Ctedra Anatoma. Licenciatura Kinesiologa y Fisiatra. UNAJ
Aparato Locomotor. Generalidades. Tipos de huesos. Clasicaciones.
ObjeDvo:
Clase 2 Terico B Sistema esquelDco. ArDculaciones
BibliograMa: Human Anatomy - MarDni 7ma Ed. 2012
ArDculacin: Unin de un hueso con otro
ArDculaciones
Las arDculaciones se clasican
Por la movilidad Por el tejido de unin
1. Hueso
2. Tejido broso
3. CarWlago
4. Sinovial
Chapter 8 The Skeletal System: Articulations 213
Diarthroses (Freely MovableJoints) [Figure 8.1]Diarthroses, or synovial ( ) joints, arespecialized for movement, and permit a wide rangeof motion. Under normal conditions, the bony sur-faces within a synovial joint are covered by articularcartilages and therefore do not contact one another.These cartilages act as shock absorbers and also helpreduce friction. These articular cartilages resemblehyaline cartilage in many respects. However, articu-lar cartilages lack a perichondrium and the matrixcontains more fluid than typical hyaline cartilage.Synovial joints are typically found at the ends of longbones, such as those of the upper and lower limbs.
Figure 8.1 introduces the structure of a typicalsynovial joint. All synovial joints have the same basiccharacteristics: (1) a joint capsule; (2) articular carti-lages; (3) a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid; (4) asynovial membrane lining the joint capsule;(5) accessory structures; and (6) sensory nerves andblood vessels that supply the exterior and interior ofthe joint.
Synovial FluidA synovial joint is surrounded by a joint capsule,or articular capsule, composed of a thick layer ofdense, regularly arranged connective tissue. A
si-NO!
-ve!-al
A Structural Classification of Articulations
Structure Type Functional Category Example*
BONY FUSION Synostosis Synarthrosis
FIBROUS JOINT SutureGomphosisSyndesmosis
SynarthrosisSynarthrosisAmphiarthrosis
CARTILAGINOUSJOINT
SynchondrosisSymphysis
SynarthrosisAmphiarthrosis
SYNOVIAL JOINT MonaxialBiaxialTriaxial
All diarthroses
*For other examples, see Table 8.1.
Frontal suture(fusion)
Frontal bone
Lambdoid suture
Skull
Symphysis
Pubic symphysis
Synovial joint
Table 8.2
Medullary cavity
Spongy bone
Periosteum
Joint capsule
Synovial membrane
Articular cartilages
Compact bone
Synovialmembrane
Bursa
Tibia
Femur Patella
Articularcartilage
Fat pad
Joint capsule
Meniscus
Meniscus
Joint cavity
Intracapsularligament
Quadricepstendon
Patellarligament
Joint cavity containingsynovial fluid
Diagrammatic view of a simple articulation A simpli!ed sectional view of the knee jointa b
Figure 8.1 Structure of a Synovial Joint Synovial joints are diarthrotic joints that permit a wide rangeof motion.
Chapter 8 The Skeletal System: Articulations 213
Diarthroses (Freely MovableJoints) [Figure 8.1]Diarthroses, or synovial ( ) joints, arespecialized for movement, and permit a wide rangeof motion. Under normal conditions, the bony sur-faces within a synovial joint are covered by articularcartilages and therefore do not contact one another.These cartilages act as shock absorbers and also helpreduce friction. These articular cartilages resemblehyaline cartilage in many respects. However, articu-lar cartilages lack a perichondrium and the matrixcontains more fluid than typical hyaline cartilage.Synovial joints are typically found at the ends of longbones, such as those of the upper and lower limbs.
Figure 8.1 introduces the structure of a typicalsynovial joint. All synovial joints have the same basiccharacteristics: (1) a joint capsule; (2) articular carti-lages; (3) a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid; (4) asynovial membrane lining the joint capsule;(5) accessory structures; and (6) sensory nerves andblood vessels that supply the exterior and interior ofthe joint.
Synovial FluidA synovial joint is surrounded by a joint capsule,or articular capsule, composed of a thick layer ofdense, regularly arranged connective tissue. A
si-NO!
-ve!-al
A Structural Classification of Articulations
Structure Type Functional Category Example*
BONY FUSION Synostosis Synarthrosis
FIBROUS JOINT SutureGomphosisSyndesmosis
SynarthrosisSynarthrosisAmphiarthrosis
CARTILAGINOUSJOINT
SynchondrosisSymphysis
SynarthrosisAmphiarthrosis
SYNOVIAL JOINT MonaxialBiaxialTriaxial
All diarthroses
*For other examples, see Table 8.1.
Frontal suture(fusion)
Frontal bone
Lambdoid suture
Skull
Symphysis
Pubic symphysis
Synovial joint
Table 8.2
Medullary cavity
Spongy bone
Periosteum
Joint capsule
Synovial membrane
Articular cartilages
Compact bone
Synovialmembrane
Bursa
Tibia
Femur Patella
Articularcartilage
Fat pad
Joint capsule
Meniscus
Meniscus
Joint cavity
Intracapsularligament
Quadricepstendon
Patellarligament
Joint cavity containingsynovial fluid
Diagrammatic view of a simple articulation A simpli!ed sectional view of the knee jointa b
Figure 8.1 Structure of a Synovial Joint Synovial joints are diarthrotic joints that permit a wide rangeof motion.
Chapter 8 The Skeletal System: Articulations 213
Diarthroses (Freely MovableJoints) [Figure 8.1]Diarthroses, or synovial ( ) joints, arespecialized for movement, and permit a wide rangeof motion. Under normal conditions, the bony sur-faces within a synovial joint are covered by articularcartilages and therefore do not contact one another.These cartilages act as shock absorbers and also helpreduce friction. These articular cartilages resemblehyaline cartilage in many respects. However, articu-lar cartilages lack a perichondrium and the matrixcontains more fluid than typical hyaline cartilage.Synovial joints are typically found at the ends of longbones, such as those of the upper and lower limbs.
Figure 8.1 introduces the structure of a typicalsynovial joint. All synovial joints have the same basiccharacteristics: (1) a joint capsule; (2) articular carti-lages; (3) a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid; (4) asynovial membrane lining the joint capsule;(5) accessory structures; and (6) sensory nerves andblood vessels that supply the exterior and interior ofthe joint.
Synovial FluidA synovial joint is surrounded by a joint capsule,or articular capsule, composed of a thick layer ofdense, regularly arranged connective tissue. A
si-NO!
-ve!-al
A Structural Classification of Articulations
Structure Type Functional Category Example*
BONY FUSION Synostosis Synarthrosis
FIBROUS JOINT SutureGomphosisSyndesmosis
SynarthrosisSynarthrosisAmphiarthrosis
CARTILAGINOUSJOINT
SynchondrosisSymphysis
SynarthrosisAmphiarthrosis
SYNOVIAL JOINT MonaxialBiaxialTriaxial
All diarthroses
*For other examples, see Table 8.1.
