿe pjr+

qug su coogsn`nlnhch gs uec gxndgeonc qug ej pjhgkjs ndejrcr%

Oucrtj hg `cój hg D% Qcehgr`nlt, Eugvc

^jri, 3227 "hg Lc kgocenzconÿe tjkc gl

kcehj .%




Cuequg hgshg ljs jrëdgegs hg lc crquntgoturc sg bc neojrpjrchj c lc

ghnanoconÿe glgkgetjs oje uec vjoconÿe gxolusnvckgetg tîoenoc,

tjhjs gstcrgkjs hg cougrhj ge qug gl orgonkngetj, ge vcrnghch gnkpjrtceonc, hg gsjs glgkgetjs bc rgvjluonjechj sus rglconjegs

oje gl rgstj hg lc ghnanoconÿe ge lcs ýltnkcs hîochcs%

Bjy lcs nestclconjegs ge ue ghnanonj ojevgeonjecl tngege ue ojstg qug

sg cogroc cl ?6' hgl tjtcl hgl ghnanonj y ge clduejs ocsjs supgrc gl

76'% Hurcetg su gxpljtconÿe prgonsce hgl 47' hg lcs jpgrconjegs hg

kcetgenkngetj% Ge ljs prjygotjs hg crquntgoturc lcs nestclconjegs

joupce hgl ?? cl 16' hg lc hjoukgetconÿe y cocrrgce lc kcyjr pcrtg

hg lcs hnanoultchgs hg dgstnÿe hg lcs lnogeoncs hg cotnvnhch%

Lcs eugvcs gxndgeoncs hg ojeajrt, lc neajrkãtnoc hjkîstnoc, lc

hjkÿt noc, gl cbjrrj gegrdîtnoj, lc ejrkctnvc hg vgetnlconÿe j hg prj+

tgoonÿe ojetrc neogehnjs ojevgrdge ge llgecr eugstrjs ghnanonjs hg

oc`lgs y ojehuotjs, ge prneonpnj ojkplgtckgetg cmgejs c lcs ojesn+

hgrconjegs hg jrhge y mgrcrquëc qug bc gstc`lgonhj lc crquntgoturc%Ljs eugvjs prjhuotjs tîoenojs surdge oje argougeonc `nceucl, ojkj

ljs kjhgljs hg cutjkÿvnlgs, y ojevngrtge ge cetnouchcs c lcs nestc+

lconjegs qug tngege kãs hg trgs cójs hg cetndüghch ge gl ockpj hg

lc glgotrÿenoc, j kãs hg sgns ge lcs ãrgcs hg sgdurnhch j kgoãenoc%

_u vgljonhch hg ock`nj gs tce rãpnhc qug pughg bcogr neýtnlgs eugs+

trcs prgvnsnjegs% ºSunîe pjhrëc bc`gr supugstj qug gl kjhgreësnkj

acx n`c c sgr hgsplczchj tce rãpnhckgetg pjr glg+kcnl

:%

Ljs snstgkcs kãs kjhgrejs y sjanstnochjs ojevnvge oje ljs kãs

trchnonjeclgs y snkplgs% Muetj c lc cetgec hg tglgvnsnÿe pjr sctîlntg,

csjkc uec gvcouconÿe hg bukjs qug sg `csc ge uec huhjsc

ojevgoonÿe tîrknoc y gl oc`lg qug ejs ojegotc c netgregt sg tngehg,

ge gl tgobj hg ue sÿtcej, pcrclglj c ue `cmcetg qug egogsntc lc drc+

vghch y hngz id hg cduc pcrc kjvgr onge drckjs hg bgogs%

Gstg tgxtj ej tngeg lc ck`nonÿe hg plcetgcrsg ge tjhc su ckplntuh

gstg prj`lgkc snej qug ejs lnkntcrgkjs c rgojrrgr clduecs cltgrec+

tnvcs c uej hg sus cspgotjs= lc ljoclnzconÿe aësnoc hg ljs ojehuotjs,

tu`js y oc`lgs qug ojegotce ljs hnvgrsjs glgkgetjs qug netgdrce

ljs snstgkcs hg nestclconjegs%




2

3%0 Hg pngl y bugsjs c vcsjs y egrvnjs

Lc ojevgeonÿe ge kctgrnc hg ghnanoconÿe getngehg cl ghnanonj ojkj uegetrckchj gstruoturcl qug sjpjrtc uejs gspconjs geogrrchjs y prjtg+

dnhjs pjr uejs pcrckgetjs gxtgrnjrgs, ojkj ue ougrpj bukcej ajr+

kchj pjr bugsjs qug snrvge hg sjpjrtg c uec kcsc ojrpjrcl rgou`ngrtc

pjr lc pngl% Gs ue kjhglj tgotÿenoj y dgjkîtrnoj qug bc snhj lc kctrnz

hg tjhj gl rconjonenj crquntgotÿenoj hg eugstrc trchnonÿe%

Vgrj tck`nîe sg pughg getgehgr cl sgr bukcej, y cl ghnanonj, ojkj ue

jrdcenskj hjtchj hg vcsjs y egrvnjs qug netgrrglconjece lcs hnvgrscspcrtgs hgl ojemuetj, rgon`ngehj neajrkconÿe tcetj hgl gxtgrnjr ojkj hgl

prjpnj netgrnjr, chjptcehj hgonsnjegs, cutjkãtnocs j vjluetcrncs, y ge+

vncehj suknenstrjs c lcs pcrtgs qug lj egogsntce% Ge gstg kjhglj gl

ghnanonj csukg su eugvc gxndgeonc hg ojetgeghjr hg nestclconjegs, lcs

netgdrc y kjhnanoc su ojeogponÿe bnstjrnonstc y lc sustntuyg pjr lc hg lc

tîoenoc cgrjgspconcl= gevjlvgetgs jptnknzchcs hg ojkplgmjs gqunpjs

netgrojegotchjs ojetrjlchjs pjr uec netglndgeonc prjdrckchc%

Wec hg lcs kcyjrgs hnanoultchgs hg gstg ockpj qug vckjs c trctcr

rchnoc ge su lc`nlnhch, ge lc vgljonhch oje qug gl prj`lgkc gvjluonjec

cetg eugstrjs jmjs% Gs kuy hnaëonl prgvgr oje qug tnpj hg nestclconjegs

ejs vckjs c geojetrcr hgetrj hg pjojs cójs% Hgsdrconchckgetg

uec hg lcs rgspugstcs rczjec`lgs c gsc vgljonhch hg ock`nj gs gl

ojesgrvchurnskj% ºOÿkj vckjs c nevgrtnr ge sjluonjegs neejvchjrcs

qug pughge qughcr ochuocs ge pjoj tngkpj:%

Vgrj ej bcy huhc hg qug yc bc llgdchj gl kjkgetj hg tgegr uec

vnsnÿe dlj`cl hg ljs netgrock`njs gegrdîtnojs qug suarge eugstrjs

ghnanonjs% Lc ocptconÿe hg gegrdëc sjlcr, lc prjtgoonÿe argetg c lcs

cpjrtconjegs gxogsnvcs, lc vgetnlconÿe, lc oclgacoonÿe, lc rgarndgrc+

onÿe, lc cnrgconÿe sje sjlj cspgotjs pcronclgs hg ue prjogsj dlj`cl

hg netgrock`nj qug sg tgehrã qug carjetcr hg kcegrc netgdrchc%

Neolusj lcs kjhcs hg lc nkcdnegrëc crquntgotÿenoc ojetgkpjrãegc ejs

j lndce c rgalgxnjecr sj`rg gl pcpgl hg gsjs netgrock njs hg gegrdëc g

neajrkconÿe ojkj ojeajrkchjrgs hg lc nkcdge hgl ghnanonj% _udngrge

uec vnsnÿe eugvc ge lc qug ochc uec hg gscs jpgrconjegs ej ojrrgspje+

_nstgkc onroulctjrnj bukcej "hg Crquntgoturc

g Nehustrnc .%




hg c uec sukc hg pcrtgs neojegxcs, snej qug gvnhgeonc gl aueonjecknge+

tj hg ue ýenoj y ojkplgmj snstgkc= gl ghnanonj bc ntchj, uec kãqunec llgec

hg rglconjegs netgrecs y lczjs oje gl gxtgrnjr qug j lndce c prnkcr gl prj+`lgkc hg lc ljoclnzconÿe hg tjhjs gsjs tgehnhjs hg ojegxnÿe%

Gl supugstj `ãsnoj hg gstg tgxtj gs qug tjhjs gsjs oc`lgs, tu`js y

ojehuotjs, c pgscr hg su hnvgrsnhch chkntge ongrtc tnpnanoconÿe ge

oucetj c lc ajrkc hg sus rghgs y cl tnpj hg gspconjs qug ljs hg`ge

cljmcr% Qckjs c cogrocrejs c gsjs tnpjs, pgrj cetgs rgojrhgkjs

trgs prj`lgkcs `ãsnojs hgl hnsgój hg gsjs tgehnhjs=

Ljs rngsdjs= hg`gkjs tgegr hctjs sj`rg ljs rngsdjs qug lcs nestc+

lconjegs nkplnoce y sj`rg lc kcegrc hg rghuonrljs j gvntcrljs% Ej

bcog acltc cquë prjauehnzcr ge gstjs tgkcs pgrj rgojrhgkjs pjr

gmgkplj qug lc rgh hg gvcouconÿe gs uec nestclconÿe hg gsocsj rngs+

dj ge së knskc pgrj qug pughg ojesnhgrcrsg pglndrjsc pjr gl kjhj

ge qug suglg nkplcetcrsg ge gl ghnanonj, pugs su rjturc pughg prjvj+

ocr hcójs kuy drcvgs sn lc pîrhnhc hg cduc cagotc c ongrtjs glgkge+tjs ojestruotnvjs j sn sg tcrhc kuobj tngkpj ge hgtgotcr gl hcój%

Ljs tckcójs= hg`gkjs rguenr suanongetg neajrkconÿe sj`rg lcs sgo+

onjegs qug sg hg`ge prgvgr y lcs cltgrectnvcs nkcdnec`lgs% Gl ocsj

hgl trcespjrtg hg gegrdëc tîrknoc gs pcrchndkãtnoj, gs ue pcpgl

pcrc gl qug gl cduc pjr su cltj ocljr gspgoëanoj gs kuobj kãs ganocz

qug gl cnrg% Gxcotckgetg ?%846 vgogs kãs ganocz% Xck`nîe sg hg`g

tgegr ge ougetc lc neonhgeonc hg lc prgsnÿe y lc vgljonhch% Vugstj

qug gl cnrg sg suglg kjvgr c 30k*s y gl cduc c 0k*s lc ganoconc cetg+

rnjr hg`grã hnvnhnrsg pjr sgns% Vgrj gl cduc sndug sngehj 74> vgogs

kãs ganocz qug gl cnrg%

Lcs neojkpctn`nlnhchgs= uecs vgogs lÿdnocs "ojkj pjr gmgkplj lc

hgl dcs oje lc glgotrnonhch. y jtrcs ocprnobjscs, pgrj

rgdlckgetcrnckgetg nkpugstcs pjr gl hgsgj hg nehgpgehnzcr ge glghnanonj nestclconjegs qug lcs prjpncs ojkpcóëcs suknenstrchjrcs

kcetngege muetcs ge lc ocllg "pjr gmgkplj, lcs hg cduc y lcs hg dcs.%

_n lcs dclgrëcs ur`cecs chkntge cljmcr ge ue knskj rgonetj c ue `uge

eýkgrj hg nestclconjegs, îstcs hg`grëce pjhgr sgdunr muetcs ge lcs

dclgrëcs y pctnenlljs hg sgrvnonjs hg ljs ghnanonjs%

Alumjs g nestclconjegs ge gl @ceoj hg

Bjedijed, 3>2> "E% Ajstgr.%




36

3%? Lc pjsturc hgl crquntgotj

Lc ontc hg Ljuns Icbe qug nenonc gstg ouchgrej rgsukg lcs cetnpctëcsqug gl crquntgotj sngetg cetg ue ojemuetj hg glgkgetjs qug gstãe

nehnsjlu`lgkgetg lndchjs c lc ojestruoonÿe pgrj qug sg vuglvge ochc

vgz kãs neojkprgesn`lgs pcrc îl% Kuobcs rczjegs gxplnoce gsc ce+

tnpctëc pgrj gs gvnhgetg qug lc kãs nkpjrtcetg gs lc ndejrceonc% Ej

gs aãonl getgehgr ojkj aueonjece tjhjs gsjs snstgkcs, c vgogs tce

ojkplgmjs, `cschjs ge prneonpnjs aësnojs prjoghgetgs hg ockpjs

tce hnvgrsjs%

Lc neojkjhnhch sg neorgkgetc pjrqug lcs ojesgougeoncs

ghnanoctjrncs hg gsjs prneonpnjs ej sje nekghnctcs% Lc neonhgeonc ge

lc ajrkc crquntgotÿenoc hg ue puetj hg rjoëj, uec suoonÿe vgeturncec

j ue ockpj kcdeîtnoj gs gergvgschc y hnaëonlkgetg csnknlc`lg c lcs

netunonjegs glgkgetclgs oje lcs qug gl prjygotnstc gstã cojstuk+

`rchj c trc`cmcr% Gscs netunonjegs ghuochcs ojestntuyge su ýenoj

cpjyj pcrc lc tjkc hg hgonsnjegs ge kuobjs hg ljs vcrnchjs ock+pjs qug ojetrnùyge c lc hganenonÿe hg lc ajrkc crquntgotÿenoc%

Ljs crtgacotjs qug sg hg`ge netrjhuonr ge ue ghnanonj pcrc dcrcetnzcr

gl ojetrjl hg lc gegrdëc eueoc bce snhj kctgrnc hg lc hgvjonÿe hg ljs

crquntgotjs% Gs ournjsj qug gl rconjeclnskj prjpudechj pjr gl Kj+

vnkngetj Kjhgrej ej llgvÿ su prgjoupconÿe pjr gsg cspgotj auehc+

kgetcl hg lc gvjluonÿe tîoenoc kuobj kãs cllã hg clduecs nhgcs

drcehnljougetgs%

We vjluetcrnjsj Lg Ojrùsngr tuvj uec hg gscs nhgcs qug pughge

gmgkplnanocr lc hnanoultch qug tngeg gl crquntgotj pcrc trc`cmcr oje gscs

netunonjegs nkprjvnschcs% Xrcs su prjygotj hg lc _jonghch hg Econj+

egs, qunsj pctgetcr su acobchc lndgrc qug netgdrc`c uec oãkcrc hg

cnrg c lc qug sg lg `jk`gc`c gl alunhj hgshg uec aã`rnoc hg cnrg gxco+

tj % Nkcdnec`c gl drce crquntgotj qug sn gl ghnanonj gstc`c sgpcrchj hglgxtgrnjr pjr uec oãkcrc hg cnrg c tgkpgrcturc ojetrjlchc `cstcrëc

oje ongrtc rgejvconÿe hgl cnrg netgrnjr pcrc dcrcetnzcr ue olnkc pgrago+

tj% Lc ocetnhch hg jlvnhjs qug sg gsojehge hgtrãs hg gstc glgkgetcl

netunonÿe gs sjrprgehgetg= lcs pîrhnhcs tîrknocs hg gsc oãkcrc bconc

Gl sjl gs gl hnotchjr, sgdýe ljs o lnkcs, sgdýe

lcs gstconjegs, Lg Ojrùsngr "hg Lc ocsc

hgl Bjk`rg .%

Lc rgspnrconÿe gxcotc, Lg Ojrùsngr%




gl gxtgrnjr, ljs cpjrtgs tîrknojs ge gl netgrnjr, ljs hnagrgetgs ojkpjr+tckngetjs hg gsc oãkcrc ge ochc uec hg lcs acobchcs sgdýe lc

jrngetconÿe gto% Ge 3>?6 lc Ckgrnoce @ljwgr Ojrpjrctnje gkntnÿ lcsndungetg ojeolusnÿe= “%%%gl kîtjhj qug ustgh prjpjeg rgqungrg ouc+trj vgogs kãs hg vcpjr y huplnoc lc gegrdëc ojesuknhc‛ ge rglconÿeoje ljs snstgkcs hg olnkctnzconÿe yc ojkgronclnzchjs%

Ãvcljs y Bgrrgrjs, ge su tgxtj Xîoenoc y Crquntgoturc ge lc onuhch

ojetgkpjrãegc "hg hjehg sg bc gxtrcëhj lc ontc cetgrnjr., ceclnzcenetglndgetgkgetg lcs huhcs hg ue Lg Ojrùsngr ctrcëhj snkîtrnockgetgpjr hjs cprjxnkconjegs jpugstcs pcrc lc hganenonÿe hg lc pngl hglghnanonj= gl vnhrnj ojkj sutnl gevjlvgetg y ongrtj ecturclnskj bndngenstcy bglnjoîetrnoj% Ljs cutjrgs ejs bc`lce hg ue Lg Ojrùsngr hg `rn+llcetgs netunonjegs ouyjs ojejonkngetjs tîoenojs, kãs prÿxnkjs clc aësnoc hjkîstnoc qug cl rndjr ongetëanoj, ej clocezce c hcr uec ajr+kulconÿe ojbgrgetg% Vjoj hgspuîs, ge gl rcsocongljs hgl Ocp hg lcKcrneg su jponÿe sg bc hgocetchj plgeckgetg bconc lcs sjluonjegs

tîoenockgetg kgejs sjanstnochcs% Gl ackjsj `rnsjlgnl c oc`cllj ge+trg lc prjtgoonÿe sjlcr y gl rghnùmj hg lc ojkpjsnonÿe hg lc acobchcsg bc ojevgrtnhj ge gl prjtcdjenstc hg lc neejvconÿe crquntgotÿenoc%

Lcs netunonjegs ge kctgrnc hg nestclconjegs gxndge uec ghuoconÿesjanstnochc y c vgogs pjoj gvnhgetg, hnaëonlkgetg ojevgrtn`lg ge ajr+kcs y gstruoturcs acknlncrgs cl kuehj hgl crquntgotj% Gsc hnagrgeonchg ajrkconÿe y gl gsaugrzj egogscrnj pcrc sclvcrlc qunzãs gxplnoce lcnkpjtgeonc hg ljs drcehgs kcgstrjs hgl Kjvnkngetj Kjhgrej gu+rjpgj pcrc netrjhuonr gl tgkc hg lcs nestclconjegs ge su rgvjluonÿeajrkcl hg lc crquntgoturc%

_jlj clduejs rchnoclgs ojkj Lu`gtine bnongrje hg gstjs tgkcs uecprgjoupconÿe sndenanoctnvc hgl prjogsj hg prjygotj% Gl drupj Xgotje,hnrndnhj pjr Lu`gtine, ej sjlj sg netgrgsÿ pjr lc rconjeclnhch tîoenoc

ge gl ockpj hg lcs nestclconjegs snej qug ojesnhgrÿ su j`lndconÿebcogr pghcdjdëc hg gllj c trcvîs hg ljs ournjsjs pjstgrs oje ljsqug jrdcenzc`ce y hnvuldc`ce su ejvghjsj prjogsj rconjecl hg hn+sgój% Vgrj sus prjpugstcs gstc`ce kuy clgmchcs hg ljs netgrgsgshg lc crquntgoturc gurjpgc hg ljs cójs ?6%

Ajetcegrëc y oclgacooonÿe rconjecl ge

Bndbpjnet Jeg, 3>?8 "Xgotje.%

Nlustrconjegs pghcdÿdnocs hgl prjygotj h

Anesùry Bgcltb Ogetrg, 3>?7 "Xgotje.%




30

Ljs ckgrnocejs, sngkprg kãs prcdkãtnojs, nrjenzcrje sj`rg lc su+

pgranonclnhch hg clduejs plcetgckngetjs tîoenojs hg sus ojlgdcs

gurjpgjs% Aullgr gsorn`nÿ=

“%%%lc @cubcus y gl Netgreconjecl uscrje crtgacotjs scentcrnjs ejrkc+

lnzchjs y ej sg cvgeturcrje kãs qug pcrc ojevgeogr c ljs ac`rnoce+

tgs hg qug kjhnanocrce lc supgranong hg lcs vãlvulcs y llcvgs, y gl

ojljr, tckcój y hnspjsnonÿe hg ljs czulgmjs% Lc @cubcus netgreconj+

ecl eueoc sg cpcrtÿ hg lc pcrgh pcrc gobcr uec knrchc c lcs ocóg+

rëcs%%% eueoc sg chgetrÿ ge gl prj`lgkc dgegrcl hg ljs crtgacotjs

scentcrnjs knskjs% Ge pjocs pclc`rcs, sjlj ojetgkplÿ ljs prj`lg+

kcs hg kjhnanoconjegs supgranonclgs hg ljs prjhuotjs aneclgs, prj+

huotjs qug grce netrëesgockgetg su`aueonjeclgs ge ue kuehj tîo+

enockgetg coc`chj‛% "Ontchj pjr @cebck ge Xgjrëc y hnsgój ge lc

prnkgrc grc hg lc kãqunec .%

@uiknestgr Aullgr pughg orntnocr oje tjhc cutjrnhch lc neocpconhch hg

sus ojlgdcs gurjpgjs pcrc neojrpjrcr cl hnsgój ljs ojejonkngetjs tîo+enojs hg lc îpjoc ge kctgrnc hg hnsgój y ojeajrkconÿe hg ljs kctgrnc+

lgs y glgkgetjs rglconjechjs oje lcs nestclconjegs% Ge 3>04 Aullgr bc+

`ëc rgvjluonjechj ljs ojeogptjs sj`rg lc prjhuoonÿe hg vnvngehcs oje

su prjygotj hg lc Hnkcxnÿe Bjusg, ue prjtjtnpj hg ojestruoonÿe kg+

tãlnoc pgragotckgetg acotn`lg oje lcs tîoenocs hg ojeajrkconÿe hg obc+

pc hg lcs qug hnspjeëc lc nehustrnc hgl kjkgetj% Kngetrcs Lg Ojr`usngr

nesgrtc`c tu`js ge ljs kurjs hg lchrnllj bugoj, Aullgr gstckpc`c scen+

tcrnjs ge obcpc y prjpudec`c, neolusj, gl kjhgreësnkj usj hg

ctjknzchjrgs hg cduc pcrc gojejknzcr su ojesukj%

Oucrtj hg `cój prgac`rnochj,3>?2

"P% @uoiknestgr Aullgr.%




Neolusj Drjpnus ge sus chglcetchcs j`rcs prgac`rnochcs hg ljs cójs

?6 sjlj sg prgjoupc`c hg ljs pcrckgetjs y lc ajetcegrëc ajrkc`c

uec rgh ojevgeonjecl qug gelczc`c uejs scentcrnjs sntuchjs ojkjpngzcs sugltcs ge uec bc`ntconÿe% _us nedgenjscs prjpugstcs pcrc

uec vnvngehc nehustrclnzchc ej gvnhgeonce eneduec prgjoupconÿe pjr

lc rconjeclnzconÿe hg uejs tgehnhjs tjhcvëc kcrdneclgs ge lc ojes+

truoonÿe hg lc îpjoc "Xbg Hrgck ja tbg Acotjry+Kchg bjusg .%

Gstc prgjoupconÿe ejrtgckgrnocec pjr uec kgmjr ojkprgesnÿe hgl

pcpgl hg lcs nestclconjegs ge lc ghnanoconÿe ojrrgspjehg ej sjlj c

su prcdkctnskj ojedîentj, tce clgmchj hgl nhgclnskj hg clduejs

plcetgckngetjs gurjpgjs, snej tck`nîe c su sntuconÿe kuobj kãs

chglcetchc ge gl hgscrrjllj hgl ojeajrt ge lc vnvngehc% Ge kuobjs

tgxtjs ojkj Lc kgocenzconÿe tjkc gl kcehj hg Dnghnje j Lc cr+

quntgoturc hgl getjrej `nge olnkctnzchj hg @cebck, sg pughg sgdunr

gstg pcpgl prjtcdjenstc y chglcetchj hg lc nesgronÿe hg lcs eugvcs

tîoenocs ge lc ojestruoonÿe ojtnhncec%

We ýltnkj gmgkplj pughg nlustrcr gsc prgjoupconÿe pjr lcs nestclconj+

egs qug bgrghcrã Ljuns Icbe cójs kãs tcrhg% Arcei Lljyh Trndbt, qug

c`jrrgoëc ljs rchnchjrgs, hgsou`rnÿ hurcetg su gstceonc ge Mcpÿe uec

vgrsnÿe ljocl hgl bnpjocustj rjkcej, y hgshg getjeogs sg ojevnrtnÿ ge

ue crhngetg hgagesjr hg lc oclgacoonÿe neojrpjrchc c lc ljsc hgl suglj,

bcstc gl puetj hg ojesnhgrcr lj qug îl llckc`c drcvnty bgct su kcyjr

cpjrtconÿe tîoenoc c lc crquntgoturc% _u prnkgrc gxpgrngeonc ckgrnocec

lc rgclnzÿ ge lc prnkgrc ocsc Mcoj`s, ojestrunhc ge 3>?4, ge ouyc sjlgrc

neojrpjrÿ ojehuoonjegs hg cduc oclngetg qug lg pgrkntëce prgsonehnr

hg ljs rchnchjrgs qug oje tcetj trc`cmj joultc`c ge sus ocscs hg lc

prchgrc% " L% Agrecehgz Dclncej, Gl augdj y lc kgkjrnc .%

Arcei Lljyh Trndbt argetg c lcs j`rcs hg lc

ocsc Mcoj`s, 3>?4%




38

Trndbt oceclnzÿ gsg jhnj c lcs ojehuoonjegs bconc ue ceãlnsns rchn+

ocl hg lcs ojesgougeoncs crquntgotÿenocs hg lc nkplcetconÿe hg lcs

nestclconjegs% Gl pcrchndkc gs gl gstuhnj hgl cnrg cojehnonjechj tcerjtuehckgetg rgsugltj ge gl ghnanonj Lcrine, gl prjtjtnpj hg ljs ghnan+

