Download - Efecto Neuroquimico y Conductual de La Miotoxina III de Bothrops Asper Luego de Su Inyeccion en El Mesencefalo de Ratas Adultas

7/13/2019 Efecto Neuroquimico y Conductual de La Miotoxina III de Bothrops Asper Luego de Su Inyeccion en El Mesencefalo

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[E@YKXS@MFM MK CDS]F X@CF

S@S]KOF MK KS][M@DS MK RDSNXFMD

KIKC]D EK[XDV[O@CD P CDEM[C][FL MK LF

O@D]DZ@EF @@@ MK Hdtjrdps fspkr,

L[KND MK S[ @EPKCC@E KE KL

OKSKECIFLD MK XF]FS FM[L]FS

]ks`s sdokt`mf f cdes`mkrfcè mk lf Cdo`sè mkl Rrdnrfof mk Kstum`ds mkRdsnrfmd ke C`kec`fs H`dom`cfs pfrf dptfr pdr kl nrfmd mk Ofn`stkr Sc`ket`fkke C`kec`fs H`dom`cfs cde eifs`s ke Ifrofcdldnf

OFE[KL DXKFO[ED WKRKMF

Cùmfm [e`vkrs`tfr`f Xdmr `nd Ifc`d, Cdstf X`cf

8220


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MKM@CF]DX@F

F o`s pfmrks Ofeukl y Jdrtkes`f.


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FNXFMKC@O@KE]DS

Mr. Hrued Ldodetk, Rj. M., èvkst`nfmdr @est`tutd Cldmdo`rd R`cfmd, [e`vkrs`mfm

mk Cdstf X`cf.

O Sc. Klv`rf Sflfs, OSc Gufe Cfrlds Hrkeks, H Sc Fmr`fef Sfhdrd, H Sc.

Femrkf Odenk, O`cjfkl Rfm`llf y dtrds èvkst`nfmdrks y fs`stketks mkl

Rrdnrfof mk @evkst`nfcè ke Ekurdc`kec`fs.

O Sc. Cfrlds vde Ofrscjfll Our`lld, prdiksdr mk kstfmst`cf [e`vkrs`mfm Lftèf

mk Cdstf X`cf.


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Kstf ]ks`s jf s`md fckptfmf pdr lf Cdo`s`e mkl Rrdnrfof mk Kstum`ds mk

Rdsnrfmd ke C`kec`fs H`dom`cfs mk lf [e`vkrs`mfm mk Cdstf X`cf, cdod

rkqu`s`td pfrc`fl pfrf dptfr fl nrfmd mk Ofn`stkr Sc`ket`fk ke C`kec`fs

H`dom`cfs cde eifs`s ke Ifrofcdldnf.

TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTRj. M. Hrued Ldodetk Y`nl`dtt`

Xkprksketfetk mk lf Mkcfef, S`stkof mk Kstum`ds mk Rdsnrfmd

TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTRj. M. Gf`ok Idrefnukrf ]rfs

M`rkctdr mk ]ks`s

TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTRj. M. Gds Ofrf Nut`rrkz Nut`rrkz

Fsksdr

TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTO. Sc. Fmr`fef Surkz [rjfe

Fsksdrf

TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTRj. M. Ckc`l`f Mfz Drk`rd

M`rkctdrf Rrdnrfof mk Rdsnrfmd ke C`kec`fs H`dom`cfs

TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTOfeukl Drkfoued Wkpkmf

Cfem`mftd


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EM@CK NKEKXFL

MKM@CF]DX@F ................................................................................................... `

FNXFMKC@O@KE]DS ........................................................................................ ` `

EM@CK NKEKXFL ............................................................................................. v

XKS[OKE .......................................................................................................... x

L@S]F MK C[FMXDS ........................................................................................ x`

L@S]F MK I@N[XFS ........................................................................................ x`v

EM@CK MK FHXKY@F][XFS.......................................................................... xx`

CFR][LD @ ........................................................................................................ 6

6. @E]XDM[CC@E ............................................................................................ 6

CFR][LD @@ ....................................................................................................... >

8. OFXCD ]KX@CD ......................................................................................... >

8.6 Lds Nfenl`ds hfsflks .............................................................................. >

8.8 Ekurdquo`cf ke lds Nfenl`ds Hfsflks............................................... 68

8.3 S`stkof mdpfoèrn`cd ke kl S`stkof Ekrv`dsd Cketrfl ................... 6=

8.= Lf keikrokmfm mk Rfraèsde ................................................................ 6:

8.; Odmkld ke rftfs mk lksè ètrfckrkhrfl cde 9-j`mrdx`mdpfoèf ...... 8=

8.9 Kikctd cdemuctufl ke rftfs, èmuc`md pdr lksè mk lf SEpc cde 9-

DJMF ............................................................................................................ 32

8.> Fct`v`mfm idsidl`pfsf F8........................................................................ 3=

8.: Kikctd ifrofcdln`cd mk lf o`dtdxèf @@@ mk Hdtjrdps fspkr............. 3>

CFR][LD @@@ .................................................................................................... =6

3. OF]KX@FLKS P O]DMDS ........................................................................ =6

3.6 Kqu`pds èstruoketflks y oftkr`flks. ................................................. =6


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3.8 Xkfct`vds y kstemfrks feflt`cds ....................................................... =8

3.3 Mkscr`pcè nkekrfl mk lf èvkst`nfcè ............................................. ==

3.= F`s lfo`ketd y pur` i`cfcè mk lf o`dtdxèf @@@ ..................................... ==

3.; Odmì `cfcè (flqu`lfcè) mk lf o`dtdxèf @@@ ...................................... =9

3.9 Sugktds mk fel`s`s ................................................................................ =>

3.> Ekurdc`runf k èykccè ètrf pfrs cdopfctf................................... =:

3.: Okm`c è mk lf cdemuctf ....................................................................... ;2

3.0 Sfcrì `c `d mk lds feòflks ..................................................................... ;=

3.62 M`skccè mk lds tkg`mds ckrkhrflks ................................................... ;;

3.66 Fel `s `s j`stdln`cds ........................................................................... ;>

3.68 Fel `s `s ekurdquo`cds ...................................................................... ;>

3.63 Rròkr kxpkròketd7 Kvflufcè kxpldrftdr `f, f trks mds`s , mkl

kikctd mk lf O]-@@@, luknd mk su èykccè ke lf SEpc .............................. 96

3.6= Sknuemd kxpkròketd7 Kvflufcè kxpldrftdr`f mk lf kvdlucè mkl

prdcksd mk lksè ekurdefl mk lf o`dtdxèf ke cuftrd odoketds

pdstdpkrftdr`ds ........................................................................................... 96

3.6; ]krckr kxpkròketd7 Cdopfrfcè mkl kikctd pdr lksè cde lf

o`dtdx èf y cde lf o`dtdxèf flqu`lfmf ke kl s`t`d cftflt`cd, f mds`s

cdestfetk...................................................................................................... 98

3.69 Fel`s`s kstfmst`cd mk lds rksultfmds ............................................... 93

CFR][LD @Y ................................................................................................... 9;

=. XKS[L]FMDS ............................................................................................. 9;

=.6 @oplkoketfcè mk uef oktdmdldnf pdr JRLC/KM pfrf lf

mktkroèfcè mk ekurdtrfeso`sdrks y sus oktfhdl`tds ke tkg`md

ckrkhrfl ........................................................................................................ 9;

=.6.6 Cdem`c`deks crdoftdnri`cfs. ............................................................... 9;


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=.6.8 Cdem`c`deks mkl mktkctdr ....................................................................... 99

=.8 Xksultfmds mkl pr òkr kxpkròketd ..................................................... 9:

=.8.6 Mkscr`pcè nkekrfl .............................................................................. 9:

=.8.8 Yfr`fcè mkl pksd cdrpdrfl murfetk kl kxpkròketd ............................. 90

=.8.3 Cdemuctf mk n`rd ................................................................................... >2

=.8.= Cdemuctf mk pkr`tfx`s ........................................................................... >;

=.8.; Cdemuctf mk ldcdodcè ....................................................................... :2

=.8.9 Cdemuctf mk kxpldrfcè ...................................................................... :6

=.8.> Cdemuctf mk fc`cflfo`ketd ................................................................... :3

=.8.: Fel`s`s ekurdquo`cds ke kstr`fmd mdrsfl ............................................ :;

=.8 0 Fel`s`s ekurdquo`cds ke kstr`fmd vketrfl. .......................................... :>

=.8.62 Fel`s`s ekurdquo`cds ke skptd. ....................................................... :0

=.3 Xksul tfmds mkl sknuemd kxpkròketd ................................................. 02

=.3.6 Mkscr`pcè nkekrfl .............................................................................. 02

=.3.8 Fel`s`s ekurdquo`cds ke kstr`fmd mdrsfl ............................................ 06

=.3.3 Fel`s`s ekurdquo`cds ke kstr`fmd vketrfl y skptd .............................. 0=

=.= Xksultfmds mkl tkrckr kxpkròketd. ..................................................... 0>

=.=.6 Mkscr`pcè nkekrfl .............................................................................. 0>

=.=.8 Yfr`fcè mkl pksd cdrpdrfl murfetk kl kxpkròketd ............................. 0:

=.=.3 Cdemuctf mk n`rd ..................................................................................622

=.=.= Cdemuctf mk pkr`tfx`s ..........................................................................62:

=.=.; Cdemuctf mk ldcdodcè ......................................................................66:

=.=.9 Cdemuctf mk kxpldrfcè .....................................................................682

=.=.> Cdemuctf mk fc`cflfo`ketd ..................................................................688

=.=.: Fel`s`s ekurdquo`cds ........................................................................68;

=.=.0 Fel`s`s j`stdln`cds .............................................................................632

CFR][LD Y .................................................................................................. 63>

;. M@SC[S@E MK XKS[L]FMDS P CDECL[S@DEKS ............................... 63>

;.6 Oktdmdldnf crdoftdnri`cf pdr JRLC/KM .............................................63>

;.8 Yfr`fcè mkl pksd mk lds feòflks murfetk lds kxpkròketds................630


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;.3 Odrtfl`mfm mk lds feòflks .....................................................................630

;.= Yfr`fcè mkl kikctd mk lf o`dtdxèf O]-@@@ eft`vf cde lf mds`s èykctfmf

ke SEpc. .......................................................................................................6=6

;.; Kikctd mk lf O]-@@@ kl mf mk lf c`runf.....................................................6==

;.9 Kikctd mk lf O]-@@@ eft`vf y lf O]-@@@ flqu`lfmf sdhrk lfs cdemuctfs

kspdetekfs mk n`rd y pkr`tfx`s, kl pròkr mf pdstdpkrftdr`d. ......................6=:

;.> Kikctd mk lf O]-@@@ eft`vf y lf O]-@@@ flqu`lfmf sdhrk lfs cdemuctfs

kspdetekfs mk n`rd y pkr`tfx`s, mkspus mkl pròkr mf pdstdpkrftdr`d. .....6;>

;.: Kikctd mk lf O]-@@@ eft`vf y lf O]-@@@ flqu`lfmf sdhrk lfs cdemuctfs

kspdetekfs mk ldcdodcè, kxpldrfcè y fc`cflfo`ketd. ..........................698

;.0 Kikctd èmuc`md pdr fpdodrièf ke lfs rftfs lks`defmfs cde lf O]-@@@

eft`vf y lf O]-@@@ flqu`lfmf, kl mf 82 pdstdpkrftdr`d. ....................................69:

;.62 Kikctd èmuc`md pdr feiktfoèf ke lfs rftfs lks`defmfs cde lf O]-@@@

eft`vf y lf O]-@@@ flqu`lfmf, kl mf 88 pdstdpkrftdr`d. ....................................6>:

;.66 Cdopfrfcè mkl kikctd pdr lksè cde lf o`dtdxèf (O]-@@@) eft`vf y

cde lf o`dtdxèf (O]-@@@) flqu`lfmf ................................................................6:=

;.68 Cdeclus`deks ........................................................................................6:0

CFR][LD Y@ ................................................................................................. 60>

9. XKIKXKEC@FS H@HL@DNXI@CFS ........................................................... 60>

Cfptuld Y@@ .................................................................................................... 820

>. FEKZDS ..................................................................................................... 820

Fekxd @. Knrksds Jdsp`tflfr`ds mk lf Cfgf Cdstfrr`ckesk mkl Sknurd Sdc`fl

(CCSS), mk pfc`ketks m`fnedst`cfmds cde lf keikrokmfm mk Rfraèsde.

822; f 822>. .................................................................................................820

Fekxd @@. Rkro`sd mkl Cdo`t @est tuc`defl pfrf kl Cu`md y [sd mk Feòflks

(C@C[F) ........................................................................................................866

Fekxd @@@. M`fnrfofs mk lfs v`stfs mdrsfl (supkr`dr) y lftkrfl (èikr`dr) mkl

crekd mk uef rftf ofcjd ^`stfr mk 802 n mk ofsf cdrpdrfl. Lfs v`stfs

oukstrfe lfs pds`c`deks mk lds puetds mk rkikrkec`f7 Hrknof, lf cfrf

pdstkr`dr mk lds èc`s`vds y kl plfed mk lf lekf ètkrfurfl. ............................868


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Fekxd @Y. M`fnrfofs pfrf lf uh`cfcè kstkrkdtx`cf mk lf SEpc ke ue

ckrkhrd mk rftf ofcjd ^`stfr mk 802 n. Sk prksketf lds cdrtks cdrdefl ke

Hrknof - ;,32 oo1 sfn`tfl ke lftkrfl 6,02 oo y jdr`zdetfl ke hrknof :,62

oo. ...............................................................................................................863

Fekxd Y. Rrdckmò`ketds mk tècè mk cdrtks cdrdeflks mk ckrkhrd mk rftf

mk 8; o mk nrdsdr. ......................................................................................86=

Fekxd Y@. Cufmrds cde lds mftds em`v`muflks mk cdemuctf y mk

ekurdquo`cf pfrf lds trks kxpkròketds. ....................................................869