Frontal suture(fusion)
Frontal bone
Lambdoid suture
Skull
Symphysis
Pubic symphysis
Synovial joint
Table 8.2
Medullary cavity
Spongy bone
Periosteum
Joint capsule
Synovial membrane
Articular cartilages
Compact bone
Synovialmembrane
Bursa
Tibia
Femur Patella
Articularcartilage
Fat pad
Joint capsule
Meniscus
Meniscus
Joint cavity
Intracapsularligament
Quadricepstendon
Patellarligament
Joint cavity containingsynovial fluid
Diagrammatic view of a simple articulation A simpli!ed sectional view of the knee jointa b
Figure 8.1 Structure of a Synovial Joint Synovial joints are diarthrotic joints that permit a wide rangeof motion.
Chapter 8 The Skeletal System: Articulations 213
Diarthroses (Freely MovableJoints) [Figure 8.1]Diarthroses, or synovial ( ) joints, arespecialized for movement, and permit a wide rangeof motion. Under normal conditions, the bony sur-faces within a synovial joint are covered by articularcartilages and therefore do not contact one another.These cartilages act as shock absorbers and also helpreduce friction. These articular cartilages resemblehyaline cartilage in many respects. However, articu-lar cartilages lack a perichondrium and the matrixcontains more fluid than typical hyaline cartilage.Synovial joints are typically found at the ends of longbones, such as those of the upper and lower limbs.
Figure 8.1 introduces the structure of a typicalsynovial joint. All synovial joints have the same basiccharacteristics: (1) a joint capsule; (2) articular carti-lages; (3) a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid; (4) asynovial membrane lining the joint capsule;(5) accessory structures; and (6) sensory nerves andblood vessels that supply the exterior and interior ofthe joint.
Synovial FluidA synovial joint is surrounded by a joint capsule,or articular capsule, composed of a thick layer ofdense, regularly arranged connective tissue. A
si-NO!
-ve!-al
A Structural Classification of Articulations
Structure Type Functional Category Example*
BONY FUSION Synostosis Synarthrosis
FIBROUS JOINT SutureGomphosisSyndesmosis
SynarthrosisSynarthrosisAmphiarthrosis
CARTILAGINOUSJOINT
SynchondrosisSymphysis
SynarthrosisAmphiarthrosis
SYNOVIAL JOINT MonaxialBiaxialTriaxial
All diarthroses
*For other examples, see Table 8.1.
Frontal suture(fusion)
Frontal bone
Lambdoid suture
Skull
Symphysis
Pubic symphysis
Synovial joint
Table 8.2
Medullary cavity
Spongy bone
Periosteum
Joint capsule
Synovial membrane
Articular cartilages
Compact bone
Synovialmembrane
Bursa
Tibia
Femur Patella
Articularcartilage
Fat pad
Joint capsule
Meniscus
Meniscus
Joint cavity
Intracapsularligament
Quadricepstendon
Patellarligament
Joint cavity containingsynovial fluid
Diagrammatic view of a simple articulation A simpli!ed sectional view of the knee jointa b
Figure 8.1 Structure of a Synovial Joint Synovial joints are diarthrotic joints that permit a wide rangeof motion.
ArDculaciones Clasicacin Por el tejido de unin
5. Msculo
Mviles Semimviles Inmviles (diartrosis) (anartrosis) (sinartrosis)
Fibrosas CarDlaginosas
Sinoviales Fibrosas CarDlaginosas
seas
ArDculaciones Clasicacin
Por el tejido de unin
Muscular
Mviles (diartrosis)
Monaxial
Biaxial
Triaxial
ArDculaciones
121
Ball-and-socket joint Condyloid joint Hinge joint
Pivot joint Saddle joint Plane joint
! Ball-and-Socket Joints (Spheroid Joints) consist of a ball-shaped headand a correspondingly concave socket. They have three main axes per-pendicular to each other and allow six main movements. Typical ball-and-socket joints are the hip and shoulder joints.
General Anatomy of the Locomotor System
Fig. 4.4 Types of joint. The arrows show the direction in which the skeletal parts canmove around each axis.
Faller, The Human Body 2004 ThiemeAll rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license.
121
Ball-and-socket joint Condyloid joint Hinge joint
Pivot joint Saddle joint Plane joint
! Ball-and-Socket Joints (Spheroid Joints) consist of a ball-shaped headand a correspondingly concave socket. They have three main axes per-pendicular to each other and allow six main movements. Typical ball-and-socket joints are the hip and shoulder joints.
General Anatomy of the Locomotor System
Fig. 4.4 Types of joint. The arrows show the direction in which the skeletal parts canmove around each axis.
Faller, The Human Body 2004 ThiemeAll rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license.
121
Ball-and-socket joint Condyloid joint Hinge joint
Pivot joint Saddle joint Plane joint
! Ball-and-Socket Joints (Spheroid Joints) consist of a ball-shaped headand a correspondingly concave socket. They have three main axes per-pendicular to each other and allow six main movements. Typical ball-and-socket joints are the hip and shoulder joints.
General Anatomy of the Locomotor System
Fig. 4.4 Types of joint. The arrows show the direction in which the skeletal parts canmove around each axis.
Faller, The Human Body 2004 ThiemeAll rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license.
ArDculaciones mviles - Diartrosis
Cavidad arDcular CarWlago hialino Membrana sinovial Lquido sinovial Cpsula Ligamentos Menisco, labrum (a veces)
Sinoviales
119
Joint space Hyaline cartilage of jointCancellous bone Bone marrowcavity
Inner joint membrane(synovial membrane)
Fibrous joint capsule
Joint cavity
Long flexor tendon
Tendon sheath
Compact bone
! Joint Cartilage. The smooth surface of joint cartilage consistsmostly ofhyaline cartilage (Fig. 4.3), the mechanical and shock absorbing prop-erties of which are essentially due to its extracellular matrix. Importantconstituents of extracellular matrix are collagen fibers, macromolecules(protein saccharides), and water. The thickness of joint cartilage variesconsiderably. It averages 23mm, but in some places (joint surface of thepatella) joint cartilage can reach 8mm. Since this cartilage does not con-tain blood vessels, it must receive nutrients by diffusion from the syn-ovial fluid. Optimal nutrition requires regular movement (loading andunloading) of the cartilage, so that the synovia is pressed into the car-tilage. Lack of movement and unphysiologically high tensions lead todegenerative changes (osteoarthritis) in joint cartilage, especially in older
Fig. 4.3 Structure of a movable joint as exemplified in the metatarsophalangealjoint of the big toe
General Anatomy of the Locomotor System
Faller, The Human Body 2004 ThiemeAll rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license.