onjs hg janonecs ckgrnocejs ceclnzchj, y chknrchj pjr @cebck%

Kuobjs jtrjs prjygotjs ojkj lcs Kcri$s Xjwgrs ojeon`ge lc ajr+

kc dlj`cl hgl ghnanonj c pcrtnr hg lc gxtrcpjlconÿe c kjhgljs hg rcs+

ocongljs hgl glgkgetj pjrtcetg+bjdcr+eýolgj hg nestclconjegs qug

yc cpcrgoëc ge lcs Vrcnrng Bjusgs%

Icbe gs jtrj gmgkplj hg gsc crquntgoturc ckgrnocec ocpcz hg geoje+

trcr ge lcs nestclconjegs uec hg lcs kãs pjhgrjscs rczjegs hgl prjygo+

tj% _je ckplnckgetg ojejonhjs, prjygotjs ojkj ljs lc`jrctjrnjs

Pnobcrhs oje sus eýolgjs pgrnkgtrclgs pjrtcetgs bugojs pcrc pgrkntnr

gl pcsj hg lcs nestclconjegs% Vgrj bg qugrnhj rgojrhcr cquë ue prjygotj

ocsn hgsojejonhj9 ue snstgkc hg ojestruoonÿe hg vnvngehcs hg `cmc

clturc c pcrtnr hg ue snstgkc gstruoturcl hg pcrcducs% Lc ln`grtch hg lc

plcetc lg llgvÿ c ojeog`nr ljs ljoclgs býkghjs ojkj uecs pngzcsgstãehcr ouyc ln`îrrnkc ojljoconÿe lg pgrkntëc ojesgdunr lcs plcetcs

kãs hnagrgetgs%

Ej gs ue prjygotj bgobj hgshg lcs nestclconjegs, snej ue prjygotj

qug getngehg qug lc gspgonanonhch ojestruotnvc hg ljs ljoclgs býkghjs

sudngrg su hnsgój ojkj pngzcs coc`chcs y lc hnagrgeonc getrg uecs

plcetcs y jtrcs sg j`tngeg pjr lc rnqugzc hg lc snetcxns getrg gstcs png+

zcs y ej pjr lc vcrnghch hgl vjoc`ulcrnj qug prjpjege%

Vgrj vjlvckjs c eugstrj prj`lgkc ojtnhncej= lc neojrpjrconÿe hg

ljs cspgotjs kãs gsgeonclkgetg tgoejlÿdnojs cl prjogsj hg prj+

ygotj crquntgotÿenoj% Ge gl kgmjr hg ljs ocsjs gl prjygotnstc hnclj+

dc hgshg gl nenonj hgl prjygotj oje ue gspgonclnstc qug lg sudngrg

snstgkcs, mgrcrquëcs, jrdcenzconjegs y hnkgesnjegs qug pughge

ojkplgkgetcr lcs hgonsnjegs hg prjygotj% _n gl crquntgotj sg netg+rgsc pjr gl tgkc y gl gspgonclnstc gs gxpgrtj, lc sëetgsns pughg sgr

kuy rnoc% Hgsdrconchckgetg pjocs vgogs gs csë%

Ghnanonj Lcrine, @uaaclj, Eugvc ^jri,3>61

"A%Ll% Trndbt.%

_t% Kcri„s Xjwgrs, 3>0> "A%Ll% Trndbt.%




Ge lcs sntuconjegs kãs ojkuegs gl crquntgotj prgvî uejs gspconjs

kcrdneclgs ge ljs qug sg hg`ge cljmcr ljs ojkpjegetgs tîoenojs y

sg gstc`lgog hg nekghnctj uec luobc pjr ojesgdunr qug ljs glgkge+tjs ojkprnknhjs ge gsjs gspconjs oukplce lc lcrdc lnstc hg ojehn+

onjegs coýstnocs, hg coogsn`nlnhch, tîrknocs, hg ojetcotj oje gl

gxtgrnjr gto% qug plcetgce ljs gqunpjs c cljmcr% Gl crquntgotj tngeg lc

sgesconÿe, kuobcs vgogs mustnanochc, hg qug sn ej sg pjege lëkntgs

sgvgrjs, lcs gxndgeoncs hg ljs gspgonclnstcs sje nkpcrc`lgs, y gsj

bcog cýe kãs neoÿkjhj gl hnãljdj%

Ge ue plcetgckngetj nhgcl, gl gspgonclnstc hg`grëc sgr ocpcz hg hganenr gl

tnpj hg gstruoturc aësnoc kãs chgouchc pjr ochc uej hg ljs snstgkcs c

neolunr% Hg`grëc sgr nduclkgetg ocpcz hg gstc`lgogr uec sjluonÿe pcrc

cl`grdcr c tjhjs gsjs tnpjs hg crtgacotjs y tck`nîe hncljdcr oje gl

crquntgotj sj`rg oÿkj gsg kgtcprjygotj hg nestclconjegs sg netrjhu+

og ge lc ojeogponÿe dgegrcl hg lc ajrkc pcrc hganenr gl tnpj hgl prjygotj

crquntgotÿenoj dlj`cl% Ej sjlj ljs crquntgotjs tngege hnanoultchgs pcrc

c`jrhcr gl prj`lgkc hg gstc kcegrc% Cójs hg hnspjegr lcs nestclconj+egs oje oclzchjr y uec ajrkconÿe c vgogs kuy lnkntchc y ejrkctnvc,

pjoj ojeogptuclnstc y gsocsckgetg orgctnvc, bcoge qug pjojs gspg+

onclnstcs sgce ocpcogs hg ue plcetgckngetj tce gxndgetg%

Vcrcsjl Bjusg, 3>88 "L% Icbe.%




31

_u`ycog ge tjhj lj qug sndug, uec vnsnÿe jptnknstc hgl prj`lgkc= qug

gs pjsn`lg gstc`lgogr, pcrc gl ojemuetj hg rghgs hg oceclnzconjegs,

uec sgrng hg tnpjljdëcs hg jrdcenzconÿe hg lcs rgsgrvcs hg gspconjs yqug hgl gstuhnj jrhgechj hg gscs tnpjljdëcs, surdnrã ge ochc ocsj,

uec sjluonÿe qug bcrã pjsn`lg su netgdrconÿe ge gl ghnanonj%




0% LC_ NECHGOWCHC_ G_XPCXGDNC_ XPCHNONJECLG_

Lcs gstrctgdncs qug lc crquntgoturc bc chjptchj ge gl kjkgetj hg ljoc+

lnzcr ljs tgehnhjs hg lcs nestclconjegs bce gvjluonjechj tce rãpnhckgetg

qug bjy gs hnaëonl sc`gr pjrqug bcogkjs lj qug gstckjs bcongehj% Vc+rgog egogscrnj rczjecr `rgvgkgetg sj`rg lcs hnvgrscs cltgrectnvcs qug

lc bnstjrnc rgongetg ejs kugstrc y ojtgmcrlcs oje lcs gxndgeoncs ojetgk+

pjrãegcs pcrc pjhgr hgonhnr lj kãs ln`rg y orgctnvckgetg pjsn`lg oucl

sgrã lc jponÿe kãs chgouchc pcrc ochc tnpj hg ghnanonj ojetgkpjrãegj%

Ge gagotj, qugrgkjs netrjhuonr yc, lc nhgc hg qug lc sntuconÿe ej gs lc

knskc pcrc ljs hnvgrsjs ghnanonjs hg bjy y lc pjsturc hgl crquntgotj ej

gs nducl cetg ue ghnanonj hg janonecs y jtrj hg vnvngehcs, cuequg lcs rczj+

egs hg gsc hnstneonÿe ej sngkprg sgce gxplëontcs%

@cmcetg pjkpgycej




32

0%3 Xrchnonÿe vgrdjezcetg= lc joultconÿe

Ljs tgehnhjs hg nestclconjegs qug rgojrrëce gl ghnanonj trchnonjecl

grce tce gxogponjeclgs qug rcrckgetg kgrgoëce ue trctckngetj gx+

plëontj ge gl netgrnjr hgl ghnanoj% Bcy ojehuotjs gkpjtrchjs ge ocsn

tjhc lc bnstjrnc hg lc ojestruoonÿe y lc joultconÿe tngeg uec bnstjrnc

ocsn tce lcrdc ojkj lc crquntgoturc%

Lc ojestruoonÿe rjkcec gs ue gmgkplj% _g pughge j`sgrvcr cmcetgs

ge ljs drugsjs kurjs hg lcs vnvngehcs pjkpgycecs% Clduejs ghnan+

onjs ouycs nestclconjegs tgeëce gspgoncl ojkplgmnhch tck`nîe aug+rje rgsugltjs oje tjhc hnsorgonÿe ajrkcl% Lcs tgrkcs gxndëce ue ojk+

plgmj snstgkc hg ojehuotjs hg cnrg oclngetg qug sg hnsnkulc`c ge

hj`lgs pcrghgs y aclsjs sugljs%

_ne gk`crdj jtrjs glgkgetjs ojkj lcs dãrdjlcs j lcs obnkgegcs

qug ojrjece ljs ghnanonjs olãsnojs gvnhgeonc lc pruhgeonc hg uejs

glgkgetjs tîoenojs neojrpjrchjs cl lgeducmg crquntgotÿenoj hgl ghn+

anonj% Neolusj lcs ockpcecs, prghgogsjrcs hg lcs kjhgrecs gknsj+

rcs hg sgóclgs, j lcs augetgs pý`lnocs, suknenstrchjrcs hgl cduc

pjtc`lg, hngrje jrndge c prjtjtnpjs ajrkclgs gxolusnvckgetg hnsg+

óchjs pcrc hcr sjpjrtg c gscs nestclconjegs gspgoëanocs%

Nehgpgehngetgkgetg hg ljs hgscdügs pluvnclgs y cpcrtg hg clduejs

ocsjs pcrtnoulcrgs hg ajetcegrëc rjkcec, lcs nestclconjegs gkpng+

zce c plcetgcr prj`lgkcs hg ojehuoonÿe c anegs hgl sndlj RNR% Glghnanonj rgsnhgeoncl ur`cej hgonkjeÿenoj neojrpjrc yc uec ajetceg+

rëc rglctnvckgetg sjanstnochc, uecs ojehuoonjegs hg oclgacoonÿe

dgegrclkgetg vnstcs%

Bnpjocustj hgl tgpnhcrnuk hg lcs tgrkcs hg

Vjkpgyc%

Ajetcegrëc hg pljkj hg Pjvneg hgl Ocstgllj

hgll„Coquc Mulnc, 3413 "Vnrcegsn.%




Lc gxpgrngeonc hgl gkpjtrckngetj hg ljs `cmcetgs olãsnojs ej hg`nÿ

sgr pjsntnvc, pugs lc trchnonÿe hg lc ùgec ojestruoonÿe bc gxndnhj

qug gsjs tu`js sg nestclge sngkprg pjr augrc hgl ghnanonj% _ÿlj lcprgsnÿe hg lcs jrhgecezcs hg lc sgduehc kntch hgl RNR bc ojesgdun+

hj qug ljs `cmcetgs sg gkpjtrge ge lcs acobchcs%

Vcrclglckgetg, hurcetg gsc knskc îpjoc, sg prjhumj lc prjlnagrc+

onÿe hg tu`js pcrc clnkgetcr ljs kjhgrejs scentcrnjs qug cpcrgoëce

ge lcs vnvngehcs ùrdugscs hg eugstrjs gesceobgs% Lc cùehceonc

hg pctnjs hg vgetnlconÿe gxndnhjs pjr lc drce prjauehnhch ghnanoc`lg,

aconlntÿ lc hnspjsnonÿe hg tjhjs gsjs tu`js ge lcs pcrghgs hgl pctnj,kuy ogroc hg ljs ljoclgs býkghjs, hg kcegrc qug sngkprg sg pug+

hg cojkgtgr ue eugvj tgehnhj j uec rgpcrconÿe sne kjlgstcr c ljs

vgonejs%

Hurcetg cójs tjhcs gscs ojehuoonjegs sg neojrpjrce ojkj glg+

kgetjs supgrpugstjs c lc ghnanoconÿe gxnstgetg% Lc ocsc ùrdugsc

neorgkgetc ejtc`lgkgetg su ojeajrt hjtãehjsg hg uecs nestclconj+egs y sgrvnonjs ojkj ljs scentcrnjs qug pughge hnspjegrsg ge oucl+

qungr ljocl vgonej c ue pctnj% Ljs tu`js y ojehuotjs sg tngehge vns+

tjs sj`rg ouclqungr pcrgh%

Nestclconjegs hg lc ocsc tnpj hgl gesceobg

`crogljeîs, 32>? "V% Dcronc Acrnc.%

Vcrgh rgvgstnhc oje t t t t tuùln ge lcs tgrkcs hgl

ajrj hg Jstnc,316%




06

_ne gk`crdj ge lc prjhuoonÿe hg eugvc ghnanoconÿe sg nkpjeg lc

joultconÿe hg tjhjs ljs ojehuotjs% C pcrtnr hg ljs cójs trgnetc gl

prjogsj sg bc ojesukchj% Neolusj ljs ghnanonjs kãs rconjeclnstcshgl Kjvnkngetj Kjhgrej `jrrce tjhc bugllc qug pgrkntc rgsgdunr gl

trczchj hg lcs nestclconjegs% _jlj ljs kãs netglndgetgs plcetgce ongrtc

jrhgeconÿe j coogsn`nlnhch hg gscs nestclconjegs joultcs

Gl hnspgescrnj cetntu`grouljsj hg @crogljec hg M%Ll%_grt,

M%@%_u`nrcec y M%Xjrrgs Olcvî gs ue gmgkplj hg prgjoupconÿe pjr

gl tgkc, ge gl ljs crquntgotjs jptcrje, tjhcvëc, pjr gl gkpjtrckngetj,

pgrj jrhgecrje lc hnspjsnonÿe ojestruotnvc hg ljs tgehnhjs% Gl tc`n+qug hg hj`lchj netgrnjr hg lcs acobchcs gs ue rgdrugsj hg lc bjmc

gxtgrnjr qug sg netgrrukpg c ongrtc clturc pcrc ajrkcr uec gspgong

hg rjzc j oceclgtc qug sg ou`rg oje uec obcpc kgtãlnoc% Ej sjlj

sg bc rgsugltj lc joultconÿe sgóclnzcehj lc ljoclnzconÿe hg lc nestclc+

onÿe, snej qug chgkãs lc sjluonÿe c`rg pcsj c ongrtcs ajrkcs hg

coogsn`nlnhch%

Lcs hnanoultchgs qug pcrgog plcetgcr gl c`cehjej hg lcs nestclconj+

egs gkpjtrchcs ge lc ghnanoconÿe, sje pcrclglcs c lc trgkgehc rgtn+

ogeonc c c`cehjecr gl getgrrckngetj hg lcs nestclconjegs ur`cecs%

_goonÿe hg lc acobchc% Hnspgescrnj

Cetntu`grouljsj, 3>?7 "M%Ll% _grt, M% Xjrrgs, M%@%

_u`nrcec.%

Oucrtj hg `cój ge lc Kcnsje hg Qgrrg,

Vcrës, 3>?0 "V% Obcrje, @% @nm`jgt.%




Cuequg bcy prgoghgetgs hg dclgrëcs trcesntc`lgs hgshg kuy cetn+

duj, lj ongrtj gs qug lc nhgc qug pcrgog gvnhgetg hgl tgehnhj hg

nestclconjegs pjr dclgrëcs su`tgrrãegcs ej pcrgog nkpjegrsg aãonl+kgetg% Lc nhgc cpcrgog uec y jtrc vgz ge lcs prjpugstcs kãs

orgctnvcs% Pgouîrhgsg gl prjygotj hg Dcronc Acrnc hg gvcoucr lcs

`csurcs hg @crogljec kghncetg ue tgehnhj agrrjvncrnj su`tgrrãegj

trcesntchj pjr vcdjegtcs%

Gl snstgkc hg getgrrcr y hgsgetgrrcr lcs nestclconjegs bc hchj jrn+

dge c ue hgs`crcmustg hg trczchjs ceãrqunojs y sne ojetrjl qug bc

llgvchj c ojkpcóëcs hg nestclconjegs cl rglcmckngetj ge gl oukpln+kngetj hg lcs ejrkcs hg lc `ugec ojestruoonÿe y hg ljs rgdlckge+

tjs% Vgrj gl îxntj hg gstg snstgkc sg `csc ge su ocpconhch pcrc

csuknr kjhnanoconjegs y ckplnconjegs, pjr gl snstgkc hg c`rnr, nes+

tclcr, y vjlvgr c tcpcr, ge ue kcroj hg drce hnspjen`nlnhch hg suglj

rgcl y lgdcl hjehg u`nocr lcs ojehuoonjegs%

Lc joultconÿe gs ochc vgz kãs c`surhc% Lcs nestclconjegs qug oj+kgezcrje sngehj lc gxogponÿe sg bce nhj ojevnrtngehj ge lc rgdlc,

ge cldj nkprgsonehn`lg y bc`ntucl% Lc pcrclglc hnskneuonÿe hgl drjsjr

hg ljs kconzjs hg j`rc ge ljs qug sg gkpjtrc`ce bc rghuonhj su

ocpconhch hg cljmckngetj y bc nhj bcongehj kãs hnaëonl y gxtrcvc+

dcetg gsc vjluetch hg joultconÿe%

Dclgrnc hg nestclconjegs ge lc Qnllc Jlëkpnoc

hg @crogljec%

Pgojdnhc y trcespjrtg hg `csurcs pjr lc

clocetcrnllcs hg @crogljec sgdýe prjygotj

32>? "V% Dcronc Acrnc.%




00

0%0 Lcs eugvcs nesgronjegs= lc coogsn`nlnhch

Ljs tgehnhjs gkpjtrchjs hgmce nkpjlutj gl gspconj netgrnjr pgrj

j`lndce c trgkgehjs rgvgetjegs hg lc cl`cónlgrëc y sus coc`chjs

pcrc ouclqungr jpgrconÿe hg kcetgenkngetj% Lc kjhnanoconÿe hg ue

`cój, lc rgpcrconÿe hg uec tu`grëc j lc snkplg ojljoconÿe hg ue eug+

vj puetj hg luz nkplnoce j`rcs hgsprjpjronjechcs qug cagotce c

vcrnjs janonjs% Lc ojeongeonc hg lc lnkntchc hurc`nlnhch hg kuobcs

nestclconjegs y hg lc gxndgeonc dgeîrnoc hg kcetgenkngetj gkpgzÿ

c bcogr rczjecr c clduejs crquntgotjs ge lc hîochc hg ljs trgnetc%

Ge 3>?8, gl drupj hg crquntgotjs `rntãenojs rguenhjs pjr Lu`gtine

`cmj gl ejk`rg hg Xgotje, prjygotÿ gl ojemuetj hg vnvngehcs Bndb

Vjnet% Cuequg gs prj`c`lg qug gxnstce kuobjs ocsjs hg prgvnsnÿe

hg lc coogsn`nlnhch hg lcs nestclconjegs ge ojestruoonjegs cetgrnj+

rgs, echng bc`ëc bgobj hg gstg tgkc cldj tce neonsnvj hgetrj hgl

prjogsj hg prjygotj% Gs ue trc`cmj oje tcl vjoconÿe hg nevgstndc+

onÿe y pghcdjdëc qug lgs llgvj c geueoncr qug “%%%tjhjs ljs hgtcllgs,cue ljs dgegrclkgetg cogptchjs, hg`ëce sgr kgmjrchjs pjr uec ne+

vgstndconÿe glgkgetcl‛% Ljs csgjs augrje j`mgtj hg ue prjdrckc hg

hnsgój gspgoncl ge lc sgduehc pcrtg hgl prjygotj, Bndb Vjnet _untg%

Xgotje, ojkj hnog Cllce, prjhumj lc prnkgrc gvnhgeonc sndenanoctnvc

hg qug gl Kjvnkngetj Kjhgrej ej grc sjlj ue gstnlj snej tck`nîe ue

janonj "Lu`gtine, Mjbe Cllce Pn`c.%

Orntgrnjs hg prjygotj ge Anes`ury Bgcltb

Ogetrg, 3>?7 "Xgotje.%




_us pghcdÿdnojs gsqugkcs orntnoce lc ojestruoonÿe trchnonjecl y

prjpjege sjluonjegs kãs jrhgechcs y coogsn`lgs% Sunzãs pjr prn+

kgrc vgz ge lc bnstjrnc, gl tgehnhj hg lcs nestclconjegs sg plcetgÿojkj ue drce ocecl qug rgojdg y jrhgec oc`lgs y tu`js y qug sg

hnspjeg bjrnzjetclkgetg ge gl cetgpgobj hg acobchc pcrc rgojrrgr

tjhj gl ghnanonj% Ej sg trctc sjlj hg uec vnsnÿe snstgkãtnoc g

netgdrchjrc hg gsjs tgehnhjs snej tck`nîe hg uec prnkgrc prgjou+

pconÿe pjr su coogsn`nlnhch% Gsg ojehuotj tngeg uec tcpc rgdnstrc`lg

qug pgrkntg gl coogsj hgshg gl gxtgrnjr hgl ghnanonj%

Lu`gtine c`rnÿ gl ocknej c tjhcs lcs sjluonjegs hg oãkcrcsrgdnstrc`lgs qug, c pgscr hg sus gvnhgetgs vgetcmcs, tcetj ejs ougstc

chjptcr neolusj ge gl hëc hg bjy% Oucehj pjr ane tjhjs bgkjs ojes+

tctchj hg kcegrc neojetrjvgrtn`lg qug lcs nestclconjegs gxndge uec

argougetg rgpcrconÿe, qug su vnhc gs kuobj kãs ojrtc qug lc hg ljs

hgkãs glgkgetjs ojestrunhjs y qug kjhgljs y kctgrnclgs eugvjs

hg`ge sustntunr c ljs cetgrnjrgs ochc pjojs cójs, hg`grgkjs cogp+

tcr qug lcs sjluonjegs gkpjtrchcs yc ej tngege sgetnhj ge eugstrjsghnanonjs%

Oãkcrc ljedntuhnecl coogsn`lg pjr lc acobchc

ge Anes`ury Bgcltb Ogetrg, 3>?7 "Xgotje.%




08

Vgrj vgckjs oje kãs hgtcllg lcs pjsn`nlnhchgs qug gstc cdrupc+

onÿe snstgkãtnoc hg lcs nestclconjegs ejs c`rg=

+ Lc prnkgrc y kãs dgegrjsc sjluonÿe ojesnstg ge qug lcs oãkcrcs

sgce tce ckplncs qug sg pughce vnsntcr% _jlj ge ocsjs kuy gspg+

onclgs sg mustnanocrã gstc oÿkjhc sjluonÿe% Ljs ghnanonjs pcrc lc`j+

rctjrnjs, pjr gmgkplj, pughge hnspjegr tjhcs sus nestclconjegs

ge oãkcrcs vnsntc`lgs9 gspconjs coogsn`lgs sjlj pcrc kcetgen+

kngetj, dclgrëcs, getrgpnsjs, pctnjs hg nestclconjegs% Gs uec sjlu+

onÿe kcdeëanoc pgrj qug nkplnoc ue ojesukj hg gspconj ghnanoc`lg

qug pughg sgr gxogsnvckgetg ojstjsj ge eugstrj ojetgxtj ne+kj`nlncrnj% Hg`grëckjs ojesnhgrcrlc sngkprg, y utnlnzcrlc j`lndctj+

rnckgetg pcrc ljs glgkgetjs hg hnstrn`uonÿe dgegrcl vgrtnocl y, ge

dgegrcl, pcrc tjhjs cquglljs qug ctrcvngsge gspconjs hg jtrc prj+

pnghch%

+ We sgduehj envgl lj ajrkce lcs oãkcrcs coogsn`lgs hgshg gspc+

onjs ýtnlgs% Xngeg lc drce vgetcmc hg qug ojesukg pjoj gspconj,pugstj qug gl trãesntj y gl trc`cmj hg kcetgenkngetj sg bcoge hgs+

hg gl gspconj bc`ntc`lg pgrj gxndge qug gl snstgkc hg kjetcmg y

hgskjetcmg hg ljs glgkgetjs hg joultconÿe sgc aãonl hg kcenpulcr

sne hgmcr bugllcs hgkcsnchj cpcrgetgs% Hgshg ljs tc`lgrjs qug

pughge hgsctjrenllcrsg trcs gl ajehj hg ljs crkcrnjs hg ojonec

bcstc ljs aclsjs tgobjs hg gsocyjlc sg pughg rgojrrgr uec ckplnc

dckc hg orgongetg hnanoultch ge lcs pjsn`nlnhchgs hg ue coogsj sne

bugllcs gsocehcljscs j ojstjscs hg rgpcrcr%

+ We tgrogr envgl gs gl hg lcs oãkcrcs ej coogsn`lgs% _je sjluonjegs

ojkj lc neolusnÿe hg oc`lgs getrg lcs hjs bjmcs hg ue tc`nqug hg

ocrtÿe ygsj%

Wec oãkcrc necoogsn`lg ej cpjrtc cpgecs vgetcmc hgshg gstg puetj

hg vnstc% Gl tc`nqug hg ocrtÿe ygsj, gl qug cpcrgetgkgetg rgon`g

oje kãs aconlnhch lcs nestclconjegs ge su oãkcrc ge gl kjkgetj hg

lc ojestruoonÿe, pughg sgr gl qug hganentnvckgetg ojescdrg lc gxpul+

snÿe hg oc`lgs y ojehuotjs augrc hg ljs ogrrckngetjs netgrnjrgs, pjr

lc hnanoultch hg lc rgpcrconÿe hg ygsjs y pneturcs hgspuîs hg ock+

`ncr ue oc`lg hg sntnj%

Coogsn`nlnhch c uec oãkcrc trcs ljs czulgmjs

"prjhuotj _oblütg.%

Oãkcrc coogsn`lg trcs gl kug`lg hg ojonec%




Ge lc crquntgoturc ojetgkpjrãegc hg vjoconÿe kãs tgoejljdnstc sg

cpuetc bconc sjluonjegs hg snkplg ocrgechj% Ge rgclnhch lcs nestclc+

onjegs sg tngehge hgetrj hgl gspconj bc`ntc`lg pgrj lugdj sg ocrgeceoje gk`gllgoghjrgs kãs j kgejs chgouchjs% Gl ojemuetj hg nes+