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XKS[OKE

Lf o`dtdxèf O]-@@@ mk Hdtjrdps fspkr, uef idsidl`pfsf F8clfsk @@, iuk èykctfmfkstkrkdtx`cf y ue`lftkrfloketk ke lf suhstfet`f e`nrf pfrs cdopfctf(SEpc) ke

rftfs ofcjd Sprfnuk Mfwlky fmultfs cde kl iè mk cfrfctkr`zfr su kikctdsdhrk flnuefs cdemuctfs (odtdrfs y skes`t`vfs), tfetd kspdetekfs cdodèmuc`mfs ifrofcdln`cfoketk. Fmkos sk cfrfctkr`z su kikctd sdhrk lfekurdquo`cf ke kstr`fmd mdrsfl y vketrfl pdr JRLC cde mktkctdrklkctrdquo`cd. Sk kvflufrde mds`s mk lf O]-@@@ ketrk 2,6= y 6= n. Fmkos skcfrfctkr`z kl kikctd mk lf O]-@@@ flqu`lfmf cde p-HRH f lf mds`s mk 6,= n. Klmf mk lf c`runf sk o`m` ue fuoketd òpdrtfetk mk lds e`vklks mk mdpfoèf,MDRFC y JYF ke kl jko`sikr`d ètkrvke`md. Kspdetekfoketk, ketrk kl mf uedy trks pdstdpkrftdr`ds sk o`m` ue n`rd ètkesd cdetrflftkrfl y uef pkr`tfx`s`ps`lftkrfl, pds`hlkoketk mkh`md fl fuoketd fsòtr`cd mk lds e`vklks mkmdpfoèf ke kstr`fmd `ps`lftkrfl rkspkctd fl lfmd mk lf lksè. Jfc`f kl mf 6:

pdstdpkrftdr`d lfs cdemuctfs fsòtr`cfs kspdetekfs t`kemke nrfmufloketk flf sòktrf ld quk pds`hlkoketk ks èm`cft`vd mkl fvfeck lketd mk ue prdcksdekurdmknkekrft`vd. Cde lf O]-@@@ eft`vf y lf O]-@@@ flqu`lfmf (6,= n) sk dhtuvdlks`deks odmkrfmfs mk (8: 66) %, oh`td (-6 f 96%) y (8> 68) %, oh`td (-9f 9;) % rkspkct`vfoketk. Lf fpdodrièf (2,;2 on/an, sc), èmuck ue n`rd y uefpkr`tfx`s `ps`lftkrflks y lf feiktfoèf (6,2 on/an, `p) èmuck ue n`rd cdetrflftkrfly uef pkr`tfx`s `ps`lftkrfl. Sk prdpdek quk lds feòflks mksfrrdllfeokcfe`sods mk cdopkesfcè ekurdquo`cf prksèpt`cds. Kl kikctd mk lf O]-@@@ flqu`lfmf ke kl s`t`d cftflt`cd RLF8cde p-HRH, ks skokgfetk fl okm`md pfrflf O]-@@@ eft`vf, mk kvdlucè os lketf y mk okedr ètkes`mfm. Sk prdpdek quklds okcfe`sods mk lksè mk lf O]-@@@ ke kl s`stkof e`nrd-kstr`ftfl, y lf

kxprksè mk lfs cdemuctfs èmuc`mfs pdr lks`deks odmkrfmfs cde O]@@ sde keflnueds fspkctds mìkrketks y ke dtrds skokgfetks f lds rkpdrtfmds ke lfl`tkrfturf pdr lksè cde tdxèfs cls`cfs quk sk koplkfe ke lds odmkldsfeòflks mk lf keikrokmfm mk Rfraèsde cdod lf 9-DJMF. Cde kstk kstum`d,sk fpdyf kl pdstulfmd quk lf cdemuctf mk pkr`tfx`s ks uef cdemuctf quk pkro`tkokm`r prdcksds ekurdln`cds mìkrketks y mk uef ofekrf os skes`hlk quk lfcdemuctf mk n`rd.

Kstk kstum`d prdpdek ue eukvd odmkld pfrf kstum`fr lf neks`s y prdnrksè mkkeikrokmfmks ekurdmknkekrft`vfs cde uef tdxèf os pdtketk y okm`fetk mdsokcfe`sods mk lksè (ued RLF8y dtrd mkscdedc`md), prdnrks`vds y lketds. Ed

sk mkscfrtf quk lf fccè mk lf O]-@@@ pukmf skr okm`fetk s`t`ds mk ueè t`pd E.Kstk ks kl pròkr kstum`d ke kl quk sk kstum`f lf èiusè ue`lftkrfl ke SEpc mkuef o`dtdxèf RLF8 ed ekurdtx`cf ke ckrkhrd. Kstk odmkld feòfl skprdpdek cdod uef eukvf y okgdr idrof mk kstum`fr prdcksds ekurdln`cds mklksè ke SEpc, quk pdmrfe skr t`lks pfrf cdoprkemkr lds okcfe`sods mk ldskstfmds tkoprfeds mk lf keikrokmfm mk Rfraèsde ke lds juofeds.


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L@S]F MK C[FMXDS

Cufmrd @7Cflkemfr`d mk cfmf uef mk lfs fct`v`mfmks quk sk rkfl`zfrde cde lds

feòflks..................................................................................................... ;2

Cufmrd @@7Knrksds jdsp`tflfr`ds pdr fd y kmfm mk tdmds lds jdsp`tflks mk lf

Cfgf Cdstfrr`ckesk mkl Sknurd Sdc`fl (CCSS). @eidrofcè tdofmf mk lf

hfsk mk mftds mkl Mkpfrtfoketd mk Kstfmst`cfs mk Sflum mk lf CCSS y

cdoprkemk lds fds 822; f 822>............................................................ 820

Cufmrd @@@7 N`rds ektds (`ps` okeds cdetrf) murfetk 82 oèutds pdr mf, pfrf

cfmf ued mk lds feòflks mk cuftrd nrupds mk trftfo`ketd cde mìkrketks

mds`s mk lf o`dtdxèf @@@, eft`vf7 hfgf7 2,6= n1 okm`f7 6,= n1 fltf7 6= n y

kl nrupd cdetrdl........................................................................................ 869

Cufmrd @Y7Murfcè ke sknuemds mk lf cdemuctf mk pkr`tfx`s ektf (`ps` okeds

cdetrf) murfetk 82 oèutds pdr mf, pfrf cfmf ued mk lds feòflks mk

cuftrd nrupds mk trftfo`ketd cde mìkrketks mds`s mk lf o`dtdxèf @@@, eft`vf7

hfgf7 2,6= n1 okm`f7 6,= n1 fltf7 6= n y kl nrupd cdetrdl..................... 86>

Cufmrd Y7 Eokrd mk crucks mk cufmrfetks v`rtuflks mkl cfopd fh`krtd,

murfetk 82 oè, pfrf cfmf ued mk lds feòflks mk cuftrd nrupds mk

trftfo`ketd cde mìkrketks mds`s mk lf o`dtdxèf @@@, eft`vf7 hfgf7 2,6= n1

okm`f7 6,= n1 fltf7 6= n y kl nrupd cdetrdl............................................ 86:

Cufmrd Y@7Murfcè mk lf cdemuctf mk kxpldrfcè ke sknuemds, murfetk 82

oèutds pdr mf, pfrf cfmf ued mk lds feòflks mk cuftrd nrupds mk


okm`f7 6,= n1 fltf7 6= n y kl nrupd cdetrdl............................................ 860

Cufmrd Y@@7 Murfcè mk lf cdemuctf mk lòp`kzf ke sknuemds, murfetk 82

oèutds pdr mf, pfrf cfmf ued mk lds feòflks mk cuftrd nrupds mk


okm`f7 6,= n1 fltf7 6= n y kl nrupd cdetrdl............................................ 882


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Cufmrd Y@@@7Rdrcketfgks mk mkplkcè ke kstr`fmd mdrsfl pfrf mdpfoèf (MF) y

c`md 3,=-m`j`mrdxìke`lfct`cd (MDRFC), c`md jdodvfel`cd (JYF),

skrdtdeèf (;-J]) y c`md ;-j`mrdx`èmdlfct`cd (;-J@FF) y ke kstr`fmd

vketrfl y skptd pfmf MF y MDRFC1 pfrf cfmf ued mk lds feòflks mk lds

cuftrd nrupds mk trftfo`ketd cde mìkrketks mds`s mk lf o`dtdxèf @@@ eft`vf7

hfgf7 2,6= n1 okm`f7 6,= n1 fltf7 6= n y kl nrupd cdetrdl. ESM sk rki`krk

f quk kl cdopukstd ed iuk mktkctfmd ke flne jko`sikr`d. ..................... 886

Cufmrd @Z7Rdrcketfgks mk mkplkcè ke kstr`fmd mdrsfl pfrf mdpfoèf (MF) y

c`md 3,=-m`j`mrdxìke`lfct`cd (MDRFC), c`md jdodvfel`cd (JYF),

skrdtdeèf (;-J]) y c`md ;-j`mrdx`èmdlfct`cd (;-J@FF) y ke kstr`fmd

vketrfl y skptd pfmf MF y MDRFC, f mds`s cdestfetk mk o`dtdxèf @@@ eft`vf

(6= n), pfrf cfmf ued mk lds feòflks mk cuftrd nrupds mk trftfo`ketd,

cde mìkrketk t`kopd mk sfcrì`c`d f pfrt`r mk lf èykccè mk lf o`dtdxèf

(6;, 92, 6:2 y 392 oè). ........................................................................... 888

Cufmrd Z7 em`ck mk oktfhdl`sod ke kstr`fmd mdrsfl pfrf kl c`md 3,=-

m`j`mrdxìke`lfct`cd (MDRFC) y kl c`md jdodvfel`cd (JYF) ke rklfcè

cde kl ekurdtrfeso`sdr mdpfoèf (MF), f mds`s cdestfetk mk o`dtdxèf @@@

eft`vf (6= n), pfrf cfmf ued mk lds feòflks mk cuftrd nrupds mk

trftfo`ketd, cde mìkrketk t`kopd mk sfcrì`c`d f pfrt`r mk lf èykccè mk lf

o`dtdxèf (6;, 92, 6:2 y 392 oè). ........................................................... 888

Cufmrd Z@7N`rds ektds (`ps` okeds cdetrf) murfetk 82 oèutds pdr mf, pfrf

cfmf ued mk lds feòflks mk trks nrupds mk trftfo`ketd7 cdetrdl, tdxèf

eft`vf 6,= n y tdxèf flqu`lfmf 6,= n..................................................... 883

Cufmrd Z@@7 Murfcè, ke sknuemds, mk lf cdemuctf mk pkr`tfx`s ektf (`ps`

okeds cdetrf) murfetk 82 oèutds pdr mf, pfrf cfmf ued mk lds feòflks

mk trks nrupds mk trftfo`ketd7 cdetrdl, tdxèf eft`vf 6,= n y tdxèf

flqu`lfmf 6,= n........................................................................................ 88=

Cufmrd Z@@@7 Eokrd mk crucks mk cufmrfetks v`rtuflks mkl cfopd fh`krtd,

murfetk 82 oè pfrf cfmf ued mk lds feòflks mk trks nrupds mk


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trftfo`ketd7 cdetrdl, tdxèf eft`vf 6,= n y tdxèf flqu`lfmf 6,= n.......... 88;

Cufmrd Z@Y7Murfcè mk lf cdemuctf mk kxpldrfcè ke sknuemds, murfetk 82

oèutds pdr mf, pfrf cfmf ued mk lds feòflks mk trks nrupds mk

trftfo`ketd7 cdetrdl, tdxèf eft`vf 6,= n y tdxèf flqu`lfmf 6,= n.......... 889

Cufmrd ZY7 Murfcè mk lf cdemuctf mk lòp`kzf ke sknuemds, murfetk 82

oèutds pdr mf pfrf cfmf ued mk lds feòflks mk trks nrupds mk

trftfo`ketd7 cdetrdl, tdxèf eft`vf 6,= n y tdxèf flqu`lfmf 6,= n.......... 88>

Cufmrd ZY@7 Rdrcketfgks mk mkplkcè ke kstr`fmd mdrsfl y vketrfl, pfrf

edrkpèkirèf (EK), skrdtdeèf (;-J]), mdpfoèf (MF) y c`md 3,=-

m`j`mrdxìke`lfct`cd (MDRFC) y c`md jdodvfel`cd (JYF) pfrf cfmf ued

mk lds feòflks mk trks nrupds mk trftfo`ketd7 cdetrdl, tdxèf eft`vf 6,= ny tdxèf flqu`lfmf 6,= n.......................................................................... 88:

Cufmrd ZY@@7em`ck mk oktfhdl`sod ke kstr`fmd mdrsfl y vketrfl pfrf kl c`md

3,=-m`j`mrdxìke`lfct`cd (MDRFC) y kl c`md jdodvfel`cd (JYF) ke

rklfcè cde kl ekurdtrfeso`sdr mdpfoèf (MF), pfrf cfmf ued mk lds

feòflks mk trks nrupds mk trftfo`ketd7 cdetrdl, tdxèf eft`vf 6,= n y

tdxèf flqu`lfmf 6,= n. ............................................................................ 832


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L@S]F MK I@N[XFS

I`nurf 67M`fnrfof mk ue cdrtk sfn`tfl f 6,02 oo lftkrfl mk lf lekf okm`f mk

lds jko`sikr`ds, mk ue ckrkhrd mk rftf ^`stfr mk 802 n mk pksd cdrpdrfl.

Odmì`cfmd mk Rfxèds & ^ftsde, 600:....................................................... :

I`nurf 87M`fnrfof mk ued mk lds c`rcu`tds odtdrks mk lds nfenl`ds hfsflks ke

ue ckrkhrd juofed. ..................................................................................... 0

I`nurf 37Ksqukof mkl prdcksd h`dsètt`cd mk mdpfoèf f pfrt`r mk L--MDRF

................................................................................................................... 68

I`nurf =7Ksqukof mkl prdcksd h`dsètt`cd mk skrdtdeèf (;-j`mdx`tr`ptfoèf)

f pfrt`r mk L-tr`ptifed y ;-j`mrdx` L-tr`ptifed. (Odmì`cfmd mk Ilrkz, 822:).

................................................................................................................... 6=

I`nurf ;7 Cdopfrfcè mk ue c`rcu`td ekurfl ke lds nfenl`ds hfsflks ke ue

èm`v`mud sfed (F.) y ke ue èm`v`mud cde lf keikrokmfm mk Rfraèsde (H.).

