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2>>>
Q@EWARVEDHD DA FK@FA^FEK@GHFQCTHD DA E@MA@EAREHGHFQCTHD DA E@MA@EAREHGHFQCTHD DA E@MA@EAREHGHFQCTHD DA E@MA@EAREH
DA^HRTHLA@TK DA E@MA@EAREH ACAFTREFH
HHHHHHHHHHHH^^^^^^^^CCCCCCCCCCCCEEEEEEEEEEEEFFFFFFFFFFFFHHHHHHHHHHHHFFFFFFFFFFFFEEEEEEEEEEEE@@@@@@@@@@@@ MMMMMMMMMMMMRRRRRRRRRRRRGGGGGGGGGGGGEEEEEEEEEEEEFFFFFFFFFFFFHHHHHHHHHHHH ^^^^^^^^HHHHHHHHHHHHRRRRRRRRRRRRHHHHHHHHHHHH AAAAAAAAAAAACCCCCCCCCCCC AAAAAAAAAAAAVVVVVVVVVVVVTTTTTTTTTTTTQQQQQQQQQQQQDDDDDDDDDDDDEEEEEEEEEEEEKKKKKKKKKKKK DDDDDDDDDDDDAAAAAAAAAAAA QQQQQQQQQQQQ@@@@@@@@@@@@LLLLLLLLLLLLKKKKKKKKKKKKDDDDDDDDDDDDAAAAAAAAAAAACCCCCCCCCCCCKKKKKKKKKKKKDDDDDDDDDDDDAAAAAAAAAAAA FFFFFFFFFFFFAAAAAAAAAAAACCCCCCCCCCCCDDDDDDDDDDDDHHHHHHHHHHHH AAAAAAAAAAAACCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAFFFFFFFFFFFFTTTTTTTTTTTTRRRRRRRRRRRRKKKKKKKKKKKKCCCCCCCCCCCCTTTTTTTTTTTTEEEEEEEEEEEEFFFFFFFFFFFFHHHHHHHHHHHH QQQQQQQQQQQQVVVVVVVVVVVVHHHHHHHHHHHH@@@@@@@@@@@@DDDDDDDDDDDDKKKKKKKKKKKKTTTTTTTTTTTTFFFFFFFFFFFF@@@@@@@@@@@@EEEEEEEEEEEEFFFFFFFFFFFFHHHHHHHHHHHHVVVVVVVVVVVV DDDDDDDDDDDDAAAAAAAAAAAAWWWWWWWWWWWWEEEEEEEEEEEEVVVVVVVVVVVVQQQQQQQQQQQQHHHHHHHHHHHHCCCCCCCCCCCCEEEEEEEEEEEEYYYYYYYYYYYYHHHHHHHHHHHHFFFFFFFFFFFFEEEEEEEEEEEE@@@@@@@@@@@@ DDDDDDDDDDDDAAAAAAAAAAAA FFFFFFFFFFFFHHHHHHHHHHHHLLLLLLLLLLLL ^^^^^^^KKKKKKKKKKKKVVVVVVVVVVVV
WWWWWWWWWWWWAAAAAAAAAAAAFFFFFFFFFFFFTTTTTTTTTTTTKKKKKKKKKKKKRRRRRRRRRRRREEEEEEEEEEEEHHHHHHHHHHHHCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAVVVVVVVVVVVV
Fvhr H. La`h C.
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eee
HH~~cceeffhhffee MMrrggeeffhh ~~hhrrhh aacc aavvttqqddeekk ddaa qq`LLkkddaacckkddaa FFaaccddhh AAccaaffttrrkkcctteeffhh qqvvhh ddkkTTff eeffhhvv ddaa WWeevvqqhhcceeyyhhffee ddaa FFhhll~~kkvv
WWaaffttkkrreehhccaavv
Fvhr H`tk`ek La`h Chbrhh
E`gkrla da Lalkreh da Ttqck^hrh k~thr hc Ttqck da
E`ma`eark Fewec Acaftr`efk
Va~tealbra da 2>>>
^rkgavkr htrkfe`h`ta
Vr. Refhrdk V`foay Vfoqcy# ^o. D.
Q@EWARVEDHD DA FK@FA^FEK@
GHFQCTHD DA E@MA@EAREHDa~hrthla`tk da E`ma`earh Acftrefh
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ew
Davak a~ravhr le lv ve`fark
hmrhdafelea`tk h le ~rkgavkr
htrkfe`h`ta Vr. Refhrdk V`foay#
av~afehcla`ta ~kr vq lktewhfe` u
~hfea`feh.
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w
Ac qvk da acaftrkdkv be~kchrav gckth`tav a` facdhv da acaftrk,kbta`fe` da fkbra
fk`vtetqua q`h taf`kckmh `k fk`wa`fek`hc xqa ~rklata el~hftkv afk`lefkv u
k~arhfek`hcav ~hrh ch e`dqvtreh. A` ac ~rava`ta trhbhik va davhrrkcch q`h
oarrhlea`th fkl~qthfek`hc fquk kbiatewk av fk`trebqer hc h`cevev u devak da
thcav facdhv# da lkdk da radqfer ac teal~k u fkvtk da davhrrkcck# ~qav a` ac fhvk
da ch taf`kckmh be~kchr# ac devak oh avthdk bhvhdk a` ac qvk da ~rktkte~kv. Ac
vkgt}hra davhrrkcchdk ~rk~krfek`h q`h e`targhy mrgefh xqa ~arleta# a` q`
a`tkr`k 6D e`tarhftewk: ac devak makltrefk# ch velqchfe` u ac h`cevev da ckv
ravqcthdkv. Va ~qada avtqdehr maklatrhv rafth`mqchrav hrbetrhrhv da facdhv fk`
acaftrkdkv be~kchrav gckth`tav u facdhv fk`wa`fek`hcav fk` acaftrkdkv
q`e~kchrav. Ch velqchfe` da ch facdh va vqvta`tha` q` lkdack bhva xqa gqa
davhrrkcchdk a` q`h e`wavtemhfe` ~raweh# ch xqa lktew ac ~rava`ta trhbhik.
^hrh xqa ch taf`kckmh da acaftrkdkv be~kchrav va ~qadh h~cefhr
fklarfehcla`ta va daba hvamqrhr q` ~rkdqftk da fhcedhd# ck xqa el~cefh
mhrh`teyhr q` da~vetk da fkbra oklkm`ak a` tkdh ch vq~argefea da ckv
ftkdkv. Ac lkdack bhva va krea`th h ch ~radeffe` dac da~vetk da fkbra# ck xqa
va ckmrh ladeh`ta ac fcfqck da ch devtrebqfe` dac fhl~k da da`vedhd da
fkrrea`ta vkbra ckv acaftrkdkv# ~qav avth va rachfek`h derafthla`ta fk` ch dac
da~vetk da fkbra. Va qvh q` ltkdk da degara`feh ge`eth ~hrh kbta`ar ch
devtrebqfe` tredela`vek`hc da ~kta`fehc acftrefk# ck xqa ~arleta kbta`ar ac
fhl~k da da`vedhd da fkrrea`ta a` tkdk ac wkcqla` da ch facdh.
VVVqqqlllhhhrrreeekkk
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Vqlhrek we
^hrh ac h`cevev e`tarhftewk da ckv dhtkv va ~rk~krfek`h` whrehv
oarrhlea`thv da wevqhceyhfe`. Fklk oarrhlea`th ~re`fe~hc da h`cevev# va
~rkwaa ch fh~hfedhd ~hrh wevqhceyhr fhl~kv waftkrehcav 6D fklk c`ahv
fk`te`qhv da gcqik# chv xqa vk` ma`arhdhv a` gkrlh hqtkltefh. Avth tf`efh
ravqcth lqu h~rk~ehdh ~hrh avth h~cefhfe`# ~arleta wevqhceyhfek`av
vem`egefhtewhv# ckfhcav k mckbhcav# dac fhl~k da`vedhd da fkrrea`ta. ^hrh q`h
hdafqhdh ~arfa~fe` av~hfehc da chv c`ahv da gcqik va frah agaftkv da
vklbrahdk# ladeh`ta q` h~rk~ehdk lkdack da ecqle`hfe` da c`ahv. Hq`xqa ac
ohrd}hra mrgefk fk`wa`fek`hc vck ~rk~krfek`h vk~krta ~hrh ch ecqle`hfe` da
~reletewhv da vq~argefea# ch ecqle`hfe` da c`ahv va el~cala`thfk`wa`ea`tala`ta ladeh`ta lh~ak da tatqrh# fhrhftarvtefh k~teleyhdh a`
hfacarhdkrav mrgefkv. Da avta lkdk# tkdkv ckv fcfqckv da ecqle`hfe` va
~qada` agaftqhr agefea`tala`ta fk` ac vk~krta da ohrd}hra mrgefk. Hdalv# chv
c`ahv da gcqik e`fcqua` vqmavte` da ~rkgq`dedhd u va fkckrah` ~hrh fkdegefhr ch
lhm`etqd da fhl~kv avfhchrav /~kta`fehc acftrefk# e`ta`vedhd dac fhl~k
da`vedhd da fkrrea`ta%.
Davda ch ~arv~aftewh da ch Wevqhceyhfe` fea`tgefh# q`h h~cefhfe` da
avta te~k daba var e`tarhftewh u ~rafevh. Fk` kbiatk da vk~krthr maklatrhv
rafth`mqchrav hrbetrhrehv# ac hcmkretlk dac lkdack bhva dabh var raavtrqftqrhdk.
A` thc ~rkfavk# va fk`febe hcmq`hv laikrhv hc lkdack u q`h el~krth`ta
fkrraffe`# ck xqa fk`vtetqua q` h~krta hdefek`hc vem`egefhtewk hc avgqaryk ~kr
lkdachr ch facdh da acaftrk,kbta`fe` fk` lhukr ~rafeve`. A` ~hrtefqchr# va
davhrrkcck q` laikr lkdack ~hrh acaftrkdkv gckth`tav# ac xqa fhcfqch ac ~kta`fehc
acftrefk dac acaftrkdk h ~hrter da q`h dadqffe` lv fk`vevta`ta.
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wee
Vqlhrek w
Mckvhrek u Hbrawehfek`av x
@kla`fchtqrh xe
FFFFH^TQCKH^TQCKH^TQCKH^TQCK 88888 E`trkdqffe` 8
8.8 Lktewhfe` 88.2 Kbiatewkv u Hcfh`fav 2
8.6 Acaftrk,kbta`fe` da fkbra 6
8.4 Lkdack da ch facdh da acaftrk,kbta`fe` 1
8.4.8 Lkdack da bhva /Lkdack da Bett`ar% 1
8.4.2 Frtefhv hc lkdack da bhva u krema` da q` lkdack laikrhdk 5
8.1 Wevqhceyhfe` 86
FFFFH^TQCKH^TQCKH^TQCKH^TQCK 22222
Lkdachfe` Tredela`vek`hc da q`h Facdh da Acaftrk,kbta`fe` 812.8 E`trkdqffe` 81
2.2 Gq`dhla`tkv da ch takrh da acaftrk,kbta`fe` da fkbra 87
2.6 Gkrlqchfe` da ch lkdachfe` gvefh 8?
2.6.8 Lkdachfe` acaftrkvttefh 8?
2.6.2 Davhrrkcck da q` ltkdk ~hrh ch datarle`hfe` dac ~kta`fehc daacaftrkdkv gckth`tav 22
FFFkkk`tttaaa`eeedddkkkvvv
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Fk`ta`edkv weee
FFFFH^ETQCKH^ETQCKH^ETQCKH^ETQCK 66666 Wevqhceyhfe` E`tarhftewh da Fhl~kv Waftkrehcav ladeh`ta C`ahvda Gcqik 27
6.8 E`trkdqffe` 276.2 Ma`arhfe` da c`ahv da gcqik 2?
6.2.8 Fk`fa~tkv bvefkv 2?
6.2.2 E`tamrhfe` da c`ahv da gcqik a` q` dkle`ek davfrateyhdk 25
6.2.6 Vacaffe` da ~q`tkv valecch 68
6.6 Wevqhceyhfe` da c`ahv da gcqik 62
6.6.8 Ecqle`hfe` da c`ahv a` ac av~hfek tredela`vek`hc 62
6.6.2 Ra`dare`m k~teleyhdk da c`ahv ecqle`hdhv 67
6.6.6 H`tehcehve`m da c`ahv 65
6.6.4 Fkckrhfe` da chv c`ahv da gcqik 65
6.6.1 ^arfa~fe` da ~rkgq`dedhd 4>
FFFFH^TQCKH^TQCKH^TQCKH^TQCK 44444 Davhrrkcck da ch H~cefhfe` 42
4.8 E`trkdqffe` 42
4.2 Lkdachfe` qlrefh da ch facdh da acaftrk,kbta`fe` 46
4.2.8 Fk`vedarhfek`av u ravtreffek`av dac lkdack 46
4.2.2 Hcmkretlk da fcfqck 41
4.2.2.8 Hcmkretlk bvefk 41
4.2.2.2 Fk`wa`ea`feh u `afavedhd da q` ltkdk etarhtewk ~hrh vkcqfek`hr acvevtalh da afqhfek`av 4?4.2.2.6 Avtrhtameh da ~rkmrhlhfe` krea`thdh h kbiatkv u vacaffe` be`hreh da chv
afqhfek`av da degara`feh 16
4.2.6 K~teleyhfek`av 14
4.2.6.8 Grlqch rafqrvewh ~hrh ac fcfqck da ~kta`fehcav da acaftrkdkv gckth`tav14
4.2.6.2 Acele`hfe` da ch `afavedhd da e`tar~kchfe` tredela`vek`hc a`fkkrda`hdhv rafth`mqchrav 11
4.2.6.6 Avtelhfe` da fk`defek`av e`efehcav ~hrh ~kta`fehcav da acaftrkdkvgckth`tav 17
4.2.4 Ravqla` dac Hcmkretlk da fcfqck 17
4.6 Ma`arhfe` hqtkltefh da chv c`ahv da gcqik 1?
4.6.8 E`tamrhfe` da chv c`ahv da gcqik 1?
4.6.2 Ma`arhfe` hqtkltefh da ~q`tkv valecch u fk`trkc da ch fh`tedhd dac`ahv da gcqik wevqhceyhdhv 15
4.6.6 Fk`trkc da ch ck`metqd da chv c`ahv da gcqik 72
4.6.6.8 Acele`hfe` dac agaftk yemyhm 724.6.6.2 Trq`fhdk da chv c`ahv da gcqik ~hrh awethr xqa htrhweava` acaftrkdkv
be~kchrav 74
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Fk`ta`edkv ex
4.6.6.6 ^rk~krfek`h`dk mrhdk da cebarthd ~hrh xqa ac qvqhrek fk`trkca ch ck`metqdda chv c`ahv da gcqik 74
4.4 Oarrhlea`thv fkl~cala`threhv da wevqhceyhfe` 71
4.4.8 Wevqhceyhfe` dac da~vetk da fkbra 71
4.4.2 Atrhftkr da rabh`hdhv 774.4.6 Fqrvkr tredela`vek`hc 7=
4.1 Fk`vedarhfek`av vkbra e`tarhftewedhd 7?
4.1.8 Vevtalh da wevqhceyhfe` 6D 7?
4.1.8.8 Lkdack da Flhrh 7?4.1.8.2 Fk`trkc da ckv lkwelea`tkv da ch flhrh ladeh`ta ac lkqva =>4.1.8.6 Vacaffe` da acaftrkdkv fk` ac ~q`tark dac lkqva =84.1.8.4 Hqtka`gkxqa =2
4.1.2 Vqmavte` da ~rkgq`dedhd =6
4.1.6 Vamla`thfe` e`tarhftewh =4
4.1.4 E`targhy Mrgefh da Qvqhrek =1
4.7 El~cala`thfe` =7
FFFFH^ETQCKH^ETQCKH^ETQCKH^ETQCK 11111 Ravqcthdkv ==
1.8 E`targhy Mrgefh da Qvqhrek ==
1.2 Fhrhftarvtefhv wevqhcav da chv c`ahv da gcqik ?2
1.6 Facdh da acaftrk,kbta`fe` fk` q` acaftrkdk be~kchr ?1
1.4 Facdh da acaftrk,kbta`fe` hveltrefh fk` 4 acaftrkdkv be~kchrav 5>
FFFFH^TQCKH^TQCKH^TQCKH^TQCK 77777 Devfqve` u Fk`fcqvek`av 52
7.8 Devfqve` u Fk`fcqvek`av 52
7.2 Trhbhikv gqtqrkv 57
Bebcekmrhgh 55
HHHH@A_K@A_K@A_K@A_K HHHHH
Devtrebqfe` oklkma`ah da ~q`tkv vkbra ch vq~argefea da q`~hrhcaca~~adk 8>2
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x
[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[
Wevqhceyhfe`9 Q` ltkdk ~hrh atrhar e`gkrlhfe` vem`egefhtewh h~hrter da fk`iq`tkv da dhtkv fkl~caikv# h trhwv dac qvk da elma`av u mrgefkv
e`tarhftewkv.