119
Joint space Hyaline cartilage of jointCancellous bone Bone marrowcavity
Inner joint membrane(synovial membrane)
Fibrous joint capsule
Joint cavity
Long flexor tendon
Tendon sheath
Compact bone
! Joint Cartilage. The smooth surface of joint cartilage consistsmostly ofhyaline cartilage (Fig. 4.3), the mechanical and shock absorbing prop-erties of which are essentially due to its extracellular matrix. Importantconstituents of extracellular matrix are collagen fibers, macromolecules(protein saccharides), and water. The thickness of joint cartilage variesconsiderably. It averages 23mm, but in some places (joint surface of thepatella) joint cartilage can reach 8mm. Since this cartilage does not con-tain blood vessels, it must receive nutrients by diffusion from the syn-ovial fluid. Optimal nutrition requires regular movement (loading andunloading) of the cartilage, so that the synovia is pressed into the car-tilage. Lack of movement and unphysiologically high tensions lead todegenerative changes (osteoarthritis) in joint cartilage, especially in older
Fig. 4.3 Structure of a movable joint as exemplified in the metatarsophalangealjoint of the big toe
General Anatomy of the Locomotor System
Faller, The Human Body 2004 ThiemeAll rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license.
CarWlago hialino Interlnea arDcular
Hueso esponjoso
Hueso compacto
Cavidad arDcular
Sinovial Cpsula
Cavidad medular
161
Head of humerus
Joint cavity
Glenoid lip(labrum glenoidale)
Glenoid cavity
Glenoid lip
Pouch of glenoidcapsule
Tendonof long
head ofbiceps(caput
longum)a
Shaft of humerus
Jointcapsule
b
Tendon of long headof biceps (caput longum)
Pouch of glenoidcapsule
Insertion of subcapularismuscle
Joint capsule
Acromion
Coracoacromialligament
Coracoidprocess
Coracoa-cromial
joint
Shaft of humerus
Fig. 4.30a, b Right shoulder jointa Coronal section, anterior viewb Joint capsule and acromioclavicular joint, anterior view (After Platzer)
Special Anatomy of the Locomotor System
Faller, The Human Body 2004 ThiemeAll rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license.
Capsula ArDcular
Porcin larga del msculo bceps
Disis humeral
161
Head of humerus
Joint cavity
Glenoid lip(labrum glenoidale)
Glenoid cavity
Glenoid lip
Pouch of glenoidcapsule
Tendonof long
head ofbiceps(caput
longum)a
Shaft of humerus
Jointcapsule
b
Tendon of long headof biceps (caput longum)
Pouch of glenoidcapsule
Insertion of subcapularismuscle
Joint capsule
Acromion
Coracoacromialligament
Coracoidprocess
Coracoa-cromial
joint
Shaft of humerus
Fig. 4.30a, b Right shoulder jointa Coronal section, anterior viewb Joint capsule and acromioclavicular joint, anterior view (After Platzer)
Special Anatomy of the Locomotor System
Faller, The Human Body 2004 ThiemeAll rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license.
This arrangement helps keep the head from moving away from the acetabulum.Additionally, a circular rim of fibrous cartilage, called the acetabular labrum(Figure 8.14a), increases the depth of the acetabulum.
Stabilization of the Hip [Figures 8.14 8.15]Four broad ligaments reinforce the articular capsule (Figure 8.14b,c). Three ofthem are regional thickenings of the capsule: the iliofemoral, pubofemoral, andischiofemoral ligaments. The transverse acetabular ligament crosses the ac-
Chapter 8 The Skeletal System: Articulations 229
Greatertrochanter
Greatertrochanter
Pubofemoralligament
Lessertrochanter
Iliofemoralligament
Iliofemoralligament
Fibrous cartilagepad
Acetabular labrum
Acetabulum
Ligament of thefemoral head
Fat pad inacetabular fossa
Ischiofemoralligament
Iliofemoralligament
Lessertrochanter
Ischial tuberosity
Transverse acetabularligament (spanningacetabular notch)
Lateral view of the right hip joint with the femur removed aa
Anterior view of the right hip joint. This joint is extremely strong and stable, in part because of the massive capsule.
b
Posterior view of the right hip joint showing additional ligaments that add strength to the capsule
c
Figure 8.14 The Hip Joint Views of the hip joint and supporting ligaments.
etabular notch and completes the inferior border of the acetabular fossa. A fifthligament, the ligament of the femoral head, or ligamentum capitis femoris, orig-inates along the transverse acetabular ligament and attaches to the center of thefemoral head (Figures 8.14a and 8.15). This ligament tenses only when the thighis flexed and undergoing external rotation. Additional stabilization of the hipjoint is provided by the bulk of the surrounding muscles. Although flexion,extension, adduction, abduction, and rotation are permitted, hip flexion is themost important normal movement. All of these movements are restricted bythe combination of ligaments, capsular fibers, the depth of the bony socket,and the bulk of the surrounding muscles.
The almost complete bony socket enclosing the head of the femur, thestrong articular capsule, the stout supporting ligaments, and the dense muscularpadding make this an extremely stable joint. Because of this stability, fractures ofthe femoral neck or between the trochanters are actually more common than hipdislocations.
Aposis coracoides
Pectoral Mayor
Capsula arDcular
Acromion
Lig. Coracoacromial
Lig. Glenohumeral
Trocanter mayor
Trocanter menor
Lig. iliofemroal
Se subclasican segn la forma de las supercies arDculares y el Dpo de movimiento
ArDculaciones mviles - Diartrosis
Enartrosis Condilea Troclear Trocoide Encaje reciproco Atrodia
ArDculaciones mviles - Diartrosis
121
Ball-and-socket joint Condyloid joint Hinge joint
Pivot joint Saddle joint Plane joint
! Ball-and-Socket Joints (Spheroid Joints) consist of a ball-shaped headand a correspondingly concave socket. They have three main axes per-pendicular to each other and allow six main movements. Typical ball-and-socket joints are the hip and shoulder joints.
General Anatomy of the Locomotor System
Fig. 4.4 Types of joint. The arrows show the direction in which the skeletal parts canmove around each axis.
Faller, The Human Body 2004 ThiemeAll rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license.
Enartrosis Troclear Condlea
ArDculaciones mviles - Diartrosis
121
Ball-and-socket joint Condyloid joint Hinge joint
Pivot joint Saddle joint Plane joint
! Ball-and-Socket Joints (Spheroid Joints) consist of a ball-shaped headand a correspondingly concave socket. They have three main axes per-pendicular to each other and allow six main movements. Typical ball-and-socket joints are the hip and shoulder joints.
General Anatomy of the Locomotor System
Fig. 4.4 Types of joint. The arrows show the direction in which the skeletal parts canmove around each axis.
Faller, The Human Body 2004 ThiemeAll rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license.