................................................................................................................... 88

I`nurf 97Crdoftdnrfof pdr JRLC/[Y f 8:2 eo mk lf purì`cfcè fm`c`defl mk

lf o`dtdxèf @@@. ........................................................................................... =;

I`nurf >7Iroulf pfrf kl clculd mkl em`ck mk fsòktrf f pfrt`r mk lf cdemuctfmk n`rd pfrf ue feòfl `. N `ps` ? eokrd tdtfl mk n`rds `ps`lftkrflks y N

tdtfl ? eokrd mk n`rds tdtflks (n`rds `ps` + n`rds cdetrflftkrflks). ............ ;8

I`nurf :7M`fnrfof mk uef v`stf vketrfl mk ue ckrkhrd mk rftf quk oukstrf lfs

lekfs mk cdrtk pfrf lf m`skccè mk lds tkg`mds quk sk koplkfrde pfrf lds

kstum`ds ekurdquo`cds k j`stdln`cds. ..................................................... ;;

I`nurf 07M`fnrfof mk ue cdrtk cdrdefl, cfrf pdstkr`dr mk ue ckrkhrd mk uef

rftf ^`stfr ofcjd mk 802 n f 6,22 oo pdstkr`dr mkl puetd hrknof, quk

oukstrf lfs rkn`deks quk sk fefl`zfrde pdr JRLC. ................................... ;9

I`nurf 627Iroulf pfrf kl clculd mkl pdrcketfgk mk mkplkcè rklft`vd ketrk kl

jko`sikr`d lks`defmd y kl ed lks`defmd, pfrf ue ekurdtrfeso`sdr d pfrf ue


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oktfhdl`td ke ue tkg`md mktkroèfmd. ......................................................... ;0

I`nurf 667Iroulf pfrf kl clculd mkl em`ck mk oktfhdl`sod @O e,o pfrf

uef rftf, ke ue tkg`md mktkroèfmd, mdemk e ? ekurdtrfeso`sdr y o su

rkspkct`vd oktfhdl`td. ................................................................................ 92

I`nurf 687Kgkopld mk uef skpfrfcè crdoftdnri`cf pfrf ue pftre feflt`cd

cdopukstd mk EK, MJHF (kstemfr ètkred), MF, MDRFC, ;-J], J@FF y

JYF f lf cdecketrfcè mk 682 en mk cfmf fefl`td pdr oL ke JClD=2,;E,

okm`md hfgd lfs cdem`c`deks mk lf oktdmdldnf mksfrrdllfmf. ................... 99

I`nurf 63 @etkes`mfm prdokm`d mk lf skfl mkl mktkctdr klkctrdquo`cd, pfrf

cfmf ued mk lds fefl`tds cdetrf kl pdtkec`fl fpl`cfmd fl klkctrdmd mk

trfhfgd. ....................................................................................................... 9>

I`nurf 6=7 Rrdokm`d pdr nrupd mk lf mìkrkec`f mkl pksd cdrpdrfl ketrk kl mf 88

pdstdpkrftdr`d y kl mf prkdpkrftdr`d, pfrf lds mìkrketks nrupds mk

trftfo`ketd7 cdetrdl, mds`s 2,6= n1 mds`s 6,= n1 mds`s 6= n mk o`dtdxèf

@@@ eft`vf. .................................................................................................... >2

I`nurf 6;7 Rrdokm`d pdr nrupd mkl n`rd ektd murfetk 82 oè pdr mf, ke

mìkrketks nrupds mk trftfo`ketd7 cdetrdl1 mds`s 2,6= n1 mds`s 6,= n1 y

mds`s 6= n mk o`dtdxèf @@@ eft`vf. Kl vfldr mk ckrd ke kl kgk mk lfs

drmkefmfs èm`cf lf sòktrf cdemuctufl. ................................................... >6

I`nurf 697Rrdokm`d pdr nrupd mkl em`ck mk fsòktrf mk lf cdemuctf mk n`rd

(@F), murfetk 82 oè pdr mf, ke mìkrketks nrupds mk trftfo`ketd7 cdetrdl1

mds`s 2,6= n1 mds`s 6,= n1 y mds`s 6= n mk o`dtdxèf @@@ eft`vf. Lf lekf

rdgf ke kl vfldr mk ;2 èm`cf lf sòktrf cdemuctufl. .................................. >3

I`nurf 6>7 Rrdokm`d pdr nrupd mkl t`kopd ektd mk pkr`tfx`s murfetk 82 oè pdr

mf, ke mìkrketks nrupds mk trftfo`ketd7 cdetrdl1 mds`s 2,6= n1 mds`s 6,=

n1 y mds`s 6= n mk o`dtdxèf @@@ eft`vf. Kl vfldr mk ckrd ke kl kgk mk lfs

drmkefmfs èm`cf lf sòktrf cdemuctufl. ................................................... >9


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I`nurf 6:7 Rrdokm`d pdr nrupd mkl em`ck mk fsòktrf mk lf cdemuctf mk

pkr`tfx`s (@F),murfetk 82 oè pdr mf, ke mìkrketks nrupds mk trftfo`ketd7

cdetrdl1 mds`s 2,6= n1 mds`s 6,= n1 y mds`s 6= n mk o`dtdxèf @@@ eft`vf.

Lf lekf rdgf ke kl vfldr mk ;2 èm`cf lf sòktrf cdemuctufl. ..................... >0

I`nurf 607 Rrdokm`d pdr nrupd mk lf cdemuctf mk ldcdodcè cdod kl eokrd

mk crucks mk cufmrfetks v`rtuflks mkl cfopd fh`krtd, murfetk 82 oèutds

pdr mf, ke mìkrketks nrupds mk trftfo`ketd7 cdetrdl1 mds`s 2,6= n1 mds`s

6,= n1 y mds`s 6= n mk o`dtdxèf @@@ eft`vf. ............................................. :2

I`nurf 827 Rrdokm`d pdr nrupd mkl t`kopd tdtfl mk kxpldrfcè murfetk 82

oèutds pdr mf, ke mìkrketks nrupds mk trftfo`ketd7 cdetrdl1 mds`s 2,6= n1

mds`s 6,= n1 y mds`s 6= n mk o`dtdxèf @@@ eft`vf. .................................... :8

I`nurf 867 Rrdokm`d pdr nrupd mkl t`kopd tdtfl ke fc`cflfo`ketd murfetk 82

oèutds pdr mf, ke mìkrketks nrupds mk trftfo`ketd7 cdetrdl1 mds`s 2,6= n1

mds`s 6,= n1 y mds`s 6= n mk o`dtdxèf @@@ eft`vf. .................................... :=

I`nurf 887 Rdrcketfgk mk mkplkcè prdokm`d ke kstr`fmd mdrsfl, pfrf mdpfoèf

(MF), c`md 3,=-m`j`mrdxìke`lfct`cd (MDRFC), c`md jdodvfel`cd (JYF),

skrdtdeèf (;-J]) y c`md ;-j`mrdx` 3-èmdlfct`cd (;-J@FF) pfrf lds cuftrd

nrupds mk trftfo`ketd cde mìkrketks mds`s mk lf o`dtdxèf @@@, eft`vf7

cdetrdl ? 6 L sdlucè sflèf1 mds`s hfgf ? 2,6= n O]-@@@1 mds`s okm`f 6,=

n O]-@@@ y mds`s fltf 6= n O]-@@@. ............................................................ :9

I`nurf 837 Rdrcketfgk mk mkplkcè prdokm`d ke kstr`fmd vketrfl, pfrf

mdpfoèf (MF) y c`md j`mrdxìke`lfct`cd (MDRFC) pfrf lds cuftrd nrupds

mk trftfo`ketd cde mìkrketks mds`s mk lf o`dtdxèf @@@, eft`vf7 cdetrdl ? 6 L

sdlucè sflèf1 mds`s hfgf ? 2,6= n O]-@@@1 mds`s okm`f 6,= n O]-@@@ y

mds`s fltf 6= n O]-@@@. .............................................................................. ::

I`nurf 8=7 Rdrcketfgk mk mkplkcè prdokm`d ke skptd, pfrf mdpfoèf (MF) y

c`md j`mrdxìke`lfct`cd (MDRFC), pfrf lds cuftrd nrupds mk trftfo`ketd

cde mìkrketks mds`s mk lf o`dtdxèf @@@, eft`vf7 cdetrdl ? 6 L sdlucè


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sflèf1 mds`s hfgf ? 2,6= n O]-@@@1 mds`s okm`f 6,= n O]-@@@ y mds`s fltf 6=

n O]-@@@. ................................................................................................... :0

I`nurf 8;7 Rrdokm`d pdr nrupd mkl pdrcketfgk mk mkplkcè ke kstr`fmd mdrsfl,

pfrf mdpfoèf, skrdtdeèf y oktfhdl`tds f mds`s cdestfetk mk tdxèf O]-@@@7 6= n/L, pfrf cfmf ued mk lds feòflks èvdlucrfmds ke kl kstum`d.

Mdpfoèf (MF), c`md 3,=-m`j`mrdxìke`lfct`cd (MDRFC), c`md

jdodvfel`cd (JYF), skrdtdeèf (;-J]) y c`md ;-j`mrdx` 3-èmdlfct`cd (;-

J@FF). ........................................................................................................ 08

I`nurf 897 Rrdokm`d pdr nrupd mkl em`ck mk Oktfhdl`sod ke kstr`fmd mdrsfl,

pfrf lf trfesidrofcè mk MF ke cfmf ued mk sus oktfhdl`tds MDRFC y

JYF rkspkctd f su ekurdtrfeso`sdr pfmrk, y oktfhdl`tds f mds`s cdestfetkmk tdxèf O]-@@@7 6= n/L. Mdpfoèf (MF), c`md 3,=-m`j`mrdxìke`lfct`cd

(MDRFC), c`md jdodvfel`cd (JYF). ....................................................... 0=

I`nurf 8>7 Rdrcketfgk mk mkplkcè ke kstr`fmd vketrfl pfrf mdpfoèf (MF) y

c`md j`mrdxìke`lfct`cd (MDRFC) f mds`s cdestfetk mk tdxèf O]-@@@7 6=

n/L. ......................................................................................................... 0;

I`nurf 8:7 Rrdokm`d pdr nrupd mkl em`ck mk Oktfhdl`sod ke kstr`fmd vketrfl,

pfrf lf trfesidrofcè mk MF ke su oktfhdl`td MDRFC, f mds`s cdestfetk

mk tdxèf O]-@@@7 6= n/L. Mdpfoèf (MF), c`md 3,=-m`j`mrdxìke`lfct`cd

(MDRFC). ................................................................................................... 09

I`nurf 807 Rrdokm`d pdr nrupd mk lf mìkrkec`f mkl pksd cdrpdrfl ketrk kl mf

fetkr`dr fl sfcrì`c`d y kl mf prkdpkrftdr`d, pfrf lds mìkrketks nrupds mk

trftfo`ketd7 cdetrdl, o`dtdxèf O]-@@@ eft`vf 6,= n (tdxèf) y o`dtdxèf O]-

@@@ flqu`lfmf 6,= n/L (flqu`lfmf). .............................................................. 00

I`nurf 327 Rrdokm`d pdr nrupd mkl n`rd ektd murfetk 82 oè pdr mf, ke

mìkrketks nrupds mk trftfo`ketd7 cdetrdl, o`dtdxèf O]-@@@ eft`vf 6,= n

(tdxèf) y o`dtdxèf O]-@@@ flqu`lfmf 6,= n/L (flqu`lfmf). Kl vfldr mk ckrd

ke kl kgk mk lfs drmkefmfs èm`cf lf sòktrf cdemuctufl. ........................ 622


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I`nurf 367Rrdokm`d pdr nrupd mkl em`ck mk fsòktrf mk lf cdemuctf mk n`rd

(@F), murfetk 82 oè pdr mf, ke mìkrketks nrupds mk trftfo`ketd7 cdetrdl1

o`dtdxèf O]-@@@ eft`vf 6,= n (tdxèf) y o`dtdxèf O]-@@@ flqu`lfmf 6,= n

(flqu`lfmf). Lf lekf rdgf ke kl vfldr mk ;2 èm`cf lf sòktrf cdemuctufl. 623

I`nurf 387 Rrdokm`d pdr nrupd mkl n`rd tdtfl (`ps`lftkrfl + cdetrflftkrfl) murfetk

82 oè pdr mf, ke mìkrketks nrupds mk trftfo`ketd7 cdetrdl1 o`dtdxèf O]-

@@@ eft`vf 6,= n (tdxèf) y o`dtdxèf O]-@@@ flqu`lfmf 6,= n (flqu`lfmf). . 62>

I`nurf 337 Rrdokm`d pdr nrupd mkl t`kopd ektd mk pkr`tfx`s murfetk 82 oè pdr

mf, ke mìkrketks nrupds mk trftfo`ketd7 cdetrdl, o`dtdxèf O]-@@@ eft`vf 6,=

n (tdxèf) y o`dtdxèf O]-@@@ flqu`lfmf 6,= n (flqu`lfmf). Kl vfldr mk ckrd

ke kl kgk mk lfs drmkefmfs èm`cf lf sòktrf cdemuctufl. ........................ 620

I`nurf 3=7 Rrdokm`d pdr nrupd mkl em`ck mk fsòktrf mk lf cdemuctf mk

pkr`tfx`s (@F), murfetk 82 oè pdr mf, ke mìkrketks nrupds mk trftfo`ketd7

cdetrdl, o`dtdxèf O]-@@@ eft`vf 6,= n (tdxèf) y o`dtdxèf O]-@@@ flqu`lfmf

6,= n (flqu`lfmf). Lf lekf rdgf ke kl vfldr mk ;2 èm`cf lf sòktrf

cdemuctufl................................................................................................ 668

I`nurf 3;7 Rrdokm`d pdr nrupd mkl t`kopd tdtfl mk pkr`tfx`s murfetk 82 oè pdr

mf, ke mìkrketks nrupds mk trftfo`ketd7 cdetrdl1 o`dtdxèf O]-@@@ eft`vf 6,=

n (tdxèf) y o`dtdxèf O]-@@@ flqu`lfmf 6,= n (flqu`lfmf). ...................... 669

I`nurf 397 Rrdokm`d pdr nrupd mk lf cdemuctf mk ldcdodcè cdod kl eokrd

tdtfl mk crucks mk cufmrfetks v`rtuflks mkl cfopd fh`krtd, murfetk 82

oèutds pdr mf, ke mìkrketks nrupds mk trftfo`ketd7 cdetrdl, o`dtdxèf

O]-@@@ eft`vf 6,= n (tdxèf) y o`dtdxèf O]-@@@ flqu`lfmf 6,= n (flqu`lfmf).