Ra`dare`m9 Trle`k ma`arhc xqa davfreba ac ~rkfavk fkl~catk ~hrhtrh`vgkrlhr q`h ra~rava`thfe` a` bhva da dhtkv da q` kbiatk tredela`vek`hc#
a` q`h ~rkuaffe` bedela`vek`hc vklbrahdh vkbra q`h vq~argefea da
wevqhceyhfe` /~h`thcch%.
[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[
A] 9 Acaftrk}e``e`mk Acaftrk,kbta`fe`.
KK^ 9 Kbiaft Krea`tad ^rkmrhlle`mk ^rkmrhlhfe` Krea`thdh h Kbiatkv.
H^E 9 H~~cefhtek` ^rkmrhlle`m E`targhfa k E`targhy da ^rkmrhlhfe` da
H~cefhfek`av.
MQE 9 Mrh~oefhc Qvar E`targhfak E`targhy Mrgefh da Qvqhrek.
[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[
MMMccckkkvvvhhhrrreeekkk uuu HHHbbbrrraaawwweeehhhfffeeekkk`aaavvv
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xe
@kthfe` 9
Fhrhftarav a` fqrv ewh da`kth` whrehbcav k fk`vth`tav avfhchrav.
Fhrhftarav a` `amr e th da`kth` waftkrav k lhtrefav. ^ragara`tala`ta va
qvh fhrhftarav a` le`vfqch ~hrh waftkrav u a` lhuvfqch ~hrh lhtrefav.
Vlbkckv 9
Ch vemqea`ta cevth fk`tea`a ckv vlbkckv lv el~krth`tav qvhdkv a` avta
dkfqla`tk.
W ZW\ 9 ~kta`fehc acftrefk a` ac e`tarekr da ch facdh acaftrkctefh/~kta`fehc a` ac acaftrkcetk%
Wl ZW\ 9 ~kta`fehc latcefk. ^kta`fehc a` ac e`tarekr da q` acaftrkdk latcefk
DW ZW\ 9 ~kta`fehc da acaftrkdk. Degara`feh da ~kta`fehc h~cefhdh h q`he`targhva lathc,acaftrkcetk /W
l
, W%
DWH
ZW\ 9 ~kta`fehc da acaftrkdk a` ch rame` da q` acaftrkdk xqa hfthfklk `kdk
DWF
ZW\ 9 ~kta`fehc da acaftrkdk a` ch rame` da q` acaftrkdk xqa hfthfklk Ftkdk
@@@kkklllaaa`fffccchhhtttqqqrrrhhh
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@kla`fchtqrh xee
a>
ZW\ 9 ~kta`fehc da axqecebrek da q`h rahffe` acaftrkxqlefh a`fk`defek`av avt`dhr /tal~arhtqrh u fk`fa`trhfe`%
aR
ZW\ 9 ~kta`fehc da axqecebrek da q`h rahffe` acaftrkxqlefh a`
fk`defek`av `k avt`dhr /tal~arhtqrh u fk`fa`trhfe`%
A 9 waftkr fhl~k acftrefk /sAs ZW+l\%
I 9 waftkr da`vedhd da fkrrea`ta acftrefh /sIs ZH+l2\%
I 9 waftkr I `krlhceyhdk
Z,8
l,8
\ 9 fk`dqftewedhd acftrefh
ZF+l6
\ 9 da`vedhd wkcqltrefh da fhrmh acftrefh
ZG+l\ 9 ~arletewedhd acftrefh
x 9 waftkr da fkkrda`hdhv av~hfehcav /sxs Zl\%
x # u # y 9 waftkrav q`ethrekv a` fkkrda`hdhv rafth`mqchrav. x #>%T#
u #8#>%T# u y #>#8%
T
` 9 waftkr q`ethrek `krlhc h ch vq~argefea da q`h e`targhva dac
acaftrkcetk fk` ktrk ladek# krea`thdk ohfeh ac acaftrkcetk
dV Zl2\ rah da q` acala`tk degara`fehc da vq~argefea
V Zl2\ 9 h~rkelhfe` ge`eth da dV
dv 9 acala`tk degara`fehc krea`thbca da vq~argefea / dV%
@ 9 `lark da acala`tkv da vq~argefea Va` ckv xqa va devfrateyh chvq~argefea da q` acaftrkdk
jV 9 ghftkr da hiqvta da rah ~hrh acala`tkv da vq~argefea `k
fqhdrhdkv /V
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@kla`fchtqrh xeee
d Zl\ 9 ck`metqd dac ~hvk hdh~tewk da e`tamrhfe` da c`ahv da gcqik
dle`
#d
lhZl\ 9 fkthv e`garekr u vq~arekr ~hrh d
ss Zl\ 9 arrkr a` ch ck`metqd da q`h c`ah da gcqik fkrrav~k`dea`ta h q`~hvk da e`tamrhfe`
d)
Zl\ 9 d ~telk ~hrh ckmrhr xqa ss vah e`garekr h q`h fkth TKC
@ 9 waftkr q`ethrek xqa ckfhcla`ta ra~rava`th ch deraffe` `krlhc hq`h vq~argefea
C 9 waftkr q`ethrek xqa ra~rava`th ch deraffe` da q`h gqa`ta da cqy
R 9 waftkr q`ethrek xqa ra~rava`th ch deraffe` da ch cqy ragcaihdhW 9 waftkr q`ethrek xqa ra~rava`th ch deraffe` da wevth /kbvarwhdkr%
T 9 waftkr q`ethrek xqa ra~rava`th ch deraffe` da q`h c`ah
jh 9 e`ta`vedhd da ch cqy hlbea`ta /lkdack da ecqle`hfe` ^ok`m%
jd 9 fkagefea`ta da ragcae` degqvh /lkdack da ecqle`hfe` ^ok`m%
jv
9 fkagefea`ta da ragcae` av~afqchr /lkdack da ^ok`m%
v 9 a~k`a`ta da ragcae` av~afqchr /lkdack da ^ok`m%
~ 9 a~k`a`ta da ragcae` degqvh xqa fkl~a`vh afavk da brecck
L 9 lhtrey da trh`vgkrlhfe` da fkkrda`hdhv da tatqrh /44%
t> 9 waftkr oklkm`ak da fkkrda`hdhv da tatqrh
V
Z~tkv.+o2\ 9 da`vedhd vq~argefehc da ~q`tkv
E Zo \ 9 dela`ve` da acaftrkdk rafth`mqchr a` ch deraffe`
I Zo \ 9 dela`ve` da acaftrkdk rafth`mqchr a` ch deraffe` u
J Zo \ 9 dela`ve` da acaftrkdk rafth`mqchr a` ch deraffe` y
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@kla`fchtqrh xew
Gq`fek`av u k~arhdkrav 9
A` chv vemqea`tav grlqchv# [ da`kth a` fkkrda`hdhv rafth`mqchrav x # ac xqa va hdoeara hc ftkdk. A` ac
e`tarekr dac acaftrkcetk# ch fkrrea`ta acftrefh av ~rkdqfedh ~kr ac lkwelea`tk da
ckv ek`av. Ch ~kta`feh acftrefh ~rk~krfek`hdh ~kr ac raftegefhdkr va fk`vqla
~hrfehcla`ta ~kr ~rdedhv ravevtewhv# ~ark av qvhdh ~re`fe~hcla`ta ~hrh
~rkdqfer chv trh`vgkrlhfek`av xqlefhv hvkfehdhv h chv rahffek`av da radqffe`
dac e` f~refk a` ac ftkdk u ch kedhfe` dac hmqh a` ac `kdk.
O2K
a,
a,
O* O*
a,
a,
Acaftrkcetk
Fq2*
Fq>
H`kdk Ftkdk
W
ee
K2
Gemqrh 8.89 ^rkfavk acaftrkxqlefk bvefk da ch acaftrk,kbta`fe da Fkbra
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E`trkdqffe` 4
Fklarfehcla`ta# ac ~rkfavk da acaftrk,kbta`fe` da fkbra va ccawh h
fhbk a` facdhv rafth`mqchrav# a` fquk e`tarekr va fkckfh` acaftrkdkv chle`hrav#
krea`thdkv tkdkv ~hrhcachla`ta. Ac lk`thia fk`wa`fek`hc da acaftrkdkv ohfa
qvk da acaftrkdkv q`e~kchrav: fhdh acaftrkdk av `kdk k ftkdk# `kdkv u
ftkdkv va ~kvefek`h` hctar`hdhla`ta# da lkdk xqa whrekv ~hrav `kdk,ftkdk
va fk`afth` a` ~hrhcack h q`h gqa`ta da ~kdar. Fk` avth fk`gemqrhfe`
makltrefh# chv rahffek`av kfqrra` a` hlbkv chdkv da fhdh acaftrkdk u va
kbtea`a fkbra a` chv dkv fhrhv da fhdh ftkdk.
A` q`h facdh qvh`dk taf`kckmh da acaftrkdkv be~kchrav va qvh q`
`kdk u q` ftkdk q`e~kchr# u a`tra acckv va fkckfh` acaftrkdkv be~kchrav. Ckv
acaftrkdkv va cchlh` be~kchrav ~krxqa fhdh q`k da acckv avth fk`vtrqedk ~hrh
hftqhr fklk `kdk ~kr q`h da vqv fhrhv u fklk ftkdk ~kr ch ktrh# da lkdk
xqa tkdkv ckv ~hrav `kdk,ftkdk avt` a` fk`ae` varea.
Ckv acaftrkdkv be~kchrav va defa` gckth`tav# ~krxqa avt` e`larvkv a`
ch vkcqfe` ve` ta`ar fk`ae` acftrefh h q`h gqa`ta da ~kdar# ch fkrrea`ta gcqua
davda `kdk h ftkdk htrhwavh`dk fhdh acaftrkdk be~kchr. ^hrh ac levlk
`lark da acaftrkdkv# ch ~rkdqffe` da fkbra av ch levlh xqa a` ac fhvk
q`e~kchr. A` avta fhvk va kbtea`a fkbra a` fhdh acaftrkdk be~kchr# ~ark vck a`
q`h da vqv fhrhv. Ch ~re`fe~hc wa`thih da avth taf`kckmh av xqa a` avta fhvk va
raxqeara q`h fkrrea`ta lqfok la`kr# ~qav ac fk`vqlk da tkdh ch facdh av ac
levlk xqa ac da q` vkck ~hr da acaftrkdkv.
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E`trkdqffe` 1
8.4 Lkdack da ch facdh da acaftrk,kbta`fe`
8.4.8 Lkdack da bhva /Lkdack da Bett`ar%
Aevta ~kfh a~area`feh a` ch lkdachfe` e`tamrhc da avta te~k da ~rkfavk.
Rawevta q`h mrh` degefqcthd dabedk h ch e`tarhffe` da whrehbcav acftrefhv#
xqlefhv u laf`efhv. A` fqhcxqear fhvk# ac da~vetk da fkbra avth
fk`defek`hdk ~re`fe~hcla`ta ~kr ch da`vedhd da fkrrea`ta a` fhdh ~q`tk dac
acaftrkdk. Cqamk# ~hrh h`hceyhr ch oklkma`aedhd dac da~vetk da fkbra# va daba
avtqdehr ch devtrebqfe` da ch da`vedhd da fkrrea`ta a` ch vq~argefea dac acaftrkdk.
Fklk q`h ~relarh h~rkelhfe`# ac lkdack davhrrkcchdk ~kr Bett`ar
fk`vedarh q` avthdk da k~arhfe` edahc# a` ac xqa ckv ek`av e`larvkv a` ac
acaftrkcetk vk` trh`v~krthdkv vck ~kr ac agaftk dac fhl~k acftrefk.
Fk`vedarh`dk devtrebqfek`av da fhrmh fk`vth`tav# va rafqrra h ch takrh
acaftrkvttefh ~hrh datarle`hr ac fhl~k da fkrrea`tav avthfek`hrehv. Ac e`tarv va
a`gkfh a` ch maklatrh da ch facdh fklk whrehbca ~hrh lh`e~qchr ch devtrebqfe`
dac da~kvetk da fkbra a` ckv ftkdkv. Av dafer# ch ~kvefe` u dela`vek`av da ckv
acaftrkdkv# ckv fqhcav va ravtre`ma` h var chle`hrav. Dabedk h xqa chv maklatrhv
qvhdhv fk`wa`fek`hcla`ta vk` rafth`mqchrav# ac lkdack va el~cala`th
fk`wa`ea`tala`ta bhv`dkva a` ac ltkdk `qlrefk da degara`fehv ge`ethv. Avta
ma`arh q` vevtalh da afqhfek`av# dk`da chv e`fm`ethv vk` ckv ~kta`fehcav a`
fhdh ~q`tk dac dkle`ek. Ch vkcqfe` dac ~rkbcalh acaftrkvttefk raxqeara
avthbcafar fk`defek`av da fk`tkr`k a` chv e`targhfav dk`da va ~rkdqfadevfk`te`qedhd da ~hrlatrkv. Ch fk`defe` da fk`tkr`k a` ch e`targhva
acaftrkdk,acaftrkcetk ~rava`thbh q` davhgk# dabedk h ch e`aevta`feh da lkdackv
~hrh acaftrkdkv be~kchrav.