Trocoide Encaje recproco Artrodia
ArDculaciones mviles - Diartrosis
121
Ball-and-socket joint Condyloid joint Hinge joint
Pivot joint Saddle joint Plane joint
! Ball-and-Socket Joints (Spheroid Joints) consist of a ball-shaped headand a correspondingly concave socket. They have three main axes per-pendicular to each other and allow six main movements. Typical ball-and-socket joints are the hip and shoulder joints.
General Anatomy of the Locomotor System
Fig. 4.4 Types of joint. The arrows show the direction in which the skeletal parts canmove around each axis.
Faller, The Human Body 2004 ThiemeAll rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license.
Supercies esfricas
CoDloidea
Enartrosis
Representative ArticulationsThis section considers examples of articulations that demonstrate importantfunctional principles. We will first consider several articulations of the axialskeleton: (1) the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) between the mandible and thetemporal bone, (2) the intervertebral articulations between adjacent vertebrae,and (3) the sternoclavicular joint between the clavicle and the sternum. Next, wewill examine synovial joints of the appendicular skeleton. The shoulder has greatmobility, the elbow has great strength, and the wrist makes fine adjustments inthe orientation of the palm and fingers. The functional requirements of the joints
in the lower limb are very different from those of the upper limb. Articulationsat the hip, knee, and ankle must transfer the body weight to the ground, and dur-ing movements such as running, jumping, or twisting, the applied forces are con-siderably greater than the weight of the body. Although this section considersrepresentative articulations, Tables 8.3, 8.4, and 8.5 summarize information con-cerning the majority of articulations in the body.
The Temporomandibular Joint [Figure 8.7]The temporomandibular joint (Figure 8.7) is a small but complex multiaxial ar-ticulation between the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone and the condylar
Gliding Joint
Pivot Joint
Saddle Joint
Hinge Joint
Ellipsoidal Joint
Ball-and-Socket Joint
Scapula
Humerus
Clavicle
Manubrium
Metacarpalof thumb
Trapezium
Atlas
Scaphoid
Radius Ulna
Axis
Humerus
Ulna
I
IIIII
Figure 8.6 A Structural Classification of Synovial Joints This classification scheme is based on theamount of movement permitted.
Chapter 8 The Skeletal System: Articulations 219
Coracoid process
Acromioclavicularligament
Coracoclavicularligaments
Subcoracoidbursa
Coracohumeralligament
Articularcapsule
Glenohumeralligaments
Clavicle
Scapula
Humerus
Acromion
Subacromialbursa
Transversehumeralligament
Subdeltoidbursa
Head ofhumerus
Deltoidmuscle
Infraspinatusmuscle
Subscapularismuscle
Glenoidcavity
Glenoidlabrum
Articularcapsule
Axillary vein
Pectoralismajor
CephalicveinLessertubercle
Greatertubercle
Intertuberculargroove
Subscapularbursa
Coracoacromialligament
Tendon ofsubscapularis
muscle
Tendon ofbiceps brachii
muscle
Tendon ofsupraspinatus
muscle
Glenoid labrum
Acromioclavicularligament
Acromion
Clavicle
Coracoacromialligament
ScapulaGlenoid cavity
Coracoclavicularligaments
Coracohumeralligament (cut)
Subcoracoidbursa
Coracoidprocess
Subacromialbursa
Glenohumeralligaments
Subscapularbursa
Tendon ofsupraspinatus
muscle
Tendon of bicepsbrachii muscle
Tendon ofinfraspinatus
muscle
Teres minormuscle
Subscapularismuscle
Articularcapsule
Articularcapsule
Tendon of supraspinatusmuscle
Acromion
Subdeltoidbursa
Articularcapsule
Synovialmembrane
Humerus
Articularcartilages
Joint cavity
Glenoid labrum
Scapula
Coracoidprocess
Coracoclavicularligaments
Acromioclavicularligament
Clavicle
Coracoacromialligament
Anterior view of the right shoulder jointa
A frontal section through the right shoulder joint, anterior viewc Horizontal section of the right shoulder joint, superior viewd
Lateral view right shoulder joint (humerus removed)b
Figure 8.10 The Glenohumeral Joint A ball-and-socket joint formed between the humerus andthe scapula.
The Skeletal System224
Humero
Escapula
Enartrosis
162
150170
400
Flexion andextension
Elevation
150170
0 2040Abduction
0
7060
Rotation
90
Elevation
Adduction
joint. While the joint between the humerus and ulna (humeroulnarjoint) acts as a typical hinge joint, allowing only flexion and extension,the head of the radius has joints with the humerus (humeroradial joint)as well as the ulna (proximal radioulnar joint) (Figs. 4.28a, 4.32).
! Muscles and Movements. The proximal radioulnar joint, in combina-tion with the distal radioulnar joint, allows the hand to be turned for-ward and backward (pronation and supination) (Figs. 4.28b, 4.33). As thehand turns, the radius pivots in place at the elbow joint, while pivotingaround the ulna at its distal (hand) end. The position in which the fore-arm bones are parallel and the palm faces upward, is called supination.When the radius crosses the ulna, the back of the hand faces upward.This position is called pronation. The head of the radius is fixed by twocollateral ligaments aided by an annular ligament that surrounds theradial head (Fig. 4.32ac).
Muscles originating from the humerus or the shoulder girdle and in-serted into the ulna include the triceps (m. triceps brachii), which runsalong the posterior side of the upper arm and extends the elbow, and the
Fig. 4.31 Movements of the shoulder joint
4 The Locomotor System (Musculoskeletal System)
Faller, The Human Body 2004 ThiemeAll rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license.
Movimientos Enartrosis
121
Ball-and-socket joint Condyloid joint Hinge joint
Pivot joint Saddle joint Plane joint
! Ball-and-Socket Joints (Spheroid Joints) consist of a ball-shaped headand a correspondingly concave socket. They have three main axes per-pendicular to each other and allow six main movements. Typical ball-and-socket joints are the hip and shoulder joints.
General Anatomy of the Locomotor System
Fig. 4.4 Types of joint. The arrows show the direction in which the skeletal parts canmove around each axis.
Faller, The Human Body 2004 ThiemeAll rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license.
Supercies ovoideas - elipsoideas Condlea
Representative ArticulationsThis section considers examples of articulations that demonstrate importantfunctional principles. We will first consider several articulations of the axialskeleton: (1) the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) between the mandible and thetemporal bone, (2) the intervertebral articulations between adjacent vertebrae,and (3) the sternoclavicular joint between the clavicle and the sternum. Next, wewill examine synovial joints of the appendicular skeleton. The shoulder has greatmobility, the elbow has great strength, and the wrist makes fine adjustments inthe orientation of the palm and fingers. The functional requirements of the joints
in the lower limb are very different from those of the upper limb. Articulationsat the hip, knee, and ankle must transfer the body weight to the ground, and dur-ing movements such as running, jumping, or twisting, the applied forces are con-siderably greater than the weight of the body. Although this section considersrepresentative articulations, Tables 8.3, 8.4, and 8.5 summarize information con-cerning the majority of articulations in the body.