................................................................................................................. 660

I`nurf 3>7 Rrdokm`d pdr nrupd mkl t`kopd tdtfl mk kxpldrfcè murfetk 82


O]-@@@ eft`vf 6,= n (tdxèf) y o`dtdxèf O]-@@@ flqu`lfmf 6,= n/L

(flqu`lfmf). ............................................................................................... 686


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I`nurf 3:7 Rrdokm`d pdr nrupd mkl t`kopd tdtfl ke fc`cflfo`ketd murfetk 82


O]-@@@ eft`vf 6,= n (tdxèf) y o`dtdxèf O]-@@@ flqu`lfmf 6,= n/L

(flqu`lfmf). ............................................................................................... 683

I`nurf 307 Rrdokm`d pdr nrupd mkl pdrcketfgk mk mkplkcè pfrf cfmf

oktfhdl`td, ke lds mìkrketks nrupds mk trftfo`ketd7 cdetrdl, o`dtdxèf O]-

@@@ 6,= n/L y o`dtdxèf O]-@@@ flqu`lfmf 6,= n/L ke kstr`fmd mdrsfl.... 68;

I`nurf =27 Rrdokm`d pdr nrupd mkl pdrcketfgk mk mkplkcè pfrf cfmf

oktfhdl`td, ke lds mìkrketks nrupds mk trftfo`ketd7 cdetrdl, o`dtdxèf O]-

@@@ 6,= n/L y o`dtdxèf O]-@@@ flqu`lfmf 6,= n/L ke kstr`fmd vketrfl... 68>

I`nurf =67 Rrdokm`d pdr nrupd mkl em`ck mk oktfhdl`sod pfrf MDRFC y JYF,ke lds mìkrketks nrupds mk trftfo`ketd7 cdetrdl, o`dtdxèf O]-@@@ 6,= n/L

y o`dtdxèf O]-@@@ flqu`lfmf 6,= n/L, tfetd ke kstr`fmd vketrfl cdod

mdrsfl. Lf lekf rdgf ke kl vfldr mk em`ck mk oktfhdl`sod ? 622,

rkprksketf kl vfldr mk `nufl fct`v`mfm oktfhl`cf ke lds jko`sikr`ds....... 680

I`nurf =87 Idtdnrfif mk uef oukstrf mk ckrkhrd mk rftf prkskrvfmf ke

idroflèf cde fodrt`nufmdr mk idsiftds, cdldcfmf ke kl o`crtdod........ 636

I`nurf =37 O`crdidtdnrfif mk ue cdrtk cdrdefl mk ue ckrkhrd mk rftf cde lksè

ke SEpc cde O]@@ eft`vf, quk oukstrf lf lekf mk lf c`cftr`z. Lf tècè

koplkfmf ks cde jkoftdx`lèf / kdsèf (fuoketd =2Z).......................... 638

I`nurf ==7 O`crdidtdnrfif mk ue cdrtk cdrdefl mk ue ckrkhrd mk rftf cde lksè

ke SEpc cde O]@@, quk oukstrf lf lekf mk lf c`cftr`z y kl s`t`d mk llknfmf mk

lf ceulf gustd ke SEpc. Lf tècè koplkfmf ks cde jkoftdx`lèf / kdsèf

(Fuoketd =22Z).Xkprdmuc`md cde pkro`sd mk Sfhdrd, 822:................ 633

I`nurf =;7 Cdrtk cdrdefl f Hrknof -;.92 oo, ètkrfurfl 3,=2 oo (odmì`cfmd

mk Rfxèds & ^ftsde, 600:), ke kl quk sk oukstrfe lds rksultfmds mk lf

llknfmf mk lfs ceulfs............................................................................. 63=


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I`nurf =97 Cdrtk cdrdefl f Hrknof -9,2= oo, ètkrfurfl 8,09 oo (odmì`cfmd

mk Rfxèds & ^ftsde, 600:), ke kl quk sk oukstrfe lds rksultfmds mk lf

llknfmf mk lfs ceulfs............................................................................. 63;

I`nurf =>7 M`fnrfofs mk lfs v`stfs mdrsfl (supkr`dr) y lftkrfl (èikr`dr) mkl

crekd mk uef rftf ofcjd ^`stfr mk 802 n mk ofsf cdrpdrfl................. 868

I`nurf =:7 M`fnrfofs pfrf lf uh`cfcè kstkrkdtx`cf mk lf SEpc (ke cdldr rdgd)

ke ue ckrkhrd mk rftf ofcjd ^`stfr mk 802 n.F. cdrtk cdrdefl ke Hrknof -

;,32 oo1 H. cdrtk sfn`tfl ke lftkrfl 6,02 oo y C. cdrtk jdr`zdetfl ke

hrknof :,62 oo.................................................................................... 863


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EM@CK MK FHXKY@F][XFS

Fch7 eclkd fccuohkes

FORc7 fmkedseodedidsiftd ccl`cd

p-HRH7 hrdourd mk pfrf-hrdodikefc`ldCDOR]7 cftkcdl D-okt`ltrfesikrfsf

CRu7 cfumfmd y putfoke

MF7 mdpfoèf

MDRFC7 c`md 3,=-m`j`mrdxìke`lfct`cd

KEA7 keckiflèf

NFHF7 c`md nfof-foèdhutr`cd

NL[7 nlutfoftd

NRL7 nldhd pl`md lftkrfl

NRo7 nldhd pl`md okm`fl

;-J@FF7 c`md ;-j`mrdx` 3-èmdlfct`cd

JRLC7 crdoftdnrfif lqu`mf mk fltf ki`c`kec`f

;-J]7 skrdtdeèf d ;-j`mrdx`tr`ptfoèf

JYF7 c`md jdodvfel`cd

OFD7 odedfoèd dx`mfsf

3-O]7 3-oktdx`t`rfoèf

O]-@@@7 o`dtdxèf @@@ mk Hdtjrdps fspkr

EK7 edrkpèkirèf

ES]7 eclkd suhtflo`cd

9-DJMF7 9-j`mrdx`mdpfoèf

RLF87 idsidl`pfsf F8

SEC7 s`stkof ekrv`dsd cketrfl

SEpc7 pfrs cdopfctf mk lf suhstfec`f e`nrfSEpr7 pfrs rkt`culftf mk lf suhstfec`f e`nrf

SR7 sustfec`f R

YFpc/YLd tlfod vketrdfetkr`dr pfrvdcklulfr y vketrdlftkrfl drfl`s.

YR7 nldhd pl`md vketrfl


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23/252

6

CFR][LD @

6. @E]XDM[CC@E

Lf o`dtdxèf @@@ (O]-@@@), ks uef mk cuftrd o`dtdxèfs quk sk jfe f`slfmd y

purì`cfmd mkl vkeked mk lf skrp`ketk Hdtjrdps fspkr cdedc`mf cdod ]krc`dpkld

(Nut`rrkz & Ldodetk, 600;). Kstf o`dtdxèf, ke pfrt`culfr jf s`md f`slfmf,

purì`cfmf, skcukec`fmf y cfrfctkr`zfmf kstructurfloketk cdod uef idsidl`pfsf F8

(RLF8), hs`cf y mk lf clfsk @@F (Af`skr kt fl., 6002). Sk jfe rkfl`zfmd oucjds

kstum`ds sdhrk sus kikctds ifrofcdln`cds ke l`pdsdofs, osculd nfstrdceko`d

mk rfte (Hultre kt fl., 6003f), nlhulds rdgds y dtrfs clulfs mk dr`nke feòfl

(Hultre kt fl., 6003h).

Yfr`ds èvkst`nfmdrks jfe kstum`fmd kl kikctd mk mìkrketks idsidl`pfsfs F8, fl

èykctfrlfs ètrfckrkhrfloketk. Rdr kgkopld sk jfe kstum`fmd uefs f`slfmfs mkl

vkeked mk lf skrp`ketk Dxyurfeus scutkllftus scutkllftus, y dtrfs f`slfmfs mkl

vkeked mk fhkgfs (Nfemdlid kt fl., 6009), fmkos mk idsidl`pfsfs F8pfecrkt`cfs

(Mdrfemku kt fl., 600:). Ke kstf o`sof m`rkccè, ke Cdstf X`cf, sk cuketf cde

kstum`ds p`ldtd, ed puhl`cfmds, mk Nut`rrkz, G. O. cde lfs o`dtdxèfs mk Hdtjrdps

fspkr tfohè ke ckrkhrd. Kspkci`cfoketk, ke lds trfhfgds cde O]-@@@, sk jf

okm`md ue kikctd ifrofcdln`cd ke rftdeks, cfrfctkr`zfmd pdr cdevuls`deks y

pdstkr`droketk lf oukrtk f uef mds`s mk 6 n ke ue vdluoke mk = L. Ks

òpdrtfetk mkstfcfr quk tdmds kstds kstum`ds prksketfe ke cdoe quk lf

èykccè mk lfs idsidl`pfsfs F8 ks ke lds vketrculds ckrkhrflks, pdr ld quk kl

kikctd ifrofcdln`cd rkpdrtfmd ed ks prdmuctd mk uef fccè ldcfl`zfmf ke uef

sdlf rknè ckrkhrfl. Sk cdes`mkrf rklkvfetk kstum`fr f prdiuem`mfm lf cdemuctfdhskrvfmf ke lds rftdeks lks`defmds cde lf O]-@@@, mkh`md f quk kstd pukmk

fpdrtfr ue ofydr cdedcò`ketd mk lf fccè mk kstf tdxèf ke tkg`md ckrkhrfl.


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Kl ètkrs nkekrfl ke kstum`fr lf fccè mk idsidl`pfsfs F8ke ckrkhrd, sk mkhk f

quk stfs fmkos, sde cdopukstds kemnkeds ke juofeds y f quk lf

kstòulfcè mk idsidl`pfsfs F8, sk crkk quk ks òpdrtfetk ke lds prdcksds mk

èilfofcè fsdc`fmf f mksrmkeks ekurdln`cds (Ifrddqu` kt fl., 600>). Lfsidsidl`pfsfs F8cdetr`huyke ke lf pftdneks`s mk c`krtds mksrmkeks ekurdln`cds,

cdod kl Rfraèsde, ftfcfemd lfs okohrfefs cklulfrks y l`hkrfemd okm`fmdrks

l`pm`cds prdèilfoftdr`ds (Ifrddqu` kt fl, 600>1 ]k`sofee kt fl, 8223). Rdr

kgkopld, Al`vkey` kt fl, (600:) mkoukstrfe quk lds rftdeks quk ed kxprksfe uef

RLF8 t`pd @Y prksketfe rks`stkec`f f lf tdx`c`mfm cde 6-okt`l-=-ike`l-6,8,3,9-

tktrfj`mrdp`r`mèf (OR]R), uef ekurdtdxèf mdpfoèrn`cf koplkfmf ke lf

nkekrfcè mk ue odmkld feòfl mk lf keikrokmfm mk Rfraèsde (Hluo kt fl.,8226). Fmkos sk jfe okm`md e`vklks klkvfmds mk fct v`mfm RLF8ke mksrmkeks

ekurdln`cds fsdc`fmds cde èilfofcè y kstrs dx`mft`vd, pdr ld quk sk kstum`f

cde ièks tkrfput`cds, lf fccè mk èj`h`mdrks ed kspkci`cds mk RLF8 cdod

quèfcrèf, jkpfrèf, nfenl`s`mds y v tfoèf K (Ifrddqu` kt fl., 6000). Dtrds

èvkst`nfmdrks jfe mkodstrfmd ue kikctd prdtkctdr mk lf quèfcrèf (èj`h`mdr mk lf

fct`v`mfm RLF8) sdhrk lf ekurdtdx`c`mfm èmuc`mf pdr 9-j`mrdx`mdpfoèf (9-DJMF)

y OR]R ke rdkmdrks (]fr`q kt fl., 8226). Lf 9-DJMF y kl OR]R sde mds mk lfs

ekurdtdxèfs sètt`cfs os ut`l`zfmfs pfrf odmklfr lf keikrokmfm mk Rfraèsde

ke m`vkrsfs kspkc`ks mk feòflks (Hktfrhkt kt fl, 82281 Mfwsde kt fl, 82281 Mfukr

& Rrzkmhdrsa`, 82231 Kohdrm, 822=). ]fohè sk jfe okm`md e`vklks fltds mk

RLF8ke suhstfec`f e`nrf mk pfc`ketks cde keikrokmfm mk Rfraèsde cdopfrfmds

cde èm`v`muds sfeds (Xdss kt fl., 8226). Ke rftfs lks`defmfs cde 9-DJMF sk jfe

mktkroèfmd e`vklks ofydrks mk ècdrpdrfcè mk c`md frfqu`me`cd ofrcfmd ke

lf pds`cè se-8 mk idsift`m`lèds`tdl y idsift`m`lcdlèf, ke lfs okohrfefs ekurflks

mk nfenl`ds hfsflks y rkn`deks odtdrfs mkl crtkx, ke kl jko`sikr`d `ps`lftkrflrkspkctd mk lf lksè. Kstk kikctd pdmrf èm`cfr uef ofydr fct`v`mfm RLF8ke kl

jko`sikr`d lks`defmd (Jfyfafwf kt fl., 600:). ]dmf kstf kv`mkec`f pfrkck sunkr`r

ue kikctd edc`vd mk lf fccè mk idsidl`pfsfs F8 ke mksrmkeks ekurdln`cds,

kspkci`cfoketk cdod ke lf keikrokmfm mk Rfraèsde.


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Cde kstk prdykctd mk èvkst`nfcè sk prktkemk fpdrtfr ue cdedcò`ketd prklòèfr

sdhrk kl kikctd ifrofcdln`cd f e`vkl mkl s`stkof ekrv`dsd cketrfl (SEC) mk lf

o`dtdxèf O]-@@@ mk Hdtjrdps fspkr, ut`l`zfemd ue odmkld feòfl mk lksè ckrkhrflue`lftkrfl, ouy ut`l`zfmd pfrf kstum`fr lf keikrokmfm mk Rfraèsde ([enkrstkmt,

60>61 Scjwfrtèn & Justde, 6009f1 Hktfrhkt kt fl, 82281 Mkuokes kt fl, 82281

Mfukr & Rrzkmhdrsa`, 82231 Jfrr`sde & LfJdstk, 8229). Fmkos sk prktkemk

fopl`fr kl pkri`l ifrofcdln`cd mk kstf tdxèf, ke v`stf mk quk ed jf s`md kstum`fmf

ke ekurdefs cketrflks, ld cufl kvketufloketk pdmrf pkro`t`r lf cfrfctkr`zfcè mk

lds prdcksds mk mknkekrfcè y rknkekrfcè ekurdefl, quk suhyfcke ke

keikrokmfmks ekurdmknkekrft`vfs cdod kl odrhus Rfraèsde.

Kstf èvkst`nfcè rkqu`krk mk lf òplkoketfcè mk uef tce`cf mk fel`s`s pfrf

lf mktkroèfcè quo`cf mk ekurdtrfeso`sdrks ke tkg md keckil`cd. Kstk t`pd mk

oktdmdldnf, fmfptfmf f dtrfs oftr`cks cdod sfenrk u drèf, kvketufloketk

pkro`t`r prdykctfr kl skrv`c`d mk lf [e`vkrs`mfm mk Cdstf X`cf jfc`f lf pdhlfcè

efc`defl. Rdr kgkopld, okm`fetk lf cdlfhdrfcè cde jdsp`tflks efc`deflks, quk

jfstf kl odoketd ed ut`l`zfe kstk t`pd mk tce`cfs crdoftdnri`cfs, pfrf

kstfhlkckr ue m`fnest`cd mk c krtfs keikrokmfmks mkl s`stkof ekrv`dsd. ]fl cfsd

pukmk skr kl m`fnest`cd y trftfo`ketd mk keikrokmfmks rklfc`defmfs cde

cdemuctfs fedroflks (k.n.cdemuctfs fnrks`vfs, mi`c`t mk ftkecè) ke lfs quk ks

òpdrtfetk kl ode`tdrkd mk lds e`vklks mk skrdtdeèf, mdpfoèf y mk edrfmrkeflèf

ke sfenrk, m`soèuykemd fs kvketuflks kikctds fmvkrsds pdr okm`cfc`deks

èfprdp`fmfs.

Fmkos cde kstk prdykctd sk kstfhlkc`krde veculds mk èvkst`nfcè ketrk kl@est`tutd Cldmdo`rd R`cfmd y kl Rrdnrfof mk @evkst`nfcè ke Ekurdc`kec`fs

cdetèufemd lekfs mk èvkst`nfcè prdp`fs mk fohds cketrds y fprdvkcjfemd

rkcursds prdp`ds mk lf rknè cketrdfokr`cfef.