tclconjegs sg hnspjeg ge uejs gspconjs, c vgogs kuy ckplnjs, qug

sg hnsnkulce oje uec tcpc j pcrckgetj gspgoëanockgetg hnsgóchj

qug pughg sgr rgtnrchj y rgpugstj oje aconlnhch% _je ojkj ocrocscs

qug joultce lcs vësogrcs, ocrocscs hgskjetc`lgs qug ocrgece ljs

j`mgtjs pgrj pughge rgtnrcrsg pcrc cooghgr c ljs ojkpjegetgs%

Lc pcejplnc hg pjsn`nlnhchgs vc ckplnãehjsg prjdrgsnvckgetg hgshglcs oceclgtcs glîotrnocs hg plãstnoj bcstc tjhc lc gevjlvgetg netgrnjr

hg ghnanonjs ojkj gl _cnes`ury Ogetrg hg Ejrkce Ajstgr% Gl ghnanonj

gs ue dndcetgsoj týegl ouyc gevjlvgetg gstã ajrkchc pjr uec gs+

truoturc gspconcl ge ouyj drjsjr sg cljmce tjhc olcsg hg gqunpjs y

tgehnhjs% Lc gstruoturc gstc ocrgechc gxtgrnjr g netgrnjrkgetg pgrj

tjhj gl gspconj qug joupc gs coogsn`lg pcrc gl kcetgenkngetj%

Lcs oãkcrcs coogsn`lgs ojestntuyge uec sjluonÿe kuy rczjec`lg ge

ocsn tjhjs ljs ocsjs, pgrj sn gl gspconj gs gsocsj rgsultc hnaëonl

hgtgrknecr lc ocpconhch qug hg`ge tgegr% Gs auehckgetcl prgvgr lcs

egogsnhchgs hg tgehnhjs auturjs qug rgspjehge c uecs nestclconj+

egs qug rgsultc nkpjsn`lg nkcdnecr c kghnj plczj% Gstg gs gl tclÿe

hg Cqunlgs hg gstc sjluonÿe% Pgojrhgkjs qug ej sg pughg nevgrtnr

hgkcsnchj ge auturn`lgs oje ljs hctjs cotuclgs% Ge rgclnhch sjlj gl

jrhge dgegrcl hgl prjygotj y lc dgegrjsnhch ge lc prgvnsnÿe hg gs+

pconjs sje vcljrgs hurchgrjs%

_cnes`ury Ogetrg "E% Ajstgr.%




01

0%? Gl ojstg hg gesgócr= lc gxbn`nonÿe

Cetg lc coukulconÿe hg nestclconjegs qug gs egogscrnj hnspjegr y lc

egogsnhch hg cooghgr aãonlkgetg c gllcs oc`g lc pjsn`nlnhch hg hgmcr+

lcs c lc vnstc% Wec ojcrtchc hg bjegstnhch j nedgeunhch, neolusj hg

ojetgeonÿe gojeÿknoc, pcrgog mustnanocr gsc gxbn`nonÿe% Vgrj getrg gl

kjstrcr y gl gxbn`nr bcy uec hnstceonc ojkpcrc`lg c lc qug gxnstg

getrg gl sudgrnr y gl nkpjegr% Lc gxbn`nonÿe gxtrcg cldj qug gstã ge ue

sgduehj plcej y bcog hg gllj gl glgkgetj kãs sndenanoctnvj, nkpjeg

su prgsgeonc, gxcdgrc su nkpjrtceonc%

_g trctc gvnhgetgkgetg hg uec hgonsnÿe oultc , hg uec kjhc crqun+

tgotÿenoc qug tgoenanoc lc nkcdge hgl ghnanonj llgvcehj c su gpnhgr+

kns tjhj ue getrckcehj hg ojehuotjs y cpcrctjs qug ej bce snhj

hnsgóchjs pcrc gllj% Ej gs egogscrnj ceclnzcr cquë gl glgvchësnkj

ojstg hg gstg tnpj hg jpgrconjegs% Wejs glgkgetjs hnsgóchjs pcrc

gstcr prjtgdnhjs hg ljs djlpgs, hg lc netgkpgrng, hgl augdj gto% sg

tgehrãe qug prgsgetcr oje gevjlvgetgs gspgonclgs% Wejs glgkge+

tjs ouycs ajrkcs rgspjehge c prjogsjs kuy snkplgs hg prjhuo+

onÿe nehustrnclgs tgehrãe qug ocrgecrsg y sjanstnocr su nkcdge pcrc

gstcr c lc clturc hg gsg vcljr snk`ÿlnoj qug clduecs crquntgoturcs

lgs bce ctrn`unhj%

Ge kuobjs ocsjs lcs nestclconjegs sg supgrpjege c lcs ajrkcs

crquntgotÿenocs sne kcyjr prgjoupconÿe pjr ljs prj`lgkcs

ojkpjsntnvjs qug gllj pughc nkplnocr% Lc rgbc`nlntconÿe hg ljoclgshg ghnanonjs cetndujs y lc rgutnlnzconÿe hg ecvgs nehustrnclgs ojkj

janonecs, cpcrtckgetjs j sclcs hg angstc, muetckgetg oje lc

sj`rgvcljrconÿe hg lc algxn`nlnhch bce pjtgeonchj ue kjhj hg oje+

og`nr ljs ck`ngetgs ojkj joupconjegs gaëkgrcs% Lc prgsgeonc hg

lcs kãqunecs, lcs tu`grëcs y ljs oc`lgs gs prnkgrj chkntnhc y hgs+

puîs vcljrchc pjsntnvckgetg%

C kghnj ocknej getrg lc aã`rnoc y gl gstceh hg gxpjsnonjegs, ljs

gspconjs sg jrdcenzce ojkj pngzcs kug`lgs ge ue ãk`ntj hg rcedj

supgrnjr qug cotýc ojkj ojetgeghjr y ge gl qug lcs nestclconjegs sg

hnspjege sne prgjoupcrsg hg oÿkj neonhge ge lc ocrcotgrnzconÿe hg

3%+Ocrgechj ge lctÿe `ruónhj

0%+@cehgmcs hg cogrj prglcochj ge egdrj

?%+Pgtjrej hgl cnrg cojehnonjechj

8%+Ojehuotjs hg nkpulsnÿe

Pgejvconje hgl Kusgj hg Crts gt Kgtngrs,

Vcrës, 3>>2 "C% @ruej.%




gsg gspconj j, kgmjr hnobj, ojeancehj ge qug lc sneogrnhch oje lc

qug sg c`jrhc lc rgsjluonÿe hg ljs prj`lgkcs, mustnanqug ue djog

gstîtnoj `cschj ge lc hurgzc hg lc kãqunec%

Gs gl kjhglj hg lc aã`rnoc hg ogkgetj j hg lc rganegrëc hg pgtrÿlgj

hjehg lc lÿdnoc hgl oukplnkngetj gstrnotj hg ljs j`mgtnvjs mustnanoc lc

sjluonÿe ojkj sn augsg lc ýenoc pjsn`lg, hchj qug ge lc ojeogponÿe

hg lc ajrkc ej neonhge, cpcrgetgkgetg, jtrjs ojehnonjecetgs qug

ej sgce ljs tgoejlÿdnojs% Lc crquntgoturc hg lc bndb+tgob , lc cltc

ojestruoonÿe, bc ojeagrnhj ocrtc hg ecturclgzc c uec nkcdnegrëc bg+

rghchc hgl Crobndrck y hg lc qug gl prnkgr ogetrj Vjkpnhju augpcrchndkc%

Ge gstc lëegc sg sntýc lc gstîtnoc hg ljs ojehuotjs vnstjs, ljs

cgrjtgrkjs sne ocrocsc, lcs tu`grëcs pnetchcs sgdýe ejrkcs HNE% ^

sj`rg gstc `csg, lc hg jtrjs prjhuotjs rgoupgrchjs hg jtrjs oje+

tgxtjs ojkj ljs lcvc`js g nejhjrjs hg cogrj nejxnhc`lg bjspntclc+

rnj y pgentgeoncrnj, lcs gstruoturcs glgotrnanochcs j lcs luknecrncs oje

cetgoghgetgs ac`rnlgs% Bjy, pjr gmgkplj, ljs csgjs hg ongrtjs ljoc+

lgs hg ojpcs sg bce ojevgrtnhj ge ljs bgrghgrjs hg lc kãqunec hg

bc`ntcr qug yc Lg Ojr`usngr gmgkplnanoÿ cl getrjenzcr gl nejhjrj ge

ludcr kuy vnsn`lg hg su prjpnc sclc hg gstcr "ge gl Vgtnt Oc`ceÿe hg

Ocp Kcrtne., gxbn`ngehj, hg ajrkc prjvjochjrc, cl qug ojesnhgrc`c

ojkj uej hg ljs kãs `glljs j`mgtjs glc`jrchjs pjr lc nehustrnc%

Nkcdge hgl prjygotj dcechjr hgl ojeoursj pcrc

gl Ogetrj Vjkpnhju, 3>43 "P% Vncej, P% Pjdgrs.%




02

Gs hnaëonl bcogr canrkconjegs rjtuehcs sj`rg lc nhjegnhch hg gstcs

sjluonjegs% Ljs rchnchjrgs qug tcetj kjlgstc`ce c Trndbt sg bce

neojrpjrchj cl pcnscmg hg lc vnvngehc y yc ej ejs pcrgoge tce rgpud+

ecetgs% Vgrj ej sjlj bc ock`nchj eugstrj orntgrnj% Xck`nîe gl rc+

hnchjr bc kjhnanochj su hnsgój, bce cpcrgonhj rchnchjrgs hg zÿoc+

lj, cpgecs pgrogptn`lgs j rchnchjrgs hg obcpc sne clgtcs qug ajr+

kce supgranongs rchncetgs qug pughge utnlnzcrsg ojkj glgkgetjs

qug su`rcyce lc jrhgeconÿe hgl gspconj netgrnjr% Vgrj sn lcs tgrknec+

lgs sg vce kjhnanocehj pcrc chgoucr su nkcdge c lc gstîtnoc hgl

kjkgetj, lj ongrtj gs qug ljs bcogs hg oc`lgs, ljs pgnegs hg tu`js

y ljs ojehuotjs hg cnrg ej sg cogptce oje aconlnhch ge hgtgrknec+

hjs getjrejs pjrqug su prgsgeonc gs hgkcsnchj gvnhgetg, su hgs+

crrgdlj nkplnoc uec hnaëonl lnkpngzc y su ln`rg hnspjsnonÿe, pcrc bcogr

kãs aãonl chgouconÿe pjstgrnjr, nkplnoc kãs hgsjrhge%

Wec sjluonÿe netgrkghnc qug rghuog kuy ganoczkgetg lc prgsgeonc

hg gsjs tgehnhjs y qug pughg utnlnzcrsg ge kuobjs ocsjs gs gl

mugdj hg lc luz y gl hgl ojljr% _n sg hganeg ue ãk`ntj prÿxnkj cl tgobjkghncetg uec luknecrncs ojldchcs qug sjlj crrjmce luz bconc c`cmj,

sg hnspjege tjhjs ljs tgehnhjs ge gsg ãk`ntj y hgspuîs sg pnetc

tjhj, ãk`ntj y tgehnhjs oje ue ojljr jsourj, lc nealugeonc hg gsjs

glgkgetjs ge lc ojeandurconÿe hgl gspconj sgrã kuy `cmc%

Lc prgsgeonc hg clduecs nestclconjegs ge kuobjs ãk`ntjs crquntgo+

tÿenojs ej sjlj gs negvntc`lg snej qug c vgogs gs kuy ojevgengetg%

_g trctc hg ue glgkgetj kãs c rgsjlvgr cl plcetgcrsg gl hnsgój hggsjs gspconjs y prj`c`lgkgetg lc sjluonÿe kãs sgesctc gstî ge

cldýe pcotj netglndgetg getrg lc hnsorgonÿe y lc coogsn`nlnhch%

Pchnchjr Puetcl%




?% LJ_ EÝOLGJ_ QGPXN OCLG_

Qckjs c rgojrrgr clduejs cspgotjs hg lc jrdcenzconÿe hg ljs tgehnhjs

hg nestclconjegs ge ue ghnanonj hg ongrtj hgscrrjllj vgrtnocl% Eugstrc prn+

kgrc nequngtuh ejs hg`grëc llgvcr c gstc`lgogr gl tnpj hg trczchj, gshgonr, sn vckjs c trctcr oje jrdcenzconjegs ceulcrgs, ojkj ongrtcs ajr+

kcs hg oclgacoonÿe j hg cpjrtg hg cnrg ojkprnknhj, j hg gstruoturcs

kãs j kgejs cr`jrgsogetgs, ge lcs qug hg ue trjeoj nenoncl sg vce

hgsdcmcehj rckclgs%

Xgehrgkjs qug sc`gr tck`nîe, oÿkj sg bc jrdcenzchj lc prjpnghch

y ojkj sg rgclnzcrãqe ljs ojetcmgs ge ljs snstgkcs qug supjedce ue

suknenstrj gxtgrnjr pjr gl qug sg bc hg pcdcr% Wec jrdcenzconÿe kuytrnturchc hg lc prjpnghch oje ojetcmgs nehgpgehngetgs y coogsn`lgs c

ue nespgotjr gxndg ue kjetcetg prnvchj hgshg gl ojetchjr bcstc ochc

c`jechj% _ne gk`crdj sn lc prjpnghch gs ýenoc sg pjhrã cukgetcr gl

eýkgrj hg ojehuotjs vgrtnoclgs y knenknzcr ljs sngkprg pglndrjsjs

tgehnhjs bjrnzjetclgs netgrnjrgs% Gs lc hnagrgeonc getrg ue drupj hg

vnvngehcs y ue bjtgl%

Hncdrckc gsqugkãtnoj hg lc oclgaconÿe

ojkuentcrnc, _pc Drgge, Anes`ury, 3>8?+76

"Xgotje.%




?6

?%3 Lc trchnonÿe hgl pctnegmj

Gvnhgetgkgetg cl trczchj hg gsjs tu`js vgrtnoclgs ej sg lg bc hchj

lc nkpjrtceonc qug su pglndrjsnhch nkplnoc% Gs neorgë`lg qug lc ejr+kctnvc cýe ej gxnmc qug gl ojemuetj hg tu`js oje alunhjs qug llgdce

c ouclqungr ljocl sgc coogsn`lg ge tjhj su rgojrrnhj% Ej sg getngehg

qug ej sg tjkge dcrcetëcs pcrc knenknzcr lcs ojesgougeoncs hg uec

hgsdrconchckgetg prgvnsn`lg audc hg gsjs alunhjs% Echc kãs lgmjs

hg kn netgrîs qug lc hgagesc hg lc prjlnagrconÿe hg ejrkcs, pgrj c

acltc hg sgetnhj ojkýe sgrã egogscrnj gxndnr lj gvnhgetg pjr lgy%

Vcrc oukplnr lc gxndgeonc hg coogsn`nlnhch pjhgkjs tjkcr vcrnjs

ocknejs=

+Gl prnkgrj prgangrg rgoupgrcr gl vngmj pctnegmj, j kgmjr clduec ajrkc

hg pctnj netgrnjr, pjr gl qug sg kugvge gsjs tu`js vgrtnoclgs%

+Jtrc tgehgeonc cpuetc bconc gl eýolgj vgrtnocl csjonchj c ljs coog+

sjs netgrnjrgs y coogsn`lgs hgshg gstjs%

+Vjr ane, kãs rcrckgetg sg pngesc ge lc pjsn`nlnhch hg eýolgjs c`ngr+

tjs c acobchc qug pgrkntce uec netgrvgeonÿe hg rgpcrconÿe j kgmj+

rc hgshg gl gxtgrnjr hgl ghnanonj%

Ljs prnkgrjs tgehnhjs hg nestclconjegs qug sg hnspusngrje ge lc ghn+

anoconÿe augrje tu`js% Xu`js pcrc clnkgetcr oje cduc, tu`js pcrc gvc+

oucr, tu`js pcrc vgetnlcr% Ljs tu`js ge lc ghnanoconÿe tngege vjoconÿe

hg vgrtnoclnhch% _uglge ojegotcr oje gl tgrrgej j oje lc ou`ngrtc% Ojkj

gl kjvnkngetj hg ljs alunhjs y hgsbgobjs sg `csc ge lc drcvghch,

sus tgehnhjs gxndge sngkprg ongrtc pgehngetg% Ej sjlj gl cduc hg ljs

tgmchjs `cmc pjr drcvghch bcstc gl ojlgotjr snej qug utnlnzckjs gl

cduc ojkj kghnj hg trcespjrtg pcrc tjhc olcsg hg crrcstrgs, eugvc+

kgetg pjr drcvghch% Gsj hnanoultc su cljmckngetj ge ljs hgldchjs

tgobjs ojetgkpjrãegjs% Lc sjluonÿe tngehg c acvjrgogr lc prjlnagrc+onÿe hg eýolgjs vgrtnoclgs y su cdrupconÿe ge lcs plcetcs `cmcs j sÿ+

tcejs oje lcs gspcetjscs rghgs qug rgojrrge ljs tgobjs hg clduejs

ljoclgs ojkgronclgs y ocsn tjhjs ljs cpcrockngetjs%

Ocsc ge @crogljec, 3>63 "M%A% Drcegll.%




Gsc tgehgeonc c lc hnvgrsnhch hg eýolgjs hg tu`js vgrtnoclgs hg hg+

scdüg ej sg pughg gxtrcpjlcr c ljs tu`js hg clnkgetconÿe% Lc gxn+

dgeonc hg uec llcvg hg pcsj c lc getrchc hg lc vnvngehc j lc uenhch hg

usj ojrrgspjehngetg, gxndg ue sjlj kjetcetg pcrc ochc uec hg gllcs%

Vjr sugrtg, ge gstg ocsj lc ojehuoonÿe hg ljs alunhjs pjr prgsnÿe

pgrkntg tgehnhjs bjrnzjetclgs hg tu`js hg kgejr hnãkgtrj qug sje

kãs aãonlgs hg hnsnkulcr%

Vgrj ej hg`gkjs jlvnhcr eueoc qug ljs tu`js sje lc nestclconÿe

kãs ojkprjkgtnhc hg eugstrjs ghnanonjs% Gs nrrconjecl gl rngsdj qug

csuknkjs ochc vgz qug ojljockjs tu`js qug trcespjrtce alunhjsge sntuconjegs necoogsn`lgs y ge lcs qug uec audc sndenanoc gl hgtgrnj+

rj hg ygsjs, pneturcs, kchgrcs, ge ane, ljs glgkgetjs kãs ojstjsjs

y hglnochjs hg eugstrjs ghnanonjs%

Kg tgkj qug ge gl auturj lcs ojscs sg vce c ojkplnocr cýe kãs% Vjr

uec pcrtg ljs tgknhjs tgehnhjs bjrnzjetclgs hg tu`js sgrãe ochc vgz

kãs argougetgs= kãs oucrtjs hg `cój, pgrj tck`nîe kãs oclgaco+

onÿe, kãs tu`js hg cduc arëc pcrc gl cnrg cojehnonjechj, kãs tu`js

hg gvcouconÿe pcrc ljs ace+ojnls hg gsg cnrg y ge gl lëkntg, kãs

rjonchjrgs pcrc neogehnjs% Gl ýenoj cspgotj trcequnlnzchjr hg gstjs

ýltnkjs gs qug pughge gstcr vcoëjs bcstc gl kjkgetj hgl neogehnj%

Gs neojkprgesn`lg qug ej sg tjkge prgocuonjegs hg hnsgój kuobj

kãs sgrncs argetg c ljs prj`lgkcs qug gstc dgegrcehj gl tgehnhj hg

tu`js ge lc ghnanoconÿe tcetj pjr lc drcvghch hg lcs ojesgougeoncsojkj pjr lc sgeonllgz hg lcs sjluonjegs% Gs gvnhgetg qug tjhcs lcs

ojehuoonjegs vgrtnoclgs hg`ge sgr coogsn`lgs sne j`rcs hg cl`cónlgrëc,

pjr lj kgejs ge ocsc hgl vgonej% Gs rczjec`lg qug ljs tgehnhjs bjrn+

zjetclgs sg knenknoge, eueoc sg bcdce pjr ocsc hgl vgonej y chgkãs

sgce hg aãonl coogsj% Gs hgsgc`lg qug gl gspconj cagotchj pjr lc rjturc

hg ouclqungr tu`j sgc coogsn`lg, gstî nkpgrkgc`nlnzchj y hnspjedc hg

uec gvcouconÿe chgouchc%

Hurcetg uecs hîochcs ljs ghnanonjs kgmjr hnsgóchjs llgvc`ce sus

tu`js vgrtnoclgs c pctnjs netgrnjrgs hjehg gl kcetgenkngetj hg ljs

`cmcetgs hg pluvnclgs y hg agoclgs gs kãs aãonl% Ge gstjs ghnanonjs

suglg bc`gr ue getrgsuglj qug suarg lcs rjturcs g neuehconjegs, pgrj

Neuehconÿe ge gl bjspntcl hg Lc

Vcz pjr rjturc hg ue `cmcetg%




?0

pjr lj kgejs bcy ue gspconj hgshg gl qug sg pughg trc`cmcr y ljs

hcójs sje kgejs drcvgs sn gl ajehj hgl pctnj tngeg ue pcvnkgetj

gstceoj%

Oje lc crquntgoturc kjhgrec sg rghuoge lcs prjauehnhchgs ghnanoc lgs,

hgscpcrgoge ljs pctnjs hg luogs y, hurcetg clduejs cójs, ljs tu`js sg

cljmce ge pctnegmjs% Ljs pctnegmjs qug ojestruëckjs ge ljs sgsgetc grce

uejs pîsnkjs snstgkcs hg vgetnlconÿe pgrj pjhëce sgr kuy chgouchjs

pcrc cljmcr ljs tu`js vgrtnoclgs% _n su plcetc tgeëc uec ceoburc këenkc hg

6,1 k y uec ljedntuh chgouchc yc pjhëce sgr rgojrrnhjs vgrtnoclkgetg

pcrc su kcetgenkngetj% _u kclgetgehnhc mustnanoconÿe ojkj glgkgetjshg vgetnlconÿe y ljs c`usjs qug kuobjs ojkgtngrje "neolusj sg llgecrje

hg gstcetgrëcs pcrc bcogr clcogecs., coc`crje oje ue glgkgetj qug tgeëc

jtrcs aueonjegs qug oukplnr%

Lc oulturc tgoejlÿdnoc prjpusj lc utnlnzconÿe netgesnvc hg lcs sjlu+

onjegs kgocenzchcs% Ljs pctnegmjs sg sustntuygrje pjr ojehuotjs

hg vgetnlconÿe oje gxtrcoonÿe kgoãenoc j ecturcl, gl ackjsj sbuet,

oje kjvnkngetj hg cnrg nkpulschj pjr suoonjegs vgeturncecs y

ojevgoonjegs tîrknocs% Oje îl sg anrkÿ lc sgetgeonc hg kugrtg hg

ljs pctnegmjs y, ge lc prãotnoc, sg ojehgeÿ c lcs ojehuoonjegs vgrtn+

oclgs cl gkpjtrckngetj%

Ge lc cotuclnhch, ge kuobjs ghnanonjs, kn ocsc sne nr kãs lgmjs, ljs

kjetcetgs y `cmcetgs sg gkpjtrce ge eýolgjs hg cl`cónlgrëc hg

kcegrc qug sje tjtclkgetg necoogsn`lgs% Ojkj suglge gstcr ge+vugltjs pjr ljs ljoclgs oje ljs coc`chjs kãs ocrjs hgl ghnanonj, ljs