The Temporomandibular Joint [Figure 8.7]The temporomandibular joint (Figure 8.7) is a small but complex multiaxial ar-ticulation between the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone and the condylar
Gliding Joint
Pivot Joint
Saddle Joint
Hinge Joint
Ellipsoidal Joint
Ball-and-Socket Joint
Scapula
Humerus
Clavicle
Manubrium
Metacarpalof thumb
Trapezium
Atlas
Scaphoid
Radius Ulna
Axis
Humerus
Ulna
I
IIIII
Figure 8.6 A Structural Classification of Synovial Joints This classification scheme is based on theamount of movement permitted.
Chapter 8 The Skeletal System: Articulations 219
Radio Cubito
Escafoides
Condlea
The Skeletal System220
Zygomatic bone
Coronoid process
Zygomatic arch
Articular capsule
Mastoid process
Lateral ligament
Sphenomandibularligament
Styloid process
Stylomandibularligament
Ramus of mandible
Articular surface ofmandibular fossa
Articular disc
Condyloid process
Neck of mandible
Articular capsule
Zygomatic bone
Coronoid process
External acousticmeatus
Lateral view of the right temporomandibular jointa Sectional view of the same jointb
Figure 8.7 The Temporomandibular Joint This hinge joint forms between the condylar process of themandible and the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone.
process of the mandible. pp. 151, 157158, 163 The temporomandibular jointis unique when compared to other synovial joints because the articulating sur-faces on the temporal bone and mandible are covered with fibrous cartilage ratherthan hyaline cartilage. In addition, a thick disc of fibrous cartilage separates thebones of the joint. This cartilage disc, which extends horizontally, divides the jointcavity into two separate chambers. As a result, the temporomandibular joint is re-ally two synovial joints: one between the temporal bone and the articular disc, andthe second between the articular disc and the mandible.
The articular capsule surrounding this joint complex is not well defined.The portion of the capsule superior to the neck of the condyle is relatively loose,while the portion of the capsule inferior to the cartilage disc is quite tight. Thestructure of the capsule permits an extensive range of motion. However, becausethe joint is poorly stabilized, a forceful lateral or anterior movement of themandible can result in a partial or complete dislocation.
The lateral portion of the articular capsule, which is relatively thick, iscalled the lateral (temporomandibular) ligament. There are also two extra-capsular ligaments:
! the stylomandibular ligament, which extends from the styloid process tothe posterior margin of the angle of the mandibular ramus; and
! the sphenomandibular ligament, which extends from the sphenoidalspine to the medial surface of the mandibular ramus. Its insertion coversthe posterior portion of the mylohyoid line.
The temporomandibular joint is primarily a hinge joint, but the loose cap-sule and relatively flat articular surfaces also permit small gliding and rotationalmovements. These secondary movements are important when positioning foodon the grinding surfaces of the teeth.
Intervertebral Articulations [Figure 8.8]All vertebrae from C2 to S1 articulate with symphysis joints between the vertebralbodies and synovial joints between the articulating facets. Figure 8.8 illustratesthe structure of the intervertebral joints.
Zygapophysial Joints [Figures 8.8 6.21]The zygapophysial joints (also termed facet joints) are the synovial joints foundbetween the superior and inferior articulating facets of adjacent vertebrae(Figures 8.8 and 6.21, p. 168). The articulating surfaces of these plane joints arecovered with hyaline cartilage, and the size and structure of the zygapophysialjoints vary from region to region within the vertebral column. These joints per-mit small movements associated with flexion and extension, lateral flexion, androtation of the vertebral column.
The Intervertebral Discs [Figure 8.8]From axis to sacrum, the vertebrae are separated and cushioned by pads of fi-brous cartilage called intervertebral discs. Intervertebral discs are not found inthe sacrum and coccyx, where vertebrae have fused, nor are they found betweenthe first and second cervical vertebrae. The articulation between C1 and C2 wasdescribed in Chapter 6. pp. 170171
The intervertebral discs have two functions: (1) to separate individual ver-tebrae, and (2) to transmit the load from one vertebra to another. Each interver-tebral disc (Figure 8.8 and Clinical Note on p. 222) is composed of two parts.The first is a tough outer layer of fibrous cartilage, the anulus fibrosus( ). The anulus surrounds the second part of the interverte-bral disc, the nucleus pulposus ( ). The nucleus pulposus is a soft,elastic, gelatinous core, composed primarily of water (about 75 percent) withscattered reticular and elastic fibers. The nucleus pulposus gives the disc re-siliency and enables it to act as a shock absorber. The superior and inferior sur-faces of the disc are almost completely covered by thin vertebral end plates. Theseend plates are composed of hyaline and fibrous cartilage. They are bound to theanulus fibrosus of the intervertebral disc, and weakly attached to the adjacentvertebrae. The vertebral attachments are sufficient to help stabilize the positionof the intervertebral disc, and additional reinforcement is provided by the inter-vertebral ligaments considered in the next section.
Movements of the vertebral column compress the nucleus pulposus and dis-place it in the opposite direction. This displacement permits smooth gliding
pul-PO!
-susAN-u! -lus f!-BRO
!
-sus
Cavidad arDcular
Ap. Coronoides
Malar
Menisco
Cndilo
Lig. temporomandibular
Bi Condlea
Bi-Condlea doble
121
Ball-and-socket joint Condyloid joint Hinge joint
Pivot joint Saddle joint Plane joint
! Ball-and-Socket Joints (Spheroid Joints) consist of a ball-shaped headand a correspondingly concave socket. They have three main axes per-pendicular to each other and allow six main movements. Typical ball-and-socket joints are the hip and shoulder joints.
General Anatomy of the Locomotor System
Fig. 4.4 Types of joint. The arrows show the direction in which the skeletal parts canmove around each axis.
Faller, The Human Body 2004 ThiemeAll rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license.
Supercies polea Troclear
Representative ArticulationsThis section considers examples of articulations that demonstrate importantfunctional principles. We will first consider several articulations of the axialskeleton: (1) the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) between the mandible and thetemporal bone, (2) the intervertebral articulations between adjacent vertebrae,and (3) the sternoclavicular joint between the clavicle and the sternum. Next, wewill examine synovial joints of the appendicular skeleton. The shoulder has greatmobility, the elbow has great strength, and the wrist makes fine adjustments inthe orientation of the palm and fingers. The functional requirements of the joints
in the lower limb are very different from those of the upper limb. Articulationsat the hip, knee, and ankle must transfer the body weight to the ground, and dur-ing movements such as running, jumping, or twisting, the applied forces are con-siderably greater than the weight of the body. Although this section considersrepresentative articulations, Tables 8.3, 8.4, and 8.5 summarize information con-cerning the majority of articulations in the body.