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Cde kstf èvkst`nfcè sk pumd mktkroèfr quk lf o`dtdxèf @@@ mk Hdtjrdps fspkr

ks uef tdxèf ouy prdoktkmdrf pfrf kl kstum`d mk keikrokmfmks ekurdln`cfs

(cdod kl Rfraèsde) yf quk pkro`tk kstum`fr, ke odmklds feòflks, lf neks`s mk

kstf pftdldnf okm`fetk mds okcfe`sods7 ued mkpkem`ketk mk lf fct`v`mfm RLF8ydtrd èmkpkem`ketk (Ldodetk & Nut`rrkz, 60:01 Mfz kt fl., 600;) y ouy

pds`hlkoketk mìkrketks f lds mkscr`tds pfrf dtrfs tdxèfs trfm`c`deflks cdod 9-

DJMF y OR]R, ketrk dtrfs. Kstk trfhfgd ks lf pròkr vkz quk sk kstum`f ke

ekurdefs cketrflks, uef o`dtdxèf ed ekurdtx`cf (Lfohkfu kt fl, 60061 E`cdlfs kt

fl, 600>) y quk lf o`sof prksketf ue kikctd mk lksè òpdrtfetk. Ke SEpc, lf

fccè tx`cf mk lf O]-@@@ okm`fetk kl okcfe`sod ed kezòt`cd, ed ks uef fccè

lkvk cdod sk jf mkscr`td ke kstum`ds ke clulfs ousculfrks mk ofoikrds (Hultrekt fl, 6003f & 6003h), sèd uef fccè mk ofne`tum skokgfetk fl okm`md pdr lf

fccè idsidl`pfsf F8.

Kl dhgkt`vd nkekrfl mk kstf tks`s ks cfrfctkr`zfr lds kikctds ekurdquo`cds y

cdemuctuflks, mkspus mk lf èykccè ètrfckrkhrfl mk lf O]-@@@, kspkci`cfoketk

ke lf sustfec`f e`nrf pfrs cdopfctf mk rftfs fmultfs. Lds dhgkt`vds kspkci`cds

sde lds s`nu`ketks7

Kstfemfr`zfr uef oktdmdldnf pdr JRLC/KM pfrf lf mktkroèfcè mk

edrkpèkirèf, mdpfoèf, skrdtdeèf y flnueds oktfhdl`tds ke tkg`md ckrkhrfl mk

rftf.

Kstfhlkckr lfs mds`s mk trfhfgd mk lf O]-@@@ okm`fetk ue kscrutè`d mk su kikctd

ifrofcdln`cd (cdemuctufl y ekurdquo`cd) trfs su èykccè ke lf pfrs

cdopfctfmk lf sustfec`f e`nrf ke trks mds`s7 2,6=1 6,= y 6= n cde cdetrdlks mk

sdlucè sflèf (EfCl 2,0 %). Kvflufr pdr ekurdquo`cf, f mds`s cdestfetk, lf kvdlucè mkl prdcksd mk lksè

ekurdefl mk lf o`dtdxèf O]-@@@ f lds 6;, 92, 6:2 y 392 oèutds pdstkr`drks f su

èykccè.


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Cdopfrfr, f uef mds`s prkmkiè`mf, lds kikctds cdemuctuflks y ekurdquo`cds

pdr èykccè mk lf O]-@@@, cde lds prdmuc`mds pdr lf èykccè mk lf o`sof

tdxèf pkrd flqu`lfmf ke kl s`t`d cftflt`cd RLF8, ld cufl klòèf su fct`v`mfm

kezòt`cf cdedc`mf.

Xkfl`zfr fel`s`s j`stdln`cds pfrf cdrrdhdrfr j`stdln`cfoketk lf rknè

ckrkhrfl (sustfec`f e`nrf) mdemk llknf lf ceulf cde lf quk sk èykct lf

o`dtdxèf @@@.


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CFR][LD @@

8. OFXCD ]KX@CD

8.6 Lds Nfenl`ds hfsflks

Lfs rkn`deks mkl ckrkhrd quk sk vfe f kstum`fr ke kstk prdykctd mk èvkst`nfcè

idrofe pfrtk mk lds nfenl`ds hfsflks, pdr kstd ks òpdrtfetk prksketfr fspkctds

tkr`cds sdhrk su iuecè y ldcfl`zfcè.

Lds nfenl`ds hfsflks sde ue cdeguetd mk kstructurfs mkl kecifld quk odmulfe mkidrof èm`rkctf, guetd cde dtrfs kstructurfs ckrkhrflks, fspkctds rklfc`defmds cde

kl odvò`ketd cdrpdrfl vdluetfr`d, ketrk dtrfs iuec`deks, ed tdmfs h`ke mkiè`mfs

(Ilrkz, 822:). Sk uh`cfe pr ec`pfloketk lftkrflks y flrkmkmdr mkl tlfod,

dcupfemd nrfe pfrtk mk lfs rkn`deks os prdiuemfs mk fohds jko`sikr`ds

ckrkhrflks. Kllds prdvkke kl l`nfoke i`s`dln`cd cruc`fl ketrk lf `mkf mk odvò`ketd

y lf kxprksè odtdrf mk kstf `mkf. Kstfs kstructurfs kgkrcke su èilukec`f sdhrk

lfs rkn`deks odtdrfs mk lf cdrtkzf ckrkhrfl fetks quk lds cdofemds odtdrks skfe

kev`fmds fl tflld y lf omulf kspèfl. Ke dtrfs pflfhrfs, lf fct`v`mfm ekurdefl mkl

s`stkof odtdr mksckemketk sk cdrrklfc`def tkopdrfloketk cde kl fctd odtdr

fctufl, ke cfoh`d lf ofydrf mk lf fct`v`mfm ekurdefl mk lds nfenl`ds hfsflks

dcurrk fetks quk kl odvò`ketd è`c`k. Lfs lks`deks ke lf iuecè mkl s`stkof

odtdr mksckemketk y lf omulf kspèfl cfusfe ke kl pfc`ketk pfrks`s d pfrl`s`s,

o`ketrfs quk lfs lks`deks ke lds nfenl`ds hfsflks cfusfe m`sturh`ds ke lf

è`c`fcè d cksk mkl kvketd odtdr (Afemkl kt fl., 8222 y Aènslky, 8222).

Lds nfenl`ds hfsflks kste idrofmds pdr kl eclkd cfumfmd (mkl lfte7 cdlf) y kl

eclkd putfoke (mkl lfte7 c`ruklf), kl eclkd fccuohkes (mkl lfte7 èclèfmd), kl

nldhd pl`md (mkl lfte7 ksikrf pl`mf), kl eclkd suhtflo`cd (edohrfmd fs pdr su

uh`cfcè cfumfl fl tlfod) y lf sustfec`f e`nrf (edohrfmd fs pdr lf cdldrfcè


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dscurf quk prksketf kstk tkg`md). Lf uh`cfcè fefto`cf mk kstds eclkds ke ue

ckrkhrd mk rftf ^`stfr, sk pukmk fprkc`fr ke ue cdrtk sfn`tfl (vkr I`nurf 6).

I`nurf 67M`fnrfof mk ue cdrtk sfn`tfl f 6,02 oo lftkrfl mk lf lekf okm`f mk lds jko`sikr`ds, mkue ckrkhrd mk rftf ^`stfr mk 802 n mk pksd cdrpdrfl. Odmì`cfmd mk Rfxèds & ^ftsde, 600:.Kl m`fnrfof oukstrf, ke ue plfed, lf uh`cfcè mk lfs mìkrketks kstructurfs quk cdeidrofe ldsnfenl`ds hfsflks y kl tlfod. Ke kl m`fnrfof sk mkstfcf7 ke vkrmk kl kstr`fmd mdrsfl (CRu7cfumfmd y putfoke), ke fofr`lld kl kstr`fmd vketrfl (Fch7 eclkd fccuohkes) ke odrfmd kl pl`mdvketrfl (YR), ke fefrfegfmd kl tlfod, ke cfi dscurd kl eclkd suhtflo`cd, ke fzul lf pfrsrkt`culfmf mk lf sustfec`f e`nrf y ke rdgd lf pfrs cdopfctf mk lf sustfec`f e`nrf.

Kl eclkd cfumfmd y kl putfoke (fohds tfohè mkedoèfmds ekdkstr`fmd d

kstr`fmd mdrsfl) sde lfs kstructurfs mk lds nfenl`ds hfsflks quk rkc`hke lf ofydr

cfet`mfm mk fikrkec`fs. Kstfs mds kstructurfs guetdcde kl eclkd fccuohkes sk

mkedoèfe kstr`fmd. Kl eclkd fccuohkes (tfohè mkedoèfmd kstr`fmd vketrfl)sk ldcfl`zf vketrfl f lf cfhkzf mkl cfumfmd. Kl nldhd pl`md, quk idrof pfrtk mkl

m`kecifld, sk m`v`mk ke ue sknoketd kxtkred y ued ètkred. Kl eclkd suhtflo`cd

sk uh`cf vketrfl fl tlfod ke kl puetd mk ueè mk stk ltòd cde kl okskecifld.

Lf sustfec`f e`nrf sk kecuketrf ke kl okskecifld y sk m`v`mk ke mds kstructurfs7


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lf pfrtk pl`mf vketrfl (tfohè cdedc`mf cdod pfrs rkt`culftf d zdef rkt`culfmf) y

lf pfrtk p`noketfmf mdrsfl (tfohè cdedc`mf cdod pfrs cdopfctf d zdef

cdopfctf). Lf zdef cdopfctf cdet`kek cukrpds (sdofs) ekurdeflks

mdpfoèrn`cds, cde lf ofydr cfet`mfm mk mdpfoèf mk tdmd kl ckrkhrd. Kstdscukrpds fmkos cdet`keke ekurdoklfeèf, quk ks ue p`noketd rkspdesfhlk mk lf

cdldrfcè eknrf cfrfctkrst`cf mk lf rknè, y quk sk dhskrvf ke ckrkhrds irkscds

mk cfmvkrks juofeds(Afemkl kt fl., 8222 y Aènslky, 8222).

Lds nfenl`ds hfsflks sk kecuketrfe ouy ètkrcdekctfmds y iuec`defe cdod ue

puketk ketrk kl tklkecifld y kl m`kecifld. Ke lf I`nurf 8, sk `lustrfe lfs

prèc`pflks vfs mk cdoue`cfcè ketrk lds nfenl`ds hfsflks y dtrfs kstructurfskeckil`cfs.

I`nurf 87M`fnrfof mk ued mk lds c`rcu`tds odtdrks mk lds nfenl`ds hfsflks ke ue ckrkhrd juofed.

Lfs ilkcjfs èm`cfe lf m`rkccè mk lf trfeso`sè ekurdefl. Lf ilkcjf ke rdgd skflf lf vfmdpfoèrn`cf enrd-kstr`ftfl. ES]7 eclkd suhtflo`cd, SEpc7 sustfec`f e`nrf pfrs cdopfctf,SEpr7 sustfec`f e`nrf pfrs rkt`culftf. Odmì`cfmd mk Afemkl kt fl. (8222).

SEpr

Crtkx

]lfod

ES]

SEpc

Kstr`fmd

Rl`md Kxtkred

Rl`md @etkred

Fl trdecdkeckil`cd yomulf kspèfl


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Cfs` tdmfs lfs cdekx`deks fikrketks mk lds nfenl`ds hfsflks llknfe fl ekdkstr`fmd.

stk rkc`hk fikrkec`fs prèc`pfloketk mk lf cdrtkzf ckrkhrfl y mk lds eclkds

ètrflfoèfrks mkl tlfod. Cfmf rkf mkl crtkx prdykctf f ue eclkd m`st etd mkl

kstr`fmd y cfmf eclkd mk kstds ltòds pfrt`c`pf ke uef iuecè cdemuctuflkspkci`cf. Rdr kgkopld, kl putfoke kst òpl`cfmd iuemfoketfloketk ke kl

cdetrdl odtdr y kl cfumfmd pfrt`c`pf ke kl cdetrdl mk lds odvò`ketds dculfrks y ke

mktkroèfmfs iuec`deks cdne`t`vfs y kl kstr`fmd vketrfl kst rklfc`defmd cde dtrfs

rkfs cdrt`cflks quk okm`fe lds kikctds mk lf kodcè sdhrk lf cdemuctf. Kl

eclkd suhtflo`cd rkc`hk tfohè fikrkec`fs mk lf cdrtkzf ckrkhrfl. Lfs

ekurdefs mk m`stètfs rkn`deks mkl cfumfmd y mkl putfoke kevfe prdykcc`deks f

zdefs kspkci`cfs mkl nldhd pl`md y lf sustfec`f e`nrf. Fe os, lf drnfe`zfcèks tdpdnri`cf mk tfl odmd quk zdefs kspkci`cfs mk lf cdrtkzf fctfe f trfvs mkl

kstr`fmd ke zdefs kspkci`cfs mkl nldhd pl`md y lf sustfec`f e`nrf. Kl eclkd

suhtflo`cd rkc`hk èidrofcè mkl sknoketd kxtkred mkl nldhd pl`md y kevf

prdykcc`deks drnfe`zfmfs tdpdnri`cfoketk, f fohds sknoketds mkl nldhd pl`md

y f lf zdef rkt`culfmf mk lf sustfec`f e`nrf. ]fohè rkc`hk fikrkec`fsm`rkctfs

drnfe`zfmfs tdpdnri`cfoketk mksmk lf cdrtkzf odtdrf pròfr`f y prkodtdrf,

prdpdrc`defemd f lf cdrtkzf odtdrf dtrd okm`d pfrf cdetrdlfr lfs sfl`mfs mk lds

nfenl`ds hfsflks (Afemkl kt fl., 82221 Aènslky, 8222).

Ketrk kstfs rutfs mk ètkrcdoue`cfcè, uef ks lf mk ofydr rklkvfec`f pfrf kl

mksfrrdlld mk kstf èvkst`nfcè7 lf vf e`nrd-kstr`ftfl. Kl ekdkstr`fmd rkc`hk lf

prdykccè mdpfoèrn`cf os òpdrtfetk mksmk lf zdef cdopfctf mk lf

sustfec`f e`nrf (vkr ke lf I`nurf 8, lf vf quk sk rksfltf cde uef ilkcjf mk cdldr

rdgd). Lf prm`mf prdnrks`vf mk kstf prdykccèmdpfoèrn`cf ks cfrfctkrst`cf

mk lf keikrokmfm mk Rfraèsde. Oucjfs mk lfs ekurdefs mdpfoèrn`cfs mk lfpfrs cdopfctf tfohè prdmucke cdlkc`stdquèèf (CCA) y ue ppt`md ekurdfct`vd,

pdr ld quk ue mfd ke kstf rknè èvdlucrf tfohè lf prm`mf mk kstfs skflks.

Fmkos mkl ekdkstr`fmd, kstfs ekurdefs mdpfoèrn`cfs sk prdykctfe fl


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cdoplkgd fo`nmfld`mk, kl eclkd fccuohkes y lf cdrtkzf prkirdetfl (Afemkl kt fl.,

8222 y Aènslky, 8222).