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E`trkdqffe` 7
Dkbca fh~hacaftrkxqlefh
/ahmarhdh%
Lathc
E`targhy fk` acaftrkcetk/Ftkdk%
E`targhy fk` acaftrkcetk/`kdk%
x Zl\
W ZW\
DWF
DWH
Wl
DWH , DWF
Gemqrh 8.29 Vaffe` trh`vwarvhc da acaftrkdk be~kchr chle`hr.DWF uDWH vk` ckv~kta`fehcav da acaftrkdk.
A` ch e`targhva acaftrkdk,acaftrkcetk aevta q`h rame` lefrkvf~efh
da`kle`hdh dkbca fh~h acaftrkxqlefh# a` ch xqa va ~rkdqfa q`h whrehfe` dac
~kta`fehc acftrefk. Bett`ar radqik ac lkdack dac ~rkfavk da acaftrkdk h q`h
devfk`te`qedhd da ~kta`fehc fklk fk`defe` da fk`tkr`k a` ch e`targhva
acaftrkdk,acaftrkcetk /Gemqrh 8.2%. Ac ~kta`fehc a` fqhcxqear ~q`tk da ch e`targhva#
~kr ac chdk dac acaftrkcetk# xqadh datarle`hdk h ~hrter dac ~kta`fehc a` chvq~argefea dac acaftrkdk#~kta`fehc latcefk /W
l%# u q` vhctk da ~kta`fehc#~kta`fehc
da acaftrkdk /DW%. Ac vhctk da ~kta`fehc av q`h whrehbca da~a`dea`ta da ch
fkrrea`ta xqa htrhweavh ch e`targhva# fk` gq`fe` fk`kfedh.
A` ckv acaftrkdkv q`e~kchrav ac ~kta`fehc latcefk va fk`kfa da
h`talh`k# ~qav avtkv acaftrkdkv va fk`afth` gvefhla`ta h q`h gqa`ta da wkcthia
/whrehbca e`da~a`dea`ta%# ~kr acck ch fk`defe` da fk`tkr`k va h~cefh ve`degefqcthd. Dabedk h xqa ckv acaftrkdkv be~kchrav vk` gckth`tav# `k va fk`kfa vq
~kta`fehc latcefk /whrehbca da~a`dea`ta%# ~kr acck va bqvfh q`h vkcqfe`
hctar`htewh xqa `k ohfa qvk dac ~kta`fehc latcefk# hc rachfek`hr derafthla`ta ckv
~kta`fehcav dac acaftrkcetk a` chv dkv e`targhfav dac acaftrkdk be~kchr. Thc
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E`trkdqffe` =
vkcqfe` qteceyh ch devfk`te`qedhd da ~kta`fehc `ath a`tra chv dkv fhrhv dac
acaftrkdk be~kchr /DWH,DW
F %# u va fk`vemqa lh`e~qch`dk derafthla`ta chv
afqhfek`av da degara`feh ge`eth.
A` vq e`wavtemhfe`# Bett`ar el~cala`t ac lkdack ~hrh h`hceyhr
bvefhla`ta trav te~kv da maklatrhv da facdhv# fqukv ravqcthdkv va ravqla` a`
ch Gemqrh 8.6. ^hrh chv dkv ~relarhv facdhv# ckv ravqcthdkv da velqchfek`av
oafohv fk` ac lkdack bhva ~qdeark` fk`trhvthrva fk` ravqcthdkv kbta`edkv fk`
~rktkte~kv a~arela`thcav. Va fkl~rkb xqa hc la`kv fqhcethtewhla`ta# ac
lkdack ~radefa hdafqhdhla`ta ch devtrebqfe` da ckv da~vetkv da fkbra# ck xqa
whcedh ckv ~re`fe~ekv qteceyhdkv ~hrh davhrrkcchr ac lkdack.
Davda ac ~q`tk da wevth oedrqcefk# ch facdh fk` acaftrkdkv fa`trhdkv#
Gemqrh 8.6/h%# fk`vtetqua q` `efk fkl~hrtelea`tk xqa ~arleta ac gcqik da
acaftrkcetk. Ve` albhrmk ckv da~vetkv da fkbra ravqcth` ~kfk oklkm`akv#
ravqcth` fk`da`vhdkv a` ac fa`trk da ckv acaftrkdkv be~kchrav# lea`trhv xqa a`
ac ftkdk q`e~kchr kfqrra ck fk`trhrek. Avtk va daba h xqa ch fkrrea`ta tea`da h
rkdahr ckv acaftrkdkv be~kchrav ~hrh ferfqchr derafthla`ta a`tra ac `kdk u
ftkdk q`e~kchrav
Ch facdh fk` acaftrkdkv ata`dedkv# Gemqrh 8.6/b%# ~rava`th q`
fkl~krthlea`tk ~telk davda ac ~q`tk da wevth acaftrkvttefk. Ma`arh
da`vedhdav da fkrrea`ta q`egkrlav# chv xqa ~rkdqfa` da~vetkv da fkbra
oklkm`akv. Ve` albhrmk# avth hctar`htewh ~rava`th q`h lhukr fkl~caiedhd a`
ac vevtalh da hcela`thfe` dac acaftrkcetk# ~krxqa ckv acaftrkdkv be~kchrav
deweda` ch facdh a` vqb,facdhv# chv xqa daba` var hcela`thdhv
e`da~a`dea`tala`ta.
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E`trkdqffe` ?
Gemqrh 8.69 Ravqcthdkv da ch e`wavtemhfe` da Bett`ar. Velqchfe`# qvh`dk ac lkdack bhva#da 6 facdhv da A] fk` 4 acaftrkdkv be~kchrav /acaftrkdkv fa`trhcav%. /Eyxqeardh% Chdevtrebqfe` da da`vedhd da fkrrea`ta `krlhc a` chv vq~argefeav da ckv ftkdkv fkdegefh a`fkckr ac mrkvkr dac da~vetk da Fq fkckr rkik e`defh q` da~vetk dacmhdk u fkckr hlhreccke`defh q` da~vetk mrqavk. /Darafoh% Fhl~k acftrefk u c`ahv axqe~kta`fehcav vkbra q`fkrta bedela`vek`hc da chv facdhv. Ch ck`metqd da chv gcafohv fkdegefh ch e`ta`vedhd dacfhl~k acftrefk.
y
y
/h% Acaftrkdkv fa`trhdkv
`kdk
d
/b% Acaftrkdkv ata`dedkv
/f% Facdh hveltrefh
u
y
u
y d
y
`kdk
d
y
u
`kdk
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E`trkdqffe` 5
Fk` kbiatk da kbta`ar q`h vkcqfe` da fkl~rklevk# va velqc ch
facdh hveltrefh da ch Gemqrh 8.6/f%. Ch edah arh ta`ar q`h `efh flhrh davda ac
~q`tk da wevth oedrqcefk u kbta`ar devtrebqfek`av da fkrrea`ta lv q`egkrlav#
hc qteceyhr acaftrkdkv ~hrfehcla`ta ata`dedkv. Ve` albhrmk# a` ckv bkrdav `k
ata`dedkv da ckv acaftrkdkv va ~rkdqfa` fchrhla`ta ckv ga`la`kv
e`davahbcav wevtkv a` ch facdh fk` acaftrkdkv fa`trhdkv.
Ch aevta`feh da fkrrea`ta acftrefh h trhwv da ckv acaftrkdkv
be~kchrav el~cefh q` da~vetk da fkbra a` ch vq~argefea fhtdefh da fhdh
acaftrkdk# avtk lqavtrh xqa ac qvhr acaftrkdkv be~kchrav a` facdhv da A] da
fkbra tea`a gq`dhla`tk u va iqvtegefh vq e`wavtemhfe`# dabedk h chv mrh`dav
wa`thihv acftrefhv u lathcrmefhv xqa va ~qada` kbta`ar. Hq`xqa `e`mq`k da
ckv ~rktkte~kv da facdh avtqdehdkv ohvth ac lkla`tk ~rk~krfek`h q`
daval~ak ghwkrhbca a` tkdkv ckv hv~aftkv# va fkl~rqabh xqa ac lkdack
ravqcth lqu tec ~hrh fkl~ra`dar u ~radafer ac gq`fek`hlea`tk da ch facdh da
A] fk` acaftrkdkv be~kchrav# ~kr ck xqa ~kdrh var lqu tec ~hrh kbta`ar q`h
fk`gemqrhfe` makltrefh ~telh.
8.4.2 Frtefhv hc lkdack da bhva u krema` da q`lkdack laikrhdk
Ckv ckmrkv dac trhbhik da Bett`ar vk` e`devfqtebcav# a` ~hrtefqchr# ch lkdachfe`
dac ~rkfavk da acaftrkdk fklk q`h devfk`te`qedhd da ~kta`fehc ~hrafa q`
hfeartk el~krth`ta. Ve` albhrmk# ch gkrlqchfe` dac lkdack da acaftrkdkbe~kchr el~cala`thdk a` afqhfek`av da degara`fehv ge`ethv larafa fearthv
frtefhv.
Chv afqhfek`av da degara`feh ge`eth xqa lkdach` ac acaftrkdk be~kchr
gqaryh` ~kta`fehc fk`vth`ta a` tkdh ch vq~argefea da ch e`targhva ftkdk,
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E`trkdqffe` 8>
acaftrkcetk# Z6\# Z4\# Z1\# ~kr ac chdk dac acaftrkcetk. Ch h`tarekr fk`defe` da
axqe~kta`fehcedhd vck av wcedh fqh`dk ckv ~kta`fehcav da acaftrkdk vk`
fk`vth`tav. Avth gqa q`h fk`vedarhfe` a` chv ~relarhv ath~hv da ch lkdachfe`
Z6\. A` ch ath~h ge`hc da lkdachfe` Z4\# Z1\# va fk`vedarh xqa ckv ~kta`fehcav da
acaftrkdk whrh` a` tkdh ch vq~argefea dac acaftrkdk. Fklk va qteceyh` chv levlhv
afqhfek`av da degara`feh# va ~rkdqfa q`h fk`trhdeffe`# ~qav ac ~kta`fehc a` ch
vq~argefea dac lathc `k ravqcth fk`vth`ta. Thc fk`trhdeffe` `k va ohfa aweda`ta
a` chv velqchfek`av# ~krxqa a` ckv mrgefkv da ~kta`fehc lkvtrhdkv Z1\# `k,va
mrhgefh` ckv ravqcthdkv rahcav kbta`edkv# ~kr vel~cefedhd vck va tklh q`h
lqavtrh dac ~kta`fehc latcefk a` q` ~q`tk dac acaftrkdk u va ra~eta a` tkdh vqvq~argefea# ~kr ck xqa ac ~kta`fehc latcefk veal~ra va h~rafeh fk`vth`ta. Ck
h`tarekr va fkl~rkb hc avtqdehr ac fdemk xqa el~cala`th ac lkdack bhva u
dav~ceamh ckv ravqcthdkv Z7\. Hc mrhgefhr ckv ~kta`fehcav latcefkv fkrrafthla`ta#
va fkl~rkb xqa av lqu degfec `kthr ac arrkr mrgefhla`ta# ~krxqa ckv
~kta`fehcav da acaftrkdk /DW % whrh` rachtewhla`ta lqu ~kfk vkbra fhdh
e`targhva. Ve` albhrmk# fklk va ecqvtrh a` ch Gemqrh 8.4# veal~ra va fqh`tegefh`
`qlrefhla`ta u va fkl~rqabh xqa ac ~kta`fehc latcefk /Wl % `k ravqcth
fk`vth`ta.
Ac oafok da gkryhr hrtegefehcla`ta fk`vth`ta ac ~kta`fehc a` ch
e`targhva fhtdefh# ~kr ac chdk dac acaftrkcetk# el~cefh thlbe` gkryhr
e``afavhrehla`ta xqa ac waftkr da fhl~k acftrefk vah `krlhc h ch e`targhva a`
tkdh vq vq~argefea# fklk ck varh a` q` lathc. ^kr ctelk# chv afqhfek`av da
degara`feh rachfek`h` ckv ~kta`fehcav a` ac acaftrkcetk h hlbkv chdkv dac
acaftrkdk be~kchr# da thc lkdk xqa ch krea`thfe` `krlhc dac fhl~k# gkryhdh a`
ch e`targhva fhtdefh# va ~rk~hmh a` feartk mrhdk h ch e`targhva h`defh.
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E`trkdqffe` 88
7.8
7.82
Wl ZW\ /h% Acaftrkdkv fa`trhdkv
4.741
4.71
6.811
6.87
8.766
8.764
8.761
y
7.2
7.22
Wl ZW\ /b% Facdh hveltrefh
4.7
4.71
6.8
6.81
8.1
8.11
y
Gemqrh 8.49 ^kta`fehcav latcefkv da acaftrkdkv be~kchrav a` lkdack bhva. ^argecav da
~kta`fehc fkrrav~k`dea`tav h facdhv da ch Gemqrh 8.6 ~hrhu
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E`trkdqffe` 82
Hq`xqa chv fk`defek`av gkryhdhv ~kr ac lkdack da Bett`ar ~qada`
var h~rkelhdhla`ta wcedhv ~hrh chv fk`gemqrhfek`av u fk`defek`av da
k~arhfe` tklhdhv fklk ragara`feh. Av ~kvebca xqa ac lkdack ravqcta
e`h~rk~ehdk ~hrh fk`gemqrhfek`av u+k fk`defek`av da k~arhfe` lqu degara`tav.
^hrtefqchrla`ta# ~krxqa fklk va a~cefhr# ch gq`fe` xqa datarle`h ckv
~kta`fehcav da acaftrkdk /DW% a` fhdh ~q`tk dac acaftrkdk# a` trle`kv da ch
da`vedhd fkrrea`ta# tea`a q`h fhrhftarvtefh gqartala`ta `k ce`ahc. Avtk ~arleta
~ravqler xqa ckv ~kta`fehcav da acaftrkdk ~kdrh` ta`ar q`h gqarta whrehbecedhd
a` fearthv fk`defek`av da k~arhfe`.
Fk` kbiatk da laikrhr ch ~rafeve` da ckv ravqcthdkv u whcedhr ac
lkdack acaftrkavttefk ~hrh ac h`cevev da maklatrhv hrbetrhrehv# fklk chv xqa va
~rata`da vk~krthr fk` ac vkgt}hra xqa va davhrrkcch a` ac ~rava`ta trhbhik# va
e`ta`t davhrrkcchr q` laikr lkdack da acaftrkdk be~kchr. Avta kbiatewk va
ckmr hc davhrrkcchr q` ltkdk ~hrh datarle`hr ckv ~kta`fehcav latcefkv a`
acaftrkdkv gckth`tav# ac xqa tea`a q`h bhva fkl~cathla`ta h`hctefh u fk`vtetqua
q`h el~krth`ta fk`trebqfe` h ch lkdachfe` davhrrkcchdh ~kr Bett`ar. Acltkdk davhrrkcchdk va ~qada h~cefhr th`tk h acaftrkdkv q`e~kchrav fklk
be~kchrav u h fqhcxqear te~k da maklatrh# `k `afavhrehla`ta rafth`mqchr. A`
~hrtefqchr# ac fk`kfelea`tk dac ~kta`fehc latcefk a` acaftrkdkv be~kchrav
~arleta qteceyhr ch levlh fk`defe` da fk`tkr`k al~cahdh a` acaftrkdkv
q`e~kchrav# ravkcwea`dk hv ac ~rkbcalh acaftrkvttefk a` gkrlh fk`vevta`ta.