The Temporomandibular Joint [Figure 8.7]The temporomandibular joint (Figure 8.7) is a small but complex multiaxial ar-ticulation between the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone and the condylar
Gliding Joint
Pivot Joint
Saddle Joint
Hinge Joint
Ellipsoidal Joint
Ball-and-Socket Joint
Scapula
Humerus
Clavicle
Manubrium
Metacarpalof thumb
Trapezium
Atlas
Scaphoid
Radius Ulna
Axis
Humerus
Ulna
I
IIIII
Figure 8.6 A Structural Classification of Synovial Joints This classification scheme is based on theamount of movement permitted.
Chapter 8 The Skeletal System: Articulations 219
Humero
Cbito
Distal
Media
Proximal
Proximal
Distal
163
Plane of section c
Humerus
Trochlea of humerusCapitulumof humerusLateralcollateralligament
Head ofradius
Annularligament(of radius)
Radialtuberosity(bicipitaltuberosity)
Radius
Medial collateralligament
Joint capsule
Olecranon
Ulna
Humeroulnarjoint
Radius
Interosseusmembrane
Ulna
Humerus
Medialcollateralligament
Olecranon
Joint capsule
b
a
c
Fig. 4.32ac Right elbow jointa Ligaments, anterior viewb Ligaments and joint capsule, medial viewc Longitudinal section through the humeroulnar joint (After Platzer)
biceps (m. biceps brachii), which runs along the front of the upper armand flexes the elbow. Both the biceps and the triceps also act on theshoulder joint, because one head of each originates from the scapula(Figs. 4.18a, b and 4.19). Four muscles primarily take part in pronation
Special Anatomy of the Locomotor System
Faller, The Human Body 2004 ThiemeAll rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license.
164
80908090Supination Pronation
Flexion and extension
0
150
10
Fig. 4.33 Movements atthe elbow joint. Pronationand supination additionallyinvolve the distal radioulnarjoint
and supination, two internal rotator muscles (m. pronator teres and m.pronator quadratus) and two external rotator muscles (mm. supinatorand biceps brachii).
Beside its function as flexor at the elbow, the biceps, with its inser-tion in a roughened area of the radius (radial tuberosity) (Fig. 4.32), is thestrongest supinator. This external rotation is especially strong when theelbow is flexed and at the same time the biceps tendon unwinds from acoiled position around the radius.
4 The Locomotor System (Musculoskeletal System)
Faller, The Human Body 2004 ThiemeAll rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license.
Humero
Troclea humeral
Capsula arDcular
Radio Cubito Capsula arDcular
Cubito
Art. Humeroradial
Lig. Medial Colateral
Flexo-extension
Supinacion Pronacion Lig. Medial Colateral
Humero
121
Ball-and-socket joint Condyloid joint Hinge joint
Pivot joint Saddle joint Plane joint
! Ball-and-Socket Joints (Spheroid Joints) consist of a ball-shaped headand a correspondingly concave socket. They have three main axes per-pendicular to each other and allow six main movements. Typical ball-and-socket joints are the hip and shoulder joints.
General Anatomy of the Locomotor System
Fig. 4.4 Types of joint. The arrows show the direction in which the skeletal parts canmove around each axis.
Faller, The Human Body 2004 ThiemeAll rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license.
Supercies segmento cilndro
The Skeletal System226
Capitulumof humerus
Ulna
Radius
Ulna
Radius
Antebrachialinterosseousmembrane
Annular ligament(covering head and
neck of radius)
Annularligament
Annularligament
Radialtuberosity
Radialtuberosity
Radialcollateralligament
Capitulum
Ulnarcollateralligament
Olecranonof ulna
Medialepicondyle
Ulnarcollateralligament
Olecranonof ulna
Medialepicondyle
Radius
Trochlea ofhumerus
Trochlearnotch of
ulna
Annularligament
Head of radius
Radial notchof ulna
Olecranonof ulna
Articular capsule
Olecranonof ulna
Head Neck
Radius Radialtuberosity
Coronoidprocessof ulna
Supracondylarridge
Trochlear notchof ulna
Humerus
Humerus
Ulna
Tendon of bicepsbrachii muscle
Articularcapsule
Antebrachialinterosseousmembrane
Trochlea ofhumerus
Coronoid process of ulna
Medialepicondyleof humerus
Fat pad
Joint capsule
Olecranon bursa
Tendon oftriceps brachii
Synovialmembrane
Trochlea
Olecranon
Capitulum
Articular cartilages
Tendon ofbiceps brachii
Head of radius
Retractor
Lateral viewa
X-rayc
Sagittal view of the elbowd
A posterior view; the posterior portion of the capsule has been cut and the joint cavity opened to show the opposing surfaces.
e
Medial view. The radius is shown pronated; note the position of the biceps brachii tendon, which inserts on the radial tuberosity.
b
Figure 8.11 The Elbow Joint The elbow joint is a complex hinge joint formedbetween the humerus and the ulna and radius. All views are of the right elbow joint.
The Joints of the Wrist [Figure 8.13]The carpus, or wrist, contains the wrist joint (Figure 8.13). The wrist joint consistsof the radiocarpal joint and the intercarpal joints. The radiocarpal joint involvesthe distal articular surface of the radius and three proximal carpal bones: thescaphoid, lunate, and triquetrum. The radiocarpal joint is a condylar articulationthat permits flexion/extension, adduction/abduction, and circumduction. The in-tercarpal joints are plane joints that permit sliding and slight twisting movements.
Stability of the Wrist [Figure 8.13b,c]Carpal surfaces that do not participate in articulations are roughened by the at-tachment of ligaments and for the passage of tendons. A tough connective tissue
Epitroclea
Condilo Humeral
Lig. Anular
Cpula radial
Art. Radiocubital Prox.
Olecrann Cavidad Olecraneana
Ap. Coronoidea Cap. Art.
Troclea
Trocoide
Representative ArticulationsThis section considers examples of articulations that demonstrate importantfunctional principles. We will first consider several articulations of the axialskeleton: (1) the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) between the mandible and thetemporal bone, (2) the intervertebral articulations between adjacent vertebrae,and (3) the sternoclavicular joint between the clavicle and the sternum. Next, wewill examine synovial joints of the appendicular skeleton. The shoulder has greatmobility, the elbow has great strength, and the wrist makes fine adjustments inthe orientation of the palm and fingers. The functional requirements of the joints
in the lower limb are very different from those of the upper limb. Articulationsat the hip, knee, and ankle must transfer the body weight to the ground, and dur-ing movements such as running, jumping, or twisting, the applied forces are con-siderably greater than the weight of the body. Although this section considersrepresentative articulations, Tables 8.3, 8.4, and 8.5 summarize information con-cerning the majority of articulations in the body.