Lf vf kikrketk prèc`pfl mk lds nfenl`ds hfsflks surnk mkl sknoketd ètkred mklnldhd pl`md y mk lf zdef rkt`culfmf mk lf sustfec`f e`nrf. Kstfs vfs tkroèfe ke

vfr`ds eclkds mkl tlfod, quk f su vkz prdykctfe sdhrk vfr`fs rkfs cdrt`cflks7

prkirdetfl, prkodtdrf y kl rkf odtdrf suplkoketfr`f. Okm`fetk kstfs

prdykcc`deks, lds nfenl`ds hfsflks èiluyke sdhrk dtrds s`stkofs mksckemketks,

tflks cdod lds s`stkofs cdrt`cdkspèflks y cdrt`cdhulhfr (Afemkl kt fl., 82221

Aènslky, 8222).

Yfr`fs keikrokmfmks ekurdln`cfs sk jfe rklfc`defmd cde lks`deks kspkci`cfs mk

lds nfenl`ds hfsflks. Ke nkekrfl, kl mfd mk lds nfenl`ds hfsflks prdmuck

keikrokmfmks cfrfctkr`zfmfs pdr mksrmkeks ke kl odvò`ketd cdrpdrfl d

m`squèks`fs. Lfs m`squèks`fs sde keikrokmfmks ke lfs quk sk prksketfe

prm`mfs mkl cdetrdl vdluetfr`d mkl odvò`ketd y lf rknulfcè mkl o`sod. Jfy mds

t`pds mk m`squèks`fs (Aènslky, 8222)7

Lfs j`pkrquèks`fs7 quk rksultfe ke lf kxprksè mk odvò`ketds èvdluetfr`ds

kspdetekds. Rdr kgkopld, ke lf keikrokmfm mk Juetèntde mdemk sk

prksketf uef prm`mf prdnrks`vf mk lds eclkds cfumfmd y putfoke, fs cdod

prm`mf mk ekurdefs cdrt`cflks y sk cfrfctkr`zf fmkos pdr cufmrds mk

mkokec`f, y fltkrfc`deks mk lf pkrsdefl`mfm (Ofrtè, 6000).

Lfs j`pdquèks`fs7 quk rksultfe ke odvò`ketds kspdetekds kscfsds y

kelketkcò`ketd mkl odvò`ketd vdluetfr`d. [e kgkopld mk j`pdquèks`f sk mfke lf keikrokmfm mk Rfraèsde (Ofrtè, 6000).


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8.8 Ekurdquo`cf ke lds Nfenl`ds Hfsflks

Ketrk lds ekurdtrfeso`sdrks f e`vkl mk lds nfenl`ds hfsflks sk kecuketrfe lfs

foèfs h`dne`cfs quk sde7 lfs cftkcdlfoèfs y lf skrdtdeèf (Afemkl kt fl.,

8222). ]dmds lds ekurdtrfeso`sdrks cftkcdlfoèrn`cds7 mdpfoèf, edrfmrkeflèf

y fmrkeflèf1 sk sètkt`zfe f pfrt`r mkl foèdc`md t`rdsèf (]yr) ke lf o`sof rutf

h`dsètt`cf. Ke kstf rutf sk jfe `mketì`cfmd cècd kezòfs prèc`pflks7 lf t rdsèf

j`mrdx`lfsf (]J), lf L-foèdc`md frdot`cd mkscfrhdx`lfsf (FFM), lf mdpfoèf -

j`mrdx`lfsf (MFJ), lf ptkr`mèf rkmuctfsf (RtX) y lf ike`lktfedlfoèf E-

okt`ltrfesikrfsf (EO]).

Lf pròkrf kezòf, lf t`rdsèf j`mrdx`lfsf (]J), ifc`l`tf lf dx`mfcè mk lf t`rdsèf

(]yr, L-=-j`mrdxìke`lflfeèf) ke L-3,=-m`j`mrdxìke`lflfeèf (L-MDRF). Ke kstk

pfsd ètkrv`kek cdod cdifctdr uef ptkr`mèf rkmuc`mf (Rt-8J), quk sk rknkekrf f

pfrt`r mk lf ptkr`mèf (Rt), pdr fccè mk dtrf kezòf7 lf ptkr`mèf rkmuctfsf (RtX).

Lf L-MDRF ks h`dmkscfrhdx`lfmf pdr lf fccè mk lf kezòf L-foèdc`md

frdot`cd mkscfrhdx`lfsf (LFFM) pfrf nkekrfr mdpfoèf (3,=-

m`j`mrdxìke`lkt`lfoèf) cde lf cdeskcuketk prm`mf mk lf qu`rfl`mfm ke kl prdmuctd

(vkr i`nurf 3).

I`nurf 37Ksqukof mkl prdcksd h`dsètt`cd mk mdpfoèf f pfrt`r mk L--MDRF

Lf tkrckrf kezòf, lf mdpfoèf -j`mrdx`lfsf (MFJ) ifc`l`tf lf prdmuccè mk

edrfmrkeflèf d 3,=-m`j`mrdxìke`lktfedlfoèf. Lf edrfmrkeflèf prksketk ke

JD

JD

EJ8

mdpfoèfL-MDRF

JDEJ3+

D

D-JD LF FM

+ CD8


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kstr`fmd t`kek su dr`nke prèc`pfloketk ke prdykcc`deks quk prdv`keke mkl ldcus

cdkrulkus. Kstfs prdykcc`deks pfsfe vketrdokm`fl f lf pfrs cdopfctf

(E`kuwkejuys, 60:;).

Ièfloketk lf kezòf ike`lktfedlfoèf E-okt`ltrfesikrfsf (EO]), ifc`l`tf lf

h`dtrfesidrofcè mk lf edrfmrkeflèf ke fmrkeflèf d 3,=-m`j`mrdx`-E-

okt`like`lktfedlfoèf. Kstk prdcksd dcurrk ke lf omulf fmrkefl. Lf kezòf EO]

ed sk sètkt`zf ke s`stkof ekrv`dsd cketrfl, fuequk flnuefs ekurdefs keckil`cfs

ut`l`zfe fmrkeflèf cdod ekurdtrfeso`sdr (Eklsde & Cdx, 8222).

Ed tdmfs lfs ekurdefs ckrkhrflks quk l`hkrfe cftkcdlfoèfs, kxprksfe lfs cècdkezòfs. Rdr kgkopld, lfs ekurdefs quk l`hkrfe edrfmrkeflèf ed kxprksfe lf

EO] y lfs quk l`hkrfe mdpfoèf ed kxprksfe lf EO] e` lf MFJ.

Lfs prèc`pflks kezòfs èvdlucrfmfs ke kl oktfhdl`sod mk lfs cftkcdlfoèfs f

e`vkl mk tdmd kl drnfe`sod y tfohè mkl kecifld sde lfs OFD

(odedfoèddx`mfsfs) y lfs CDO] (cftkcdl-D-okt`ltrfesikrfsfs) (Ilrkz, 822:).

Lfs OFD sde kezòfs dx`mft`vfs o`tdcdemr`flks quk fctf ke lf cfmkef lftkrfl.

Su fct`v`mfm sk cketrf ke lf irfccè c`tdplfsot`cf mk lfs odedfoèfs ed

prdtkn`mfs ke kl ètkr dr mk lfs vksculfs. Lf CDO] ks uef kezòf mk lf irfccè

sdluhlk c`tdplfsot`cf k èclusd pukmk kstfr fsdc`fmf f lf okohrfef cklulfr

pdstsèpt`cf, pkrd ed sk kecuketrf l`nfmf pfrt`culfroketk f lfs ekurdefs

cftkcdlfoèrn`cfs (Ilrkz, 822:).

Ke kl cfsd kspkci`cd mk lf mdpfoèf, stf ks oktfhdl`zfmf pdr lf OFD y luknd lf

FMJ (flmkjmd mksj`mrdnkefsf) f c`md 3,=-m`j`mrdxìke`lfct`cd (MDRFC), ke lftkroèfcè sèpt`cf. Lf mdpfoèf l hkrfmf ks trfesidrofmf pdr lf CDO] f 3-

oktdx`t`rfoèf (3-O]), lf cufl ks pdstkr`droketk oktfhdl`zfmf pdr lf OFD y luknd

lf FMJ ke c`md 3-oktdx`-=-j`mrdxìke`lfct`cd, tfohè cdedc`md cdod c`md


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jdodvfel`cd (JYF). Kl MDRFC f su vkz ks oktfhdl`zfmd pdr lf CDO] tfohè f

JYF.

Lf skrdtdeèf (;-j`mrdx`tr`ptfoèf) sk h`dsètkt`zf ke ue prdcksd quk è`c`f cde lfj`mrdx`lfcè mk L-tr`ptifed f ;-j`mrdx`tr`ptifed pdr fccè mk lf kezòf tr`ptifed

j`mrdx`lfsf (^J) y luknd lf mkscfrhdx`lfcè mk stk ltòd cde fccè mk lf LFFM

(vkr i`nurf =).

I`nurf =7 Ksqukof mkl prdcksd h`dsètt`cd mk skrdtdeèf (;-j`mdx`tr`ptfoèf) f pfrt`r mk L-tr`ptifed y ;-j`mrdx` L-tr`ptifed. (Odmì`cfmd mk Ilrkz, 822:).

Rdr su pfrtk lf skrdtdeèf ks oktfhdl`zfmf prèc`pfloketk pdr lf OFD y luknd pdr

lf FMJ ke c`md ;-j`mrdx` 3-èmdlfct`cd (;-J@FF). Lf skrdtdeèf prksketk ke kl

kstr`fmd t`kek su dr`nke prèc`pfloketk ke prdykcc`deks quk prdv`keke mkl eclkd

mkl Xfi. Kstfs prdykcc`deks pfsfe mdrsdokm`fl f lf pfrs cdopfctf

(E`kuwkejuys, 60:;).

8.3 S`stkof mdpfoèrn`cd ke kl S`stkof Ekrv`dsd Cketrfl

Kl s`stkof mdpfoèrn`cd ke kl s`stkof ekrv`dsd cketrfl (SEC), kst cdest`tu`md

pdr vfr`ds klkoketds mk prdykccè, cuyfs i`hrfs sde mk lden`tum vfr`fhlk7 lfrnfs,

cdrtfs y ultrfcdrtfs (Ilrkz, 822:)7

EJ

D

EJ3+

D-

L-tr`ptifed

RtX

RtRt (8J)

+ J8D

^J

+ D8 EJ

D

EJ3+

D-

JD

;-j`mrdx` L-tr`ptifed skrdtdeèf

EJ

EJ8JD

- CD8

LFFM


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f) Kl s`stkof e`nrdstr`fmd7 su dr nke kst ldcfl`zfmd ke lf SEpc y ke okedr

nrfmd ke lf idrofcè rkt`culfmf okskeckil`cf y prdykctf prdiusfoketk fl

cfumfmd y putfoke mdemk idrof uef rkm mkesf mk tkroèfc`deks.

h) S`stkof oksdloh`cd7 efck prèc`pfloketk ke kl rkf tknoketfl vketrfl y skm`str`huyk pdr kl s`stkof loh`cd cde kxckpcè mkl j`pdcfopd, eclkd

fccuohkes, tuhrculd dliftdr`d, eclkd cketrfl mk lf fonmflf, skptuo

lftkrfl y eclkd ètkrst`c`fl mk lf kstrf tkroèfl.

c) S`stkof oksdcdrt`cfl7 f mìkrkec`f mk ld quk dcurrk ke lds rdkmdrks, kstk

s`stkof sk kecuketrf ouy mksfrrdllfmd ke lf kspkc`k juofef. Mksmk lf

SEpc y rkf tknoketfl vketrfl prdykctf jfstf lfs cdrtkzfs odtdrfs,

prkodtdrfs y suplkoketfr`fs y f lfs cdrtkzfs pfr`ktfl, tkopdrfl y cènulfrpdstkr`dr, ks mkc`r, jfstf lfs prèc`pflks rkfs skesdròdtdrfs y mk

fsdc`fcè. Fmkos, y fl `nufl quk ke lds rdkmdrks, lfs tkroèfc`deks

mdpfoèrn`cfs sk kxt`kemke f lfs cdrtkzfs prkirdetfl, cènulfr fetkr`dr,

èsulfr, p`rìdrok, pkr`rrèfl y ketdrrèfl y, os prdhfhlkoketk, f lf cdrtkzf

v`sufl.

m) Yfs cdrtfs7 sde lf tuhkrdj`pdi`sfr`f, quk efck ke kl j`pdtlfod vketrfl

tuhkrdhfsfl k èkrvf lf koèkec`f okm`f y kl lhuld ètkrokm`d mk lf

j`pi`s`s, y lf èckrtdj`pdtflo`cf, quk cdekctf kl j`pdtlfod mdrsfl y

pdstkr`dr cde lds eclkds lftkrflks skptflks. ]fohè kx`stke pkqukfs

vfs ke kl eclkd odtdr mdrsfl mkl vfnd, kl eclkd mkl trfctd sdl`tfr`d y lf

sustfec`f nr`s pkr`fcukmuctfl.

k) Yfs ultrfcdrtfs7 sk kecuketrfe ke lf cfpf euclkfr ètkref mk lf rktèf,

cdod clulfs fofcrèfs, y ke lfs ekurdefs pkr`nldokrulfrks mkl hulhd

dliftdr`d.

Lds s`stkofs mdpfoèrn`cds ckrkhrflks kste etòfoketk rklfc`defmds cde

prdcksds ke lds quk kl odvò`ketd y lf kgkcucè mk tfrkfs cdest`tuyke ue

klkoketd clfvk. Ke pr okr lunfr, kl s`stkof e`nrdkstr`fmd ks kskec`fl ke lf

kspkc`k juofef pfrf quk kl odvò`ketd skf rkfl`zfmd mk idrof frode`dsf y


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dhkmkzcf f lfs rmkeks vdluetfr`fs mkl èm`v`mud mk fcukrmd cde pftrdeks odtdrks

h`ke kstfhlkc`mds. Ke kstf fccè pfrt`c`pfe prdhfhlkoketk mk idrof cdeguetf lf

fct`vfcè mk rkckptdrks M6 y M8. Kl s`stkof oksdloh`cd ètkrv`kek

fhuemfetkoketk ke tdmds fqukllds prdcksds ke quk lf odt`vfcè idrof pfrtkkskec`fl mk lf cdemuctf, skf stf i`s`dln`cf pfrf ftkemkr lfs ekcks`mfmks

klkoketflks mkl èm`v`mud y mk lf kspkc`k d pftdln`cf crkfmf pdr lf

j`pkrkstòulfcè mkl s`stkof, k.n.ifrofcdmkpkemkec`f (Ilrkz, 822:).