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E`trkdqffe` 86
8.1 Wevqhceyhfe`
Ch fkrrea`ta acftrefh ~qada var elhme`hdh lhfrkvf~efhla`ta fklk q` gcqik
da hcm` gcqedk acftrefk. Oevtrefhla`ta# ac lkdack da gcqedk gqa ac ~relar
lkdack da ch fkrrea`ta acftrefh Z81\. Ch Wevqhceyhfe` da Gcqikv iqamh q`
el~krth`ta rkc a` ch fea`feh a e`ma`earh Z5\. Ac ~re`fe~hc davhgk da ch
Wevqhceyhfe` da Gcqikv av a`fk`trhr lh`arhv da ra~rava`thr u wevqhceyhr mrh`dav
fk`iq`tkv da dhtkv /lqctedela`vek`hcav u lqctewhrehbcav%# u ohfarck a` q`h
gkrlh xqa vah th`tk lhtaltefhla`ta remqrkvh fklk ~arfa~tebcala`ta trhthbca#
da lkdk da ~rk~krfek`hr oarrhlea`thv h~rk~ehdhv ~hrh h`hceyhr a e`tar~rathrthcav wkcla`av da e`gkrlhfe`.
Dabedk h ch dela`vek`hcedhd da ckv dhtkv ma`arhdkv ~kr ac lkdack
acaftrkxqlefk a` avtqdek# ravqcth e`dev~a`vhbca dev~k`ar da oarrhlea`thv da
wevqhceyhfe` hdafqhdhv ~hrh vq h`cevev. Ch oarrhlea`th lv el~krth`ta h
davhrrkcchr av q`h xqa ~arleth ch wevqhceyhfe` tredela`vek`hc da q` fhl~k
waftkrehc avthfek`hrek. A` ch e`wavtemhfe` xqa rahcey Bett`ar# ch ~chthgkrlh xqaqtecey ~hrh el~cala`thr ac lkdack ~rk~krfek`hbh q`h tf`efh acala`thc# xqa
fk`vevth a` wevqhceyhr waftkrav bedela`vek`hcav fklk gcafohv krea`thdhv# ckv
xqa fkdegefh` ch e`ta`vedhd dac fhl~k fk` vq ck`metqd /Gemqrh 8.6 , darafoh%.
Fklk chv gcafohv ~rk~krfek`h` q`h wevqhceyhfe` ckfhc# av degfec fkl~ra`dar ch
avtrqftqrh dac fhl~k waftkrehc# ~qav av `afavhrek ohfar q`h e`tar~kchfe`
la`thc da chv gcafohv hduhfa`tav. Hdalv# fqh`dk chv whrehfek`av da ch
e`ta`vedhd dac fhl~k vk` lqu hbrq~thv# chv gcafohv va davwh`afa` u h~krth`
~kfh e`gkrlhfe`. A` ac fhvk tredela`vek`hc# chv gcafohv ravqcth` ~kfk tecav#
~krxqa ch degefqcthd ~hrh datarle`hr vq qbefhfe` av~hfehc ~rkdqfa q`h
fk`gqve` wevqhc.
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E`trkdqffe` 84
Ch ra~rava`thfe` wevqhc da fhl~kv waftkrehcav av q` talh da
fk`te`qh e`wavtemhfe` a` wevqhceyhfe` fea`tgefh# ~ark aevta` tf`efhv
hdafqhdhv ~hrh lqfokv ~rkbcalhv. ^hrh avth h~cefhfe`# va hdk~t ch tf`efh da
wevqhceyhr c`ahv da gcqik. Av q`h tf`efh ~k~qchr ~kr var derafth u ~kdarkvh.
Hdalv# av ch `efh tf`efh xqa ~arleta q` ra`delea`tk hdafqhdk ~hrh
h~cefhfek`av e`tarhftewhv u xqa# fk` q`h hdafqhdh el~cala`thfe`# ~qada
~rk~krfek`hr q`h afaca`ta ra~rava`thfe` wevqhc. Av q`h tf`efh
~hrtefqchrla`ta tec a` ~rkbcalhv acaftrkvttefkv# dk`da ch ma`arhfe` da c`ahv
da gcqik vkbra vq~argefeav axqe~kta`fehcav ~qada ~rk~krfek`hr q`h hdafqhdh
davfre~fe` da ch avtrqftqrh da q` fhl~k waftkrehc.
A` avta e`gkrla# va dhr `ghvev a` ch davfre~fe` da t~efkv rachtewkv
h wevqhceyhfe` fea`tgefh. Va kleta` dathccav rav~aftk h tf`efhv fk`wa`fek`hcav
da fkl~qthfe` mrgefh Z?\# Z85\.
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Fh~tqck 2 81
Fh~tqck 2
2.8 E`trkdqffe`
Fklk va h`tefe~ a` ch vaffe` 8.4.2# a` avta trhbhik va ckmr laikrhr ac lkdack
bhva# ~re`fe~hcla`ta dabedk hc davhrrkcck da q` ltkdk ~hrh ch datarle`hfe`
dac ~kta`fehc da acaftrkdkv gckth`tav# ac xqa va davfreba a` ch vaffe` 2.6.2. Avth
laikrh ~arleta lkdachr ac acaftrkdk be~kchr vkbra ch bhva da fk`defek`av da
bkrda# a` q`h gkrlh fkl~cathla`ta h`hctefh# ck xqa acele`h ch ravtreffe` da
acaftrkdk chle`hr el~qavth ~kr ch el~cala`thfe` `qlrefh dac lkdack bhva.
Fk` kbiatk da el~cala`thr q` lkdack lv ~rafevk u q`h h~cefhfe`
fkl~qthfek`hc xqa ~rk~krfek`a ac lhukr mrhdk da cebarthd# a` fqh`tk h chv
maklatrhv xqa va ~qada` h`hceyhr. A` avta trhbhik# va dafeda el~cala`thr
acaftrkdkv fk` av~avkr whrehbca# a` ckv fqhcav ch rahffe` acaftrkxqlefh kfqrra
a` tkdh ch vq~argefea dac acaftrkdk# fklk daba kfqrrer a` q` acaftrkdk rahc. Da
avta lkdk# ac lkdack dabarh ~rk~krfek`hr q`h ra~rava`thfe` lv ~rafevh dacga`la`k rahc a` ckv bkrdav da ckv acaftrkdkv# ramek`av da ~hrtefqchr e`tarv# u
~arleterh h`hceyhr maklatrhv lhv whrehdhv. ^hrh el~cala`thr thc lkdack# va
raavtrqftqrh ch lkdachfe` acaftrkvttefh ~rava`thdh a` Z6\# Z4\ u Z1\# ~hrh
fk`vedarhr tkdhv chv ~kvebcav krea`thfek`av da chv e`targhvav.
2
LLLkkkdddaaaccchhhfffeee` TTTrrreeedddeeelllaaa`vvveeekkk`hhhccc dddaaa qqq`hhhFFFaaacccdddhhh dddaaa AAAcccaaaffftttrrrkkk,,,kkkbbbtttaaa`fffeee`
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Lkdachfe` Tredela`vek`hc da q`h Facdh da Acaftrk,kbta`fe` 87
2.2 Gq`dhla`tkv da ch takrh da acaftrk,kbta`fe` da fkbra
Ac lafh`evlk da fk`dqffe` a` ac acaftrkcetk va bhvh a` ac lkwelea`tk da chv~hrtfqchv fhrmhdhv# ckv ek`av# ckv fqhcav vk` trh`v~krthdkv ~kr trav agaftkv9
agaftk dac mrhdea`ta da ~kta`fehc acftrefk /lemrhfe`%# agaftk dac mrhdea`ta da
fk`fa`trhfe` /degqve`% u ac agaftk dac mrhdea`ta da da`vedhd dac acaftrkcetk
/fk`waffe`%.
A` q`h rahffe` da A] da fkbra# ac da~vetk da fkbra ~qada var
hgafthdk ~kr ac rmela` da gcqik# ac xqa da~a`da da ch wackfedhd da ferfqchfe`da ch vkcqfe`# da vqv ~rk~eadhdav gvefhv u da ch maklatrh da ch facdh. Defok
rmela` lkdegefh ch wackfedhd da trh`vgara`feh da lhvh u# ve avth `k av
oklkm`ah# ch da~kvefe` da fkbra var oatarkm`ah. Hdalv# av ~kvebca ch
rata`ve` dac acaftrkcetk a el~qrayhv# fk` ck xqa ch fhcedhd xqlefh dac ~rkdqftk
~qada var damrhdhdh.
Fk`vedarh`dk ac ~rkfavk acaftrkxqlefk a` ac fqhc va bhvh ch acaftrk,kbta`fe` da fkbra davfretk a` ch vaffe` 8.2 /Gemqrh 8.8# ~me`h 2%# chv
trh`vgkrlhfek`av xqlefhv hvkfehdhv h chv rahffek`av da radqffe` dac e`
f~refk a` ac ftkdk u ch kedhfe` dac hmqh a` ac `kdk# vk` rav~aftewhla`ta9
/2.8% Z \WaFqaFq 64#>#2 >>2 22 * K
2 *O2VK
4
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Lkdachfe` Tredela`vek`hc da q`h Facdh da Acaftrk,kbta`fe` 8=
^hrh xqa va ~rkdqyfh avth rahffe`# va tea`a xqa h~cefhr q`h degara`feh da
~kta`fehc a`tra ckv acaftrkdkv# ch xqa daba var lhukr xqa ch degara`feh a`tra ckv
~kta`fehcav da axqecebrek /~kta`fehcav da acaftrkdk% da chv valerahffek`av
e`wkcqfrhdhv. A` fk`defek`av da tal~arhtqrh u fk`fa`trhfe` avt`dhr# avth
degara`feh av A>
< >#64ZW\ * /,8#26ZW\% < ,>#?5ZW\. Avtk vem`egefh xqa ~hrh
lh`ta`ar ch rahffe` a` axqecebrek de`lefk a` ch deraffe` av~afegefhdh a`
/2.6%# va daba ~rk~krfek`hr a`armh fk` q` wkcthia lhukr h >#?5ZW\. Ve va h~cefh
q` wkcthia e`garekr# ch rahffe` kfqrra a` ac va`tedk k~qavtk# fhqvh`dk q`h
fkrrea`ta e`warvh.
Fqh`dk chv fk`defek`av da k~arhfe` vk` thcav xqa ch trh`vgara`feh
da lhvh /degqve`% `k celeth ch wackfedhd da ch rahffe`# avth av fk`trkchdh ~kr
ch trh`vgara`feh da fhrmh /hftewhfe`%. A` avta fhvk# ch gkrlh h~rkelhdh da ch
fhrhftarvtefh fkrrea`ta,wkcthia da ch rahffe` fkrrav~k`da h ch lkvtrhdh a` ch
Gemqrh 2.8/h%. A` avth#i ZH+l2\ av ch da`vedhd da fkrrea`ta uAR av ac ~kta`fehc
da axqecebrek a` fk`defek`av `k avt`dhr# ac xqa va fhcfqch vam` ch afqhfe` da
@ar`vt Z1\.
Ac krema` dac ~kta`fehc da acaftrkdk a># hvkfehdk hc fhlbek da ghva#
avth derafthla`ta rachfek`hdk fk` ch gkrlhfe` da ch da`kle`hdh dkbca fh~h
acaftrkxqlefh a` ch e`targhva acaftrkdk,acaftrkcetk. Fqh`dk va ~k`a a`
fk`thftk dkv ghvav fk` fk`dqftewedhdav acftrefhv vem`egefhtewhv va ~rkdqfa q`h
radevtrebqfe` da fhrmh. Ch rame` xqa fk`tea`a avth devtrebqfe` va fk`kfa
fklk dkbca fh~h acaftrkxqlefh# uh xqa ac afavk tkthc da fhrmh h q` chdk da che`targhva av da ch levlh lhm`etqd u da vem`k k~qavtk hc dac ktrk chdk. Avth
devtrebqfe` da fhrmh fhqvh q` hqla`tk mrhdqhc da ~kta`fehc a` ac e`tarekr da ch
dkbca fh~h# a` ch deraffe` vkcqfe`,acaftrkdk# fklk va lqavtrh a` ch Gemqrh
2.8/b%. A` ac lathc va kreme`h q`h da`vedhd vq~argefehc da fhrmh fkrrav~k`dea`ta
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Lkdachfe` Tredela`vek`hc da q`h Facdh da Acaftrk,kbta`fe` 8?
h q` afavk k dgefet da acaftrk`av a` ch fh~h htlefh vq~argefehc. A` ch vkcqfe`
aevta q`h devtrebqfe` da da`vedhd wkcqltrefh da fhrmh# ~ark xqa avth
fk`ge`hdh h q`h yk`h avtrafoh# fquk krda` fkrrav~k`da hc rhdek da ckv ek`av.
AR
i
w>
/h%
^kta`fehc
AcaftrkcetkLathc
Devth`feh
/b%
Gemqrh 2.89 /h% Fhrhftarvtefh fkrrea`ta,wkcthia da q` ~rkfavk da acaftrkdk. /b% Dkbca fh~hacaftrkxqlefh u ~kta`fehc da acaftrkdk hvkfehdk.
2.6 Gkrlqchfe` da ch lkdachfe` gvefh
2.6.8 Lkdachfe` acaftrkvttefh
Ac kbiatewk da ch lkdachfe` av kbta`ar ch devtrebqfe` da ch da`vedhd da
fkrrea`ta acftrefh# a` ~hrtefqchr a` ch vq~argefea da ckv acaftrkdkv fhtdefkv# uh
xqa defoh devtrebqfe` va rachfek`h derafthla`ta fk` ch dac da~vetk da fkbra.
Va ravqacwa ac ~rkbcalh a` gkrlh vel~cegefhdh ~hrtea`dk da q`h bhva da avthdk
avthfek`hrek# av dafer# fk`vedarh`dk devtrebqfek`av da fhrmh fk`vth`tav xqa
ma`arh` q` fhl~k da fkrrea`tav avthfek`hrehv. Vck va fk`vedarh ch lemrhfe`
fklk lafh`evlk da fk`dqffe`# av dafer# ch fk`dqffe` dabedk hc fhl~kacftrefk. Ck h`tarekr vq~k`a xqa ch degqve` av q` ~rkfavk r~edk /fk`trkc ~kr
trh`vgara`feh da fhrmh% u xqa ch vkcqfe` av oklkm`ah /`k ohu degara`fehv da
fk`fa`trhfe`%: `k va fk`vedarh ac agaftk dac rmela` da gcqik.