The Temporomandibular Joint [Figure 8.7]The temporomandibular joint (Figure 8.7) is a small but complex multiaxial ar-ticulation between the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone and the condylar
Gliding Joint
Pivot Joint
Saddle Joint
Hinge Joint
Ellipsoidal Joint
Ball-and-Socket Joint
Scapula
Humerus
Clavicle
Manubrium
Metacarpalof thumb
Trapezium
Atlas
Scaphoid
Radius Ulna
Axis
Humerus
Ulna
I
IIIII
Figure 8.6 A Structural Classification of Synovial Joints This classification scheme is based on theamount of movement permitted.
Chapter 8 The Skeletal System: Articulations 219
Trocoide
121
Ball-and-socket joint Condyloid joint Hinge joint
Pivot joint Saddle joint Plane joint
! Ball-and-Socket Joints (Spheroid Joints) consist of a ball-shaped headand a correspondingly concave socket. They have three main axes per-pendicular to each other and allow six main movements. Typical ball-and-socket joints are the hip and shoulder joints.
General Anatomy of the Locomotor System
Fig. 4.4 Types of joint. The arrows show the direction in which the skeletal parts canmove around each axis.
Faller, The Human Body 2004 ThiemeAll rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license.
Supercies silla de montar
---
b
Fig. 132
Fig. 133
R-
,b
,a ,, , ,
St:gn A. Caroli
e
//
/-L--/
1,/,/ /' /1'IIII
Fig. 130
a
III
Fig.131
Fig. 135
B.
,,,
T
'.'--,,,
Fig.129
Fig. 134
M,
I\,
259
---
b
Fig. 132
Fig. 133
R-
,b
,a ,, , ,
St:gn A. Caroli
e
//
/-L--/
1,/,/ /' /1'IIII
Fig. 130
a
III
Fig.131
Fig. 135
B.
,,,
T
'.'--,,,
Fig.129
Fig. 134
M,
I\,
259
Encaje recproco
Representative ArticulationsThis section considers examples of articulations that demonstrate importantfunctional principles. We will first consider several articulations of the axialskeleton: (1) the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) between the mandible and thetemporal bone, (2) the intervertebral articulations between adjacent vertebrae,and (3) the sternoclavicular joint between the clavicle and the sternum. Next, wewill examine synovial joints of the appendicular skeleton. The shoulder has greatmobility, the elbow has great strength, and the wrist makes fine adjustments inthe orientation of the palm and fingers. The functional requirements of the joints
in the lower limb are very different from those of the upper limb. Articulationsat the hip, knee, and ankle must transfer the body weight to the ground, and dur-ing movements such as running, jumping, or twisting, the applied forces are con-siderably greater than the weight of the body. Although this section considersrepresentative articulations, Tables 8.3, 8.4, and 8.5 summarize information con-cerning the majority of articulations in the body.
The Temporomandibular Joint [Figure 8.7]The temporomandibular joint (Figure 8.7) is a small but complex multiaxial ar-ticulation between the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone and the condylar
Gliding Joint
Pivot Joint
Saddle Joint
Hinge Joint
Ellipsoidal Joint
Ball-and-Socket Joint
Scapula
Humerus
Clavicle
Manubrium
Metacarpalof thumb
Trapezium
Atlas
Scaphoid
Radius Ulna
Axis
Humerus
Ulna
I
IIIII
Figure 8.6 A Structural Classification of Synovial Joints This classification scheme is based on theamount of movement permitted.
Chapter 8 The Skeletal System: Articulations 219
Metacarpo
Trapecio
Encaje recproco
121
Ball-and-socket joint Condyloid joint Hinge joint
Pivot joint Saddle joint Plane joint
! Ball-and-Socket Joints (Spheroid Joints) consist of a ball-shaped headand a correspondingly concave socket. They have three main axes per-pendicular to each other and allow six main movements. Typical ball-and-socket joints are the hip and shoulder joints.
General Anatomy of the Locomotor System
Fig. 4.4 Types of joint. The arrows show the direction in which the skeletal parts canmove around each axis.
Faller, The Human Body 2004 ThiemeAll rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license.
Artrodia
Representative ArticulationsThis section considers examples of articulations that demonstrate importantfunctional principles. We will first consider several articulations of the axialskeleton: (1) the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) between the mandible and thetemporal bone, (2) the intervertebral articulations between adjacent vertebrae,and (3) the sternoclavicular joint between the clavicle and the sternum. Next, wewill examine synovial joints of the appendicular skeleton. The shoulder has greatmobility, the elbow has great strength, and the wrist makes fine adjustments inthe orientation of the palm and fingers. The functional requirements of the joints
in the lower limb are very different from those of the upper limb. Articulationsat the hip, knee, and ankle must transfer the body weight to the ground, and dur-ing movements such as running, jumping, or twisting, the applied forces are con-siderably greater than the weight of the body. Although this section considersrepresentative articulations, Tables 8.3, 8.4, and 8.5 summarize information con-cerning the majority of articulations in the body.
The Temporomandibular Joint [Figure 8.7]The temporomandibular joint (Figure 8.7) is a small but complex multiaxial ar-ticulation between the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone and the condylar
Gliding Joint
Pivot Joint
Saddle Joint
Hinge Joint
Ellipsoidal Joint
Ball-and-Socket Joint
Scapula
Humerus
Clavicle
Manubrium
Metacarpalof thumb
Trapezium
Atlas
Scaphoid
Radius Ulna
Axis
Humerus
Ulna
I
IIIII
Figure 8.6 A Structural Classification of Synovial Joints This classification scheme is based on theamount of movement permitted.
Chapter 8 The Skeletal System: Articulations 219
ArDculacin Muscular
Sisarcosis escpulotorcica
ArDculaciones Semimviles - Anartrosis
Anartrosis CarDlaginosas (Snsis)
Anartrosis - Fibrosis (Sindesmosis)
136
! Function of the Intervertebral Disk. The function of intervertebraldisks can be compared to the function of automobile shock absorbers.When a load is imposed on the disks (when erect), they are presseddown; during prolonged relief from load (when recumbent), they againassume their original shape. They resemble a water pillow, distribut-ing a central load evenly from the nucleus pulposus to the adjoining an-nulus fibrosus. In a ruptured disk the annulus fibrosus ruptures, andparts of the nucleus pulposus protrude. Compression of an emerging spi-nal nerve by the protruded tissue can lead to pain or weakness, e. g., ofthe lower extremity.