Lf mdpfoèf, mk idrof sò`lfr quk lfs dtrfs cftkcdlfoèfs, sk kecuketrf

ofydroketk flofckefmf ke nreulds d vksculfs mk lfs clulfs ekurdeflks. Ke

lfs ekurdefs, lds nreulds sk cdecketrfe prkikrketkoketk ke lfs vfr`cds`mfmksquk kx`stke f ld lfrnd mk lds fxdeks. Lf okohrfef mk kstds nreulds t kek ue

pdmkrdsd s`stkof mk trfespdrtk quk rkqu`krk mk F]R y On+8, okm`fetk kl cufl

nkekrf ue nrfm`ketk mk prdtdeks m`r`n`md jfc`f kl ètkr`dr vks`culfr. Kl trfespdrtk

jfc`f kl ètkr`dr vks`culfr, mk lf mdpfoèf sètkt`zfmf, sk rkfl`zf okm`fetk

ètkrcfoh`d cde prdtdeks. Lf mdpfoèf, uef vkz ke kl ètkr`dr, sk ofet`kek

prkikrketkoketk ke su idrof `de`zfmf, pdr ld quk ed pukmk mìuem`r jfc`f kl

kxtkr`dr f trfvs mk lf okohrfef vks`culfr. Lf l`hkrfcè mk mdpfoèf jfc`f lf

tkroèfcè sèpt`cf sk prdmuck pdr ue prdcksd mk kxdc`tds`s okm`fmf pdr lf

fct`vfcè mk cfeflks mk Cf+8 (Ilrkz, 822:1 Afemkl kt fl, 82221 Aènslky, 82221

Eklsde & Cdx, 8222).

Sk jfe mkscr`td cècd t`pds mk rkckptdrks mdpfoèrn`cds mkedoèfmds7 M6, M8,

M3, M= y M;. Kstf clfsì`cfcè sk jf hfsfmd ke su mìkrketk s`stkof mk

trfesmuccè mk skfl (t`pd mk prdtkef N), su mìkrketk fiè`mfm ifrofcdln`cf

(tfetd f fnde`stfs sklkct`vds cdod fetfnde`stfs sklkct`vds), fs cdod pdr klcrdodsdof quk cdet`kek kl nke quk kxprksf cfmf rkckptdr (Hrdmy kt kl, 600:1

Ilrkz, 822:). Lf kstructurf odlkculfr mk lds rkckptdrks mdpfoèrn`cds ks mk

rkckptdrks fcdplfmds f prdtkef N kstòulfmdrfs (M6y M;) d èj`h`mdrfs (M8, M3y


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M=) cde uef kstructurf mk s`ktk sknoketds trfesokohrfef (Hrdmy kt fl, 600:1

Ilrkz, 822:).

Lds rkckptdrks M6 mk ldcfl`zfcè fhuemfetk ke ekdkstr`fmd, sk fsdc`fe cde lffct`vfcè mk lf fmke`l`lc`clfsf. Su kxc`tfcè prdmuck ue fuoketd mkl FORc. Sk

ldcfl`zfe ke m`vkrsds eclkds y rkfs mkl SEC mdemk pfrt`c`pfe ke kl cdetrdl mk lf

fct`v`mfm odtdrf pdr kl s`stkof kxtrfp`rfo`mfl. ]fohè sk ldcfl`zfe ke lf

nlemulf pfrft`rd`mks cuyf kstòulfcè prdmuck l`hkrfcè mk lf jdrodef

(Akhfh`fe, 600;1 Ilrkz, 822:).

Lds rkckptdrks M8, mk ldcfl`zfcè fhuemfetk ke ekdstr`fmd, sk fsdc`fe cde lfèj`h`cè mk lf fmke`l`lc`clfsf, lf suprksè mk cdrr`ketks mk Cf+8y lf fct`vfcè mk

lfs cdrr`ketks mk A+. Sk kecuketrfe m`str`hu`mds ke kl SEC7 ke lf j`pi`s`s fetkr`dr

y ke lds eclkds cfumfmd y putfoke. Lds rkckptdrks M8sk jfe òpl`cfmd ke lf

i`s`dpftdldnf mk lf ksqu`zdirke`f y mk lf keikrokmfm mk Rfraèsde (Hrdmy kt kl,

600:1 Ilrkz, 822:).

Lds rkckptdrks M3, kste fsdc`fmds cde lf fmke`l`lc`clfsf tfohè mk idrof

èj`h`tdr`f y prksketfe sò`l`tum cde lds rkckptdrks M8. Su ldcfl`zfcè prkikrketk

ke kl SEC sk c`rcuescr`hk f lds `sldtks mk Cfllkgf y kl eclkd fccuohkes. Ed sk

cdedck lf fccè kspkci`cf mk kstds rkckptdrks M3. Rrksketfe uef fiè`mfm pdr lf

mdpfoèf 82 vkcks supkr`dr f su jdoldnd M8 (Ilrkz, 822:). Lds rkckptdrks M=

sk ldcfl`zfe prkikrketkoketk ke rkfs cdrt`cflks, f mìkrkec`f mk lf ldcfl`zfcè

kstr`ftfl mk su jdoldnd kl rkckptdr M8. Lf cldzfpèf prksketf ofydr fiè`mfm pdr

lds rkckptdrks mdpfoèrn`cds M=, quk lds rkckptdrks M8 (Ilrkz, 822:). Lds

rkckptdrks M; sde ouy kscfsds y sk ldcfl`zfe ke j`pdtlfod, j`pdcfopd y kleclkd pfrfifsc`culfr mkl tlfod. Lds rkckptdrks M;sk fsdc`fe cde lf fct`vfcè

mk lf fmke`l lc`clfsf. Rrksketfe ofydr fiè`mfm pdr lf mdpfoèf pkrd tdmfvf sde

èm`stènu`hlks ifrofcdln`cfoketk mk lds rkckptdrks M6(Ilrkz, 822:).


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Ke kl s`stkof ekrv`dsd pkrìr`cd, sk kecuketrfe tfohè rkckptdrks

mdpfoèrn`cds. F e`vkl pkrìr`cd sk m`st enuke mds t`pds mk rkckptdrks quk

cdrrkspdemke f lfs ifo`l`fs M6 y M8. Lds rkckptdrks M8 sk ldcfl`zfe, ke hukef

pfrtk, ke tkroèfc`deks sòpt`cfs pdstnfenl`defrks mk flnueds rnfeds7 fpfrftdcfrm`dvfsculfr (i`hrfs sòpt`cfs mkl cdrfze, vfsds rkeflks y oksketr`cds),

okohrfef e`ct`tfetk, hfzd y cdemuctd mkikrketk. Su fct`vfcè prdmuck èj`h`cè

mk lf l`hkrfcè mk edrfmrkeflèf y pdr ld tfetd rkmuccè mk lf fct`v`mfm sòpt`cf.

Lds rkckptdrks mk lf ifo`l`f M6sk kecuketrfe fsdc`fmds f lfs i`hrfs ousculfrks

l`sfs mk flnueds vfsds (k.n. rkeflks), f lfs clulfs yuxtfnldokrulfrks y f lds

thulds rkeflks (Hrdmy kt kl, 600:1 Ilrkz, 822:).

8.= Lf keikrokmfm mk Rfraèsde

Lf keikrokmfm mk Rfraèsde (KR) mkscr`tf pdr pròkrf vkz ke 6:6> pdr kl Mr.

Gfoks Rfraèsde (Hrdmy kt fl., 600:1 Aènslky, 8222) ks ue mksdrmke

ekurdmknkekrft`vd mk lds nfenl`ds hfsflks (Afemkl, 8222), mk cfusf mkscdedc`mf

fe. Cle`cfoketk sk ofekgf su sètdoftdldnf1 pkrd fe ks òpds`hlk mktkekr su

prdnrksè d rkstfurfr lf prm`mf mk iuec`deks (]duldusk & Sull`vfe. 822:).

Lf keikrokmfm mk Rfraèsde fikctf f os mk ue o`lle mk pkrsdefs ke lds KK[[

(Lfen & Ldzfed, 600:f). Ke ksk pfs sk jf mktkroèfmd quk lf KR fikctf

fprdxòfmfoketk fl 6% mk lf pdhlfcè ofydr mk ;; fds (Mkuokes kt fl., 8228),

y cde uef prkvflkec`f mkl 8% ke lf pdhlfcè ofydr mk 9; fds (Ofrtè, 6000), ld

quk lf cdev`krtk ke kl sknuemd mksdrmke ekurdmknkekrft`vd os cdoe mkspus

mkl Flzjkòkr (Ofrt e, 6000). Lf KR sk kecuketrf rklfc`defmf cde lf kmfm fmultf,ckrcf mkl 99% mk lds pfc`ketks sk kecuketrfe ketrk lds ;; y lds 90 fds (Hrdmy,

kt. fl., 600:). Mftds os rkc`ketks ke Kurdpf dcc`mketfl jfe kv`mkec`fmd tfohè

ue òpfctd sdc`fl y kcdeo`cd òpdrtfetk mk kstf keikrokmfm. Sk rkpdrtf quk


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fikctf ketrk kl 2,; y kl 6% mk lf pdhlfcè ketrk lds 9; y 90 fds k ècrkoketf

ketrk ue 6 y ue 3% mk lf pdhlfcè ofydr mk :2 fds (]duldusk & Sull`vfe, 822:).

Ke Cdstf X`cf ed kx`stke, jfstf fjdrf, mftds mk èc`mkec`f, e` prkvflkec`f mk kstfkeikrokmfm ke lf pdhlfcè efc`defl. Ld fetkr`dr sk pukmk cdeclu`r luknd mk

rkfl`zfr uef èvkst`nfcè ke edv`kohrk mk 822:, ke flnuefs èst`tuc`deks

phl`cfs. Sk èvkst`n ke lf di`cèf mk lf Drnfe`zfcè Rfefokr`cfef mk lf Sflum

(DRS) ke Cdstf X`cf, kl Mkpfrtfoketd mk Y`n`lfec`f mk lf Sflum mkl Oè`stkr`d mk

Sflum, kl @est`tutd Efc`defl mk Kstfmst`cfs y Ckesd (@EKC), y kl Mkpfrtfoketd mk

Kstfmst`cfs mk Sflum mk lf Cfgf Cdstfrr`ckesk mkl Sknurd Sdc`fl (CCSS). Ke kl

s`stkof phl`cd mk sflum cdstfrr`ckesk, lfs keikrokmfmks ekurdln`cfs cre`cfsed sk kecuketrfe èclu`mfs ketrk lfs keikrokmfmks quk mkhke skr rkpdrtfmfs fl

Oè`stkr`d Sflum. Ketrk lfs keikrokmfmks rkpdrtfhlks sk kecuketrfe lfs

cfrm`dvfsculfrks y kl ceckr.

Ke kl Mkpfrtfoketd mk Kstfmst`cfs mk Sflum mk lf CCSS, sk llkvf ue rkn`strd mkl

eokrd mk knrksds pdr fd mk tdmds lds Jdsp`tflks mkl Sknurd Sdc`fl mkl pfs.

Kstds rkn`strds sk kecuketrfe clfsì`cfmds pdr Jdsp`tfl y pdr kmfm mkl pfc`ketk. F

pfrt`r mk kstds mftds mk knrksds ketrk lds fds 822; y 822> (vkr Fekxd @), sk

cflcul quk kl >9% mk lds pfc`ketks knrksfmds y quk iukrde m`fnedst`cfmds cde

KR, sde ofydrks mk 9; fds. Kstds mftds pkro`tke kxtrfpdlfr uef ofydr

èc`mkec`f mk kstf keikrokmfm ke lf pdhlfcè fmultf ofydr ke eukstrd pfs.

Dtrd mftd quk sk pukmk kxtrfkr mkl rkpdrtk feufl mk knrksds, ks quk ke prdokm`d

pdr fd knrksfe 9; pfc`ketks m`fnedst`cfmds cde KR. Kstds 9; pfc`ketks ke lf

pdhlfcè efc`defl (kstòfmf ke =.;=0.023 jfh`tfetks, fl 26 mk gul`d mk 822: pdr kl@EKC) rkprksketfe ue 2,226=%. Mkh`md f quk kl eokrd mk knrksds sdld cuhrk

lds pfc`ketks ftkem`mds ke lds skrv`c`ds mk okm`cèf ètkref y kokrnkec`fs,

fmkos quk kst rkstrèn`md fl s`stkof mk sknur`mfm sdc`fl phl`cd, ed ks pds`hlk


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cdeclu`r quk kstk 2,226=% rkprksketk lf èc`mkec`f mk lf KR ke kl pfs. Lf

èc`mkec`f rkfl pdmrf skr ofydr.

Lf keikrokmfm mk Rfraèsde d pfrl`s`s fn`tfetk sk cfrfctkr`zf pdr trks setdofsprèc`pflks7 hrfm`quèks`f (lket`tum fedrofl mk odvò`ketds), r`n`mkz d fquèks`f

(r`n`mkz ousculfr y mì`cultfm ke è`c`fr kl odvò`ketd) y trkodr (tkohldr ke rkpdsd

mk = f > Jz quk m`soèuyk murfetk lf rkfl`zfcè mk odvò`ketds vdluetfr`ds).

Kstk trkodr sk prksketf ke ue nrfe pdrcketfgk mk lds pfc`ketks quk pfmkcke kstf

keikrokmfm k è`c`f ke uef kxtrko`mfm (prèc`pfloketk supkr`drks7 ofeds y

mkmds) y luknd sk kxt`kemk f lfs dtrfs. Dtrds setdofs sde lf ècfpfc`mfm pfrf

ofetkekr lf pdsturf edrofl quk rksultf ke ue femfr frrfstrfemd lds p`ks y keirkcuketks cfmfs y m`siuec`deks cdne`t`vfs (prdhlkofs ke kl pkesfo`ketd, lf

okodr`f y kl lkenufgk) quk fuoketfe prdnrks`vfoketk (Lfen & Ldzfed, 600:f &

600:h).

Lf kv`mkec`f ekurdpftdln`cf os cdes`stketk ke lds pfc`ketks cde lf keikrokmfm

mk Rfraèsde, ks lf prm`mf mk lfs ekurdefs p`noketfmfs mk lf pfrs cdopfctf mk

lf sustfec`f e`nrf. Lf prm`mf mk kstfs clulfs sk fcdopff mk uef m`soèucè

mk dtrfs clulfs p`noketfmfs mkl s`stkof ekrv`dsd cketrfl, ke kl ldcus cdkrulkusy

ke kl eclkd odtdr mdrsfl mkl vfnd. Dtrf cfrfctkrst`cf ekurdpftdln`cf m`stèt`vf

ks lf fpfr`cè mk èclus`deks c`tdplfsot`cfs fedroflks mkedoèfmfs cukrpds mk

Lkwy quk sk prksketfe ke lfs ekurdefs mk lf sustfec`f e`nrf quk cdet`keke

oklfeèf (Ofrte, 6000).

Ke lf mcfmf mk 60;2 sk rkfl`z ue mkscuhrò`ketd ouy òpdrtfetk pfrf lf

cdoprkesè mk kstf keikrokmfm. Sk kecdetr quk lds pfc`ketks cde Rfraèsdeprksketfhfe uef rkmuccè skvkrf mkl ekurdtrfeso`sdr mdpfoèf. Kstf cfrkec`f

sk mkhf f lf mknkekrfcè mk lfs ekurdefs mdpfoèrn`cfs mk lf sustfec`f e`nrf

quk prdykctfe fl kstr`fmd (Afemkl, 8222). Kl Rfraèsde iuk lf pròkrf keikrokmfm

cuyf sètdoftdldnf sk fsdc` cde lf prm`mf mk ue ekurdtrfeso`sdr kspkci`cd.