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Lkdachfe` Tredela`vek`hc da q`h Facdh da Acaftrk,kbta`fe` 2>
A` ladekv oklkm`akv `k aevta da`vedhd da fhrmh acftrefh u ch
afqhfe` da ^kevvk` tklh ch gkrlh da ch afqhfe` da Ch~chfa9
/2.=% 2
W< >
A` ac fhvk da ch facdh a` avtqdek# va fk`vedarh ac acaftrkcetk fklk q`h vkcqfe`
fk`dqftkrh el~argafth oklkm`ah# ckv acaftrkdkv fklk fk`dqftkrav ~argaftkv
u chv ~hradav da ch facdh fklk deacftrefk. Cqamk# ch devtrebqfe` da ~kta`fehc a`
ac e`tarekr da ch vkcqfe` acaftrkctefh xqadh datarle`hdh ~kr ch vkcqfe` da ch
afqhfe` degara`fehc da vamq`dk krda` /2.=%. Ch devtrebqfe` da ~kta`fehc a` ac
e`tarekr da ckv acaftrkdkv xqadh datarle`hdh ~kr ch fk`defe` da
axqe~kta`fehcedhd da q` fk`dqftkr ~argaftk. Ch oklkma`aedhd da ckv lhtarehcav
el~cefh q`h fk`dqftewedhd fk`vth`ta# ~kr ck xqa ch da`vedhd da fkrrea`ta
~qada var awhcqhdh fqhcethtewhla`ta h trhwv dac fhl~k acftrefk.
Va raxqeara` fk`defek`av da fk`tkr`k ~hrh chv e`targhfav facdh,
acaftrkcetk u acaftrkdk,acaftrkcetk. ^hrh ac fhvk da fk`thftk a`tra facdh u
acaftrkdk `k va raxqeara fk`defe` da fk`tkr`k hdefek`hc# ~qav a` ch e`targhvava fk`vedarh ac ~kta`fehc ~kr ac chdk dac acaftrkdk# ac xqa va kbtea`a ~kr ch
fk`defe` da axqe~kta`fehcedhd. Ch ~relarh fk`defe` da fk`tkr`k vqrma dac
oafok xqa a` q`h e`targhy deacftrefk,fk`dqftkr# ch fkl~k`a`ta dac fhl~k
acftrefk `krlhc h ch e`targhva av `qch a` ac chdk dac fk`dqftkr# av dafer9
/2.?% Wx ` < >
A` /2.?% u a` tkdhv chv a~ravek`av gqtqrhv# ` av q` waftkr q`ethrek `krlhc h chvq~argefea da q`h e`targhva# krea`thdk ohfeh ac acaftrkcetk.
Ch rame` fkrrav~k`dea`ta h ch dkbca fh~h acaftrkxqlefh av `k
oklkm`ah dabedk ch aevta`feh da da`vedhd da fhrmh. Fklk ac h`fok agaftewk
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Lkdachfe` Tredela`vek`hc da q`h Facdh da Acaftrk,kbta`fe` 28
da avth yk`h av lefrkvf~efk# ch whrehfe` da ~kta`fehc ~rkdqfedh da`trk da ch
yk`h va h~rafeh lhfrkvf~efhla`ta fklk q`h devfk`te`qedhd da ~kta`fehc a` ch
e`targhva acaftrkdk,acaftrkcetk. Hc lkdachr ch dkbca fh~h acaftrkxqlefh fk`
h`fok `qck# ch devfk`te`qedhd da ~kta`fehc ~arleta avthbcafar ch vemqea`ta
fk`defe` da fk`tkr`k ~hrh tkdhv chv e`targhfav acaftrkdk,acaftrkcetk9
/2.5% W< Wl
DW
dk`da Wav ac ~kta`fehc a` ac chdk dac acaftrkcetk uWlav ac~kta`fehc latcefk# ac
~kta`fehc fk`vth`ta a` ch vq~argefea dac acaftrkdk. Ch lhm`etqd da ch
devfk`te`qedhd#DW# av ac ~kta`fehc da acaftrkdk# ladedk a` ac va`tedk acaftrkdk
rav~aftk h ch vkcqfe` acaftrkctefh.
Ch fqrwh da ~kchreyhfe` da ch Gemqrh 2.8/h% avthbcafa el~cfethla`ta
ch rachfe` a`tra ckv ~kta`fehcav da acaftrkdk u ch fkrrea`ta a` fhdh ~q`tk da ch
e`targhy acaftrkdk,acaftrkcetk. Fklk a` Z4\# Z1\# va fk`vedarh q`h h~rkelhfe`
ce`ahc da thc rachfe`# ch xqa ~hrh `kdk u ftkdk rav~aftewhla`ta va a~ravh
fklk9
/2.8>% DWH
< aR
*JHI x `
/2.88% DWF
< *aR
JFI x `
dk`da JH
uJF
vk` fk`vth`tav ~kvetewhv hdafqhdhv u aR
av ac ~kta`fehc da
axqecebrek da ch rahffe` xqa kfqrra a` fhdh acaftrkdk. Chv rachfek`av /2.8>% u
/2.88% va a~ravh` waftkrehcla`ta ~hrh xqa# e`da~a`dea`tala`ta da ch
krea`thfe` av~hfehc dac acaftrkdk# veal~ra va fk`vedara ch fkl~k`a`ta `krlhc
da ch fkrrea`ta# vhcea`dk a` ac fhvk dac `kdk u a`trh`dk a` ac fhvk dac ftkdk.
Ckv vem`kv degara`tav a` /2.8>% u /2.88% vqrma` dabedk h xqa ch fqrwh da ch
Gemqrh 2.8/h% fk`vedarh ch vetqhfe` dk`da ac wkcthia h~cefhdk va qteceyh ~hrh
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Lkdachfe` Tredela`vek`hc da q`h Facdh da Acaftrk,kbta`fe` 22
~kchreyhr derafthla`ta ch e`targhy `kdk,acaftrkcetk# a e`warvhla`ta ch e`targhy
ftkdk,acaftrkcetk.
Fk`vedarh`dk chv rachfek`av dhdhv a` /2.4% u /2.1%# chv afqhfek`av/2.8>% u /2.88% va ~qada` ravfreber fk`wa`ea`tala`ta a` gq`fe` da ~kta`fehcav9
/2.82% DWH
< aR
JHWx `
/2.86% DWF
< *aR
*JFWx `
dk`da av ch fk`dqftewedhd dac acaftrkcetk.
Ve ckv ~kta`fehcav latcefkv gqarh` whrehbcav e`da~a`dea`tav# chvafqhfek`av /2.=%# /2.?%# /2.5%# /2.82%# /2.86%# iq`tk h ch fk`defe` da
axqe~kta`fehcedhd# gkrlhrh` q` vevtalh da afqhfek`av xqa ~arleterh`
a`fk`trhr ch devtrebqfe` da ~kta`fehc a` tkdk ac dkle`ek da ch facdh. A` ac fhvk
da acaftrkdkv be~kchrav gckth`tav# ac ~kta`fehc latcefk av q`h whrehbca
da~a`dea`ta# cqamk ~hrh fkl~cathr ch vkcqfe` dac ~rkbcalh av `afavhrek
a`fk`trhr ch gkrlh da datarle`hr ac ~kta`fehc latcefk a` acaftrkdkv gckth`tav#
ck xqa va rahceyh a` ch vemqea`ta vaffe`.
2.6.2 Davhrrkcck da q` ltkdk ~hrh ch datarle`hfe`dac ~kta`fehc da acaftrkdkv gckth`tav
Lh`ta`ea`dk ch fkoara`feh fk` ch lkdachfe` dac ga`la`k da ch dkbca fh~h
acaftrkxqlefh fklk q`h devfk`te`qedhd da ~kta`fehc# va davah a`fk`trhr q`h
rachfe` a`tra ac ~kta`fehc dac acaftrkdk gckth`ta u ckv ~kta`fehcav da acaftrkdk
a` tkdh ch vq~argefea da ch e`targhva acaftrkdk,acaftrkcetk. Fklk va davfreba a`
Z1\# ch gkrlhfe` da ckv ~kta`fehcav da acaftrkdk avth datarle`hdh
gq`dhla`thcla`ta ~kr ckv lafh`evlkv da hfqlqchfe` da fhrmh# dabedk hc
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Lkdachfe` Tredela`vek`hc da q`h Facdh da Acaftrk,kbta`fe` 26
gcqik da ek`av k acaftrk`av a` ch e`targhva acaftrkdk,acaftrkcetk. Da ch takrh
acaftrklhm`tefh Z81\# va kbtea`a q`h rachfe` e`tamrhc dac gcqik da fhrmh
/fkrrea`ta% xqa htrhweavh q`h vq~argefea xqa a`fearrh fhrmh acftrefh# ladeh`ta ch
Afqhfe` da fk`te`qedhd9
/2.84%
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Lkdachfe` Tredela`vek`hc da q`h Facdh da Acaftrk,kbta`fe` 24
Ckv ~kta`fehcav da acaftrkdk ratea`a` ch e`gkrlhfe` rachtewh hc ~rkfavk da
hfqlqchfe` da fhrmh. Da avta lkdk# hc e`fkr~krhr da hcmq`h gkrlh ch
fk`defe` da fk`tkr`k avthbcafedh a` /2.5% a` ch afqhfe` /2.81%# va kbtea`a ch
vkcqfe` dac ~rkbcalh.
Fk`vedarh`dk chv rachfek`av /2.4% u /2.1%# ch afqhfe` /2.81% av
axqewhca`ta h9
/2.87% >%/%/
*
dV
dWWdW vxvxfqh`dkdV >
Da avta lkdk# ~hrh dV vqgefea`tala`ta ~axqak# va ~qada fk`vedarhr ch
vemqea`ta h~rkelhfe`
/2.8?% WxdvW/x*dv% , W/x%# fqh`dkdV >
Hc fklbe`hr avta ravqcthdk fk` ch fk`defe` dhdh a` /2.5% ravqcth9
/2.85% WxdvW/x*dv% *DW/x% , Wl# fqh`dkdV >
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Lkdachfe` Tredela`vek`hc da q`h Facdh da Acaftrk,kbta`fe` 21
Ve ch vq~argefea V va devfrateyh a` @ acala`tkv da vq~argefea V# ~hrh @
vqgefea`tala`ta mrh`da# ac e`tamrh`dk da /2.87% va h~rkelh fklk a` /2.85%#
a`tk`fav da /2.87% ravqcth9
/2.2>% Z \ >%/%/8
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Fh~etqck 6 27
Fh~etqck 6
6.8 E`trkdqffe`
Ch fhrhftarvtefh lv htrhftewh da chv c`ahv da gcqik# av ch fh~hfedhd ~hrh
a`tramhr q`h ra~rava`thfe` fk`te`qh da ch avtrqftqrh dac fhl~k waftkrehc.
Aevta ch celethfe` da `k ~kdar kbta`ar e`gkrlhfe` dac va`tedk da ch c`ah da
gcqik. ^hrh vq~arhr avth degefqcthd# vqaca` al~cahrva tf`efhv xqa vamla`th` chvc`ahv# xqa ~qada` var fklbe`hdhv fk` h`elhfe`. Fklk va e`defh lv
hdach`ta# a` ac fhvk dac ~rkbcalh acaftrkvttefk# av ~kvebca datarle`hr
gfecla`ta ac va`tedk da chv c`ahv da gcqik bhv`dkva a` ac qvk da fkckr. ^kr avta
lktewk# `k va rahceyhr` avgqarykv hdefek`hcav ~hrh wevqhceyhr ac va`tedk dac
fhl~k# ~krxqa va fk`vedarh lv racawh`ta fk`varwhr ch fhrhftarvtefh da
fk`te`qedhd da chv c`ahv.
Fkl`la`ta va a`gra`th` dkv ~rkbcalhv fqh`dk va qvh` c`ahv da
gcqik. Q` ~rkbcalh av xqa ~hrh kbta`ar q`h hdafqhdh ra~rava`thfe` dac fhl~k
waftkrehc# `k av lqu kbwek fklk devtrebqer chv c`ahv da gcqik a` ac av~hfek#
qvqhcla`ta va raxqeara ~hrtefe~hfe` dac qvqhrek a` thc ~rkfavk. A` avth
6
WWWeeevvvqqqhhhccceeeyyyhhhfffeee` EEE tttaaarrrhhhfffttteeewwwhhh dddaaaFFFhhhlll~~~kkkvvv WWWaaaffftttkkkrrreeehhhcccaaavvv lllaaadddeeehhh`tttaaaCCC aaahhhvvv dddaaa GGGcccqqqiiikkk
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Wevqhceyhfe` E`tarhftewh da Fhl~kv Waftkrehcav ladeh`ta C`ahv da Gcqik 2=
h~cefhfe`# avta ~rkbcalh `k aevta# ~qav a` ~rkbcalhv acaftrkavttefkv va
fk`kfa q`h avtrhtameh ~hrh ckmrhr q`h hdafqhdh wevqhceyhfe` da ch avtrqftqrh dac
fhl~k: ch ma`arhfe` da c`ahv h ~hrter da vq~argefeav axqe~kta`fehcav. A` avth
h~cefhfe`# ckv acaftrkdkv fk`vtetqua` hdafqhdhv vq~argefeav axqe~kta`fehcav# a`
~hrtefqchr ~krxqa e`taravh h`hceyhr ac fhl~k `krlhc a` vqv vq~argefeav. A`
fk`vafqa`feh# va ~qada fk`faber q` ltkdk hqtkltefk da ma`arhfe` da c`ahv
da gcqik. Ac vamq`dk ~rkbcalh va rageara h ch celethfe` dac ohrd}hra mrgefk
fk`wa`fek`hc h ch ecqle`hfe` da ~reletewhv da vq~argefea. Ch ecqle`hfe` da chv
c`ahv av e`dev~a`vhbca ~hrh ckmrhr q`h hdafqhdh ~arfa~fe` da ch krea`thfe`
av~hfehc# ~ark ve` ac vk~krta da ohrd}hra mrgefk av degfec ckmrhr q` ra`delea`tk~hrh q`h h~cefhfe` e`tarhftewh. Q`h k~fe` av wevqhceyhr chv c`ahv da gcqik fklk
tqbkv fk`vtrqedkv fk` ~kcmk`kv# ~ark avtk radqfa fk`vedarhbcala`ta ch
fh`tedhd da c`ahv da gcqik wevqhceyhbcav. A` avth h~cefhfe`# va qteceyh q`h
rafea`ta tf`efh da ecqle`hfe` da c`ahv xqa vq~arh avta e`fk`wa`ea`ta# hc bhvhr
ch el~cala`thfe` da ch ecqle`hfe` a` ac lh~ak da tatqrh# fhrhftarvtefh xqa
~qada ba`agefehrva dac qvk da ohrd}hra mrgefk.
A` vqlh h q`h agefea`ta ecqle`hfe` xqa ghfeceth ch ~arfa~fe` da ch
krea`thfe` av~hfehc# ladeh`ta q` ltkdk xqa ~arleta ch ~arfa~fe` da
~rkgq`dedhd# va ~qada ~rk~krfek`hr q`h hdafqhdh e`defhfe` da ch qbefhfe`
av~hfehc da ch c`ah da gcqik. Hdefek`hcla`ta# vq ~qada fkckrahr ch c`ah da gcqik
da hfqardk h q`h fh`tedhd avfhchr# a` `qavtrk fhvk# av racawh`ta wevqhceyhr ac
~kta`fehc acftrefk u ch e`ta`vedhd dac fhl~k waftkrehc I . Fklk chv c`ahv da
gcqik da fkrrea`ta veal~ra va krea`th` dac lhukr h la`kr ~kta`fehc# ac lh~ak
dac ~kta`fehc a` fkckr av vqgefea`ta ~hrh ~arleter datarle`hr ac va`tedk da chv
c`ahv# fqh`dk vah hlbemqk.