`cójs y lcs ojonecs, ochc rgpcrconÿe gs uec runec% Gs neojeog`n`lg

Qgetnlconÿe pjr sbuets ge lc Wentî h„Bc`ntctnje

hg Kcrsgllc, 3>84+70 "Lg Ojr`usngr.%

Qnvngehc ge Dcllnsæ, @crogljec, 3>17

"C% Kjrcdcs.%




qug pjr dcecr kghnj kgtrj ouchrchj ýtnl pjr vnvngehc sg ojehgeg c

gsjs trc`cmjs c ljs joupcetgs% Vjr sugrtg, cotuclkgetg, sg gstc

rgourrngehj hg eugvj c ajrkcs hg pgqugójs pctnjs qug rgougrhce

cl trchnonjecl pctnegmj y sg vuglvge c c`rnr sjluonjegs cl tgehnhj vgr+

tnocl hg lcs nestclconjegs%

Ge ouclqungr ocsj gl hnsgój hg ue pctnj tngeg qug tgegr ge ougetc lcs

sndungetgs ougstnjegs=

+ _gr prcotnoc`lg pjr crrn`c y pjr c`cmj pcrc ojegotcr oje glgkge+

tjs hg ocptconÿe ojkj lcs cetgecs, ljs cpcrctjs hg rgarndgrconÿe

j lcs rghgs hg an`rc ÿptnoc%

+ _gr coogsn`lg ge tjhj su rgojrrnhj pcrc su kcetgenkngetj j pcrc

hnspjegr eugvjs tgehnhjs% Gsj qungrg hgonr qug j sg cooghg hgs+

hg ue gspconj ojkýe, ojkj lc gsoclgrc j, kgmjr, tjhj îl gs trce+

sntc`lg%

+ Xgegr uec sntuconÿe lj kãs prÿxnkc pjsn`lg c ljs gspconjs c sgrvnr,pcrc knenknzcr ljs ojkprjkgtnhjs rgojrrnhjs bjrnzjetclgs hg ljs

tu`js%

+ Vgrkntnr uec aãonl ojegxnÿe oje ochc plcetc% _grãe neýtnlgs ljs pc+

tnjs qug gstîe rjhgchjs hg pcetcllcs nkpgegtrc`lgs ojkj jourrg

oucehj sg ojljoce muetj cl csogesjr j getrg pcetcllcs gstruoturc+

lgs pjoj pgrajrc`lgs%

+ Gstcr hnsgóchjs hg kcegrc qug lcs ojegxnjegs oje lcs rghgs bj+

rnzjetclgs ej j`stcoulnoge gl rgojrrnhj vgrtnocl hgl pctnj%

_g hg`g gstuhncr lc kcegrc hg nkpghnr qug sg ojevngrtce ge obnkg+

egcs hg trcesknsnÿe hg neogehnjs, pjr lj qug sg hg`ge trctcr ojkj

sgotjrgs hg neogehnjs nehgpgehnzchjs oje ojkpugrtcs ojrtcaugdjs

qug sgoonjege ljs trckjs oje muetcs hg gstcequgnhch netukgsogetgs%

Oukplngehj gstcs ojehnonjegs, ljs pctnegmjs sje uec kcdeëanoc sjlu+

onÿe cl prj`lgkc hg ljs tgehnhjs vgrtnoclgs y hg`grëce sgr j`lndctjrnjs

ge ouclqungr prjygotj hjehg sg supgrpjedce prjpnghchgs hnstnetcs%




?8

?%0 Ljs eýolgjs vgrtnoclgs y lc plcetc hg lcs vnvngehcs

Ge gstg puetj gstuhncrgkjs `rgvgkgetg lc neonhgeonc qug tngeg ge

lc jrdcenzconÿe hg lc plcetc hg lcs vnvngehcs lc ljoclnzconÿe hg ljstgehnhjs vgrtnoclgs% Hnstnedunrgkjs hjs tnpjs hg sjluonjegs= lcs qug

rgourrge c uecs oãkcrcs coogsn`lgs hgshg ljs gspconjs ojkuegs,

dgegrclkgetg ljs eýolgjs hg gsoclgrc, y lcs qug hnsourrge pjr uejs

pctnjs qug sg pughge rgojrrgr vgrtnoclkgetg%

Oãkcrcs coogsn`lgs hgshg ljs coogsjs vgrtnoclgs

Ge lcs cdrupconjegs lnegclgs, ajrkchcs pjr `ljqugs qug sntýce uec

gsoclgrc ochc hjs vnvngehcs, lc hnanoultch hg jrdcenzcrlcs hnspjenge+

hj tjhjs ljs ljoclgs býkghjs ge tjrej cl pgrëkgtrj hg ojkuenoc+

onjegs vgrtnoclgs, suglg coc`cr pjr clgmcr c ljs `cójs hg gsc zjec,

pgrhnîehjsg lc coogsn`nlnhch c sus `cmcetgs% _ne gk`crdj ljs kje+

tcetgs së qug sg pughge jrhgecr aãonlkgetg clrghghjr hgl ãrgc hg

coogsjs y bcogrsg rgdnstrc`lgs ojkj kugstrc lc andurc c% Lcs oj+

egxnjegs hg clnkgetconÿe getrg oucrtjs býkghjs hg`grãe ctrcvg+scr tjhc lc vnvngehc bjrnzjetclkgetg%

Vjr gl ojetrcrnj, ge lcs tjrrgs qug cdrupce ouctrj vnvngehcs pjr plcetc,

lcs sjluonjegs oje oãkcrcs rgdnstrc`lgs hgshg ljs coogsjs vgrtn+

oclgs sje kuy utnlnzchcs% Ge lc tjrrg hg lc andurc `, lc hnspjsnonÿe ge

ãedulj, sgdrgdc ojonecs hg `cójs, ojljoãehjljs ge gxtrgkjs

jpugstjs y prÿxnkjs cl eýolgj ogetrcl, lj qug aconlntc hnspjegr`cmcetgs y kjetcetgs ge gl pgrëkgtrj hgl ãrgc ojkuentcrnc pcrc bcogr+

ljs rgdnstrc`lgs hgshg gllc% Ajrzcehj lndgrckgetg gl trczchj hg lc

pgqugóc gvcouconÿe y lc hnspjsnonÿe hg ljs cpcrctjs scentcrnjs, sg

pjhrëce rgojdgr tjhjs ljs hgscdügs ge hnobj pgrëkgtrj% Lcs oj+

egxnjegs hg clnkgetconÿe getrg oucrtjs býkghjs bce hg ctrcvgscr

zjecs hg gstceonc+rgon`nhjr%

Ge lc tjrrg hg lc andurc o, lc jrhgeconÿe ge ajrkc hg oruz dckchc hg lcsouctrj vnvngehcs, hg hgscrrjllj ocsn lnegcl, aconlntc gl rgdnstrj hg kjetce+

tgs y `cmcetgs hgshg gl pcsnllj hg coogsj, pugstj qug ljs `cójs tngege

uec pcrgh ojkýe oje îl% Lc ojonec y gl lcvchgrj qughce clnegchjs

c% Ogrhceyjlc hgl Qcllâs, @crogljec

"G% Xjrrgs, M% Kcrtëegz.%

`% Vcllgmæ, @crogljec "@cssjls n Cssjoncts.%

o% Vcllgmæ, @crogljec "B% Ojstcs, K% Dÿkgz.%




pgrj hnstcetgs hg hnobj pcsnllj% Cpcrgoge hjs eýolgjs vgrtnoclgs pjr

vnvngehc, uej ge ljs `cójs y jtrj ge gl lcvchgrj, gstg ýltnkj sjlj

rgdnstrc`lg hgshg acobchc% Lcs ojegxnjegs hg clnkgetconÿe bjrnzjetcl

getrg oucrtjs býkghjs bce hg pgegtrcr ge pcsnllj j rgon`nhjr%

Ge lc tjrrg hg lc andurc h, lc ojk`neconÿe hg oãkcrcs rgdnstrc`lgs

hgshg coogsjs oje pctnjs qug pughge sgrvnr hg tgehghgrjs hce

uec jrdcenzconÿe ocsn pgragotc% Lcs ojonecs sg gkpcrgmce y sg oj+

egotce oje kjetcetgs y `cmcetgs coogsn`lgs hgshg ljs pctnjs hg

vgonejs% Ljs oucrtjs hg `cój hg hjs vnvngehcs vgonecs llgdce c

ojegotcr oje lcs oãkcrcs vgrtnoclgs vnsntc`lgs hgshg ljs pcsnlljs hgcoogsjs ojkuentcrnjs% Gl “ocsn‛ qug lc sgpcrc hg lc nkpjsn`lg pgr+

agoonÿe sg hg`g c lc ojegxnÿe bjrnzjetcl hg lcs clnkgetconjegs hg

cduc arëc y oclngetg qug tgehrãe qug trczcrsg hg ue oucrtj býkghj c

jtrj prj`c`lgkgetg pjr gl rgon`nhjr%

Oucehj lcs plcetcs hg`ge oukplnr ue kcyjr eýkgrj hg gxndgeoncs

prjdrckãtnocs, ljs gsqugkcs sg ojkplnoce gxtrcjrhnecrnckgetg% Ge

lc tjrrg hg lc andurc g, lc jrhgeconÿe cpcrgetgkgetg olcrc y snknlcr hg

ochc vnvngehc ojetngeg eukgrjsjs cmustgs ojrrgotjrgs kjtnvchjs

pjr hgkcehcs qug sg nkpjege c jtrcs prnjrnhchgs%

Lc plcetc hg lc andurc qug ojrrgspjehg c lc hnspjsnonÿe tnpj, pcrc ljs

pnsjs sgduehj c qunetj, ojetngeg lcs rgpgrousnjegs hg uec plcetc

`cmc "hgstnechc c coogsj+vgstë`ulj+ojegxnÿe oje dcrcmg, rgonetjs

hg ojetchjrgs y ouctrj vnvngehcs. y hg uec plcetc prnkgrc hgstnec+hc c oneoj vnvngehcs% Cl knskj tngkpj, lc gxndgeonc ejrkctnvc hg

hjs csogesjrgs y rgonetj ogrrchj hg gsoclgrc nkpnhg gxtrcpjlcr cl+

duecs hg lcs sjluonjegs hgsorntcs cetgrnjrkgetg y kugstrc gl oclc+

hj hg pgrajrconjegs vgrtnoclgs csogehgetgs y hgsogehgetgs qug sg

hg`ge rgspgtcr cl geocrcr plcetcs oje hnstnetc hnstrn`uonÿe% Vcrc gstg

ghnanonj, uec netglndgetg jrhgecezc kuenonpcl gxndëc prgvgr hg cetg+

kcej lc u`noconÿe hg lcs auturcs uenhchgs gxtgrnjrgs hg ljs cpcrc+tjs pcrtnhjs hg rgarndgrconÿe "ge gstg ocsj prjygotchjs ge ou`ngr+

tc. y hg ljs pcsjs pcrc lcs tu`grëcs hg rgarndgrcetg c ochc vnvngehc,

csukngehj uec hgtgrknechc jponÿe tîoenoc qug ojkprjkgtg c ljs

usucrnjs, y gvntc clgctjrncs cotuconjegs nehnvnhuclgs%

h% Vcllgmã, @crogljec "G% Oclcagll.%

g% _t% Aglnu hg Llj`rgdct, @crogljec, 3>>4

"M% @rnz y M%Ll% Aukchÿ.%




?1

Ljoclgs býkghjs clrghghjr hg pctnjs uschjs ojkj eýolgjs vgrtnoclgs

Lcs hnagrgeoncs auehckgetclgs lcs gstc`lgoge gl tckcój hg ljs pctnjs

y gl ocrãotgr hg ljs ljoclgs qug c`rge c gsjs pctnjs% Hnstnedunrgkjsprnkgrj ljs pgqugójs pctnegmjs cpgecs trcesntc`lgs pgrj coogsn`lgs

hgshg ochc plcetc "and% c.%

Ljs cetndujs pctnegmjs sg gstãe rgoupgrcehj ojkj eýolgjs vgrtn+

oclgs pgrj gs hnaëonl qug tjhjs ljs ljoclgs býkghjs sg jrdcenoge c

su clrghghjr% Ge ljs kgmjrgs ocsjs, sgrãe egogscrnjs uejs rgojrrn+

hjs bjrnzjetclgs pjr ljs tgobjs ge ljs qug hg`ge hnsourrnr suknens+trjs y gvcouconjegs%

Ge clduejs ocsjs gsjs ojehuotjs vgrtnoclgs llgdce c tgegr ocpcon+

hch ojkj pcrc geojkgehcrlgs uec huhjsc vgetnlconÿe hg tgehghg+

rjs% Gl prjygotj qug sg kugstrc ge lc andurc vgonec bc rgsugltj kuy

jrhgechckgetg lc ljoclnzconÿe hg ljs ljoclgs% _n gl csgj hg lc getrchc

tngeg su prjpnj `cmcetg sjlj sgrã egogscrnc uec clnkgetconÿe hgshg gl

pctnegmj qug pughg oruzcr lc vnvngehc pjr su prjpnj gspconj "and% `.%

_n gs pjsn`lg, sngkprg sgrã kgmjr hnspjegr hg ue pctnj hg ongrtj

tckcój qug pgrkntc qug tjhjs ljs ljoclgs býkghjs tgedce ue pc+

rckgetj ge ojetcotj oje îl% Gsc hnspjsnonÿe pughg rgsjlvgr drce

pcrtg hg ljs rgojrrnhjs bjrnzjetclgs pjr lc acobchc hg gsg pctnj y

`% Gl Vrct hgl Llj`rgdct, @crogljec "P% Crtndugs,

P% _cec`rnc.%

c% Pgoupgrconÿe hgl pctnegmj trcesntc`lg ge

uecs vnvngehcs hg _jlsjec, Llgnhc, 3>>2

"Ll% Oljtgt, N% Vcrnonj.%

o% Ogrhceyjlc hgl Qcllîs, @crogljec "M% Pjsgllÿ.%




h% _tc% Ojljkc hg Ogrvgllÿ, @crogljec

"@jsob+Ouspnegrc Cssjoncts.%

g% Kjlnes hg Pgn, @crogljec "M% Vcsoucl.%

csgdurcr qug tjhjs ljs nejhjrjs, huobcs y `cógrcs pughce gvc+

oucr gl cduc hnrgotckgetg cl `cmcetg hgl pctnj sne ljs neoÿkjhjs g

nrrconjeclgs rgojrrnhjs netgrnjrgs "and% o.%

Ljs pctnjs clcrdchjs pughge llgdcr c ojevgrtnrsg ge kcdeëanojs eý+

olgjs vgrtnoclgs cllë hjehg lc prjauehnhch ghnanoc`lg cojesgmg nr c `lj+

qugs lnegclgs hg ouctrj vnvngehcs pjr plcetc, hg gsocsc prjauehnhch%

Ge gstjs ocsjs lc prjauehnhch hg lc vnvngehc sg pjhrã joupcr oje lc hg

lcs bc`ntconjegs qug c`rge c acobchc, gl pcsnllj y lc prjauehnhch hg ljs

oucrtjs býkghjs% _n lc vnvngehc gs hg ouctrj hjrkntjrnjs gs prj`c`lg

qug sg pughc jrdcenzcr uec ýltnkc bc`ntconÿe qug ongrrc gl pgrëkgtrjhgl pctnj y sg c`rg c gstg% Ej hg`g pgescrsg qug gs ue hjrkntjrnj

ojehgechj% Pgouîrhgsg qug oje lc gstruoturc cotucl hg lc acknlnc gs+

pcójlc qug ej llgdc c 3,0 bnmjs pjr kctrnkjenj gsc bc`ntconÿe tngeg

kuobcs prj`c`nlnhchgs hg ojevgrtnrsg ge ue gspconj hg clkcogecmg

"and% h.%

_n lc vnvngehc gs ue pjoj kãs pgqugóc lc plcetc pughg qughcr tce

lnkpnc ojkj lc hg lc andurc qug cojkpcóc gstg tgxtj hjehg sjlj

ljoclgs býkghjs c`rge cl pctnj netgrnjr qug sg ojevngrtg ge ue cu+

tîetnoj pctnj hg nestclconjegs "and% g.%




?2

?%? Ljs tgehnhjs ge acobchc

Gl coogsj c ljs eýolgjs vgrtnoclgs gs kuobj kãs aãonl hgshg lc ac+

obchc y ej tngeg pjrqug kjlgstcr c jtrjs usucrnjs% Gstc hnspjsn+onÿe hg ljs tgehnhjs cóchg uec eugvc ojkplgmnhch cl hnsgój hg lc

gevjlvgetg, sngkprg kãs gxndgetg ge kctgrnc hg ojkpjsnonÿe qug

ljs pgrknsnvjs pctnjs netgrnjrgs, pgrj tjhjs sc`gkjs qug gl prj+

`lgkc sngkprg gs gl knskj= prgvnsnÿe, ojejonkngetj prgvnj hg ljs

prj`lgkcs g netgdrconÿe hg sus sjluonjegs ge ljs prnkgrjs gstc+

hnjs hgl hnsgój%

Ljs glgkgetjs hg nestclconjegs tgehnhjs ge lcs acobchcs ej sjlj

pgrkntge ue aãonl kcetgenkngetj, snej qug chgkãs sg cpjyce ge gl

glgkgetj ojestruotnvj qug kãs hnaëonlkgetg ock`ncrã c lj lcrdj hg

lc vnhc hgl ghnanonj% Kngetrcs lcs hnvnsnjegs netgrnjrgs sg tngege qug

su`jrhnecr c ljs ock`njs hg usj, gl hnsgój hg lcs acobchcs gs arutj

hg ue pcotj oje gl kuenonpnj y hnaëonlkgetg pjhrã sjkgtgrsg c ku+

obcs vcrnconjegs hurcetg gl tngkpj qug pgrkcegzoc ge png%

Lcs sjluonjegs kãs snkplgs hnspjege ljs tgehnhjs ge lc acobchc

ojkj sn sg trctcsg hg ue lngezj hg ue pctnegmj netgrnjr% Gsg pcqugtg

hg tgehnhjs pughg joupcr uec ongrtc supgranong hgl plcej gxtgrnjr y

qughcr joultj trcs ue glgkgetj hgskjetc`lg j `nge pughg ajrkcr

ue plngdug qug rgojdg tjhj gl eýolgj hg nestclconjegs hg kcegrc

kãs j kgejs hnsnkulchc%

Lc ljoclnzconÿe hg ljs tgehnhjs ge acobchc sgrã gspgonclkgetg netg+

rgscetg pcrc ljs glgkgetjs hg ojetrjl ck`ngetcl pugstj qug ge lcs

acobchcs sg ojeogetrce ljs netgrock`njs olnkãtnojs y lukëenojs oje

gl gxtgrnjr% Gl cnrg cojehnonjechj, pjr gmgkplj, tngeg qugrgeonc bconc

gl pgrëkgtrj hg lc plcetc% Vjr uec pcrtg gs cllë hjehg sg hg`grã bc+

ogr ue cpjrtg kcyjr hg arndjrëcs pcrc bcogr ganocz gl snstgkc% Vjr

jtrc pcrtg cvclc gsc ljoclnzconÿe, ljs netgrock`njs oje cnrg gxtgrnjr

Vctnj c`ngrtj c acobchc ge gl ghnanonj hg

sgrvnonjs _obluuk`rgrdgr, Kjetrjudg,

Vcrës, 3>23+28 "P% Vncej.%




pcrc lc vgetnlconÿe hgl ljocl j pcrc lc rgarndgrconÿe kghncetg

gvcpjrchjrgs y lc gvcouconÿe hg ojehgeschjs% Gstj sudngrg lc pj+

sn`nlnhch hg hnspjegr ljs ojehuotjs kuy prÿxnkjs c lc acobchc%

Neolusj pjr augrc hg gllc ojkj tce bã`nlkgetg bnongrje Cl`nen y Bgld

ge lc Pnecsogetg% @cebck ejs rgougrhc ojkj gsc hnspjsnonÿe sg

neojrpjrc pgragotckgetg cl lgeducmg crquntgotÿenoj hgl ghnanonj%

We vnstczj c lcs acobchcs hg lc Pnecsogetg y hgl ogetrj Vjkpnhju,

gstg ýltnkj ojestrunhj ocsn vgnetg cójs hgspuîs, gvnhgeonc lc vj+

luetcrnjsc cogetuconÿe qug Vncej y Pjdgrs pusngrje ge lc gxbn`nonÿe

hg ljs glgkgetjs hg olnkctnzconÿe kuobj kãs cllã hg lj qug gxndëclc rconjeclnhch tîoenoc% Cl`nen y Bgld ej sg prjpusngrje enedýe clcr+

hg tgoejlÿdnoj pgrj hngrje uec `rnllcetg sjluonÿe ojkpjsntnvc c uec

rczjec`lg cltgrectnvc tîoenoc%

Sunzãs lc prjpugstc kãs netgrgscetg pcrc ljs tgehnhjs ge acobchc

gs lc qug bnzj Lu`gtine bcog sgsgetc cójs ge gl Bndb Vjnet _untg y

qug yc hgsorn`nkjs ge gl cpcrtchj 0%

Lc Pnecsogetg "Cl`nen, Bgld, 3>13.%




86

Kngs vce hgr Pjbg utnlnzÿ tck`nîe gstc sjluonÿe bcog yc ocsn ouc+

rgetc cójs "3>13. ge gl ghnanonj Lcacygttg Vcri ge Hgtrjnt% Ge ue kj+

kgetj ge gl qug tjhcvëc sg pjhëc gvntcr gl cnrg cojehnonjechj, Kngs

hnsgóÿ gstg cetgpgobj ojrrnhj oje tjkc hg cnrg gxtgrnjr ge gl qug

sg cljmce ljs tgehnhjs glîotrnojs y lc oclgacoonÿe y sg prgvî gl gspc+

onj pcrc ue pjsn`lg cpcrctj cojehnonjechjr hg cnrg% Gl coogsj cl

ojemuetj sg bcog pjr lc tcpc supgrnjr hgl ocmÿe Ge gagotj, ue cspgo+

tj nkpjrtcetg hg gstc sjluonÿe rchnoc ge lc pjsn`nlnhch hg sntucr ljs

ace+ojnls hjehg sje kãs ýtnlgs y kgejs kjlgstjs chgkãs hg aconln+

tcr gl cpjrtg hg cduc arëc j oclngetg y lc gvcouconÿe hg lcs

ojehgesconjegs drconcs c lc ojetneunhch ljedntuhnecl hgl kug`lg%

Cpcrtckgetjs Lcacygttg Vcri, Hgtrjnt,

Knobndce, 3>13 "K% vce hgr Pjbg.%




8% LC_ HN_XPN@WONJEG_ NEXGPNJPG_

_n ljs eýolgjs vgrtnoclgs gstc`ce hjknechjs pjr lc prgjoupconÿe

pjr ljs tu`js, ljs tgehnhjs bjrnzjetclgs netgrnjrgs sg su`jrhnece c

lcs gxndgeoncs hg ljs oc`lgs pjr ue lchj y hg ljs ojehuotjs pjr

jtrj% Gkpgogkjs pjr ljs prnkgrjs, ºOÿkj pughg lc ojestruoonÿe

hg netgrnjrgs csuknr bjy lc kultntuh hg oc`lgs egogscrnjs neolusj

pcrc lc snkplg vnhc hjkîstnoc: ºOÿkj pughg sgr qug pcrc ojljocr

ue eugvj puetj hg luz tgedckjs qug llckcr cl cl`cónl, cl ygsgrj y cl

pnetjr:%

Lc nkcdge vgonec kugstrc uec rjzc c`ngrtc ge ¡bjrkndÿe# pcrc ck+

plncr lc nestclconÿe glîotrnoc ge uec culc% Lc nkprgvnsnÿe hg uejs pc+sjs hg nestclconjegs kãs chgouchjs c ljs ock`njs hg usj qug

gxndg lc hjogeonc sg bc sukchj c lc argougeonc hg kurjs pjrtcetgs

pcrc llgdcr c c`grrconjegs ojkj îstc%

Pjzc ge ue kurj hg bjrkndÿe%




80

8%3 Lc lnkntchc ocpconhch hg ljs glgkgetjs vgrtnoclgs

Ljs prnkgrjs tgehnhjs hg oc`lgs pcrc lc hnstrn`uonÿe hg lc gegrdëc

glîotrnoc, sg hnspusngrje ge vnvngehcs gxnstgetgs% Hurcetg lcs prnkg+rcs hîochcs hg gstg sndlj ljs oc`lgs trgezchjs gevugltjs ge cldj+

hÿe sg tgehngrje oje tjhc ecturclnhch sj`rg ljs ygsjs, sgpcrchjs

pjr hnkneutjs cnslcetgs hg pjroglcec%

_jlj kuobj kãs tcrhg, oucehj tjhcs lcs vnvngehcs eugvcs tgeëce

su nestclconÿe glîotrnoc y oucehj ocsn tjhcs lcs hnvnsnjegs netgrnjrgs

grce hg lchrnllj bugoj sg nkpusj lc kjhc hg gkpjtrcr ljs oc`lgs ge

rjzcs qug lugdj sg ckjrtgrc`ce y sg ou`rëce oje gl ygsj hg coc`c+

hj% Ge ouclqungr ocsj hgshg bcog cójs gxnstg lc vjz ocmgtëe pcrc gl

zÿoclj hg kchgrc oje ue rg`cmg ojetneuj ge su netgrnjr hjehg sg

cljmc`ce ljs oc`lgs glîotrnojs% Gs gl cetgogsjr hg lcs cotuclgs

oceclgtcs%

Hurcetg ljs cójs sgsgetc lcs gxndgeoncs hg ojeajrt sg neorgkgetcrje

vgrtndnejsckgetg% Gl eýkgrj hg puetjs hg luz orgonÿ, ljsojekutchjs sg bnongrje nehnspgesc`lgs y sg sukcrje cl ojealnotj

prnkgrj gl tglîajej y hgspuîs lc cetgec hg tglgvnsnÿe% Ge pjojs cójs

lc ocetnhch hg oc`lgs c gkpjtrcr sg bnzj gejrkg%

Ljs oc`lgs glîotrnojs suglge tgegr ue tgehnhj prghjknecetgkgetg

bjrnzjetcl% Ejrkclkgetg sg jrdcenzce oje uejs kjetcetgs qug llg+

dce c ue puetj hg ochc uec hg lcs hnvgrscs plcetcs hgl ghnanonj y hg

ljs qug hgpgehge, hg uec u jtrc kcegrc, tjhjs ljs onrountjs qug cpjr+

tce lc gegrdëc glîotrnoc, ojkcehce luknecrncs, trcespjrtce sgóclgs j

ojegotce hnvgrsjs puetjs hg gknsnÿe y rgogponÿe hg lj qug sg bc

hchj ge llckcr vjz y hctjs%

Ge clduejs tnpjs hg ghnanonjs, ojkj ljs hg usj nehustrncl prnkgrj y ljs

hg janonecs hgspuîs, lc tc`nqugrëc, sngkprg gsocsc ge glljs, sg vnj neoc+

pcz hg cl`grdcr gsjs bcogs hg tu`js rgllgejs hg oc`lgs% Lc argougeonchg ock`njs ge ljs trczchjs y lcs gxndgeoncs hgl kcetgenkngetj nkpu+