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Lf òpdrtfec`f mk kstk mkscuhrò`ketd pkro`t` ètrdmuc`r kl trftfo`ketd

ifrofcdln`cd cde L-MDRF, fe v`nketk (Ilrkz, 822:). Kstk jfllfznd fmkos

pkro`t` mkodstrfr quk lds trfstdreds mkl s`stkof ekrv`dsd pukmke fikctfr f

ekurdefs kspkci`cfs, y f prdcksds odlkculfrks kspkci cds. Os fe, sk pusd mkofeì`kstd quk lf fmoè`strfcè mk ue ekurdtrfeso`sdr d mk su prkcursdr pukmke

koplkfrsk cdod tkrfp`f ifrofcdln`cf, cdod suckmk ke lf fctufl`mfm ke c`krtds

trfstdreds ps`qu`tr`cds (Afemkl, 8222).

Kl prèc`pfl c`rcu`td ekurfl quk sk fikctf ke lf KR sk mkscr`hk f cdetèufcè. Ke

ue drnfe`sod sfed, lf mdpfoèf prdmuc`mf ke lfs clulfs mk lf pfrs cdopfctf,

kstòulf d ifc`l`tf lfs ekurdefs os fhuemfetks ke kstr`fmd7 lfs ekurdefskspèdsfs mk tfofd okm`fed okmùo spèy ekurdes pdr su fccè okm`fetk

rkckptdrks mkl t`pd M6. Lfs kikrkec`fs NFHFrn`cfs mk lfs kspèdsfs tfohè

rkc`hke tkroèflks mk prdykcc`deks cdrt`cflks nlutfoftrn`cfs, fs cdod dtrfs

prdykcc`deks kxtreskcfs7 skrdtdeèrn`cfs y fmkedsèrn`cfs k ètreskcfs7

cdlèrn`cfs y sdoftdstftèrn`cfs (Cjfsk kt fl., 600:). Fprdxòfmfoketk kl 8%

mk lfs clulfs mkl kstr`fmd, lfs ètkrekurdefs ed kspèdsfs n`nfetks, sde

cdlèrn`cfs y prdvkke uef èkrvfcè kxtkes`vf ke kstr`fmd, prèc`pfloketk sdhrk

lfs ekurdefs NFHFrn`cfs kspèdsfs okm`fefs. Kstfs fikrkec`fs odmulfe lf

fct`v`mfm mk lfs ekurdefs okm`fefs kspèdsfs. [e mkshflfeck ke kstr`fmd ketrk

lf l`hkrfcè mk fckt`lcdlèf y mdpfoèf mk lds fxdeks quk sk dr`nèfe ke lf

suhstfet`f e`nrf pfrs cdopfctf, ks ld quk jf s`md iukrtkoketk òpl`cfmd cde lf

keikrokmfm mk Rfraèsde (Lè kt fl., 822=).

Ke ue èm`v`mud cde Rfraèsde, kstf ifc`l`tfcè sdhrk kl kstr`fmd sk p`krmk ke os

mk ue :2% (Hrdmy kt. fl., 600:). Mkh`md f kstd ltòd, sk rkmuck lf fccèèj`h`mdrf NFHFrn`cf mkl kstr`fmd sdhrk lfs ekurdefs mkl nldhd pl`md okm`fl y

sdhrk lf sustfec`f e`nrf rkt culfmf, cdod sk dhskrvf ke lf i`nurf ;. Rdr tfetd, kstf

m`soèucè mk lf skfl èj`h`tdr`f sdhrk lfs ekurdefs mkl nldhd pl`md okm`fl y

sdhrk lf sustfec`f e`nrf rkt`culfmf prdmucke ue fuoketd mk lf tfsf mk m`spfrd mkl


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cdoplkgd nldhd pl`md sustfec`f e`nrf rkt`culfmf (cdoplkgd tfohè èj`h`tdr`d).

Ke ue èm`v`mud sfed, kstk cdoplkgd èj`hk kl tlfod vketrd-lftkrfl, y ke ued

keikrod, fl kecdetrfrsk kl cdoplkgd nldhd pl`md okm`fl - sustfec`f e`nrf

rkt`culfmf pdcd èj`h`md, fuoketf su tfsf mk m`spfrd èj`h`tdr`f y kl tlfod vketrd-lftkrfl ks èj`h`md ke nrfe okm`mf. Cdod rksultfmd, ke ue èm`v`mud cde

Rfraèsde, lf vf tlfod cdrt`cfl ed iuec`def edrofloketk, ld quk prdmuck

j`pdquèks`f (Afemkl, 82221 vkr i`nurf ;).

I`nurf ;7Cdopfrfcè mk ue c`rcu`td ekurfl ke lds nfenl`ds hfsflks ke ue èm`v`mud sfed (F.) y keue èm`v`mud cde lf keikrokmfm mk Rfraèsde (H.).M67 rkckptdrks mdpfoèrn`cds t`pd 6, M87 rkckptdrks mdpfoèrn`cds t`pd 8, NL[7 nlutfoftd, MF7mdpfoèf1 SR7 sustfec`f R1 KEA7 keckiflèf1 NFHF7 c`md nfof-foèdhutr`cd1 NRL7 nldhd pl`mdlftkrfl1 SEpc7 sustfec`f e`nrf pfrs cdopfctf1 ES]7 eclkd suhtflo`cd1 NRo7 nldhd pl`md okm`fl1SEpr7 sustfec`f e`nrf pfrs rkt`culftf1 YFpc/YLd7 ]lfod vketrdfetkr`dr pfrvdcklulfr y vketrdlftkrfldrfl`s. Fmfptfmd mk Aènslky, 8222.

NFHF

+ +

+

SEpcNRL

ES]

NRo / SEpr

]knoketd Yfpc / YLd

Cdrtkzf ckrkhrfl

NL[ NL[ NL[

NL[

MF

MF

MF

SR SRKEA

NFHF

NFHF

NFHFNFHF

NFHF

kstr`fmd

M6

M8

+

++++

+

+

-

-

-

-

-

SEpcNRL

ES]

NRo / SEpr

]knoketd Yfpc / YLd

Cdrtkzf ckrkhrfl

NL[ NL[ NL[

NL[

MF

MF

MF

SR SRKEA

NFHF

NFHF

NFHFNFHF

kstr`fmd

+

++++

- -

-

-

-

-

- - -

+

F. H.

+


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Fmkos mk ld fetkr`dr, lf vf mdpfoèrn`cf nkekrf èm`rkctfoketk uef èj`h`cè

sdhrk lfs ekurdefs kspèdsfs mk keckiflèf mkl kstr`fmd fctufemd sdhrk

rkckptdrks mkl t`pd M8. Ke ue èm`v`mud cde Rfraèsde, kstf èj`h`cè kst

m`soèu`mf, ld quk nkekrf ue fuoketd ke lf l`hkrfcè mkl ekurdtrfeso`sdr NFHFtfohè èj`h`tdr`d, quk fctf sdhrk kl nldhd pl`md lftkrfl. Ke ue èm`v`mud sfed, kl

kstr`fmd èj`hk lf fccè mkl nldhd pl`md lftkrfl y ke ued keikrod kstf èj`h`cè

kst fuoketfmf y cdeskcuketkoketk mkcrkck lf tfsf mk m`spfrd mkl nldhd pl`md

lftkrfl sdhrk kl eclkd suhtflo`cd. Rdr ltòd, ke ue èm`v`mud keikrod kl eclkd

suhtflo`cd prksketf ècrkoketfmf su tfsf mk m`spfrd kstòulfetk sdhrk kl

cdoplkgd7 nldhd pl`md okm`fl - sustfec`f e`nrf rkt culfmf. Rdr tfetd, kstk

fuoketd mk lf kstòulfcè, ècrkoketf lf tfsf mk m`spfrd èj`h`tdr`f mkl cdoplkgdnldhd pl`md sustfec`f e`nrf rkt`culfmf sdhrk kl tlfod vketrd-lftkrfl. Cde kstd

ltòd, tfohè pdr kstf dtrf vf sk prdmuck uef èj`h`cè mk lf vf tlfod

cdrt`cfl, quk cdod sk mkscr`h` fetkr`droketk, sk trfmuck ke j`pdquèks`f (Afemkl,

82221 vkr i`nurf ;).

[ef jkrrfo`ketf v`tfl pfrf kstum`fr kl iuec`defo`ketd edrofl mk m`vkrsfs

kstructurfs ckrkhrflks cdod lds nfenl`ds hfsflks, fs cdod kl dr`nke y lf

kvdlucè mk keikrokmfmks ekurdmknkekrft`vfs cdod kl Rfraèsde, ks okm`fetk

odmklds feòflks. [ed mk lds odmklds feòflks os ut`l`zfmds pfrf kl kstum`d

mkl Rfraèsde ks kl odmkld mk lksè mk lf vf e`nrdkstr`ftfl cde mìkrketks tdxèfs

(^ddmruii & Edeekofe, 600=1 Hktfrhkt kt fl, 82281 Mfwsde kt fl, 82281 Mfukr &

Rrzkmhdrsa`, 82231 Kohdrm, 822=) cdod pdr kgkopld lf lksè ke rftfs mk kstf vf

cde lf ekurdtdxèf cftkcdlfoèrn`cf7 9-j`mrdx`mdpfoèf (9-DJMF) (Scjwfrtèn &

Justde, 6009f & 6009h1 Idrefnukrf & Scjwfrtèn, 60001 Gfcasde-Lkw`s &

L`hkrftdrk, 82221 Sèmju kt fl, 8229).


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8.; Odmkld ke rftfs mk lksè ètrfckrkhrfl cde 9-j`mrdx`mdpfoèf

Lds odmklds ke rftfs mk lf keikrokmfm mk Rfraèsde, quk èvdlucrfe lf lksè cde

ekurdtdxèfs mk lf vf mdpfoèrn`cf e`nrdkstr`ftfl, jfe s`md ouy kstum`fmds

(^ddmruii & Edeekofe, 600=1 Gfcasde-Lkw`s & L`hkrftdrk, 82221 Hktfrhkt kt fl.,

82281 Mfukr & Rrfkmhdrsa`, 82231 Sèmju kt fl, 822;). Kx`stke vfr`fc`deks ketrk

lds odmklds skne7 lf tdxèf koplkfmf (Ade`ts`dt`s kt fl, 600:1 Sfwfourf kt fl,

82261 Sèmju kt fl, 822;1 Zu kt fl, 822;)1 lf rknè kspkci`cf mk lf vf e`nrd-

kstr`ftfl quk sk lks`dek (Mkuokes kt fl., 82281 Sèmju kt fl, 8229), kl nrfmd mk

lksè (Jkit` kt fl, 60:21 Idrefnukrf kt fl, 60031 Scjwfrtèn & Justde, 6009f) y s`

lf lksè ks ue`lftkrfl (ued mk lds jko`sikr`ds ckrkhrflks) (Scjwfrtèn & Justde,

6009f1 Mkuokes kt fl., 8228) d h`lftkrfl (So`tj kt fl, 8228).

Rdr kgkopld, lfs rkn`deks mk lf vf e`nrd-kstr`ftfl quk sk jfe lks`defmd ke

odmklds cde 9-j`mrdx`mdpfoèf (9-DJMF) cdoprkemke (Mkuokes kt fl., 8228)7

f) Lf rknè okm`fl mkl prdskecifld. Kstk t`pd mk lksè prdmuck uef

m`soèucè mdpfoèrn`cf kxtkes`vf.

h) Lf pfrs cdopfctf mk lf sustfec`f e`nrf, ld quk prdmuck uef m`soèucè

mdpfoèrn`cf os kspkci`cf y odmkrfmf.

c) Suh-rkn`deks mkl cdoplkgd cfumfmd putfoke quk prdmuck m`soèuc`deks

mdpfoèrn`cfs kspkci`cfs y okedrks quk lfs mkscr`tfs pfrf lf lksè mkl

puetd h), fetkr`dr.

Kstds odmklds mk lksè cde 9-DJMF jfe s`md ouy t`lks pfrf fuoketfr kl

cdedcò`ketd mk lf i`s`dldnf mk lds nfenl`ds hfsflks y mk su i`s`dpftdldnf cdod

ke lf keikrokmfm mk Rfraèsde. Fmkos, sk jfe koplkfmd ke kl mksfrrdlld mk

eukvfs kstrftkn`fs tkrfput`cfs, f sfhkr, kl mksfrrdlld mk eukvds irofcds y lf


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òplkoketfcè mk fprdxòfc`deks qu`rrn`cfs cdod trfsplfetks mk tkg`md ekurfl

sfed (^ddmruii & Edeekofe, 600=).

Skne Scjwfrtèn & Justde (6009f), kl odmkld cde ofydr sklkct`v`mfm y cdemkplkc`deks mk mdpfoèf os cdetrdlfmfs, ks kl mk lf lksè mk lf sustfec`f e`nrf

pfrs cdopfctf (SEpc) cde 9-DJMF. Lf ekurdtdxèf 9-DJMF ks kl pròkr

cdopukstd quo`cd mkscuh`krtd quk prksketf kikctd ekurdtx`cd kspkci`cd sdhrk

lfs vfs cftkcdlfoèrn`cfs ([enkrstkmt, 609:).

Kstf tdxèf pukmk skr trfespdrtfmf fl ètkr`dr mk lds cukrpds cklulfrks

mdpfoèrn`cds pdr kl trfespdrtfmdr mk mdpfoèf. Lf 9-DJMF prdmuck lfmkstruccè mk lfs tkroèflks ekrv`dsfs. Sk jfe prdpukstd mds okcfe`sods

èmkpkem`ketks pfrf kxpl`cfr lf ekurdtdx`c`mfm mk lf 9-DJMF. [ed mk kllds ks lf

èmuccè mk kstrs dx`mft`vd pdr lf nkekrfcè mk pkrx`md mk j`mrnked y

rfm`cflks j`mrdx`ld mkr`vfmds. Kl dtrd okcfe`sod sk hfsf prèc`pfloketk ke su

pdtketk kikctd èj`h`mdr mk kezòfs rksp`rftdr`fs o`tdcdemr`flks. Mkh`md fl mi`c`t

oktfhl`cd èmuc`md, lfs ekurdefs fikctfmfs oukrke (Hluo kt fl, 82261 Mkuokes

kt fl., 8228). Ke kstk odmkld, lf lksè ed kst rkstrèn`mf f lf pfrs cdopfctf,

tfohè sk jfe rkpdrtfmd lks`deks, fuequk pfrc`flks, mk lfs clulfs

mdpfoèrn`cfs mkl rkf vketrfl tknoketfl. Lf sklkct`v`mfm mk lf lksè cde 9-

DJMF tfohè sk pukmk vkr fikctfmf pdr lf cfpturf mk lf tdxèf pdr trfespdrtfmdr

prksèpt`cd mk edrkpèkirèf. Kstd ltòd sk pukmk kv`tfr cde lf fmoè`strfcè

s`sto`cf, prkv`d f lf lksè, mk mks`prfoèf