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Wevqhceyhfe` E`tarhftewh da Fhl~kv Waftkrehcav ladeh`ta C`ahv da Gcqik 2?
^hrh ch el~cala`thfe` da chv fhrhftarvtefhv mrgefhv da ch h~cefhfe`#
va fk`vedarh ac qvk da ch cebrarh mrgefh K~a`MC. Avth cebrarh fk`vtetqua q`h
fk`wa`ea`ta e`targhva vkgt}hra hc ohrd}hra mrgefk xqa vk~krth tf`efhv
fk`wa`fek`hcav da fkl~qthfe` mrgefh ~hrh ac ra`dare`m da ~q`tkv# c`ahv u
~kcmk`kv.
6.2 Ma`arhfe` da c`ahv da gcqik
6.2.8 Fk`fa~tkv bvefkv
Chv c`ahv da gcqik# thlbe` cchlhdhv fqrwhv e`tamrhcav# ~arleta` h~rafehr
mrgefhla`ta ch avtrqftqrh deraffek`hc da q` fhl~k waftkrehc avthfek`hrek. Vk`
trhuaftkrehv# fqukv waftkrav th`ma`tav fke`feda` fk` ac fhl~k waftkrehc.
Fk`vedarh`dk q` fhl~k waftkrehc avthfek`hrek I # ve ch c`ah da gcqik
va ~hrhlatreyh a` gq`fe` da ch ck`metqd da hrfk # vq trhuaftkreh t /% xqadh
datarle`hdh ~kr ch vemqea`ta afqhfe` degara`fehc9
/6.8% / %%/ss
%/ %
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Wevqhceyhfe` E`tarhftewh da Fhl~kv Waftkrehcav ladeh`ta C`ahv da Gcqik 25
6.2.2 E`tamrhfe` da c`ahv da gcqik a` q` dkle`ekdavfrateyhdk
A` /6.8% va e`defh fklk fhcfqchr chv c`ahv da gcqik a` q` dkle`ek fk`te`qk. Acfhvk da e`tarv av fqh`dk I avth dage`edk a` q` dkle`ek devfrateyhdk# a` dk`da
va daba qvhr e`tar~kchfe` ~hrh fhcfqchr ac fhl~k a` fkkrda`hdhv e`tarladehv.
A` ch ~rftefh# h la`kv xqa ch mrecch ta`mh q`h ~kbra ravkcqfe`# ckv arrkrav
dabedk h ch e`tar~kchfe` vk` lqfok lv ~axqakv xqa ckv arrkrav fhqvhdkv
~kr q` ~kbra ltkdk `qlrefk da e`tamrhfe` Z5\# Z8=\. ^hrh kbta`ar q`h
hdafqhdh ~rafeve`# va rafklea`dh qvhr ltkdkv da ~hvk hdh~tewkv fk` q`
hdafqhdk fk`trkc dac arrkr. Avtk av ~hrtefqchrla`ta rafkla`dhdk a` ~rkbcalhv
acaftrkvttefkv# dabedk h ch ~rava`feh da ve`mqchredhdav. A` avth h~cefhfe` va
qvhr q` ltkdk bhvhdk a` ac davfretk a` Z8=\# ac fqhc fk`vedarh e`tar~kchfe`
trece`ahc u q` ltkdk da e`tamrhfe` Rq`ma,Jqtth da fqhrtk krda`.
H ~hrter da q` ~q`tk x8# ac ltkdk da Rq`ma,Jqtth da fqhrtk krda`
datarle`h ac vemqea`ta ~q`tk x2
vkbra ch c`ah da gcqik# qbefhdk h q` ~hvk d
dach`ta da x8. Ac ~q`tk va avtelh a` fqhtrk ~hvkv# ladeh`ta ch vemqea`ta
vafqa`feh9
/6.2%/ %
/ % / %628
84228
86
28
828
#
%#/
jxIjjxIj
jxIjxIj 88
*
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Wevqhceyhfe` E`tarhftewh da Fhl~kv Waftkrehcav ladeh`ta C`ahv da Gcqik 6>
Ch a~rave` h`tarekr fkrrav~k`da h ch degara`feh a`tra chv avtelhfek`av
a`tramhdhv ~kr q` ltkdk da fqhrtk krda` u q`k da tarfar krda`. A` remkr avth
grlqch avtelh ac arrkr da ch grlqch la`kv ~rafevh# ~ark fklk va e`defh a`
Z8=\# a` ch lhukrh da ckv fhvkv va ~qada qvhr avth avtelhfe` fk` vamqredhd
~hrh fk`trkchr ac thlhk dac ~hvk a` ac ltkdk da fqhrtk krda`.
Ac kbiatewk dac fk`trkc hdh~tewk dac thlhk dac ~hvk# av acamer d th`
mrh`da fklk vah ~kvebca# lea`trhv va vhtevghfa q`h tkcarh`feh da arrkr TKC
av~afegefhdh ~kr ac qvqhrek. ^hrh q` ltkdk da e tamrhfe` da fqhrtk krda`# ac
trle`k da arrkr av ~rk~krfek`hc h d1. ^kr ck th`tk# ve q` thlhk da ~hvk d
ma`arh q` arrkr # va ~qada kbta`ar q` thlhk da ~hvk k~teleyhdk d)fk`9
/6.7% dTKC
d d
< 1)
fk` q` ghftkr da vamqredhd d38.
Ac lafh`evlk da fk`trkc dac ~hvk av ac vemqea`ta. Va fhcfqch ac
vemqea`ta ~q`tk# fk` q` ~hvk d u va fhcfqch fk` afqhfe` /6.1%. Ve ss av
lhukr xqa TKC# ac ~q`tk va rafhcfqch qvh`dk ac ~hvk d
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Wevqhceyhfe` E`tarhftewh da Fhl~kv Waftkrehcav ladeh`ta C`ahv da Gcqik 68
6.2.6 Vacaffe` da ~q`tkv valecch
Q` ~rkbcalh fkl` a` ch wevqhceyhfe` da fhl~kv waftkrehcav qvh`dk c`ahv da
gcqik av ch hdafqhdh acaffe` da ckv ~q`tkv valecch Z8?\. Edahcla`ta# dabearhfk`trkchrva ch devtrebqfe` da chv c`ahv da gcqik a` cqmhr da ch devtrebqfe` da ckv
~q`tkv valecch# ~ark av lqfok lv vel~ca fk`trkchr ch devtrebqfe` da ckv
~q`tkv valecch. Fqh`dk av ~kvebca ma`arhr q`h mrh` fh`tedhd da c`ahv da gcqik#
ac ~kvefek`hlea`tk da chv c`ahv da gcqik ravqcth la`kv el~krth`ta.
Ve ch dewarma`feh dac fhl~k waftkrehc av `k `qch# ch da`vedhd da chv
c`ahv da gcqik `k ~arlh`afar fk`vth`ta. A` hcmq`hv rahv chv c`ahv da gcqik~qada` ta`dar h iq`thrva# ~rkdqfea`dk q` hqla`tk da ch da`vedhd ckfhc#
lea`trhv xqa a` ktrhv rahv ~qada` ta`dar h a~h`derva# ~rkdqfea`dk q`h
devle`qfe` da ch da`vedhd ckfhc. A` avtkv fhvkv# ~hrh kbta`ar ravqcthdkv
vhtevghftkrekv fk`trkch`dk vck ch da`vedhd da ckv ~q`tkv valecch# vqaca celethrva
ch ck`metqd da chv c`ahv da gcqik u# h ~hrter da ckv ~q`tkv valecch# chv c`ahv va
e`tamrh` q`h levlh ck`metqd ohfeh dach`ta u ohfeh htrv.
^hrh wevqhceyhr ch avtrqftqrh da q` fhl~k acaftrkvttefk ravqcth lqu
fk`wa`ea`ta qteceyhr vq~argefeav evk~kta`fehcav fklk vq~argefeav valecch# av dafer#
vq~argefeav dk`da va devtrebqua` ~q`tkv valecch oklkm`ahla`ta. Avta ltkdk
av lqu tec a` ac fhvk acaftrkvttefk# ~krxqa ac fhl~k acaftrkvttefk veal~ra va
krea`th ~ar~a`defqchr h chv vq~argefeav axqe~kta`fehcav. Avta ltkdk av
~hrtefqchrla`ta tec ~hrh `qavtrk ~rkbcalh# ~krxqa ch dewarma`feh dac fhl~k
acftrefk# u dac fhl~k da fkrrea`tav avthfek`hrehv# av `qch a` ac acaftrkcetk# da
lkdk xqa ch da`vedhd da c`ahv da gcqik var h~rkelhdhla`ta fk`vth`ta a` ac
e`tarekr da ch facdh.
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Wevqhceyhfe` E`tarhftewh da Fhl~kv Waftkrehcav ladeh`ta C`ahv da Gcqik 62
6.6 Wevqhceyhfe` da c`ahv da gcqik
6.6.8 Ecqle`hfe` da c`ahv a` ac av~hfek
tredela`vek`hc
^hrh q` kbiatk da dela`ve` j0> a` ac av~hfek Aqfcedeh`k da dela`ve` `0j# ch
degara`feh `,j va dage`a fklk ch fdela`vek` dac kbiatk. Avth dage`efe` av
racawh`ta ~krxqa ch fdela`vek` datarle`h ch dela`vek`hcedhd dac av~hfek
`krlhc dac kbiatk# ac xqa iqamh q` ~h~ac el~krth`ta a` ch davfre~fe` da ch
e`tarhffe` da ch cqy fk` ac kbiatk. Fqh`dk q` kbiatk tea`a fdela`vek` 8# va ca
~qada hvem`hr q` waftkr `krlhc a` gkrlh `htqrhc u va ~qada` h~cefhr ckv
lkdackv da ecqle`hfe` qvqhcav# va daba acamer ac waftkr `krlhc a`tra dkv
~kvebecedhdav. Ve` albhrmk# fqh`dk ch fdela`vek` av lhukr h 8# ac av~hfek
`krlhc avth fkl~qavtk ~kr q` fk`iq`tk e`ge`etk da waftkrav u ac lkdack da
ecqle`hfe` daba var ata`dedk.
Ac fhvk trhthdk a` cebrkv ~k~qchrav vkbra fkl~qthfe` mrgefh av ac
da vq~argefeav a` q` av~hfek tredela`vek`hc# fkrrav~k`dea`ta h kbiatkv da
fdela`vek` 8 /j
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Wevqhceyhfe` E`tarhftewh da Fhl~kv Waftkrehcav ladeh`ta C`ahv da Gcqik 66
@
C
R
W
Vq~argefea
Gemqrh 6.89 Lkdack da ragcae` ^ok`m ~hrh ~reletewhv da vq~argefea.
A` /6.=%# ac ~relar trle`k ra~rava`th ch e`ta`vedhd da ch cqyhlbea`ta dabedk h lcte~cav ragcaek`av a` ac a`tkr`k. Ac vamq`dk trle`k
davfreba ch ragcae` degqvh dabedk h ch Cau da Chlbart. Ckv kbiatkv fk`
ragcae` degqvh ~qrh va kbvarwh` emqhcla`ta brecch`tav davda tkdhv chv
deraffek`av# dabedk h ch e`da~a`da`feh dac waftkr da wevth. Chv ragcaek`av
av~afqchrav va fa`trh` a` ac waftkr da ragcae` R. Ac a~k`a`ta v fk`trkch ac
h`fok dac brecck av~afqchr.
A` ac fhvk da ~reletewhv c`ahv# ch fdela`vek` av 2# ac waftkr `krlhc
u ac waftkr da ragcae` `k avt` dage`edkv a` gkrlh `efh# fklk va lqavtrh a`
ch Gemqrh 6.2/h%# ve`k xqa aevta q` fk`iq`tk e`ge`etk ~hrh fhdh q`k da acckv. Ckv
lkdackv fcvefkv da ragcae` da vq~argefeav va ~qada` ma`arhceyhr ~hrh
fdela`vek`av lhukrav h 8# ladeh`ta q` ltkdk ~hrh ch vacaffe` da q` waftkr
~hrtefqchr a` fhdh fk`iq`tk. A` Z8\# Bh`jv lqavtrh q`h gkrlqchfe` gvefh da
thcav ma`arhceyhfek`av.
^hrh c`ahv a` 6# ckv ravqcthdkv da ch ma`arhceyhfe` dac lkdack da
ecqle`hfe` va a~cefh` h fk`te`qhfe`. ^hrh ch davfre~fe` da ckv waftkrav
vacaffek`hdkv av fk`wa`ea`ta `kthr xqa# fklk va lqavtrh a` ch Gemqrh 6.2/b%#
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Wevqhceyhfe` E`tarhftewh da Fhl~kv Waftkrehcav ladeh`ta C`ahv da Gcqik 64
fqhcxqear waftkr _ ~qada davfkl~k`arva a` dkv fkl~k`a`tav krtkmk`hcav _T
u_@
# fkrrav~k`dea`tav h chv ~rkuaffek`av vkbra T u ac av~hfek `krlhc# thc xqa
_< _@
*_T.
Da tkdkv ckv ~kvebcav waftkrav `krlhcav# va acema ac xqa av fk~ch`hr hc
waftkr da cqy C u hc waftkr q`ethrek th`ma`ta h ch c`ah T. Da tkdkv ckv ~kvebcav
waftkrav da ragcae`# Rva acema thc xqa vq fkl~k`a`ta th`ma`ta av k~qavth h ch
fkl~k`a`ta th`ma`ta da C# u da lkdk xqa va le`eleyh ch devth`feh a`tra Ru
W. Thc waftkr vhtevghfa chv vemqea`tav rachfek`av9
/6.?% TT CR < # u
/6.5%@
@@@
W
WCR <
Va ~kdrh` kbta`ar grlqchv a~cefethv ~hrh @ u W# da lkdk da fhcfqchr ch
e`ta`vedhd ladeh`ta /6.=%. ^ark fklk ckv waftkrav vacaffek`hdkv da~a`da` da
ckv waftkrav C uW# av fk`wa`ea`ta a~ravhr ckv ~rkdqftkv ~q`tkv C@uWR
derafthla`ta a` trle`kv da C# WuT.
Dabedk h ch acaffe` da @ # va kbtea`a9
/6.8>% / %222 8 TCCCC@C
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Wevqhceyhfe` E`tarhftewh da Fhl~kv Waftkrehcav ladeh`ta C`ahv da Gcqik 61
R@
W
C
T
R
Av~hfek
`krlhc hT
Av~hfek
`krlhc hT
CT
CT
C@
/h% /b%Av~hfek da
ragcaxe`
Gemqrh 6.29 Lkdack da ragcae` ^ok`m hdh~thdk ~hrh ~reletewhv c`ahv. /h% ^hrh q`h
~reletewh da c`ah T# ohu e`ge`etkv waftkrav `krlhcav ~arta`afea`tav h q` ~ch`k `krlhc a
e`ge`etkv waftkrav da ragcae`# ~arta`afea`tav h q` fk`k fa`trhdk a` T. /b% Fqhcxqear
waftkr /C% ~qada davfkl~k`arva a` dkv fkl~k`a`tav krtkmk`hcav /CT u C@%#
fkrrav~k`dea`tav h chv ~rkuaffek`av vkbra T u ac av~hfek `krlhc.