Fig. 4.13a, b Independently mobile segments and ligaments of the vertebralcolumna Lateral view of an independently mobile segment of the lumbar region. The parts of
the mobile segment are highlighted in color (muscles and ligaments are shown in partonly)
b Lumbar vertebra with disk seen from above. The course of the individual ligaments isshown in red
Posteriorlongitudinalligament
Outer fibrousring (annulus
fibrosus)Nucleuspulposus
Anterior longitudinalligament
Ligamentaflava
Inter-tranverseligaments
Vertebralforamen
Interspinousligaments
Intervertebral foramen
Intervertebraldisk
Synovial vertebral jointof the vertebral arch
(articulatio zygapophysialis)
Interspinousligament
a b
4 The Locomotor System (Musculoskeletal System)
Faller, The Human Body 2004 ThiemeAll rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license.
) Anartrosis CarDlaginosas (Snsis)
The Skeletal System196
Sacrum Iliac crest
Hipbone
Ilium
Pubis
Pubicsymphysis
Coccyx
Obturator foramen
Pubic crest
Pubic tubercle
Acetabulum
Pectineal line
Iliacfossa
Ischium
Iliac fossa
Pectineal line
Pubic crest
Sacrum
L5
Hipbone
Ilium
Pubis
Ischium
Acetabulum
Pubic tubercle
Superior pubicramus
Inferior pubicramus
Obturator foramen
Pubic symphysis
Sacro-iliacjoint
Arcuate line
Iliac crest
Sacro-iliacjoint
Arcuate line
Ilium
Ischium Pubis
Coccyx
Sacrum
Anterior viewa
Figure 7.11 The Pelvis A pelvis consists oftwo hip bones, the sacrum, and the coccyx.
Anartrosis CarDlaginosas (Snsis)
III
III
IVV
Tibia
Talonavicularjoint
Navicular
Intertarsaljoints
Cuneiformbones
Tarsometatarsaljoints
CuboidCalcaneocuboidjoint
Metatarsal bones(IV)
Calcaneus
Trochleaof talus
Interphalangealjoints
Metatarsophalangealjoints
Lateralmalleolus
Talocrural(ankle) joint
Calcaneus
Cuboid
Fibula
Talocalcanealligament
Calcaneocuboidjoint
Deltoidligament
Medial malleolus
Tibia
Talus
Interphalangealjoints
Metatarsophalangealjoints
Calcaneocuboidjoint
Cuboid
Calcaneofibularligament
Calcaneal tendon
Posterior talofibularligament
Lateral malleolus
Posterior tibiofibularligament
Lateralligaments
Calcaneus
Anterior talofibularligament
Fibula Tibia
Talus
Anterior tibiofibular ligament
Intertarsal joints
Tarsometatarsal joints
Deltoidligament
Subtalarjoint
Tarsometatarsal joint
Talonavicular joint
Tibiotalar joint
Naviculocuneiform joint
Calcaneus
Calcanealtendon
Talonavicular joint
Navicular
Cuneiform bones
Base of fifthmetatarsal bone
Cuboid
Calcaneocuboid joint
Talus
Subtalar joint
Tibiotalar joint
Calcaneus
Superior view of bones and joints of the right foota
Posterior view of a coronal section through the right ankle after plantar !exion. Note the placement of the medial and lateral malleoli.
b
Lateral view of the right foot showing ligaments that stabilize the ankle joint
c
Medial view of the right ankle showing the medial ligamentsd X-ray of right ankle, medial/lateral projectione
Figure 8.19 The Joints of the Ankle and Foot, Part II
The Skeletal System236
Anartrosis Fibrosis (Sindesmosis)
The Skeletal System204
Tubercles ofintercondylar eminence
Medial tibialcondyle
Interosseousmembrane
of the leg
Interosseousmembraneof the leg
Soleal line
FIBULA
Lateralmalleolus(fibula)
Medialmalleolus (tibia)
Anterior margin
Tibia
Fibula
Lateral tubercleof intercondylar eminence
Intercondylar eminence
Lateral tibial condyle
Head of fibula
Medial tubercleof intercondylar eminence
Medial tibial condyle
Solealline
Medial malleolus(tibia)
Articular surfacesof tibia and fibula Lateral malleolus
(fibula)
TIBIA
TIBIAFIBULA
Articular surfacesof tibia and fibula
Articular surface ofmedial tibial condyle
Articular surface oflateral tibial condyle
Articular surfaceof medial
tibial condyle
Posterior views of the right tibia and !bulad
A cross-sectional view at the plane indicated in part (d)
e
Figure 7.16 (continued)
Borde Anterior
Perone
Membrana Interosea
Tibia
Tibia
Perone
ArDculaciones Inmviles - Sinartrosis
Unin sea - Sinostosis
Unin brosa - Sutura - Gonfosis
Unin carDlaginosa - Sincondrosis
Sutura dentada
Lamboidea
Sagital
Frontal
Sutura Armnica
Sinartrosis - Unin brosa - Sutura
Sutura Escamosa
Sutura Temporomandibular
Esquindilesis
Sinartrosis - Unin brosa - Sutura
Chapter 25 The Digestive System 667
Maxilla exposedto show developing
permanent teeth
Erupted deciduousteeth
Mandible exposed toshow developingpermanent teeth
First and secondmolars
Pulp cavity
Enamel
Dentine
Gingiva
Gingival sulcus
Cement
Periodontal ligament
Root canal
Bone of alveolus
Branches of alveolarvessels and nerve
Crown
Neck
Root
Apical foramen
Central incisors (7.5 mo)
Central incisors (6 mo)
Cuspid (18 mo)
Cuspid (16 mo)
Deciduous 1stmolar (14 mo)
Deciduous 2ndmolar (24 mo)
Lateral incisor(9 mo)
Deciduous 2ndmolar (20 mo)
Deciduous 1stmolar (12 mo)
Lateral incisor(7 mo)
Central incisors (78 yr)
Lateral incisor (78 yr)
1st Molar(67 yr)
1st Molar(67 yr)
2nd Molar(1213 yr)
2nd Molar(1113 yr)
3rd Molar(1721 yr)
3rd Molar(1721 yr)
1st Premolar(1011 yr)
1st Premolar(1012 yr)
2nd Premolar(1012 yr)
2nd Premolar(1112 yr)
Cuspid(1112 yr)
Cuspid (910 yr)
Maxillarydentalarcade
Hard palate
Mandibulardentalarcade
Central incisors (67 yr)
Lateral incisor(89 yr)
Upper jaw
Lower jaw
Incisors Bicuspids(premolars)
Cuspids(canines)
Molars
Diagrammatic section through a typical adult tootha
The adult teethb
The deciduous teeth with the age at eruption given in monthsd
The normal orientation of adult teeth. The normal range of ages at eruption for each tooth is shown in parentheses.
c The skull of a 4-year-old child, with the maxillae and mandible cut away to expose the unerupted permanent teeth
e
Figure 25.7 Teeth Teeth perform chewing or mastication of food.
Sinartrosis - Unin brosa - Gonfosis
Sinartrosis - Unin carDlaginosa - Sincondrosis
GenDleza Dres. Valbuena y Cocozzella