sngrje lc `cehgmc ge ljs prnkgrjs y lc oceclgtc ge ljs sgduehjs% Gstc

ýltnkc, lc oceclgtc c pgscr hg su tjsoj hnsgój ge tjhjs ljs kjhgljs

qug ojejzoj, sg gstc trcslchcehj yc c lc ojestruoonÿe rgsnhgeoncl%




Ej bcy huhc hg qug lc tëknhc pgrj prjdrgsnvc nevcsnÿe hg lc hjkÿtnoc

bcrã ochc vgz kãs hnaëonl pgescr qug gl nedgetg oc`lgchj hg lcs vnvnge+

hcs sg pughc getgrrcr hgetrj hg lcs olãsnocs rjzcs% Gl usj ochc vgz

kãs argougetg hg ljs tc`nqugs hg ocrtÿe ygsj pcrgog aconlntcr lc

pgrvnvgeonc hg ljs oc`lgchjs joultjs pjr gl aãonl tgehnhj ge sus oã+

kcrcs oucehj gstãe c kghnj ojestrunr% _ne gk`crdj lc hnanonlësnkc

netgrvgeonÿe pjstgrnjr pcrc cóchnr ouclqungr tgehnhj orgj qug coglg+

rcrã gl prjogsj hg c`cehjej hg gstc hnspjsnonÿe ge oãkcrcs%

Hnaëonlkgetg sg pughg ojesnhgrcr c lc oceclgtc cotucl ojkj uec sj+

luonÿe rndurjsc c ljs prj`lgkcs hg ljs tgehnhjs bjrnzjetclgs% Ejsjlj pjr su pj`rg hnsgój snej, sj`rgtjhj, pjr gl ojkplgmj ojetjregj

hg lcs pugrtcs% Wec vgz kãs lc ojestruoonÿe rgsnhgeoncl tgehrã qug

vjlvgr ljs jmjs bconc ljs ghnanonjs hg janonecs pcrc vgr ljs ocknejs

qug lg c`rg gl auturj%

Cuequg gs pjsn`lg qug ljs kcehjs hg nearcrrjmjs sg bcdce kuy

pjpulcrgs pcrc lc ojegxnÿe hg luknecrncs y cpcrctjs y gsj supjedc

ongrtc rghuoonÿe hgl oc`lgchj egogscrnj, gs kãs qug prj`c`lg qug

lcs eugvcs hgkcehcs hg lc hjkÿtnoc y gl ojeajrt ojkplnquge cýe

kãs ljs tgehnhjs cotuclgs y llgvge c lc vnvngehc gl knskj tnpj hg

sjluonjegs qug yc bgkjs cogptchj pcrc ljs ghnanonjs hg janonecs%

Ge oucetj c ljs tu`js, lc neocpconhch hg lc tc`nqugrëc pcrc ojetg+

egrljs gs gvnhgetg% Netgetckjs gkpjtrcr tu`js hg vcrnjs ogetëkg+

trjs hg hnãkgtrj ge tc`nqugs hg 8 ok hg drjsjr% _je sntuconjegsc`surhcs c lcs qug ej qugrgkjs bcogr argetg% Ge clduejs ocsjs sg

pughg rgourrnr c lc ojljoconÿe hg ljs tu`js sj`rg ue tc`nqug hg

pcehgrgtg y lugdj gl hj`lchj hgl tc`nqug, ge ljs gspconjs getrg tge+

hnhjs, bcstc ojesgdunr gl drugsj hg ljs tu`js yuxtcpugstjs% Vgrj

sn sg qungrg carjetcr gl tgkc hg lc coogsn`nlnhch, lc kgmjr sjluonÿe

sje lcs oãkcrcs coogsn`lgs% Gl ajehj hg ljs gspconjs `cmj lc kgsc+

hc hg lc ojonec, trcs ocmjegs y argdchgrjs suglg sgr ue ludcr kcdeë+

anoj pcrc ljs tgehnhjs hg lc ojonec ojkj kugstrc lc andurc vgonec%

Ge ljs `cójs sg bce utnlnzchj crrnkchgrjs hg ongrtj drjsjr qug ou+

`rge ljs tgehnhjs bjrnzjetclgs hg ljs tu`js%

Gl hnanonl hnsgój hg lcs oceclgtcs, sus dnrjs y

ojkplgkgetjs "octãljdj Pgbcu.%


8 0 L aã nl nh n h l a l b



88

8%0 Lc aãonl gvnhgeonc hg ljs aclsjs tgobjs

Gl onglj rcsj gs ue glgkgetj hg lcrdc trchnonÿe ge lc crquntgoturc

gurjpgc% Drconcs c gsg ocónzj geygschj sg joultc`ce lcs tjsocsgstruoturcs hg ljs tgobjs hg `crrj y tjknzc, j hg vndugtc y `jvghnllc,

y sg ojeandurc`c ue tgobj kjlhurchj qug su`rcyc`c oje sus kjtn+

vjs hgojrctnvjs gl jrhge hgl gspconj crquntgotÿenoj% Gl kghcllÿe hg

ygsj ogetrcl hg ouclqungr ojkghjr trchnonjecl sjpjrtc`c lc drce lãk+

pcrc hg tgobj% Gs lÿdnoj qug lc clnkgetconÿe hg gsc lãkpcrc, prnkg+

rj hg dcs y lugdj glîotrnoc, sg bnongrc c trcvîs hgl gsg kghcllÿe y

pjr geonkc hgl onglj rcsj%

Gsc oãkcrc trchnonjecl geojetrÿ utnlnhch ge gl cljmckngetj hg oje+

huotjs hg oclgacoonÿe ge clduecs hg lcs prnkgrcs prjpugstcs hg

cnrg oclngetg ge drcehgs ghnanonjs pý`lnojs pgrj echng gxndëc qug gsg

gspconj augsg coogsn`lg pcrc gl kcetgenkngetj hg tce glgkgetclgs

nestclconjegs%

Gs ge lc hîochc hg ljs ?6 oucehj, sgdýe @cebck, lc nehustrnc hglcogrj, pcrc ojk`ctnr gl orgongetg îxntj hg lcs gstruoturcs hg bjrkn+

Lc Pj`ng Bjusg ge andurc hg @cebck, 3>36

"A%Ll% Trndbt.%


ÿ ë



dÿe, prjpjeg sjluonjegs hg vndcs ge ogljsëc oje ajrmchjs hg obcpc

y bjrkndÿe gercschjs oje su ojrhÿe supgrnjr% Lc prjtgoonÿe argetg

cl augdj hg gscs vndcs kgtãlnocs gxndëc ue onglj rcsj hg ygsj% Getrg

gl ajrmchj hg obcpc y gsg onglj rcsj ndeëaudj sg c`rëc ue gspconj qugsg prgsgetc`c ojkj gl kãs nhÿegj pcrc lc ojehuoonÿe hg tjhj tnpj

hg nestclconjegs%

C aneclgs hg gsc hîochc sg netrjhuoge lcs plcocs pgrajrchcs pcrc

kgmjrcr lcs ojehnonjegs coýstnocs hg ljs ljoclgs y sg gkpngzc c utnln+

zcr lcs pgrajrconjegs pcrc nkpulscr cnrg hgshg ue plgeuk % Lc plcoc hg

ygsj gs ue prjhuotj nehustrncl qug sudngrg uec jrdcenzconÿe kjhulcrhg tjhc lc plcetc% Ljs tu`js alujrgsogetgs sje prjetj pcrtg netgdrce+

tg hg gsg kgocej% Hgspuîs sg netgdrcrãe ljs nkpulsjrgs hg cnrg, lcs

luknecrncs kãs ojkplgmcs, ljs ochc vgz kãs vcrnchjs tnpjs hg plc+

ocs% Ochc prjhuotj susogptn`lg hg ajrkcr pcrtg hg gsg tgobj netgetc

nkpjegr sus hnkgesnjegs ge gstg neonpngetg mugdj kjhulcr%

Ge 3>76 ljs ghnanonjs hg janonecs ckgrnocejs gkpngzce c utnlnzcr ue

tgobj ajrkchj pjr pngzcs rgdnstrc`lgs pcrc joultcr ljs ojehuotjs hgcnrg cojehnonjechj qug hgshg bcog clduejs cójs grce uec gxndgeonc

bc`ntucl ge lcs janonecs hg prgstndnj% Lc plcoc sg nkpusj prjdrgsnvc+

kgetg y sjanstnoÿ sus snstgkcs hg sjpjrtg pcrc bcogr pjsn`lg su

rgdnstrc`nlnhch% Ge gsg kjkgetj gl kgrochj yc jargoëc ue pcqugtg

ojjrhnechj hg prjhuotjs qug rgsjlvëce tjhcs lcs tgrkneclgs hgl tg+

obj rgdnstrc`lg oje su oãkcrc hg nestclconjegs coogsn`lg "P%@cebck.%

_nstgkcs hg onglj rcsj suspgehnhj _iylneg

Ljuvgrcll , 3>84 "pu`lnochj pjr P% @cebck.%

_nstgkc hg onglj rcsj pgrajrchj, Cojustn+

vget hg ljs Lc`jrctjrnjs @jurdgss, 3>?1%


E h h m h h l t b I b hn óÿ



81

Ej pjhgkjs hgmcr hg rgojrhcr gl tgobj qug Icbe hnsgóÿ ge gscs

knskcs agobcs pcrc lc ^clg Crt Dcllgry "Egw Bcvge 3>76+78.% Ouce+

hj gl onglj rcsj hg plcocs rgdnstrc`lgs sg ojeajrkc`c ojkj lc sjlu+

onÿe ýenoc pcrc ljs tgobjs oje nestclconjegs, Icbe prjpusj uec gs+truoturc tgtrcîhrnoc hg bjrkndÿe qug csukëc lcs aueonjegs hg sj+

pjrtcr gl suglj hgl pnsj supgrnjr y hg hnsnkulcr y jrhgecr lc ljoclnzc+

onÿe hg tgehnhjs y tgrkneclgs% Cetgrnjrkgetg yc sg bc`ëce nesneuc+

hj sjluonjegs gstruoturclgs qug chkntëce lc pgrajrconÿe hgl ocetj

hg lcs vndcs pcrc hnspjegr c trcvîs hg gllcs ljs pcsjs hg ljs oc`lgs

y ojehuotjs pgrj Icbe su`lnkÿ gsc tgehgeonc hnsgócehj uec gs+

truoturc gspconcl qug hc`c ocrãotgr tgotÿenoj cl tgobj y pgrkntëc glcoogsj c ljs tgehnhjs%

Ge rgclnhch sg trctc hg uecs vndcs neolnechcs qug sclvce lc luz getrg

ljs hjs pÿrtnojs pcrclgljs qug hganege gl gspconj hg ochc clc hg

gxpjsnonjegs% Getrg gscs vndcs, qug gstãe `cstcetg prÿxnkcs, sg

snkulce uejs tgtrcghrjs ojljocehj hjs plcocs hg bjrkndÿe hg cl+

zchj trncedulcr qug cpjyce ue lchj ge uec hg lcs vndcs y sg uege

pjr sus vîrtnogs jpugstjs ge lc vndc vgonec% Gstjs hjs trnãeduljs,

oje gl pcrckgetj trncedulcr hg lc prnkgrc vndc qug geongrrce, ajrkce

lcs trgs ocrcs neolnechcs hg ue tgtrcghrj% Lc ocrc neagrnjr, lc bjrnzje+

tcl, qughc c`ngrtc y pgrkntg hnspjegr puetjs hg luz u jtrjs gqunpjs%

Vjr geonkc hg lcs jtrcs ocrcs sg ajrkc ue gspconj lnegcl ojetneuj

getrg uec crnstc hgl tgtrcghrj y lc vndc vgonec% Vjr gsg gspconj oj+

rrge ljs oc`lgs y ojehuotjs qug clnkgetce lcs tgrkneclgs%

Vjojs cójs hgspuîs sg bnongrje ackjsjs hjs kgtcprjygotjs,

kgocejs hg ojestruoonÿe, qug rgsjlvëce ljs tgehnhjs nesgrtãehjljs

ge ljs clvîjljs hg lcs vndcs, pgrj eneduej hgmc`c vnstc gsc vndugrëc

ojkj lcouecrnj hgl tgobj tcl ojkj bnzj Icbe% Lcs hjs ojesnhgrc+

`ce ge su kgocej uecs plcocs pcrc gl ocrgechj hgl pcqugtg gs+

truoturc+nestclconjegs qug neoluëc lcs nesgronjegs hg luknecrncs y jtrcs

tgrkneclgs% Wej grc gl snstgkc Wr`s pcr lc ojestruoonÿe hg rgsnhge+oncs uenvgrsntcrncs y gl jtrj gl snstgkc oclnajrencej _O_H pcrc lc ojes+

truoonÿe hg gsouglcs%

Gl tgobj hg lc Dclgrëc hg Crtg hg ^clg, Egw

Bcvge, 3>76+78 "L% Icbe.%

WP@_, Wenvgrsnty Pgsnhgetncl @unlhned

_ystgk%

© Ndeconj Vcrn onj% © @nscdrc

Ge gl snstgkc WP@_ uejs eýolgjs vgrtnoclgs hg cpcrctjs hg olnkctn



Ge gl snstgkc WP@_ uejs eýolgjs vgrtnoclgs hg cpcrctjs hg olnkctn+

zconÿe nesualc`ce cnrg arëj j oclngetg c trcvîs hg lc vndugrëc hg bjrkn+

dÿe% Ge gstg ocsj gl ajrmchj grc uec ljsc clvgjlcr oje pgrajrconjegs

ge ljs hjs sgetnhjs hg lc plcetc% Gsj pgrkntëc uec drce ln`grtch ge lchnspjsnonÿe hg ljs tgehnhjs y hc`c c lc gstruoturc ue ocetj ganocz

pcrc sclvcr luogs nkpjrtcetgs%

Gl snstgkc _O_H aug hnsgóchj pjr Gzrc Gbrgeircetz hg lc Wenvgrsn+

hch hg @griglgy ge 3>10% Bc snhj rgpgtnhckgetg pu`lnochj y cquë

sjlj vclg lc pgec rgojrhcr lc drce ctgeonÿe qug gl prjygotj prgstc cl

tgkc hg lcs nestclconjegs y cl hnsgój hg su onglj rcsj% Lcs nehustrncsLgeejx, prjkjtjrcs hgl snstgkc, hnsgócrje ue gqunpj kjhulcr, sus+

pgehnhj hg lc ou`ngrtc, qug olnkctnzc`c ?07 k0 hg ghnanonj% Lc gs+

truoturc grc kgtãlnoc y gvnhgetgkgetg kjhulcr% Lcs plcocs hg tgobj

sg nesgrtc`ce getrg ljs ojrhjegs neagrnjrgs hg lcs vndcs% Grce hjs

tnpjs hg pngzcs hg cogrj gskcltchj ge `lceoj= uec plcoc plcec y ue

ojarg qug cl`grdc lcs luknecrncs%

Ge ck`js ocsjs sg hg`g llckcr lc ctgeonÿe sj`rg gl trctckngetj prg+agrgetg qug gkpngzce c rgon`nr ljs tgehnhjs ge gl hnsgój hgl ghnanonj%

Ljs snstgkcs hg prgac`rnoconÿe bc`ëce ctgehnhj bcstc gsg kjkgetj,

y sgduëce ctgehngehj ge Gurjpc, ýenockgetg c ljs glgkgetjs kãs

sÿlnhjs hg lc ojestruoonÿe% Sug lcs nestclconjegs augsge ue ojkpj+

egetg kãs hgl ghnanonj y ajrkcsge pcrtg hgl kgocej kjhulcr hg hnsg+

ój kugstrc gl netgrîs qug gstjs glgkgetjs bce rgon`nhj sngkprg ge

ljs Gstchjs Wenhjs%

_O_H, _objjl Ojkpjeget _ystgks

Hgvgljpkget, 3>13 "G% Gbrgeircetz.%


Vjr hgsdrconc gl `cmj ojstg hgl tgobj hg plcocs rgdnstrc`lgs bc nk+



82

Vjr hgsdrconc gl `cmj ojstg hgl tgobj hg plcocs rgdnstrc`lgs bc nk+

pugstj prjdrgsnvckgetg su gsqugkãtnoc snkplnonhch% Gsg `lcehj

`cmj vngetrg , ge ontc hg @cebck, hg lc crquntgoturc ckgrnocec hg

janonecs sg bc hnauehnhj uenvgrsclkgetg% Gs gl kjkgetj pugs hgrgojrhcr clduejs hg sus kãs drcvgs neojevgengetgs=

+ Aueonjeclgs, pugstj qug ej ojetcotc oje ljs plcejs qug joupc gl

usucrnj% Lc egogsnhch hg ojegotcr gl tgobj oje gl plcej hg trc`cmj

bc prjvjochj lc ojkgronclnzconÿe hg kckpcrcs pcrc nestclconj+

egs qug sjlj tngege qug tjocr cl tgobj pcrc pgrkntnr gl hgsogesj

hg lcs nestclconjegs "prj`lgkcs hg gstc`nlnhch cpcrtg.% Ljs glg+kgetjs ojldcetgs hgl tgobj pcrc llgvcr lcs nestclconjegs bcstc lcs

kgscs ej bce ojesgdunhj nkpjegrsg ojkj kjhgljs ojkgronc+

lgs y sjlj sg trctc hg prjpugstcs gspgoëanocs sne vcljr uenvgrscl%

+ Hg kcetgenkngetj, lcs plcocs eueoc rgoupgrce lc nkcdge jrndnecl

hgspuîs hg vcrncs kcenpulconjegs% Xjhjs rgojrhckjs gl tgrrn`lg

cspgotj hg lcs pngzcs hgscmustchcs y kcrochcs oje lcs bugllcs

hndntclgs hgl jpgrcrnj qug bnzj gl ýltnkj rgdnstrj% Chgkãs, ojkjsg cooghg c glljs hgshg gl gspconj sgrvnhj, prjvjoce drcvgs ne+

ojevgengetgs hurcetg ljs trc`cmjs hg nespgoonÿe j rgpcrconÿe%

Ojkj sjlj sje kcenpulc`lgs hgshg gl lchj vnstj, su rgdnstrj sug+

lg supjegr ue prjdrgsnvj hgtgrnjrj%

Jrhgechjrgs qug hgsongehge hgl tgobj%

Onglj rcsj ge gl cgrjpugrtj hg @crogljec%


+ Coýstnojs gsc knskc snkplnonhch tîoenoc hgl tgobj bc pgrkntnhj



Coýstnojs, gsc knskc snkplnonhch tîoenoc hgl tgobj bc pgrkntnhj

gl usj hg sjluonjegs hg `cmc oclnhch qug ej rgsuglvge en lc coogsn+

`nlnhch en gl cnslckngetj coýstnoj% Lc ojetneunhch hg lcs oãkcrcs

pcrc gl pcsj hg nestclconjegs gstã rgónhc oje lc sgpcrconÿe coýs+tnoc getrg gspconjs, cotucehj ojkj oãkcrcs trcesknsjrcs% Lc sj+

luonÿe ojesnstnrã ge llgvcr gl tc`nqug bcstc gl tgobj j ojljocr aclsjs

tgobjs oje ocpconhch hg prjtgoonÿe argetg cl sjenhj y gl augdj%

+ Kgoãenojs, sg trctc hg uec ojestruoonÿe tce hglgzec`lg y pjoj

ojetrjlchc qug ýltnkckgetg sg gstãe hcehj kuobjs ocsjs hg

ocëhc gspjetãegc% Ge gagotj, ljs snstgkcs hg anmconÿe sje c vgogsgxogsnvckgetg glgkgetclgs, su gmgouonÿe qughc nekghnctckgetg

joultc pjr lcs knskcs plcocs y ljs tîoenojs qug llgvce gl ojetrjl

hg j`rc ej pjege gspgoncl ctgeonÿe ge ue glgkgetj ocsn trcesntj+

rnj% Orgj qug c pcrtnr hg cbjrc sg tgehrã qug prgstcr kãs ctgeonÿe

c gsjs snstgkcs hg ojldchj%

+ Ojkpjsntnvcs, c pjojs hnsgóchjrgs lgs netgrgsc lc gstýpnhc y rëdnhc

kjejtjeëc kjhulcr hg gsjs `lcehjs tgobjs hg plcocs ojldchcs%Clduejs netgetce gvntcrlc oje lc tgrsc ojetneunhch hg ljs kjhgrejs

tgobjs coýstnojs hg plcoc ojetneuc tnpj Iecuaa, cuequg sgc c rngsdj

hg pgrhgr j hnanoultcr lc rgdnstrc`nlnhch hg lc oãkcrc% Jtrjs prgagrnkjs

`usocr sngkprg gl jrhge tgotÿenoj hg lc gstruoturc su`ycogetg, pgrj

trctcrgkjs hg tjhj gllj kãs chglcetg%

Ojljoconÿe hg uec plcoc Iecuaa pcrc ajrkcr

ue aclsj tgobj coýstnoj ojetneuj%


8%? Ljs prjkgtghjrgs sugljs tîoenojs



76

p

Ge ljs kjhgrejs ghnanonjs hg janonecs ljs tgehnhjs hg oc`lgs qug

prnkntnvckgetg sg hnspjeëce ge ongljs rcsjs sg vce hgsplczãehjbconc gl suglj% Ljs neojevgengetgs, lnstchjs ge gl puetj cetgrnjr, y

gspgonclkgetg lc gsocsc rglconÿe hg ljs cpcrctjs neajrkãtnojs sn+

tuchjs sj`rg lcs kgscs oje gsg lgmcej aclsj tgobj, gstãe nkpjenge+

hj ue suglj tîoenoj ochc vgz kãs prjkgtghjr%

Gl aclsj suglj tngeg tck`nîe uec lcrdc bnstjrnc ojkj gspconj, pcrc

cl`grdcr ojehuotjs hg cnrg oclngetg sj`rg tjhj, pgrj bcstc ljs cójs

16 ej ecog ojkj pcvnkgetj rgdnstrc`lg ocpcz hg cljmcr tjhc olcsg

hg tgehnhjs% Ljs ghnanonjs hg janonecs vjlvngrje c sgr ljs lëhgrgs hg lc

jpgrconÿe% Hurcetg cójs ge gstjs ghnanonjs sg bc rgourrnhj c ajrkcs

kãs j kgejs glc`jrchcs hg oceclnzconjegs hg tgehnhjs glîotrnojs

`cmj pcvnkgetj% Gl rgoursj c uecs oceclnzconjegs kgtãlnocs qug ge+

lczce ljs puetjs hg ojegxnÿe hg hnvgrsjs snstgkcs aug lc sjluonÿe

kãs utnlnzchc cuequg su coogsn`nlnhch augsg lnkntchc%

Ge Gurjpc sg hnauehngrje lcs duëcs Coigrkce, kcroc ojkgroncl qug

hc ejk`rg cl snstgkc hg ojehuoonjegs gkpjtrchcs ge gl pcvnkge+

tj pcrc cl`grdcr tgehnhjs glîotrnojs y hg tglgojkuenoconjegs y ouyj

octãljdj neoluyg ue pcejrckc ochc vgz kãs ckplnj hg tgrkneclgs%

Lcs sjluonjegs sje ochc vgz kãs sjanstnochcs cuequg tck`nîe kãs

ojstjscs% Wec hg lcs prjpugstcs kãs kjhgrecs g netgrgscetgs gs

lc qug ejs jargog gl snstgkc Pghglgo hg XHK qug ojjrhnec lcs kck+

pcrcs hg janonecs oje tjhc olcsg hg tgehnhjs gkpjtrchjs%

Vgrj lcs gxndgeoncs aueonjeclgs sj`rgpcscrje gesgdunhc lcs pjsn+

`nlnhchgs hg gscs sjluonjegs dunchcs% Gl eugvj gspconj hg lc janonec

pcnscmg egogsntc ue gspconj c`sjlutckgetg nsÿtrjpj y bjkjdîegj%

Ej sg pughg scornanocr lc algxn`nlnhch hg lc hnstrn`uonÿe hg kgscs y

ljoclgs c lc ljoclnzconÿe hg uecs duëcs pgrhnhcs `cmj gl pcvnkgetj%

Ge ouclqungr puetj hg`g sgr pjsn`lg ouclqungr ojegxnÿe% Vcrc hcrrgspugstc c gsc gxndgeonc sg nkpjeg gl suglj rgdnstrc`lg j suglj

tîoenoj%Coogsj c uecs ocmcs hg pcvnkgetj oje

ojegxnjegs glîotrnocs%


Gl prjygotj Kcesnje Bjusg hg Kngs hg 3>1> pughg sgr uej hg ljs



p y p

prnkgrjs ocsjs hg ocvnhch `cmj pcvnkgetj qug joupc tjhc lc plce+

tc% Ge rgclnhch gstã tëknhckgetg rgsgrvchc c lcs ojehuoonjegs glîo+

trnocs y lcs ojehuoonjegs hg cnrg cojehnonjechj onroulce pjr gl aclsjtgobj hg lc plcetc neagrnjr y ctrcvngsce lc ljsc hg ajrmchj pcrc nkpul+

scr cnrg ge gl pcvnkgetj hg lc plcetc supgrnjr%

C pcrtnr hg ljs cójs sgtgetc lc neajrkãtnoc y lcs gxndgeoncs ochc vgz

kãs kneuonjscs hgl ojeajrt, nkpusngrje hg kcegrc dgegrclnzchc lc

eugvc sjluonÿe%

Gl kjhglj lj gstc`lgongrje lcs sclcs hg jrhgechjrgs ge lcs qug lc

ojkplgmnhch hg ljs oc`lgchjs y lc egogsnhch hg hnsnpcr gegrdëc j`ln+

dc`ce c chjptcr uec sjluonÿe qug prnkgrj pcrgonÿ lumjsc y chgouc+

hc sjlj c gspconjs prnvnlgdnchjs, pgrj qug pjoj c pjoj sg hnauehnÿ

pjr tjhc lc plcetc hgl ghnanonj%

Gl ogetrj Vjkpnhju "3>43+44., pcrchndkc, ge su kjkgetj, hg lc

nkcdnegrëc hg lc tîoenoc, utnlnzÿ ue aclsj suglj dgegrclnzchj gxolusnvc+kgetg joupchj pjr tgehnhjs glîotrnojs% _u clturc gs hg octjrog ok%