Ac ~rkdqftk ~q`tk WRva ~qada davfkl~k`ar da ch vemqea`ta gkrlh
%/%/ @T@T RRWWRW **
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Wevqhceyhfe` E`tarhftewh da Fhl~kv Waftkrehcav ladeh`ta C`ahv da Gcqik 67
A` Z8?\ va e`defh ch kbta`fe` da laikrav ravqcthdkv fk` q` whckr ~#WR av `amhtewk u av rhyk`hbca rafkrthrck h fark# ~qav va ~qada fk`vedarhr xqa
a` thc fhvk ac kbvarwhdkr avth dalhvehdk hcaihdk dac av~hfek da ragcae`# da
lkdk xqa `k rafeba cqy ragcaihdh. A` thc fhvk# ch e`ta`vedhd av~afqchr avth dhdh
~kr9
/6.86% / %vvav~afqchr jE %fchl~/ RW <
dk`da fchl~/%# fqh`dk3>.
6.6.2 Ra`dare`m k~teleyhdk da c`ahv ecqle`hdhv
Dabedk h ch da~a`da`feh da ckv waftkrav @ uRa` ch ~kvefe` da ch gqa`ta da
cqy# ~hrh fhdh `qawh ~kvefe` da ch gqa`ta da cqy va raxqeara ac rafcfqck
h~rk~ehdk da ckv waftkrav `krlhc u da ragcae`# fcfqck xqa `k rahceyh ac
ohrd}hra mrgefk. Cqamk# h ~avhr xqa ac lkdack da ecqle`hfe` da ^ok`m av
el~cala`thdk a` ac ohrd}hra mrgefk fk`wa`fek`hc# `k va ~qada qteceyhr a`
gkrlh derafth. A` Z8?\ va davhrrkcch q` ltkdk xqa aweth ac rafcfqck a~cfetk
da ch `krlhc# hc awhcqhr ckv ~rkdqftkv ~q`tkv dage`edkv a` /6.8>% u /6.88%
a~ckth`dk ch fhrhftarvtefh da lh~ak da tatqrh# dev~k`ebca a` hfacarhdkrav
mrgefkv. Da lkdk xqa va ~qada rahceyhr ac fcfqck da ch ecqle`hfe` da c`ahv
fkl~cathla`ta a` ac ohrd}hra mrgefk u hv kbta`ar q`h hcth agefea`feh.
Ac ltkdk vq~k`a ch dev~k`ebecedhd da q`h H^E mrgefh velechr h
K~a`MC# ch xqa ~rk~krfek`h q`h e`targhva vkgt}hra hc ohrd}hra mrgefk. A`
avth cebrarh# ~hrh fhdh wrtefa va ~qada av~afegefhr q` waftkr oklkm`ak da
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Wevqhceyhfe` E`tarhftewh da Fhl~kv Waftkrehcav ladeh`ta C`ahv da Gcqik 6?
/6.81%82
82
2
8
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Wevqhceyhfe` E`tarhftewh da Fhl~kv Waftkrehcav ladeh`ta C`ahv da Gcqik 65
6.6.6 H`tehcehve`m da c`ahv
Dabedk h ch `htqrhcayh devfrath da ckv dev~kvetewkv da wevqhceyhfe`# chv c`ahv
wevqhceyhdhv vqaca` ~rava`thr gkrlhv da`thdhv# av~afehcla`ta chv c`ahv fhveokreyk`thcav k wartefhcav. Ac agaftk va da`kle`h hcehv u ~qada var lqu lkcavtk#
av~afehcla`ta a` h~cefhfek`av e`tarhftewhv. Aevta` whrehv tf`efhv agaftewhv ~hrh
vq~reler ac hcehv# chv xqa ~qada` var vk~krthdhv ~kr ac ohrd}hra mrgefk. Ac
ltkdk qteceyhdk a` ch h~cefhfe` av ac vk~krthdk ~kr K~a`MC Z86\. ^hrh fhdh
q`k da ckv ~acav xqa e`tarfa~th ch c`ah# va fhcfqch q` whckr da fkbartqrh#
bhvhdk a` ch grhffe` dac rah dac ~ac xqa av fqbearth ~kr ch c`ah. H
fk`te`qhfe`# ch k~hfedhd da ckv ~acav e`tarfa~thdkv va lqcte~cefh ~kr ac whckr
da fkbartqrh fhcfqchdk. Hc ohbecethr q` lkdk da layfch da k~hfedhdav
hdafqhdk# ac fkckr da fhdh ~ac ravqcth var q`h layfch dac fkckr da ch c`ah u ac
fkckr dac kbiatk da gk`dk# fk` ck xqa va ckmrh q`h wevqhceyhfe` lqfok lv
fk`te`qh da ch c`ah.
6.6.4 Fkckrhfe` da chv c`ahv da gcqik
Ch fkckrhfe` da chv c`ahv da gcqik ~hrh fkdegefhr q`h fh`tedhd avfhchr ravqcth
q`h oarrhlea`th da wevqhceyhfe` lqu ~kdarkvh. A` `qavtrk fhvk# av da e`tarv
wevqhceyhr ch e`ta`vedhd dac fhl~k waftkrehc u ac ~kta`fehc acftrefk. Ck edahc#
varh ~kdar kbta`ar ckv fkckrav ~hrh chv fkl~k`a`tav hlbea`ta u degqvh da q`
lh~h da fkckr# qvh`dk q`h tatqrh e`dahdh ~kr ch fh`tedhd avfhchr h lh~ahr.
Ve` albhrmk# ~hrh el~cala`thr ac lafh`evlk da ecqle`hfe` k~teleyhdk va
qteceyh` chv trav fkl~k`a`tav dev~k`ebcav dac waftkr da tatqrh oklkm`ak# ~kr
ck xqa `k va ~qada fk`vedarhr q` `defa hdefek`hc ~hrh e`dahr ac fkckr.
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Wevqhceyhfe` E`tarhftewh da Fhl~kv Waftkrehcav ladeh`ta C`ahv da Gcqik 4>
Ve` albhrmk# ch cebrarh mrgefh K~a`MC ~rk~krfek`h q` lkdk da
lh~ak da tatqrh xqa ravqacwa ac ~rkbcalh# ~qav ~arleta lkdqchr /lqcte~cefhr%
ac fkckr da ch tatqrh fk` ac fkckr bhva dac kbiatk. Ac fkckr bhva va ~qada dage`er
~hrh fhdh wrtefa va~hrhdhla`ta.
Q` e`fk`wa`ea`ta da avth el~cala`thfe` av xqa ac brecck av~afqchr
ravqcth fkckrahdk# a` cqmhr da var da fkckr fk`vth`ta# fklk avthbcafa ac lkdack
da ecqle`hfe` da ^ok`m. Fklk va vahch a` Z8?\# avth av q`h celethfe` la`kr
ve va qvh` fkckrav brecch`tav da bhva. H ~avhr da ravqcthr fkckrahdk# ac brecck
av~afqchr va ~qada eda`tegefhr fchrhla`ta# vea`dk lqu el~krth`ta ~hrh ch
fkl~ra`ve` da ch avtrqftqrh av~hfehc dac fhl~k.
K~a`MC qteceyh ac ltkdk da vklbrahdk e`frala`thc da`kle`hdk
Mkqrhqd Z?\# Z85\# ac fqhc fhcfqch ac fkckr h ck chrmk da q` vamla`tk da c`ah
ladeh`ta e`tar~kchfe` dac fkckr da ckv wrtefav. ^hrh xqa ac lh~ak a` fkckr da
ch fh`tedhd avfhchr vah vqgefea`tala`ta ~rafevk# va daba celethr ch va~hrhfe`
lelh da ckv wrtefav hduhfa`tav vkbra ch c`ah da gcqik. Avtk va ~qada ohfar
vel~cala`ta qteceyh`dk hdafqhdhla`ta ac ~hrlatrk dlh
# dage`edk a` ac
~rkfavk da e`tamrhfe` da chv c`ahv da gcqik /vaffe` 6.2.2%.
6.6.1 ^arfa~fe` da ~rkgq`dedhd
^hrh laikrhr ch ~arfa~fe` av~hfehc da avfa`hv tredela`vek`hcav fkl~caihv#
ravqcth lqu el~krth`ta ch vqmavte` da ~rkgq`dedhd. Avth va ckmrh hiqvth`dk acfkckr da ckv kbiatkv da hfqardk h vq devth`feh h ch flhrh. Ac kbiatewk av xqa ckv
kbiatkv lv farfh`kv va kbvarwa` brecch`tav u xqa ckv kbiatkv caih`kv va
kbvarwa` kbvfqrkv.
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Wevqhceyhfe` E`tarhftewh da Fhl~kv Waftkrehcav ladeh`ta C`ahv da Gcqik 48
A` ac fhvk da chv c`ahv da gcqik# ohu vetqhfek`av dk`da chv c`ahv da
gcqik va krda`h`# thcav xqa fk`vtetqua` avtrqftqrhv velechrav h vq~argefeav.
Dabedk h xqa ac lkdack da ecqle`hfe` `k devte`mqa a`tra e`tarekr u atarekr# a`
feartkv fhvkv# ch avtrqftqrh av~hfehc da thcav vaqdk vq~argefeav `k av fchrh h
~relarh wevth. Ch vqmavte` da ~rkgq`dedhd ~qada ghfecethr ch eda`tegefhfe` da
avtrqftqrhv caih`hv u farfh`hv# laikrh`dk ch ~arfa~fe` av~hfehc. Ac
laikrhlea`tk av hq` lv el~krth`ta fqh`dk ckv kbiatkv vk` rkthdkv
e`tarhftewhla`ta.
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Fh~tqck 4 42
Fh~tqck 4
4.8 E`trkdqffe`
^rava`thdkv ckv gq`dhla`tkv tarefkv a` ckv xqa va bhvh avta ~rkuaftk# a` avta
fh~tqck va davfreba` ckv hv~aftkv lv racawh`tav dac devak u ch
el~cala`thfe` dac vkgt}hra davhrrkcchdk.
Dabedk h xqa ac lkdack bhva da ch facdh da acaftrk,kbta`fe` gqa
lkdegefhdk# fk`vafqa`tala`ta ravqct `afavhrek davhrrkcchr q`h `qawhel~cala`thfe` `qlrefh dac lkdack. Dabedk h xqa ckv teal~kv da velqchfe`
~rkladek dac lkdack bhva arh` fk`vedarhbcav# va oeyk q` avgqaryk ~kr
k~teleyhr ch el~cala`thfe` `qlrefh dac `qawk lkdack.
Bhv`dkva a` ck la`fek`hdk a` ch vaffe` 6.2.6 /~me`h 68%# hc
ma`arhr ~q`tkv valecch vck a` ch vq~argefea da ckv acaftrkdkv# devtrebqedkv
oklkm`ahla`ta# u ve` celethr ch ck`metqd da chv c`ahv# va av~arh xqa chv c`ahvda gcqik rafkrrh` ac wkcqla` fkl~catk da ch facdh u rawaca` ch avtrqftqrh mckbhc
dac fhl~k waftkrehc /A k I %. Avth avtrhtameh fk`vtetqua ch bhva da q` ltkdk
hqtkltefk da ma`arhfe` da c`ahv da gcqik el~cala`thdk a` avth h~cefhfe`.
4
DDDaaavvvhhhrrrrrrkkkcccccckkk dddaaa ccchhh HHH~~~ccceeefffhhhfffeee`
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Davhrrkcck da ch H~cefhfe` 46
Fk` tkdhv vqv fhrhftarvtefhv# ch el~cala`thfe` da chv c`ahv da gcqik
xqa va fk`tal~c fk`vtetqua q`h oarrhlea`th lqu ~kdarkvh. @k kbvth`ta# va
fk`vedarhrk` hcmq`hv oarrhlea`thv da wevqhceyhfe` hdefek`hcav ~hrh laikrhr ch
gq`fek`hcedhd da ch h~cefhfe`.
4.2 Lkdachfe` `qlrefh da ch facdh daacaftrk,kbta`fe`
4.2.8 Fk`vedarhfek`av u ravtreffek`av dac lkdack
Ac lkdack fk`vedarh q`h facdh fquk dkle`ek va radqfa h q` hrramck
tredela`vek`hc da ~q`tkv a` fkkrda`hdhv rafth`mqchrav# qvh`dk q`h q`edhd da
devfrateyhfe` oZl\. ^hrh ~rk~krfek`hr ch lelh gcaebecedhd# ckv acaftrkdkv va
fk`vedarh` fklk ~hrhcaca~~adkv a` ckv fqhcav ch rahffe` acaftrkxqlefh
kfqrra a` tkdh vq vq~argefea. ^hrh ckv acaftrkdkv be~kchrav# fklk a` ac lkdack
davhrrkcchdk ~kr Bett`ar# va ckv ravtre`ma h avthr krea`thdkv ~hrhcachla`ta a` q`h
datarle`hdh deraffe`# ~ark ac av~avkr da chv vaffek`av h`defh u fhtdefh va
~qada whrehr e`da~a`dea`tala`ta.
Ch gkrlqchfe` dac lkdack bvefhla`ta degara`feh ac acaftrkdk
be~kchr dac q`e~kchr ~kr ac qvk da devte`thv grlqchv da fcfqck da ckv
~kta`fehcav da acaftrkdk. Vhcwk ch degara`fehfe` xqa daba ohfarva a`tra
acaftrkdkv q`e~kchrav u be~kchrav# ~hrh datarle`hr ve va daba fhcfqchr ac
~kta`fehc latcefk# chv afqhfek`av da bkrda ~hrh hlbkv acaftrkdkv vk` chv
levlhv. ^kr ck h`tarekr# ch el~cala`thfe` dac lkdack qteceyh
fk`wa`ea`tala`ta q` acaftrkdk ma`arhceyhdk# ac xqa ~qada gq`fek`hr fklk
acaftrkdk q`e~kchr k be~kchr# vq maklatrh va lqavtrh a` ch Gemqrh 4.8/h%. Ch
devte`fe` da vaffe` eyxqeardh u darafoh av ~hrh degara`fehr chv afqhfek`av xqa
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Davhrrkcck da ch H~cefhfe` 44
va qvh` ~hrh fhcfqchr ckv ~kta`fehcav da acaftrkdk# afqhfe` /2.82% k /2.86%. A`
acaftrkdkv q`e~kchrav va qvh ch levlh afqhfe` a` hlbhv vaffek`av# /2.82% a`
`kdkv u /2.86% a` ftkdkv. A` acaftrkdkv be~kchrav va qvh afqhfe` /2.86% a` ch
vaffe` eyxqeardh u afqhfe` /2.82% a` ch vaffe` darafoh.
Fklk va h~rafeh a` ch Gemqrh 4.8/b%# va aweth xqa ch deweve` a`tra
vaffek`av kfqrrh a` ckv ~q`tkv da ch mrecch da lqavtrak# ~krxqa a` ch deweve` ch
rahffe` av e`dage`edh. Va dage`a ch fkkrda`hdh >
~hrh datarle`hr
el~cfethla`ta ch ~kvefe` da ch deweve` da vaffe`. Ve el~k`a ch ravtreffe`
83
>
2# ~hrh xqa fhdh vaffe` ta`mh q` av~avkr da ~kr ck la`kv o+2. Ve va
qvh q` av~avkr da o+2 a` hlbhv vaffek`av# ac acaftrkdk k~arh fklk ac acaftrkdk
be~kchr chle`hr lkdachdk ~kr Bett`ar.