Kcesnje Bjusg _qucrg, Ljehrgs, 3>1>

"K% vce hgr Pjbg.%

_nstgkc Pghglgo hg duncs `cmj pcvnkgetj%


Bjy lc sjluonÿe gstãehcr gstã ojeajrkchc pjr ue snstgkc hg sj+



70

pjrtgs kgtãlnojs hg clturc rgdulc`lg sj`rg ljs qug sg cpjyce uecs

ljscs ouchrchcs qug dgegrclkgetg knhge 16x16 ok% Lcs ljscs pug+

hge sgr hg cdljkgrchj hg vnrutc, bjrkndÿe, obcpc hg cogrj y rgllg+ej hg cebnhrntc u jtrcs sjluonjegs% _us hnagrgeoncs lcs gstc`lgog gl

prgonj y gl ojkpjrtckngetj argetg cl augdj% Wec vcrncetg nkpjrtcetg

gs lc prgsgeonc j ej hg uec pgranlgrëc qug ueg lcs oc`gzcs hg ljs

sjpjrtgs y kgmjrc gl cpjyj hg lcs ljscs y lc prgonsnÿe hgl kjetcmg%

Ljs sugljs tîoenojs bjy pughge rgsnstnr prãotnockgetg ouclqungr ocr+

dc, rgon`nr vcrnchësnkjs pcvnkgetjs, clocezcr clturcs hg vcrnjs kg+trjs, csgdurcr lc prjtgoonÿe ojetrc gl augdj y dcrcetnzcr lc

gstcequgnhch hg ljs plgeuks% _je ue prjhuotj ochc vgz kãs kc+

hurj qug sjlj gs hg gspgrcr qug `cmg sus ojstgs pcrclglckgetg c lc

ckplnconÿe hg su hnausnÿe%

Bjy ocsn tjhjs ljs ghnanonjs hg janonecs tngege yc aclsj tgobj y pcvn+

kgetj rgdnstrc`lg% Xjhj gsg hncarcdkc bjrnzjetcl ajrkc oje lc gstruo+

turc pjrtcetg, ajrmchj y vndcs, ue ojemuetj kuy glc`jrchj% Gl pcqugtgsuglj+tgobj gs yc cldj kuobj kãs ojkplgmj qug lc glgkgetcl lãknec

hg bjrkndÿe hgl kjvnkngetj kjhgrej% _u vcljr gstruoturcl pngrhg nk+

pjrtceonc rglctnvc y sg vc ojevnrtngehj ge uec ocvnhch ojkplgmc qug

Vu`lnonhch hg ue suglj tîoenoj "Xctg.%

Gsqugkcs hg tgobjs y sugljs hgl

Kceucl hg Ojestruoonÿe hg CM%




cljmc nestclconjegs crrn`c j c`cmj j ge ck`js sntnjs y qug chgkãs

hg`g csgdurcr lc gstcequgnhch coýstnoc y lc rgsnstgeonc argetg cl augdj

getrg ljs gspconjs qug sgpcrc% Ge gagotj, pcrc jptnknzcr su hnsgój

gs argougetg qug gl ajrmchj sg plngdug y qug gl ocetj hg lcs ocvnhc+

hgs hg suglj j tgobj sgc vcrnc`lg% Lc andurc chmuetc, gxtrcëhc hgl

kceucl hg Ojestruoonÿe hg CM, kugstrc clduecs cltgrectnvcs pcrc

gsc sgoonÿe ochc vgz kãs ojkplgmc%

Lcs jtrcs andurcs kugstrce ue ghnanonj prjkjvnhj pjr gl @unlhned

Pgsgcrob Gstc`lnsbkget nedlîs ge gl qug gl ajrmchj gstã ajrkchj pjr

uecs drcehgs ljscs prgac`rnochcs hg supgranong neagrnjr jehulcetg%

Gscs jehcs cukgetce gl ocetj ýtnl, kgmjrce lc coýstnoc hg ljs ljoc+

lgs, neorgkgetce lc supgranong hg netgrock`nj tîrknoj getrg tgobj y

ck`ngetg y pgrkntge cl`grdcr uejs drcehgs ojehuotjs trcesvgrsc+lgs qug ojestntuyge lc vgetnlconÿe y rgarndgrconÿe ecturcl hgl ghnanonj%

Lc sjanstnochc sgoonÿe cpuetc bconc tjhcs lcs pjsn`nlnhchgs qug sg

c`rge pcrc ckplncr gl glgkgetcl ojemuetj hg plcejs pcrclgljs hg eugs+

trjs sugljs, tgobjs y ongljs rcsjs%

Ghnanonj hg hgspcobjs gxpgrnkgetclgs

prjkjvnhjs pjr gl @unlhned Pgsgcrob

Gstc lnsbkget Lth%, Tctajrh, 3>>2 "A% Olgdd.%


Ge gl ghnanonj hgl @ceoj hg Bjedijed, Ajstgr gkpgzÿ c glc`jrcr lc

nÿ h h l hn n b l l nh



78

sgoonÿe chgoucehj lc hnstceonc getrg tgobj y suglj c lcs egogsnhc+

hgs hg ljs tgehnhjs y hg lc gstruoturc% Gl prjygotj hg lcs sjluonjegs

tîoenocs, glc`jrchj ge 3>26, hnspjeg tjhcs lcs ojehuoonjegs hgcnrg ge gl aclsj suglj chgkãs hg ljs tgehnhjs hg rjonchjrgs hg lc

plcetc neagrnjr% _jlj lc clnkgetconÿe hg lcs luknecrncs y gl oc`lgchj

hg ljs hgtgotjrgs hg neogehnjs ojrrge sj`rg gl onglj rcsj%

Gsc gstruoturc bjrnzjetcl gs ue pjoj ojeausc% Ojkj Ajstgr knskj

gxplnoc, gl ghnanonj ge rgclnhch gstã ajrkchj pjr uecs tjrrgs y uejs

vugljs hg vndc y mc`cloÿe% Hgl gxtrgkj hg gsg vuglj ougldc ue tgesjr

qug sjpjrtc lcs sgns plcetcs neagrnjrgs% Ouclqungr ajrmchj gstã cpj+

ychj ge hjs vndcs pcrclglcs ochc uec hg lcs ouclgs vc hgshg gl pnlcr

hg crnstc hg uec tjrrg bcstc gsg tgesjr hgl qug ougldc% Getrg gscs

hjs vndcs pcrclglcs sg kjetc uec vndugrëc qug sjpjrtc lc ljsc hg

bjrkndÿe%

Gstc gstruoturc c`sjlutckgetg censÿtrjpc, hnrgoonjecl y mgrãrqunoc,

sg jrdcenzc ge su pgrëkgtrj oje ue rgkctg nsÿtrjpj% Wec rghuoonÿehg ocetj y ue vuglj qug sg cóchg tcetj c lj lcrdj hg lcs vndcs prne+

onpclgs ojkj hg lcs ýltnkcs vndcs sgouehcrncs% Lc sgoonÿe kãs pj+

pulcr, pgrpgehnoulcr c lcs vndcs prneonpclgs, ej kugstrc lc rglconÿe

hg lcs vndcs sgouehcrncs y lc ljsc hg ajrmchj% Neolusj lc cxjejkîtrnoc

Gsqugkcs hg lc gstruoturc hgl @ceoj hg

Bjedijed,3>4>+28 "E% Ajstgr.%


qug gxplnoc lc jrdcenzconÿe hgl cnrg cojehnonjechj j`vnc gstc rglc+

nÿ V l n l an n n t n ý



onÿe% Vgrj pjr lj qug sg cprgonc ge lc andurc vgonec ej gxnstg enedýe

pcsj hg ojkuenoconÿe c trcvîs hg lcs vndcs% Gs hgonr lcs nestclconj+

egs sjlj sg kugvge ln`rgkgetg pjr gl suglj tîoenoj kngetrcs qugpjr gl aclsj tgobj hnsourrge getrg vndcs pcrc hcr oc`nhc c lcs

luknecrncs%

Lc nkcdge tjkchc hurcetg gl prjogsj hg j`rc kugstrc lc hnagrgetg

ojeogponÿe hg ck`cs ocvnhchgs% Ljs hjs pnlcrgs hg pgqugój hnã+

kgtrj qug cpcrgoge sje ljs tgesjrgs qug sjpjrtce uej hg ljs gxtrg+

kjs hg lcs vndcs prnkcrncs% _j`rg glljs sg pughg cprgoncr gl gxtrcój

vuglj hg uecs pngzcs qug hce cpjyj c lc vndc hg `jrhg, pcrclglc c lc

prneonpcl pgrj hg kgejr ocetj, qug jrdcenzc tjhj gl vjlchnzj hg ac+

obchc% Gsc vndc hg `jrhg gs lc qug cpcrgog tck`nîe ge uec sgoonÿe

pgrpgehnoulcr c îstc pcrc pgrkntnr gl chgldczckngetj hgl drugsj tjtcl%

Ge gagotj, gl aclsj suglj rghuog su drjsjr ge gsc ãrgc y lc ljsc hg

ajrmchj sg qung`rc y qughc kuobj kãs cltc qug ge gl netgrnjr% Kãs cllã

hg lc vndc hg `jrhg gl aclsj tgobj tjkc yc uec hnrgotrnz neolnechc qug

sg prjljedcrc cl jtrj lchj hgl ogrrckngetj gxtgrnjr oje gl hnsgój hgl`rnsjlgnl %

_goonÿe trcesvgrscl%

Lcs nestclconjegs tgehnhcs ge gl aclsj suglj%


Ge rgclnhch gsg aclsj tgobj gs gl rgsultchj hg uec nkpjrtcetg rgeue+

onc9 Ajstgr bc`ëc prjygotchj ue pcegl hg obcpc plgdchc ge ajrkc



71

onc9 Ajstgr bc`ëc prjygotchj ue pcegl hg obcpc plgdchc ge ajrkc

hg orgstc qug grc ue pgragotj hnausjr hg lc luz% Ljs prj`lgkcs hg

geougetrj oje lcs tc`nqugrëcs y lc kjvnlnhch hg îstcs j`lndcrje cc`cehjecr lc sjluonÿe% Ge gl ghnanonj ojestrunhj, pcrtg hgl ocetj hg

lcs vndcs sgouehcrncs cpcrgoge ge gl tgobj, hnanoultcehj ejtc`lg+

kgetg su rglconÿe oje lc tc`nqugrëc% Ge pcrtnoulcr gl geougetrj hg

gscs vndcs oje lcs pgrsncecs vgegoncecs hg acobchc gs nesjlu`lg%

Gl ceoj hg Bjedijed kugstrc uec trcesnonÿe sndenanoctnvc ge gl plce+

tgckngetj hgl aclsj suglj% Vjr uec pcrtg gs gvnhgetg qug yc bc tj+

kchj tjhj gl prjtcdjenskj ge lc ljoclnzconÿe hg ljs tgehnhjs% Vgrj

pjr jtrc, pcrgog ej gstcr kchurj tjhcvëc su pcpgl ge lc nkcdge hg

ljs gspconjs netgrnjrgs en ge lc ojjrhneconÿe oje ljs ogrrckngetjs

vgrtnoclgs% _gdunrgkjs kãs chglcetg oje gl ceãlnsns hg gstc gvjlu+

onÿe%

Ge ouclqungr ocsj hgshg ue puetj hg vnstc tîoenoj gl suglj hg gsg

ghnanonj hc ue drce pcsj bconc su kchurgz% Lc ljsc rgdnstrc`lg llgdcc tckcójs hg 306x306 ok% _u cpjyj gs bgrkîtnoj pcrc pjhgr sgr

utnlnzchj ojkj plgeuk y pcrc kgmjrcr gl cnslckngetj coýstnoj getrg

ljoclgs% Ljs nkpulsjrgs onroulcrgs sg pughge ojljocr ge ouclqungr

ljsc% _u pjsnonÿe gxoîetrnoc pgrkntg su aãonl hgsplczckngetj c ouc+

trj pjsnonjegs hnvgrscs sne kãs qug lgvcetcr y dnrcr lc ljsc hg sj+

pjrtg% C pcrtnr hg gstg prjygotj enedýe ghnanonj sndenanoctnvj pcrc

janonecs kjhgrecs pjhrã sg prjygotcr sne ue suglj tîoenoj kãs jkgejs sjanstnochj%

Kcqugtc hg lc prnkgrc sjluonÿe ge orgstc

hg dcllj%

Vrj`lgkcs hg geougetrj oje lc acobchc%


7% LC NE EJQCONßE X GOEJLßDNOC



Ge ljs ghnanonjs cotuclgs ojgxnstge snstgkcs oje drchjs hg gvjlu+

onÿe tgoejlÿdnoc kuy hnvgrsjs% Kngetrcs lcs tglgojkuenoconjegs y

ljs snstgkcs hg tglgdgstnÿe sntýce c ljs ghnanonjs ge lc grc

cgrjgspconcl, ljs snstgkcs hg gvcouconÿe hg `csurcs y hg cducsrgsnhuclgs lj kcetngege ge lc prgnehustrncl% Ge ue knskj cpcrctj,

ojkj lc uenhch cutÿejkc cojehnonjechjrc hg cnrg, gl ojetrjl hg

tgkpgrcturc y bukghch sg pughg cmustcr cutjkãtnockgetg c lcs

gxndgeoncs kghncetg ue kcehj c hnstceonc, pgrj gl cduc ojehge+

schc sg geobcroc ge lc `cehgmc y sg gvcouc prgocrnckgetg pjr

drcvghch% Lj pcrchÿmnoj gs qug hnspjegkjs hg prjoghnkngetjs

pcrc rgsjlvgr gsjs prj`lgkcs pgrj ljs prgmunonjs y ljs gstgrgjtn+pjs nkpnhge rgkctcr lc sjluonÿe%

Ljs eýolgjs prgac`rnochjs hg `cój y

ojonec pcrc lcs vnvngehcs hgl C``î Vngrrg,

3>71 "M% Vrjuvî.%


7%3 Lc prgac`rnoconÿe bjy



72

Vrgac`rnoconÿe gs uec pclc`rc këtnoc ge gl sgotjr hg lc ojestruoonÿe%

Hgl kjhglj hgl cutjkÿvnl j hgl glgotrjhjkîstnoj gstã prgsgetg geljs sugójs hg ljs ojestruotjrgs hgshg prneonpnjs hg sndlj% Ge gl

ãk`ntj qug ejs joupc ljs crquntgotjs y ljs ojestruotjrgs pcrgog

qug bgkjs gqunvjochj ljs j`mgtnvjs% Eugstrc j`sgsnÿe bc snhj lc

ojestruoonÿe ge aã`rnoc hg kÿhuljs vjlukîtrnojs qug rgsuglvce

ojkj pngzcs ojkplgtcs ljs ojkplgmjs prj`lgkcs hg kjetcmg hg

ljs ljoclgs býkghjs hg eugstrjs ghnanonjs% Cldj csë ojkj `cójs j

ojonecs pgeschjs y prjhuonhjs ojkj drcehgs glgotrjhjkîstnojs

j pgqugócs kj`nlg bjkg oje tjhjs sus oc`lgchjs y ojehuoonjegs

kjetchjs ge aã`rnoc%

Lc bnstjrnc ejs bc hgkjstrchj bcstc lc sconghch qug ejs gqunvjoã+

`ckjs hg gsoclc y qug jlvnhã`ckjs gl pcsj hgl tngkpj ojkj acotjr

olcvg hg lc pgrvnvgeonc ganocz hgl ghnanonj% Lcs gxndgeoncs hgl usucrnj

ock`nce, y lcs pjsn`nlnhchgs hg lc tîoenoc gvjluonjece rãpnhckgetg,

pgrj gl drcej hgl ock`nj ej gs gl hg lc pngzc ojkplgtc snej gl hg ochcuej hg sus ojkpjegetgs% Cpcrgog gl lcvcplctjs j lc dgetg sg geoc+

prnobc oje gl bnhrjkcscmg y lc ojeogponÿe hg ljs ljoclgs býkghjs

tngeg qug sgr ocpcz hg netgdrcr gsc gvjluonÿe%

Bcy pctgetgs hg `cójs prgac`rnochjs “%%%qug pughg kjetcr ue cl+

`cónl, ue ocrpnetgrj j ue ygsgrj%% sne lc ojlc`jrconÿe hgl ajetcegrj

hgshg 3>?3‛ "Dnghnje.% Gl eýolgj “oucrtj hg `cój, ojonec, ocljr, luz‛

ge obcpc hg cogrj, hg Aullgr "3>86. pughg sgr gl sugój hg ue chglce+

tchj, pgrj bcy oîlulcs hg `cój prgac`rnochcs ojkgronclnzchcs ge

Nedlctgrrc hgshg 3>87%

Ge 3>71 Vrjuvî prjygotÿ sus vnvngehcs pcrc gl C``î Vngrrg oje

uejs eýolgjs prgac`rnochjs hg bjrkndÿe qug pcrc kcyjr gvnhgeonc

hg lj ojkplgtjs qug sclëce hg aã`rnoc sg trcespjrtc`ce c j`rc oje

lcs ocogrjlcs ojldchcs%

Lc prgac`rnoconÿe hg `ljqugs tîoenojs aug lc pcecogc hg lc ojes+

truoonÿe ge ljs 16% Ljs arceogsgs ljs bcoëce ge bjrkndÿe y ljs hceg+

sgs ge plãstnoj% Hg tjhj cqugllj cpgecs ejs bc qughchj echc%

Ojonec prgac`rnochc hg Lth% Croje "Ansbgr,

Luhljw.%


Clduecs nehustrncs hg prgac`rnochjs hg bjrkndÿe kcetngege ue oc+

tãljdj hg `cójs qug pughge bcogr c kghnhc% Clduejs bjtglgs, hg



tã jdj hg `c js qug pughg cog c gh hc du js jtg gs, hg

kuobcs bc`ntconjegs y urdgetg necudurconÿe, llgvce lc rconjeclnzconÿe

hg su ojestruoonÿe c lc nesgronÿe hg clduecs oîlulcs trnhnkgesnjeclgs%_jlj ge ljs drcehgs ghnanonjs hg lc cltc ojestruoonÿe sg utnlnzce

snstgkãtnockgetg gstjs eýolgjs prgac`rnochjs pcrchndkc hg su

kjhgrenhch tgoejlÿdnoc%

Xjhjs gsjs snstgkcs chkntge kcl lc nesgronÿe hg eugvjs glgkge+

tjs y sje hnaëonlgs hg ock`ncr oucehj gevgmgoge% Lc prgjoupconÿe

hg`g sgr kãs lc ocpconhch hg gvjluonÿe qug gl cbjrrj hg uecs bj+

rcs hg kjetcmg, y ge gstg sgetnhj ljs eýolgjs prgac`rnochjs, cue+

qug sjlj sgce crkczjegs hg ajetcegrëc, sje kãs ue argej qug ue

cvceog%

Hgshg uec pgrspgotnvc ojetgkpjrãegc tgehrgkjs qug csuknr qug

bjy tjhjs ljs prjhuotjs qug utnlnzckjs ge lcs nestclconjegs yc sje

prgac`rnochjs, qug bcy uecs lc`jrgs hg tgehnhj qug eueoc pjhrg+

kjs gvntcr y jtrcs hg gesck`lcmg qug sg gstãe bcongehj ochc vgzkãs sgeonllcs%

Kÿhulj prgac`rnochj hg csgjs ge gl `ceoj

hg Bjeijed%


7%0 Ljs eugvjs kctgrnclgs



16

Wej hg ljs j`mgtnvjs kãs gvnhgetgs ge lc gvjluonÿe bconc eugvjs

kctgrnclgs gs lc snkplnanoconÿe hg ljs prjogsjs hg kjetcmg% Gl gesck+`lcmg sgeonllj chgkãs hg cbjrrcr bjrcs hg trc`cmj pughg llgdcr c gvn+

tcr lc pcrtnonpconÿe hg clduejs janonjs% _ustntuyg cl crtgscechj pjr lc

kcej hg j`rc glgkgetclkgetg gspgonclnzchc j neolusj pjr gl `rnojlgur ,

gl kcentcs ocsgrj qug sg ctrgvg oje hgtgrknechcs jpgrconjegs sge+

onllcs% Kuobc dgetg bjy yc ej llckcrëc cl ajetcegrj pcrc kjetcr ue

rngdj hg mcrhëe pjrqug bcy prjhuotjs qug bce rgsugltj oje drce sge+

onllgz ej sjlj tjhc olcsg hg tgrkneclgs hg rngdj sne tck`nîe tjhjs ljs

gesck`lcmgs egogscrnjs% Ge gstc lëegc y ge gl ockpj hg lc ajetcegrëc

bcy clduejs prjhuotjs gmgkplcrgs ojkj Sunoi!Gcsy j Algxclnej%

Vcrc ojesgdunr gsc snkplnonhch hg kjetcmg ej nkpjrtc lc ojkplgmn+

hch c lc qug llgdugkjs ge lc ojeogponÿe hg lj nehustrncl% Bjy sje

pjsn`lgs prjhuotjs ojkpugstjs hg ouclqungr ojk`neconÿe hg kc+

tgrnclgs y tgrkneclgs qug csukge hgetrj hg së tjhcs lcs ojegxnjegs

ojkplnochcs% Csë tgegkjs tgehnhjs hg trckjs ochc vgz kãs lcr+djs oje rjlljs algxn`lgs qug gvntce lc nesgronÿe hg ojhjs% Ojehuo+

tjs ojetneujs qug llgdce hgshg lc clnkgetconÿe bcstc lc tgrknecl y

qug gstãe ajrkchjs pjr prjhuotjs ojkpugstjs qug sukce lcs oc+

rcotgrëstnocs pjsntnvcs hg sus ojkpjegetgs pcrc gvntcr auehcs y

prjtgoonjegs= Oc`lgs oje prjtgoonÿe cl cduc, cl augdj, c ljs ock+

pjs glgotrjkcdeîtnojs, tu`js oje rgaugrzjs "VGR)cluknenj. oje+

huotjs scehwnob "ircat)an`rc hg vnhrnj) cluknenj.%

Ajetcegrëc hg mcrhëe pcrc gl `rnojlcdg

"snstgkc Dãrhgec.%

Kjetcmg snkplnanochj hgl snstgkc hg ajetcegrëc

)DA)Algxclnej%


Ouclqungr ojegxnÿe ojkplnochc sg netgetc llgvcr c lc tgrknecl prgac+

`rnochc% Lc ojkplgmnhch sg nestclc ge uec ocmc egdrc qug ej gs



kcenpulc`lg pjr gl kjetchjr "qunzãs gl knskj usucrnj.% _jlj ljs

_grvnonjs tîoenojs tngege coogsj c gsc ocmc ej sjlj pjr lc sjanstnoc+onÿe hg su netgrnjr snej pjr lc pîrhnhc hg dcrcetëcs csjonchcs cl sg+

durj hg ojkprc y kcetgenkngetj%

Lc dcrcetëc sg ojevngrtg ge lc drce prgjoupconÿe hg tjhjs ljs qug

sg rglconjece oje lc prjkjonÿe% Lc rghuoonÿe hg ljs rngsdjs, pjr lc

oclnhch hgl hnsgój y hgl prjhuotj, gs lc ýenoc kcegrc hg bcogr arge+

tg cl orgonkngetj hg lcs prnkcs% Ochc vgz qughcrãe kgejs pcrtgs

hg lcs nestclconjegs, y hgl ghnanonj, sne hglgdconÿe hg rgspjesc`nln+

hch cl prjvgghjr y gsj gxndnrã kãs hnagrgeonconÿe getrg gscs ocmcs

egdrcs csgdurchcs pjr lc nehustrnc y ljs tgehnhjs dcrcetnzchjs pjr

gl kjetchjr%

Ljs cojplckngetjs getrg ljs cpcrctjs "ocmcs egdrcs. y lcs rghgs

prneonpclgs "hg suknenstrj y hg gvcouconÿe. sje puetjs orëtnojs qug

bce hg rgsultcr sgdurjs y c lc vgz aãonlgs hg kjetcr y hgskjetcr% Glsgetnhj ojkýe plcetgc lc egogsnhch hg ejrkclnzcr tjhjs ljs tnpjs

hg ojegxnjegs glgotrj+kgoãenocs oje gl ane hg rghuonr lcs dckcs hg

hnspjsntnvjs cojplchjrgs, gvntcehj sntuconjegs ojkj lcs qug sg

plcetgce ge glgotrÿenoc hjehg sg bce nhj prjhuongehj tce vcrnchjs

snstgkcs hg gelcog "rcoi, gurjojegotjr, PM, @EO, _W@, twnecxncl%%%.

qug ljs kãs pgragotjs gqunpjs sje neocpcogs hg trc`cmcr sn ej hns+

pjege hg lc olcvnmc kcobj qug cmustg oje lc bgk`rc%

Vcrc ljs ock`njs hg sgoonÿe sg ac`rnoce tjhc olcsg hg cojplcknge+

tjs% Aëmgesg ge ljs tu`js hg gvcouconÿe j clnkgetconÿe hg lcvchjrcs%

Cquë sn qug sg bc csuknhj rchnoclkgetg lc pjsn`nlnhch hg ock`nj y lc

egogsnhch hg uec nestclconÿe glgkgetcl% Wecs kcedugrcs algxn`lgs hg

vgetc ge gl supgrkgrochj hg lc gsqunec y uecs ojegxnjegs glgkgetc+

lgs% ºVjr quî cquë së y ge gl argdchgrj ej: ºGstã tce olcrj qug lc

`cógrc ej pjhrëc tgegr rughcs ojkj gl ocrrntj hg lc tglgvnsnÿe:%Hnvgrsnhch hg prjhuotjs

pcrc lc ajetcegrëc "Gspnrjalgx.%


7%? Lcs eugvcs tîoenocs

Ojkj yc bgkjs sgóclchj gl hgscrrjllj tgoejlÿdnoj hgl sgotjr gs



10

Ojkj yc bgkjs sgóclchj gl hgscrrjllj tgoejlÿdnoj hgl sgotjr gs

kuy hgsnducl% Vjr gllj lcs tîoenocs qug pjhrëce cplnocrsg c ljs tgen+hjs hg nestclconjegs sje kuy hnvgrscs% Clduecs tce snkplgs ojkj

gl sustntunr c lc drcvghch pjr gl `jk`gj ge lcs cducs rgsnhuclgs%

Xjhjs hgsojeanckjs hg lj kgoãenoj ge eugstrcs hgonsnjegs kãs

këenkcs% Ejs rgsnstnkjs c ojkprcr ue ojobg oje glgvcluecs glîo+

trnoj bcstc qug tgegkjs qug crrgdlcr uec kcegonllc ojevgeonjecl%

Lc gvcouconÿe hg ljs ojehgeschjs hg lcs `ctgrëcs gvcpjrchjrcs

gs uej hg ljs kcyjrgs prj`lgkcs c rgsjlvgr cl nkplcetcr ue snstgkchg olnkctnzconÿe% Kngetrcs gl cduc hg ljs ace+ojnls sg kugvg ajrzchc

pjr `jk`cs y, ge ojesgougeonc pughg vgeogr ojetrcpgehngetgs, gl

cduc rgojdnhc ge lcs cehgmcs hg ojehgeschjs "hg ljs gvcpjrchjrgs

netgrejs ge vgrcej j hg ljs gxtgrnjrgs ge nevngrej. hg`g sgdunr ue

rgojrrnhj hgsogehgetg% ºOÿkj gs pjsn`lg cogptcr lc ojkplgmnhch

hg uejs snstgkcs hg olnkctnzconÿe y pcrcrejs ge lc `cehgmc hg oje+

hgeschjs c pcrtnr hg lc oucl yc sjlj vclg lc drcvghch ojkj kjtjr:%

Gstc lnkntconÿe gstã llgvcehj c prj`lgkcs tce c`surhjs y c lnkntconj+

egs tce gstrgobcs qug gs pjsn`lg qug ge ue kuehj yc kuy kjtjrnzc+

hj bcyc llgdchj gl kjkgetj hg rgourrnr c uec gvcouconÿe ajrzchc%

Xjhj gstj sngkprg trctãehjsg hg cducs ouyc prjhuoonÿe hgpgehg

hg ejsjtrjs knskjs y pjhgkjs ojrtcr ge ocsj hg egogsnhch% Ej

orgj qug sg hg`c prjpjegr cldj snknlcr pcrc lcs cducs pluvnclgs hg

ocuhcl hnaëonl hg prgvgr y hg nkpjsn`lg ojetrjl%Gvcouconÿe hg cducs pluvnclgs sne cnrg ge

ljs `cmcetgs%

@jk`c pcrc gvcoucr gl cduc hg

ojehgesconÿe%

_nstgkc Dg`grnt Vluvnc _nstgkc ojevgeonjecl


Cldj snknlcr jourrg oje ljs snstgkcs hg trnturconÿe y `jk`gj ge ljs

nejhjrjs% Nkcdnegkjs lj qug jourrnrëc sn lcs lcvchjrcs y lcvcvcmnllcs

hn n h ` ` h h ü _ ë n ` ë



ej hnspusngrce hg `jk`cs hg hgscdüg% _grëce egogscrncs tu`grëcs

hg drcehgs hnkgesnjegs y pgehngetgs c vgogs nkpjsn`lgs pcrc vc+oncr sus ou`gtcs% Ge lcs pgluqugrëcs yc sg bc bgobj bc`ntucl lc ln`grtch

hg hnspjsnonÿe hg ljs lcvcoc`gzcs pjrqug hnspjege hg ue hgpÿsntj

hg cducs mc`jejscs oje `jk`gj bcstc gl hgscdüg%

Ge ojetrcpcrtnhc gs ournjsj qug pcrc kjvgr gl cnrg yc sg bc cogptc+

hj gl vgetnlchjr qug ejs ln`grc hg lcs lnkntconjegs hg ocuhcl y gxn+

dgeoncs hg vgrtnoclnhch hg ljs tnrjs pjr ojevgoonÿe% Bjy bcstc lcs

oclhgrcs hg oclgacoonÿe gkpngzce c gvcoucr sus dcsgs oje gxtrco+

onjegs ajrzchcs%

Bcy ue sne eýkgrj hg prjoghnkngetjs cotuclkgetg su`hgscrrjllc+

hjs j su`nkplcetchjs qug sg nrãe nkpjengehj pjr kgmjrc tîoenoc j

rghuoonÿe hg su prgonj%

Ge clduejs ocsjs lc sjluonÿe pughg gstcr clgmchc, pgrj gs pjsn`lg,pjr gmgkplj, qug hgetrj hg clduejs cójs lc rgarndgrconÿe `cschc ge

gl gagotj Vgltngr "gearnckngetj hg uec hg lcs ãrgcs hg ojetcotj hg

hjs kgtclgs pjr ljs qug onroulc uec ojrrngetg glîotrnoc. pgrkntc gln+

knecr ljs kjtjrgs y, ge ojesgougeonc, ljs runhjs y vn`rconjegs qug

cojkpcóce c ljs ojkprgsjrgs arndjrëanojs%

Gs lÿdnoj gspgrcr qug lcs oîlulcs ajtjvjltcnocs kgmjrge su rgehn+

kngetj y qug lcs `ctgrëcs hg coukulconÿe glîotrnoc hnskneuyce hgtckcój y cukgetge su ocpconhch, j qug lcs oclhgrcs gstceocs `c+

mge hg prgonj y sg gqunpcrge c lcs ctkjsaîrnocs hg tnrj ecturcl%

Bjy yc sje rgclnhchgs ljs hnspjsntnvjs qug pgrkntge hnspjegr hg ocu+

hclgs hg alunhj ojestcetgs c prgsnjegs vcrnc`lgs ge trczchjs hg tu`g+

rëcs rglctnvckgetg hgsgqunln`rchjs9 snstgkcs hg oclgacoonÿe glîotrnoc

kghncetg pneturcs ojehuotjrcs hg lc glgotrnonhch qug oclngetce hnrgo+tckgetg sne prgonscr enedýe jtrj glgkgetj rchncetg9 suknhgrjs qug

argece lc pgegtrconÿe hg cnrg orgcehj ue vcoëj nehuonhj pcrc aconlntcr lc

gvcouconÿe pjr drcvghch hg cducs "ej ocrdchcs. ge tu`grëcs prão+

Lcvcoc`gzcs hg pgluqugrëc

"_ngkges.%


tnockgetg llgecs qug rghuoge su hnãkgtrj y hnsourrge sne pgehngetg9

gqunpjs ojjrhnechjs hg ajojs, ojlgotjrgs y tgrkneclgs pcrc hnstrn+

` n l l hn t an` ÿ tn nt hn t n l `m t



18

`unr lc luz kghncetg an`rc ÿptnoc, qug pgrkntge hnstceoncr ljs j`mgtjs c

nluknecr, hgl ocljr y hg lc tgesnÿe glîotrnoc qug sngkprg cojkpcóce clc augetg prjhuotjrc hg luz9 hnspjsntnvjs gknsjrgs y rgogptjrgs hg

nearcrrjmjs y hg rchnjargougeoncs qug ljdrce glnknecr ljs oc`lgs hg ne+

tgrojegxnÿe%

Gs gvnhgetg qug hnspjegkjs hg kuobjs kghnjs pcrc rgsjlvgr ljs

prj`lgkcs ojeorgtjs, sjlj bcog acltc qug gstgkjs hnspugstjs c

utnlnzcrljs, gxpljtcehj lcs vgetcmcs qug ejs rgpjrtce cl ln`grcrejs hg

kuobcs hg lcs vngmcs sgrvnhuk`rgs qug ojehnonjec`ce lcs sjluonj+

egs trchnonjeclgs%

Nlukneconÿe pjr an`rc ÿptno c ge gl `cr LcsXjrrgs hg Ãvnlc, @crogljec, 3>2>+3>>6"C% Crrn`cs, M% Kcrnsocl, K% Kjrtgs.%


1% VGP_VGOXNQC_ NEX GLNDGEXG_



Lc ojestruoonÿe ojetgkpjrãegc sg cutjsctnsacog bc`lcehj hg ghn+

anonjs netglndgetgs, pgrj ge lc kcyjr pcrtg hg ljs ocsjs en snqungrc

netgetc chjptcr uecs pjsturcs ue pjoj kãs sgesctcs ge ljs tgkcs

kãs nkpjrtcetgs% Lc netglndgeonc ge ue ghnanonj ej hg`grëc ojesnstnrge cdlutnecr tjhj lj qug clduejs ojesnhgrce lj ýltnkj, sn ej ge c`rnr

pjsn`nlnhchgs hg neojrpjrconÿe hg lj qug cýe gstã pjr vgenr y qug

bjy ej pjhgkjs prghgonr%

Lc ojestruoonÿe bc snhj sngkprg cldj kuy gstãtnoj qug bc prnkchj

lc hurc`nlnhch sj`rg tjhjs ljs hgkãs acotjrgs% Gsc tgehgeonc c lc

negronc hnanoultc gl carjetcr cspgotjs eugvjs hg së knskc qug sg `c+

sce prgonsckgetg ge lc cogptconÿe hgl ock`nj ojkj ue vcljr, hg lc

gvjlutnvnhch ojkj ue j`mgtnvj prnkjrhncl%

Aullgr y Drnkscw cetg lc rgsnhgeonc hg

_ussgx Dcrhges,3>17 "E% Drnkscw.%


1%3 Cprgehngehj uejs hg jtrjs

Lc neejvconÿe gstã sjkgtnhc c argejs kuy ganocogs% Wec gstruoturc



11

y

hg ojstgs jpcoc qug ej prnkc lc rconjeclnzconÿe, ue snstgkc hg rgs+pjesc`nlnhchgs ochc vgz kãs rndurjsj qug ej cenkc c eugvcs gx+

pgrngeoncs y prgangrg c lc ojevgeonÿe, uec `cmësnkc nevgrsnÿe ge ne+

vgstndconÿe gto% Lc neejvconÿe ej sg pughg netrjhuonr hgshg lc cr+

quntgoturc hg uec kcegrc vjluetcrnstc% Vjr sugrtg, lc gvnhgeonc hg

lcs vgetcmcs hg hgtgrknechcs jponjegs ejvghjscs sg suglg hcr prn+

kgrj ge ongrtcs ãrgcs sjkgtnhcs c gxndgeoncs gspgonclgs y hgshg

gllcs hnauehnrsg c ljs tnpjs ghnanoctjrnjs vgonejs% Ge lc ojestruoonÿe

trchnonjecl gl kjhglj prãotnockgetg ýenoj grc gl rgsnhgeoncl y ocsn

tjhjs ljs tnpjs hg ghnanonjs sg ojestruëce hg kcegrc ceãljdc c ojkj

sg gstc`ce ojestruygehj lcs vnvngehcs y ocsjecs hgl kjkgetj%

Bjy sne gk`crdj lcs gxndgeoncs gspgonclnzchcs ge kctgrnc hg oje+

ajrt y lc ojkplgmnhch hg lcs nestclconjegs sg bce pjlcrnzchj ge ljs

ghnanonjs hg janonecs% Neolusj hgetrj hg gsg tnpj hg ghnanonjs augrje

lcs sclcs hg jrhgechjrgs lcs qug netrjhumgrje gl aclsj suglj qug cbjrcsg gstc gxtgehngehj c tjhc lc supgranong hgl ghnanonj% Vjr gllj gs nk+

pjrtcetg ceclnzcr ojetneuckgetg lc gvjluonÿe qug sg gstã hcehj oje

tjhc ecturclnhch ge jtrjs tnpjs ghnanoctjrnjs pcrc nr tjkcehj hg gllc

ljs glgkgetjs ouyc utnlnhch bc snhj gvnhgeonchc%

Gl prjygotj rgsnhgeoncl gs tgrrn`lgkgetg ojesgrvchjr ge lc prgvnsnÿe

hg ljs tgehnhjs hg nestclconjegs% Gs ournjsj qug ue prjkjtjr j ue

crquntgotj qug nenonce prjygotj hg vnvngehcs hnaëonlkgetg sg plcetgc+

rãe sjluonjegs qug ojesnhgrcrëce lÿdnocs pcrc jtrjs usjs, ojkj gl

bjtglgrj j gl hg janonecs%

Lc gxplnoconÿe, yc qug ej lc mustnanoconÿe, hg gstc pjsturc rchnoc ge lc

acltc hg ojkprjknsj hg ck`js, prjkjtjr y crquntgotj, oje gl kce+

tgenkngetj hgl ghnanoj% We bjtglgrj gs ue prjkjtjr prjagsnjecl qug ej

sg pughg pgrkntnr grrjrgs ge ljs ojstgs hg kcetgenkngetj y qug pjrlj tcetj prgangrg scornanocr clduejs kgtrjs ouchrchjs pcrc csgdurcr

ue aãonl coogsj c lc rgpcrconÿe, sustntuonÿe j ckplnconÿe hg sus nestc+

lconjegs% Gl prjkjtjr hg vnvngehc sg suglg hgsvneoulcr rãpnhckgetg

hg ljs ojstgs hg kcetgenkngetj qug qughce ge kcejs hg lc ojkuen+Dclgrëc hg coogsj c ljs tgehnhjs hg ue

ghnanonj hgpjrtnvj%

hch hg prjpngtcrnjs% _u j`sgsnÿe ge gl kjkgetj hg lc rghcoonÿe

hgl prjygotj sg ogetrc ge lc jptnknzconÿe hg lc rglconÿe supgranong

ýtnl *supgranong ojestrunhc pcrc kgmjrcr lcs ojehnonjegs hg vgetc



ýtnl *supgranong ojestrunhc pcrc kgmjrcr lcs ojehnonjegs hg vgetc%

Ge ouclqungr bjtgl hg eugvc plcetc, uec rgh hg pctnjs vgrtnoclgs su`g

getrg ochc hjs bc`ntconjegs hg kcegrc qug tjhjs sus tu`js sg

pughge rgpcrcr hgshg gl netgrnjr hg gsjs pctnjs qug sje vgrtnocl+

kgetg trcesntc`lgs% Ge lc kcyjr pcrtg hg ljs ocsjs ue tc`lgrj hgs+

kjetc`lg pgrkntg gl coogsj hgshg gl pcsnllj hg ochc plcetc% ºVcrc

oucehj uejs pctnjs ge tjhjs ljs ghnanonjs hg vnvngehcs qug sgce

coogsn`lgs hgshg lc acobchc j hgshg lc ocmc hg gsoclgrcs hg kceg+

rc qug ochc prjpngtcrnj pughc cooghgr c sus tu`js sne rgvgetcr lc

ocsc hgl vgonej:%

Ge ue bjtgl gs aãonl ojesgdunr qug tjhjs ljs tu`js tgedce hgscrrjlljs

gxolusnvckgetg vgrtnoclgs, pgrj gsj ej gs aãonl ge ongrtjs prjdrckcs,

y ej sjlj ge ljs rgsnhgeonclgs% Vgesgkjs ge ue ghnanonj hgpjrtnvj% Ojkj

ojesgdunr qug sgc aãonl gl kcetgenkngetj hg uec tu`grëcs hg cprjvnsnj+

eckngetj y gvcouconÿe oje tce lcrdjs tgehnhjs bjrnzjetclgs% Ej sgpjrquî ej sg bce dgegrclnzchj cquë lcs prjpugstcs qug sje tce ojku+

egs ge ljs lc`jrctjrnjs% _n ue lc`jrctjrnj tngeg tcl gxndgeonc hg rgpcrc+

onÿe y ckplnconÿe hg sus nestclconjegs qug sngkprg prgvî uec rgh hg

dclgrëcs bjrnzjetclgs qug hce coogsj cl netgrnjr hg lcs pcrghgs hg ljs

lc`jrctjrnjs pcrc gsg kcetgenkngetj% ºVjr quî ej sg utnlnzce kãs sj+

luonjegs hg gstg tnpj pcrc ljs nekgesjs sgrvnonjs hg ljs ghnanonjs hg+

pjrtnvjs j hg gspgotãouljs ge dgegrcl:%

_n pcsckjs hg ljs tu`js c ljs oc`lgs eugstrj kjhglj sg cogrocrã

c ljs kjhgrejs ghnanonjs hg janonecs% ^c ej pjhgkjs nkcdnecr ue

ghnanoj hg gstg tnpj sne pgescr ge uec oãkcrc bjrnzjetcl pcrc gl

pcsj hg oc`lgs y ojehuotjs% Vughg hnsoutnrsg, ojkj bcrgkjs ge

gl puetj prÿxnkj, sn gsc oãkcrc gs hg tgobj j hg suglj, pgrj ej

oc`g huhc sj`rg su utnlnhch% Ge gl Xglgpugrtj hg Ocstgll`ns`cl, ue

ghnanonj pcrc lc Ojkpcóëc Xglgaÿenoc, hnspusnkjs aclsj suglj, aclsjtgobj y chgkãs uecs ojegxnjegs ceulcrgs ge ue pcsnllj pgrnkgtrcl

y jtrcs vgrtnoclgs ge ajrkc hg uejs crkcrnjs, qug ojegotc`ce tj+

hjs ljs aclsjs tgobjs y sugljs hg tjhc lcs plcetcs hgl ghnanonj%

Aclsj tgobj, suglj tîoenoj, cenllj pgrnkgtrcl

pjr plcetc y ojehuotjs vgrtnoclgs ge gl

Xglgpugrtj hg Ocstgll ns`cl, @cogljec "Ll% Oljtgt,

N% Vcrnonj.%

Cl anecl ljs gspconjs bc`ntc`lgs grce ojkj bugojs c`ngrtjs ge uec

kcllc trnhnkgesnjecl hg oãkcrcs pcrc gl tgehnhj hg lcs nestclconjegs%



12

Ge ljs ghnanonjs hg vnvngehc lc ojkplgmnhch hg ljs tgehnhjs y lc gxn+dgeonc hg algxn`nlnhch sg cogroce ochc vgz kãs c lj qug yc ojesnhg+

rckjs bc`ntucl ge ljs ghnanonjs hg janonecs% _ne gk`crdj ejs ougstc

cogptcr qug sn ljs prj`lgkcs sje pcrgonhjs lcs sjluonjegs pjhrëce

nkntcrsg% Gl ojesgrvchurnskj hgl kgrochj rgsnhgeoncl y clduejs prj+

`lgkcs hg aãonl sjluonÿe, ojkj lcs ojevgeonjegs hg lnkpngzc ge lc

vnvngehc, gstãe hnanoultcehj lc gxtrcpjlconÿe c lc vnvngehc hg sjlu+

onjegs c`sjlutckgetg cogptchcs ge lcs janonecs%

ºVcrc oucehj ue aclsj suglj chgouchj c ljs ghnanonjs hg vnvngehcs:

_n gxolunkjs, hg kjkgetj, lc gxndgeonc hg pcscr pjr gsg suglj ljs

ojehuotjs hg cnrg cojehnonjechj, pjhrgkjs rghuonr su clturc c

pjojs ogetëkgtrjs% Gsj ejs pgrkntnrã rgourrnr c sjluonjegs hg cpj+

yj ocsn ojetneuj qug rghuoge kuobj gl ojstg y lc ojkplgmnhch hgl

ojemuetj% Ge ghnanonjs hg janonecs yc gxnstge sjluonjegs hg gstg tnpj%

Clduecs sje necoogsn`lgs ojkj lcs obcpcs plgdchcs hgl tnpj hg lcqug kugstrc lc andurc chmuetc ge lc qug ljs oc`lgs pughge llgdcr c

ouclqungr puetj hg lc plcetc pcscehj pjr gl drgochj bugoj hgshg

uecs oceclgtcs pgrnkgtrclgs%

Vgrj lcs kãs prjkgtghjrcs sje lcs qug pgrkntge lgvcetcr gl pcvn+

kgetj pcrc cooghgr c ljs tgehnhjs ge ouclqungr kjkgetj% Bc`rcige,

gl cutjr hgl yc këtnoj suppjrts y drce prjkjtjr hg lcs nhgcs hg algxn+

`nlnhch ge lc vnvngehc, gstã hnsgócehj uec sjluonÿe `cschc ge uec

Oãkcrcs hg suglj y pcrghgs pcrcnestclconjegs hgl snstgkc Xgttje%

_uglj tîoenoj Bgrajrhgr B31 hg pctgetg

obgoc%

Oãkcrcs ge suglj ajrkchj pjr uec obcpc

plgdchc "Vgrkcstggl.%

gspgong hg ljsgtcs hg pjlngstnrgej rëdnhj qug llgvc drc`chcs uecs

rgtëoulcs ocpcogs hg cl`grdcr oc`lgs y tu`js% _j`rg gstcs ljsgtcs sg

ojljoc ue pcvnkgetj ej chbgrnhj hg kchgrc, plãstnoj j kjqugtc%



p p q

_jlj ojejzoj trgs sjluonjegs hg pcvnkgetjs rgdnstrc`lgs hg `cmc

clturc qug pughge geojetrcrsg ge gl kgrochj% Wec rgspjehg c uec

pctgetg gspcójlc, gs gl prjkgtghjr Xgttje ajrkchj pjr uejs tc`lg+

rjs hg cdljkgrchj hg rgsnhujs hg oãsocrc hg arutjs sgojs qug

tngeg uejs rglngvgs, uejs tgtjegs, qug aconlntce gl geocmg hg ue tc`lg+

rj sj`rg jtrj ajrkcehj uec oãkcrc ge lc qug sg pughge ojljocr

hnvgrsjs tnpjs hg tgehnhjs%

Lc jtrc sjluonÿe lc jargog ue prjhuotj hg jrndge obgoj qug yc sg

hnstrn`uyg ge Gspcóc% Gl Bgrajrhgr B31 gs uec lãknec algxn`lg crkc+

hc oje an`rcs ouyc ocrc supgrnjr gstã ajrkchc pjr uec gspgong hg

hghclgs getrg ljs qug sg ajrkc uec rgtëoulc qug pughg cl`grdcr ljs

tgehnhjs glîotrnojs% _j`rg gsjs sclngetgs sg cpjyc uec obcpc kg+

tãlnoc plcec hg aãonl rgdnstrj% Lc clturc hg lc oãkcrc csë ajrkchc gs

hg 34 kk y pgrkntg cl`grdcr tgehnhjs glîotrnojs j, neolusj cldýehgscdüg hg ojehgesconÿe hg ljs cpcrctjs hg olnkctnzconÿe%

Vjr ane lc tgrogrc sjluonÿe lc `rnehc uec pctgetg ckgrnocec, Netgrogll%

Wec gspgong hg bugvgrc hg obcpc qug sg chbngrg cl suglj y qug

sjpjrtc, oje kýltnplgs cpjyjs, uecs obcpcs kgtãlnocs hg 76x76

ok% Cl lgvcetcr uec hg gstcs tcpcs cpcrgoge tjhcs lcs `csgs hg

ojegxnÿe hnspugstcs lctgrclkgetg% _u clturc gs hg 77 j 27 ok%

Gl suglj tîoenoj Netgrogll hg pctget

ejrtgckgrnocec%

1%0 Gl nehnvnhuj y gl drupj

Lcs gxndgeoncs hg eugstrc sjonghch ge kctgrnc hg ojeajrt gvjluonjece

t ã nh t hnaë nl h an n `m tn t `l



46

tce rãpnhckgetg qug gs kuy hnaëonl hganenr uejs j`mgtnvjs gstc`lgs pcrc

ljs tgehnhjs hg lcs nestclconjegs qug dcrcetnoge gsg ojeajrt% Gxndnkjs

ue envgl ochc vgz kãs prgonsj g nehnvnhuclnzchj pcrc lcs ojehnonjegs hg

tgkpgrcturc y bukghch ge gl trc`cmj pgrj gkpgzckjs c qugrgrlj tck+

`nîe ge eugstrcs vnvngehcs% ºOucetj tngkpj bc pcschj hgshg qug gl

cnrg cojehnonjechj ge gl ojobg grc ue lumj gxogponjecl bcstc gl kj+

kgetj ge gl qug ue ojobg sne cnrg cojehnonjechj gs ocsn uec neoÿkjhc

rcrgzc:% ºSug hnstceonc gstckjs hnspugstjs c rgojrrgr pcrc nr c ojdgr

gl tglîajej hgshg qug bce cpcrgonhj ljs neclãk`rnojs y ljs kÿvnlgs:%ºSunîe tngeg bjy ue rgogptjr hg tglgvnsnÿe sne kcehj c hnstceonc:%

Lcs nestclconjegs qug bce hg llgdcr cl ludcr qug joupc gl usucrnj sje,

pjr gl kjkgetj, ljs suknenstrjs glîotrnojs y lcs ojegxnjegs hg oj+

kuenoconÿe "tglgajeëc, neajrkãtnoc y sgóclgs cuhnjvnsuclgs pjr oc`lg.

pgrj oc`g pgescr qug ge ue auturj sg sustntuyc gl cojehnonjeckngetj

olnkãtnoj ck`ngetcl, dgegrclnzchj, pjr gl knorj olnkc pgrsjeclnzchj, ysn ej sg llgdc c lc tjtcl sustntuonÿe pjsn`lgkgetg jourrc ojkj oje lc

nlukneconÿe j lc glgotrjcoýstnoc hjehg lj dgegrclnzchj y lj pgrsjecln+

zchj sg ojkplgkgetce% Vjhgkjs netgetcr cdrupcr lcs nestclconjegs

sgdýe su rglconÿe hg kjvnlnhch rgspgotj cl usucrnj=

Gl usucrnj vc c lcs nestclconjegs% Gstckjs llgdcehj c rghuonr c kë+

enkjs nesjspgobchjs gl eýkgrj hg nestclconjegs qug sg kcetngege

ge gstg cpcrtchj% Vgrtgegoge c îl, pjr rczjegs oulturclgs, gl `cój "ytck`nîe ljs ljoclgs býkghjs csnknlc`lgs ojkj ojonec y lcvchgrj+

sgochgrj., y pjr rczjegs tîoenocs ljs csogesjrgs% Lc gvjluonÿe ge

eugstrc ajrkc hg vnhc, llgvc c neorgkgetcr ge gl trcesoursj hgl tngk+

pj lc ocetnhch hg tclgs uenhchgs "`cójs y csogesjrgs., ge prjdrc+

kcs aueonjeclgs rglctnvckgetg gstc`nlnzchjs%



Ljdrcr qug gl suknenstrj glîotrnoj llgdug bcstc gl usucrnj pgrkntg

kuobcs prgstconjegs "glgotrjhjkîstnojs, nlukneconÿe, oclgacoonÿe,

vgetnlconÿe rgarndgrconÿe, ojoonÿe.% Vjr gl kjkgetj, sne gk`crdj,

gl suknenstrj y gvcouconÿe hg cduc y lcs nestclconjegs hg trces+

pjrtg cue ojesnduge qug gl usucrnj cogptg gl hgsplczcrsg bcstc su

ljoclnzconÿe, sngkprg qug lc hnstceonc c rgojrrgr ej sgc gxogsnvc,

hg quneog c trgnetc kgtrjs, en tgedc qug sclvcr hgsenvglgs, qunzãs

uec plcetc% _jlj clduejs prjdrckcs pgrkntge rguenr tjhjs ljs glg+

kgetjs býkghjs ge ue eýolgj hjehg sg rghuzoce y rconjeclnoge

ljs tgehnhjs hg tu`js% Gl netgrgscetësnkj prjygotj hg tjrrg hg oucr+

tjs hg `cój pcrc lc rgsnhgeonc hg _ussgx Dcrhges "E% Drnkscw,

3>17. ej sgrëc pjsn`lg ge ouclqungr jtrj t npj hg ghnanonj% Sunzãs bjy

gl rgojrrnhj qug nkpjeg c ljs gstuhncetgs ej sg bu`ngsg chkntnhj

y sg bu`ngrc nkpugstj ue gsqugkc kãs prÿxnkj cl bjtglgrj% Gl

ocrãotgr hg ckplnconÿe hg ghnanonj gxnstgetg tck`nîe gxplnoc lj rc+hnocl hg gstc sjluonÿe%

Lcs nestclconjegs vce cl usucrnj% Vrnkgrj ojkgezckjs pjr hjtcr

c ljs pugstjs hg trc`cmj oje tjkcs tglgaÿenocs y geobuags glîotrn+

ojs% Hgspuîs lc jagrtc hg rghgs gspgoëanocs hg tglgojkuenoconjegs

y hg crtgacotjs sg hnspcrÿ, hgs`jrhcehj ljs pugstjs hg trc`cmj y

clocezcehj c lc vnvngehc% C pcrtnr hg cquë gstg eugvj gqunpckngetj

hgmc hg ojetc`nlnzcrsg ojkj pgrtgegongetg cl ojemuetj hg lc acknlnc y

sg getngehg ojkj uec cdrupconÿe hg `ngegs hg prjpnghch nehnvn+

hucl ej egogscrnckgetg ojkpcrtnhc% _grãe egogscrnjs pugs eug+

Xjrrg hg sgrvnonjs hg uec rgsnhgeonc hg

gstuhncetgs, _ussgx Dcrhges, Ljehrgs,

3>17 "E% Drnkscw.%

vjs tgehnhjs hg tglgojkuenoconjegs y hg suknenstrj gegrdîtnoj qug

llgduge c ljs hnstnetjs ãk`ntjs prnvctnvjs hg ochc kngk`rj hg lc

uenhch acknlncr% Wenhch acknlncr, qug, pjr gl kjkgetj, sg kcetngeg



40

ojkj gl c`jechj hg rgagrgeonc cl qug acoturcr ljs hnstnetjs ojesu+kjs qug sg dgegrce, cuequg ge ue auturj ej kuy lgmcej, oc`g gspg+

rcr qug ochc nehnvnhuj "ge su pugstj hg trc`cmj y ge gl sgej hg su

acknlnc. tgehrã qug rgspjesc`nlnzcrsg hg sus prjpnjs ojesukjs, gxn+

dnîehjsg getjeogs qug lcs nestclconjegs sg chcptge pcrc pjhgr

ojetc`nlnzcrljs, kghncetg oÿhndjs hg coogsj pgrsjeclnzchjs, tcxë+

kgtrjs oje anobc j tcrmgtc prgocrdchc, ojetchjrgs ge lcs tgrknec+

lgs,… j ouclqungr eugvj nevgetj qug cpcrgzoc%

Lcs nestclconjegs dgegrce ue ck ngetg ge gl qug sg sukgrdg gl usuc+

rnj% Ge gstg drupj sg bce hg ojesnhgrcr ljs llckchjs trchnonjeclkgetg

kghnjs hg ojetrjl ck`ngetcl= olnkctnzconÿe, nlukneconÿe y coýstnoc, qug

utnlnzce prjoghnkngetjs cotnvjs y pcsnvjs ge rglconÿe cl ck`ngetg ectu+

rcl gxtgrnjr, pcrc ocptcrlj, anltrcrlj j rgobczcrlj% Gstg tnpj hg nestclconj+

egs plcetgc llgdcr cl usucrnj hgshg gl ck`ngetg ge gl qug sg kugvg% Ge

ongrtc kcegrc gs ue ocsj kuy pcrtnoulcr hgl sgduehj cpcrtchj yc quggl cnrg, lc luz y gl sjenhj vce cl usucrnj, qug usc y hnsarutc hg glljs ge lc

kghnhc qug lg rgsultce ojeajrtc`lgs, y oucehj hgsgc kjhnanocr cldýe

pcrãkgtrj utnlnzc ljs snstgkcs hg rgdulconÿe hnspjen`lgs% Lc tîoenoc

jargog ochc vgz kãs kghnjs pcrc ojetrjlcr gscs vcrnc`lgs ck`ngetc+

lgs, pgrj gl prj`lgkc rgsnhg ge lc acltc hg ojneonhgeonc getrg ljs dustjs,

pgrogponjegs y egogsnhchgs hg ljs kngk`rjs qug pcrtnonpce hg ue

knskj ck`ngetg% ºSunge ej bc pjhnhj ojkprj`cr lcs hnanoultchgs hglkcntrg hg ue rgstcurcetg netgetcehj ojetgetcr cl oc`cllgrj djrhj qug

pnhg qug hge kãs augrtg lc rgarndgrconÿe, kngetrcs uec hckc hg uec

kgsc prÿxnkc tnrntcehj hg arëj pnhg qug pjedce lc oclgacoonÿe:%

Vcrc sctnsacogr c lc vgz hgkcehcs ojetrchnotjrncs hg vcrnjs usuc+

rnjs hg ue knskj ck`ngetg, j sg jptc pjr lc sgotjrnzconÿe g nehnvn+

huclnzconÿe ck`ngetcl, j sg nkpjeg gl orntgrnj hg lcs kcyjrëcs qug

prjvjoc gl hgsojetgetj hg lcs knejrëcs% Ojesgougetgkgetg y c lcvnstc hg gsc vgrtndnejsc gvjluonÿe ºOucetj tngkpj, orgg gl lgotjr,

qug tcrhcrgkjs ge gxndnr ue kcehj c hnstceonc pcrc tjhjs ljs netgrrup+

tjrgs hjkîstnojs: ºEj gs bjrc yc hg pghnr ue nkpulsjr nehnvnhucl hg

Pgojdnhc hg ojehgeschjs ge ue acobchc

kuroncec%

Vrjhuotjs netukgsogetgs pcrce nkpghnr lc

prjpcdconÿe hgl augdj c trcvgs hg ljs pcsjs

hg lcs nestclconjegs "Netukgx.%

cnrg, ojkj ge ljs cvnjegs, hg kcegrc qug sg pughc j`tgegr pcrc ochc

nehnvnhuj y ge ochc ludcr lc tgkpgrcturc hgsgchc:º_gdunrgkjs ojesn+

hgrcehj cogptc`lg qug pcrc hnspjegr hg cduc ge ue puetj hg ue ghnan+



onj tgedckjs qug rgourrnr pjr lj kgejs c ouctrj janonjs hnagrgetgs ojej`rcs necoc`c`lgs qug hgmce nevnvn`lg ouclqungr gspconj:%

Ge ue getjrej tce ock`ncetg g nkprghgon`lg ºOjkj prjygotcr lcs

eugvcs ojestruoonjegs:% Cuequg ge rgclnhch ºSuî nkpjrtceonc tng+

ege gsjs eugvjs ghnanonjs argetg cl nekgesj pcrqug crquntgotÿenoj

yc ojestrunhj qug sg tgehrã qug chgoucr c gsc gvjluonÿe:% ^j gs+

tjy sgdurj hg qug ge pjojs cójs tjhcs lcs vnvngehcs tgehrãe cnrg

cojehnonjechj% ºOÿkj hnc`ljs gvntcr qug tjhcs lcs vgetcecs hg lconuhch gxbn`ce gl bjrrjrjsj ojehgeschjr cl gxtgrnjr:%

Hc lc nkprgsnÿe hg qug ljs crquntgotjs gstckjs tjtclkgetg hg+

sjrngetchjs, qug trc`cmckjs oje j`mgtnvjs pjoj rczjec`lgs y j`+

sgsnjechjs pjr uejs cspgotjs qug ej sje ljs qug kãs hg`grëce

prgjoupcrejs% ºVcrc oucehj gl hnsgój hg uec vgetcec oje

olnkctnzchjr neojrpjrchj: Ge ue envgl kãs glgkgetcl ºVjrqug ejrghnsgóckjs lcs oceclgtcs:% Gvnhgetgkgetg lc nehustrnc ej ougetc

oje ljs crquntgotjs, ge kctgrncs hg hnsgój qug sje c`sjlutckgetg

auehckgetclgs pcrc gl auturj hg lc ghnanoconÿe%

Ojevngeg, pjr jtrj lchj, tgegr ge ougetc qug lcs oãkcrcs y ojehuo+

tjs qug cl`grdce ljs tgehnhjs, sg bce ojevgrtnhj ge uec rgh ojku+

enocetg getrg ljs hnvgrsjs ljoclgs qug gstã rghuongehj lcs dcrcetëcs

hg netnknhch y sgdurnhch pjr hg`cmj hg lj qug pcrgog gstckjs hns+pugstjs c chkntnr% Ljs pctnjs, oãkcrcs y ojehuotjs, ge gl @ceoj hg

Bjedijed "E% Ajstgr, 3>2>., sje týeglgs pcrc lc oceclnzconÿe hgl

augdj y hgl bukj ge ocsj hg neogehnj y tgegkjs qug nr hjtãehjljs

hg ljs snstgkcs ojrtcaugdjs chgouchjs pjr neoÿkjhjs y ojstj+

sjs qug ejs pcrgzoce%

Ge ljs prÿxnkjs cójs sgrã egogscrnj sgr kãs rndurjsjs oje lc ojes+truoonÿe hg ocvnhchgs hg eugstrjs ghnanonjs, hjtãehjlcs hg lcs prj+

tgoonjegs coýstnocs prgonscs%

_uglj tîoenoj oje sgllchj hg prjtgoonÿe

coýstnoc ge gl @ceoj hg Bjedijed, 3>2>

"E% Ajstgr.%

@crrgrcs coýstnocs ge gl suglj tîoenoj Netgrogl

1%? Vrjygotj= prgvnsnÿe y ojjrhneconÿe

Xjhjs ljs crdukgetjs ojevgrdge ge lc egogsnhch hg uec kcyjr prg+

vnsnÿe hg lcs ojesgougeoncs crquntgotÿenocs hg lc nkplcetconÿe hg lcs



48

vnsnÿe hg lcs ojesgougeoncs crquntgotÿenocs hg lc nkplcetconÿe hg lcs

nestclconjegs% Xjhj gl ojkplgmj tîoenoj qug gedlj`ckjs `cmj gsg

ejk`rg hg`g getrcr c ajrkcr pcrtg hgl prjdrckc hg prjygotj hgshg

gl prnkgr orjquns% Gs kãs, hchc lc nkpjrtceonc hg tgehnhjs y tgrknec+

lgs ge lc nkcdge y jrdcenzconÿe hgl ghnanonj, lc nehustrnc hg`grëc c`jr+

hcr oje kgetclnhch crquntgotÿenoc gl hnsgój hg gsjs glgkgetjs, gs

hgonr qug ljs prj`lgkcs hg hnsgój y ojjrhneconÿe hg`grëce tgegrsg

ge ougetc ge lc prjhuoonÿe hg gsjs ojkpjegetgs%

Nehgpgehngetgkgetg hgl prjygotj gegrdîtnoj dlj`cl hgl ghnanonj, gs

hgonr hg lc hganenonÿe hg sus ajrkcs hg netgrock`nj, jrngetconjegs,

prjtgoonjegs sjlcrgs, ogrrckngetjs tîrknojs gto%, glgkgetjs qug

tcetj vce c neonhnr ge lc nkcdge hgl ghnanoj y trctcehj sjlj hgl tgkc

hg ljs kgocenskjs crtnanonclgs hg ojetrjl gegrdîtnoj y kjvnkngetj

hg alunhjs g neajrkconÿe, tgehrgkjs qug tjkcr eugstrcs prgvnsnj+

egs ge ljs kjkgetjs nenonclgs hgl prjygotj c hjs envglgs=

+ Lc gstruoturc dgegrcl hgl prjygotj g nestclconjegs ojkj ue

vgrtg`rchjr hgl ghnanonj% Ljs gspconjs sgrvnhjrgs j rgsgrvcs pcrc

ljs tgehnhjs y su prghnkgsnjechj%

+ Lc ojjrhneconÿe hg ljs tgehnhjs, y sus ocrgechjs, oje jtrjs glg+

kgetjs ojestruotnvjs%

Cogrquîkjejs ue pjoj c gstg ýltnkj puetj% Lc algxn`nlnhch hg hns+

trn`uonÿe hg ue gspconj hg janonecs j`lndc c plcetgcrsg kýltnplgs

hnspjsnonjegs hg lc tc`nqugrëc% Gsj sudngrg qug lc acobchc tgedc

uejs kcneglgs kjhulcrgs hg ue drjsjr tcl qug gl tc`nqug pughc

getrgdcrsg ojetrc glljs% Kckpcrcs y ocrpnetgrëc hg acobchc tngege

qug tgegr ue knskj kÿhulj% Gsj ej gs tce aãonl hg ojesgdunr ojkj

pughc pcrgogr, pugs lcs kckpcrcs qug ouclqungrc supjehrëc

kjhulcrgs ocsn eueoc lj sje% Ej gs qug sus pngzcs ej sgce hg

nducl ceoburc snej qug gs nkpjsn`lg nesorn`nrlcs ge uec trckc kj+

hulcr% Ge gagotj pcrc ljs dnrjs y euhjs hnspjege hg pngzcs gspg+

onclgs, pngzcs qug ej utnlnzce ge ljs geougetrjs ejrkclgs getrg hjs

pngzcs% Vcrc qug pngzc y ojemuetj sgce kjhulcrgs ge ochc ge+

ougetrj sg hg`g rgpgtnr gl pjsn`lg euhj hg vcrnjs pceglgs%

_upgrchj gstg prj`lgkc, qug j`lndc c hnsgócr ue snstgkc c kghnhc



p p , q d

oje gl ojstj ojesndungetg, ejs vjlvgrgkjs bconc ljs sugljs y vgrg+

kjs qug gl tc`nqug ejs neutnlnzcrã uec anlc hg ljsgtcs rgdnstrc`lgs c

ej sgr qug rgourrckjs c clduec sjluonÿe kuy `nge hnsgóchc%

Lj knskj jourrnrã oje gl aclsj tgobj sn ej hnspjegkjs ue ocrrnl

kjhulcr pcrc rgon`nr ljs tc`nqugs% Gs hgonr qug gl tgobj sg hg`g

kjhulcr tck`nîe, hg cougrhj oje lcs hnrgotrnogs qug acobchc y

kckpcrcs bce gstc`lgonhj% Ljs ac`rnocetgs hg tgobjs ejrkclkge+tg prjhuoge uecs pngzcs kjhulcrgs ge lcs qug ej sg bc tgenhj ge

ougetc gl drjsjr hg lc kckpcrc, oje lj qug ej oc`g ojjrhneconÿe

pjsn`lg% _jlj clduejs hg glljs ac`rnoce pngzcs oje getrgocllgs hg

uejs hngz ogetëkgtrjs pcrc cljmcr ue tc`nqug% _ne gk`crdj Kngs bc`ëc

kcrochj gl ocknej bcog cójs cl hnsgócr gl tgobj hgl _gcdrck% Lc

nkcdge vgonec kugstrc lc pgragotc ojjrhneconÿe hgl onglj rcsj oje

lcs kckpcrcs y ljs kcneglgs hg acobchc% Cldj qug hg`grëc bc`grsgojevgrtnhj ge uec chqunsnonÿe cutjkãtnoc pcrc tjhjs ljs ghnanonjs

hg janonecs pjstgrnjrgs, bc snhj jlvnhchj ge lc kcyjrëc hg glljs pjr

ndejrceonc j nkpjtgeonc hgl prjygotnstc%

Ojjrhneconÿe hg acobchc, kckpcrcs y

tgobjs ge gl _gcdrck @unlhned, 3>78+72

"K%vce hgr Pjbg.%

Lcs ojscs sg ojkplnoce oucehj qugrgkjs gvntcr gsg `lcehj `cmj

vngetrg qug gs gl kãs vuldcr aclsj tgobj y rgoupgrcr gl ocrãotgr

tgotÿenoj hgl ajrmchj% Gl gmgkplj hg Icbe ge ^clg gs `rnllcetg pgrj



41

ojstjsësnkj%

Sunzãs su kgmjr cltgrectnvc ge lc crquntgoturc ojetgkpjrãegc gs lc

qug plcetgÿ Pjdgrs ge lc Lljyhs hg Ljehrgs% Lc gstruoturc bjrnzje+

tcl gstã ajrkchc pjr uec ouchrëoulc hg egrvnjs jrtjdjeclgs, uec

gspgong hg ajrmchj rgtnoulcr hg 326 ok hg kÿhulj y sne ocpc hg

ojkprgsnÿe% _j`rg ljs euhjs hg gsc rgtëoulc sg lgvcetce uejs gec+

ejs hg bjrkndÿe qug sjpjrtce uec ljsc ojetneuc, uec ljsc qug ocsn

sjlj snrvg hg ojrtcaugdjs y prjtgoonÿe coýstnoc% Echc kãs lgmjs hglc vngmc ljsc hncarcdkãtnoc hgl Kjvnkngetj Kjhgrej% Lcs sj`rgocr+

dcs hg usj sg trceskntge bcstc lc rgtëoulc neagrnjr%

Gl tgobj chqungrg lc rgagrgeonc sÿlnhc y jrhgechc hgl lcouecrnj hg

egrvnjs y gl ocrgechj sg rghuog c uejs glgkgetjs hg obcpc qug

rgllgece ljs bugojs y sjpjrtce lcs luknecrncs y sus rgalgotjrgs y

joultce rgtjrejs hg cnrg y rjonchjrgs%

Xgobj gstruoturcl hg lc Dclgrëc hg Crtg hg

^clg, Egw Bcvge, 3>76+78 "L% Icbe.%

Ojestruoonÿe hgl ajrmchj hg lc sghg hg lc

Lljyh$s ge Ljehrgs, 3>42+21 "P% Pjdgrs.%

Ge ljs ghnanonjs hg janonecs j usjs snknlcrgs qug gstckjs ojestru+

ygehj gstckjs hcehj ue pcsj kãs ge lc rghuoonÿe aueonjecl hgl

aclsj tgobj% Pgsjlvngehj hg jtrcs kcegrcs lc nlukneconÿe dgegrcl



bgkjs prjygotchj vcrnjs ghnanonjs oje lc rgtëoulc hgl tgobj vnstc% Glocrãotgr tgotÿenoj y jrhgechj hg gsg lcouecrnj hg bjrkndÿe gs ku+

obj kãs ej`lg ojkj tgobj qug ljs ongljs rcsjs hg plcocs cl usj%

Xjhcs lcs nestclconjegs sg jrdcenzce pjr ljs sugljs tîoenojs% Wejs

gvgetuclgs rjonchjrgs sgrëce gl ýenoj tgehnhj qug pjsn`lgkgetg

j`lndug c rjkpgr lc ocpc hg ojkprgsnÿe pgrj ej bce snhj egogsc+

rnjs ge ljs hjs ocsjs ge ljs qug yc bgkjs utnlnzchj gsc sjluonÿe=

lcs janonecs hg lc aã`rnoc _nkÿe ge Jljt "Dnrjec. y gl ghnanonj cuxnlncr

hgl kgrochj hg lc @jqugrëc "@crogljec.%

Lc kcyjr hnanoultch hg gsjs prjygotjs bc snhj lc qug geueonã`c+

kjs cl prneonpnj hg gstg puetj= lc ojjrhneconÿe hgl kÿhulj hg egr+

vnjs hg lc gstruoturc oje lc sjluonÿe hg kckpcrcs y lc hnstceonc

getrg kcneglgs hg lc ocrpnetgrëc hg acobchc% Lcs kckpcrcs, gl glg+

kgetj kãs rgpgtntnvj g nehustrncl ge tgjrëc, sje lcs qug kãs hnanoul+

tchgs bce prgsgetchj pcrc jrdcenzcrsg hg kcegrc vgrhchgrckgetgkjhulcr% Bgkjs tgenhj qug netrjhuonr ge gl snstgkc ojevgeonjecl

hg uec kcroc ojkgroncl gl kjetcetg ge ochc muetc getrg pceglgs

pcrc gstcr sgdurjs hg qug gl ojemuetj grc pgragotckgetg kjhulcr%

Gl aclsj tgobj hg lc sghg hg lc Lljyh„s ge

Ljehrgs, 3>42+21 "P% Pjdgrs.%

Ljs ac`rnocetgs sg pjhrëce prgjoupcr pjr rgsjlvgr gsjs prj`lgkcs

y kuobjs jtrjs, ojkj lc coogsn`nlnhch hg ljs aclsjs tgobjs, lc kj+

hulconÿe hg ljs sugljs, lc ojkpcrtnkgetconÿe coýstnoc ge ck`js

t al h h t n



42

ocsjs qug sje puetjs alcojs hg uec kcegrc hg ojestrunr, uec kc+egrc hg sjluonjecr gl tgehnhj hg lcs nestclconjegs, qug prj`c`lg+

kgetg sg gxtgehgrã c tjhc lc ghnanoconÿe%

Ljs hnsgóchjrgs gstckjs yc j`lndchjs c ojejogr kgmjr gsg hnaëonl

kuehj hg lcs nestclconjegs, c cprgehgr c hncljdcr oje ljs gxpgrtjs,

c neojrpjrcr sus gsqugkcs ge ljs prnkgrjs hgl ghnanonj, c prgvgr

sus ojkplgmcs ojesgougeoncs ge gl hnsgój hg ljs gspconjs netgrnj+

rgs, y, ge ane, c neojrpjrcr sus gxndgeoncs c lc ojeogponÿe hg ljssnstgkcs ojestruotnvjs y hg lc ajrkc crquntgotÿenoc%

Ojjrhneconÿe hg kcneglgs, kckpcrcs y tgobj

rgtnoulcr ge lcs janonecs hg lc aã`rnoc _nkÿe,

Jljt, Dnrjec, 3>>> "Ll% Oljtgt, N% Vcrnonj.%

Pgagrgeoncs `n`lnjdrãanocs

Cllce, Mjbe= Lu`gtine% Pn`c Vu`lnoctnjes Lth% Ljehrgs, 3>>0%

Ã l Nó in B M Xîoenoc y crquntgoturc E K h nh 3>>0



Ãvcljs, Nócin y Bgrrgrjs, Muce= Xîoenoc y crquntgoturc % Egrgc% Kchrnh, 3>>0%

@cebck, Pgyegr= Xgjrëc y hnsgój ge lc prnkgrc ghch hg lc kãqunec% Vcnhÿs Gstîtnoc% _gduehc ghnonÿe @crogljec, 3>27%

@cebck, Pgyegr= Lc crquntgoturc hgl getjrej `nge olnkctnzchj % Ghnonjegs Neanentj% @ugejs Cnrgs, 3>47%

@gehgr, Pnobcrh= C orcoi ne tbg rgcr+vngw knrrjr % Qce Ejstrceh Pgnebjlh Ojkpcey% Egw ^jri, 3>4?%

Agrecehgz Dclncej, Luns= Gl augdj y lc kgkjrnc % Clncezc Ghntjrncl% Kchrnh, 3>>3%

Dnghnje, _ngdarngh= Lc kgocenzconÿe tjkc gl kcehj % DD% @crogljec, 3>42%

Bgr`grt, Dnl`grt= Xbg hrgck ja tbg Acotjry+Kchg Bjusg % Xbg Knt Vrgss% Ljehje, 3>28%

Vcrnonj, Ndeconj, _ust, Rcvngr= Lc vnvngehc ojetgkpjrãegc% NXgO% @crogljec,3>>2%

Pussgll, @crry= @unlhned systgks nehustrnclnzctnje ceh crobntgoturg % Mjbe Tnlgy!_jes% Ejrwnob, 3>23%