Gemqrh 4.89 Maklatrh dac acaftrkdk lkdachdk. /h% Avtrqftqrh ma`arhc. /b% Dathcca a`va~hrhfe` da vaffek`av eyxqeardh u darafoh# u devfrateyhfe` da ch vq~argefea. /f%
Rachfek`av racawh`tav a` q` acala`tk da vq~argefea
x*dv
x*o`
ux
y
/x8#u
8#y
8%
/x2#u
2#y
2%
/x>#u
8#y
2%
Vaffe`
Darafoh
/h%
jV
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Davhrrkcck da ch H~cefhfe` 41
4.2.2 Hcmkretlk da fcfqck
4.2.2.8 Hcmkretlk bvefk
h% Fcfqck da ch devtrebqfe` da ~kta`fehc
Ch vkcqfe` dac ~rkbcalh dac ~rkbcalh acaftrkvttefk va rahceyh ladeh`ta ac
ltkdk da degara`fehv ge`ethv Z1\# Z81\# ac xqa h~rkelh ch afqhfe` degara`fehc
/2.=% u chv fk`defek`av degara`fehcav da bkrda# ~kr afqhfek`av da degara`feh# chv
xqa ravqcth` hc trq`fhr ch a~h`ve` a` varea da Thuckr da q`h gq`fe`. Chv
afqhfek`av da degara`feh datarle`h` ac ~kta`fehc a` fhdh ~q`tk dac acaftrkcetk
a` gq`fe` da ckv ~kta`fehcav da ckv ~q`tkv hduhfa`tav. Chv afqhfek`av ~hrh ac
fcfqck da ckv ~kta`fehcav da acaftrkdk u ckv ~kta`fehcav latcefkv da acaftrkdkv
gckth`tav ma`arh` afqhfek`av da degara`feh hdefek`hcav. A` fk`iq`tk# chv
afqhfek`av da degara`fehv gkrlh` q` `efk vevtalh da afqhfek`av ce`ahcav# fquhv
e`fm`ethv vk` ckv ~kta`fehcav a` ac acaftrkcetk# ckv ~kta`fehcav da acaftrkdk u ckv
~kta`fehcav da acaftrkdkv gckth`tav.
^hrh lkdachr ch rahffe` acaftrkxqlefh a` tkdh ch vq~argefea dac
acaftrkdk# va hqla`t fk`vedarhbcala`ta ac fk`iq`tk da afqhfek`av da
degara`feh rav~aftk hc xqa va qteceyhbh a` ac lkdack bhva# chv xqa uh arh` q`
`lark h~rafehbca. ^kr avtk va kleta ac dathcca da chv afqhfek`av da degara`feh.
H degara`feh dac lkdack davhrrkcchdk ~kr Bett`ar# a` ac xqa vevtalh
da afqhfek`av va ravqacwa ladeh`ta q` ltkdk deraftk# a` avta trhbhik va dafeda
qteceyhr q` ltkdk da vkcqfe` etarhtewk /Mhqvv,Vaedac%# ck xqa va iqvtegefh a` ch
vaffe` 4.2.2.2. Ac trle`k dac ~rkfavk etarhtewk va rahceyh ladeh`ta ac fk`trkc
dac lelk arrkr hbvkcqtk a` ac ~kta`fehc u fk` ch av~afegefhfe` da q` `lark
lelk da etarhfek`av ~hrh fk`trkc da ~kvebca dewarma`feh.
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Davhrrkcck da ch H~cefhfe` 47
Ch devtrebqfe` da ~kta`fehc a` ac wkcqla` rafth`mqchr da ch facdh va
hclhfa`h fk`wa`ea`tala`ta a` q` hrramck tredela`vek`hc avfhchr. A` chv
e`targhfav dk`da va ~rkdqfa devfk`te`qedhd da ~kta`fehc# a` ac hrramck va
hclhfa`h ac ~kta`fehc fkrrav~k`dea`ta hc acaftrkcetk# vhcwk a` ch e`targhva lathc,
deacftrefk# dk`da va fk`vedarh ac ~kta`fehc dac lathc. A` chv ramek`av
fkrrav~k`dea`tav hc e`tarekr da acaftrkdkv# e`fcqedh ch e`targhva lathc,deacftrefk#
ac ~kta`fehc latcefk va hclhfa`h q`h way ge`hceyhdk ac ~rkfavk etarhtewk.
Chv afqhfek`av ~hrh fhcfqchr ckv ~kta`fehcav da acaftrkdk# /2.82% u
/2.86%# qteceyh` vck ch fkl~k`a`ta `krlhc dac mrhdea`ta da ~kta`fehc h ch
vq~argefea dac acaftrkdk. A` chv hrevthv u wrtefav dac acaftrkdk# ch vq~argefea
`krlhc ~qada var e`dage`edh# ~kr ck xqa va daba` fhcfqchr da gkrlh av~afehc. A`
q` ~q`tk ~arta`afea`ta h q`h hrevth e`tarekr da q` acaftrkdk /hrevth ve` e`fcqer
wrtefav%# ch vq~argefea `krlhc hc mrhdea`ta vck avth dage`edh fqh`dk ch hrevth av
th`ma`ta h ch facdh. A` q` wrtefa da q` acaftrkdk# ch vq~argefea `krlhc hc
mrhdea`ta vck avth dage`edh fqh`dk ac wrtefa av th`ma`ta h q`h hrevth da ch
facdh. Fqh`dk ch vq~argefea `krlhc hc mrhdea`ta avth dage`edh# ac ~kta`fehc daacaftrkdk va fhcfqch fk` /2.82% k /2.86%# vam` fkrrav~k`dh. Ac fretarek xqa va
h~cefh fqh`dk ch vq~argefea `krlhc av e`dage`edh# av fk`vedarhr fklk ~kta`fehc
da acaftrkdk q` ~rkladek da ckv ~kta`fehcav da acaftrkdk wafe`kv. Vck va
fk`vedarh` ckv ~q`tkv wafe`kv a` chv fhrhv hduhfa`tav `k th`ma`tav h ch facdh.
Ac fcfqck da ckv ~kta`fehcav da acaftrkdkv gckth`tav raxqeara dage`er
acala`tkv xqa devfratefa` ch vq~argefea dac acaftrkdk. Ch devfrateyhfe` acamedhva lqavtrh a` ch Gemqrh 4.8/b%. Ckv acala`tkv da vq~argefea va fa`trh` a` ch
mrecch da lqavtrak# ravqcth`dk q` acala`tk fk` rah `k fk`vth`taV
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Davhrrkcck da ch H~cefhfe` 4=
b% Fcfqck dac fhl~k da`vedhd da fkrrea`ta
Q`h way tarle`hdk ac ~rkfavk etarhtewk a` ac xqa va fhcfqch ch devtrebqfe` da
~kta`fehc# va daba datarle`hr ac fhl~k waftkrehc da`vedhd da fkrrea`ta a` bhva
hc fcfqck dac mrhdea`ta da ~kta`fehc# fklk avthbcafa` afqhfek`av /2.4% u /2.1%.
Fklk a` ac fhvk da ch devtrebqfe` da ~kta`fehc# ac fhl~k da`vedhd da fkrrea`ta
va hclhfa`h fk`wa`ea`tala`ta a` q` hrramck tredela`vek`hc xqa ra~rava`th ac
wkcqla` da ch facdh# ~ark a` avta fhvk ac hrramck kbwehla`ta av waftkrehc# a`
fhdh ~q`tk da ch mrecch va daba` hclhfa`hr chv trav fkl~k`a`tav avfhchrav dac
fhl~k waftkrehc.
H fk`te`qhfe` va davfreba a` dathcca ch gkrlh a` xqa va rahceyh ac
fcfqck dac mrhdea`ta da ~kta`fehc a` ac wkcqla` da ch facdh.
Dhdk q` ~q`tk ^ fk` ~kta`fehc W# fhdh fkl~k`a`ta dac fhl~k acftrefk A
/A#A
u# k A
y% a`^# va fhcfqch qvh`dk ckv ~kta`fehcav da ckv ~q`tkv hduhfa`tav#
WBhfj
uWGkr}hrd
# fkce`ahcav a` ch deraffe` da ch fkl~k`a`ta / #u ky%. WBhfj
av ac
~kta`fehc dac ~q`tk hduhfa`ta lv farfh`k hc krema` uW
Gkr}hrd ac dac ~q`tk lvcaih`k hc krema`. ^hrh fhdh fkl~k`a`ta va devte`mqa` trav hctar`htewhv da fhcfqck
xqa va h~cefh` da~a`dea`dk da ch e`targhva h ch xqa ~arta`afa ^# ~kr aial~ck
~hrh datarle`hrA
chv trav ~kvebecedhdav vk`9
Degara`feh fa`trhc9o
WW^A Gkr}hrdBhfj
2%/
<
Degara`feh derafth ohfeh htrv9 o WW^ABhfj
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Davhrrkcck da ch H~cefhfe` 4?
A` chv e`targhfav# va fk`vedarh veal~ra ac fhl~k acftrefk a` ac chdk
dac acaftrkcetk# vhcwk fqh`dk ^ `k tea`a q` ~q`tk wafe`k a` ac acaftrkcetk
/e`targhva acaftrkdk,facdh < lathc,deacftrefk%# dk`da va fk`vedarh ac ~kta`fehc
dac lathc u ac fhl~k acftrefk av `qck.
Ac fhvk da degara`feh fa`trhc# va h~cefh fqh`dk ch fkl~k`a`ta dac
fhl~k acftrefk av fk`te`qh a` ac ~q`tk ^# av dafer# ckv ~q`tkv hduhfa`tav
~arta`afa` hc acaftrkcetk. Fqh`dk ohu devfk`te`qedhd da ~kta`fehc# va qvh vck ac
~q`tk wafe`k xqa ~arta`afa hc acaftrkcetk /WBhfj
k WGkr}hrd
%.
Chv hrevthv u wrtefav da ckv acaftrkdkv daba` fql~cer ch fk`defek`hda darewhdh `krlhc `qch a` ch e`targhy fk` ckv celetav da ch facdh. Ac fhl~k
acftrefk va e`efehceyh fk` fkl~k`a`tav `krlhcav `qchv a` thcav yk`hv# da lkdk
xqa vck va daba` lkdegefhr chv fkl~k`a`tav th`ma`fehcav.
4.2.2.2 Fk`wa`ea`feh u `afavedhd da q` ltkdk etarhtewk ~hrh
vkcqfek`hr ac vevtalh da afqhfek`av
h% Fk`vedarhfek`av vkbra fk`warma`feh
A` q`h ~relarh ath~h da davhrrkcck dac lkdack bhva /lkdack da Bett`ar%# va
fk`vedar ckv ~kta`fehcav da acaftrkdk fk`vth`tav u fk`kfedkv# da lkdk xqa va
ta`h fklk `efhv e`fm`ethv ckv ~kta`fehcav a` ac acaftrkcetk# ckv xqa va
datarle`hbh` ladeh`ta q` vevtalh da afqhfek`av ce`ahcav. ^hrh ch vkcqfe` dac
vevtalh da afqhfek`av va fk`vedar ch hctar`htewh da q` ltkdk da vkcqfe`
deraftk fklk lv agefea`ta. ^hrh ~kdar ravkcwar ac vevtalh da afqhfek`av ~kr q`
ltkdk deraftk# chv e`fm`ethv daba` avthr krmh`eyhdhv fklk q` hrramck
q`edela`vek`hc. Dabedk h xqa chv e`fm`ethv va hclhfa`h` q` hrramck
tredela`vek`hc# tqbk xqa h~cefhrva q`h fkvtkvh trh`vgkrlhfe` ce`ahc xqa lh~ah
ac dkle`ek tredela`vek`hc a` q` hrramck q`edela`vek`hc.
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Davhrrkcck da ch H~cefhfe` 45
^kvtarekrla`ta# Bett`ar fk`vedar ckv ~kta`fehcav da acaftrkdk fklk
e`fm`ethv hdefek`hcav xqa dabh` datarle`hrva h ~hrter da /2.8>% u /2.88%. A`
cqmhr da ravkcwar q` `efk vevtalh da afqhfek`av xqa e`fcquarh tkdhv chv
e`fm`ethv dac vevtalh /~kta`fehcav a` ac acaftrkcetk u ~kta`fehcav da acaftrkdk%#
Bett`ar va~hrk ckv av~hfekv da vkcqfe` u e`fkr~kr q` fefck etarhtewk
hdefek`hc ~hrh hftqhceyhr ckv ~kta`fehcav da acaftrkdk# q`h way kbta`edk ckv
~kta`fehcav da acaftrkcetk. Av dafer# ravkcwh ~relark ac vevtalh da afqhfek`av
kreme`hc ~hrh datarle`hr ckv ~kta`fehcav dac acaftrkcetk# fk`vedarh`dk fk`vth`tav
ckv ~kta`fehcav da acaftrkdk# cqamk awhcqhbh ckv ~kta`fehcav da acaftrkdk#
fk`vedarh`dk fk`vth`tav ckv ~kta`fehcav da acaftrkcetk# u ~kvtarekrla`ta ra~athac ~rkfavk a` gkrlh etarhtewh ohvth ckmrhr fk`warma`feh. Avta hcmkretlk ravqct
dewarma`ta u ~hrh ckmrhr fk`warma`feh tqbk xqa e`fkr~krhr hc ~rkfavk etarhtewk
ck xqa da`kle`k ghftkr da hftqhceyhfe`. Ac ltkdk xqa qtecey ~hrh kbta`ar
fk`warma`feh av q` ltkdk fk`wa`fek`hc ~hrh hfacarhr u laikrhr ch
fk`warma`feh da vevtalhv da afqhfek`av ravqactkv ~kr q` ltkdk etarhtewk# va
da`kle`hLtkdk da Vkbrarachihfe` Vqfavewh/VKR%.
E`tqetewhla`ta# a` avta trhbhik va ~a`v xqa ch va~hrhfe` da
av~hfekv da vkcqfe` ~kdh var q`h tf`efh `qlrefhla`ta e`h~rk~ehdh. @k
avthbh a` ckv kbiatewkv dac ~rkuaftk ohfar q` h`cevev `qlrefk dac hcmkretlk
bhva# ~ark fk`kfea`dk hcmq`kv fk`fa~tkv bvefkv rav~aftk h ch fk`warma`feh da
ltkdkv etarhtewkv ~hrh vkcqfek`hr vevtalhv da afqhfek`av Z2\# Z=\# va ~qdk ohfar
q` h`cevev vklark. Avta h`cevev e`defh xqa# ~kr ck la`kv ~hrh ch avtrqftqrh da
chv lhtrefav qteceyhdhv a` avta ~rkbcalh# ch va~hrhfe` da av~hfekv da vkcqfe`
av e`h~rk~ehdh. Ch va~hrhfe` da av~hfekv da vkcqfe` veal~ra e`trkdqfa
~rkbcalhv hdefek`hcav da dewarma`feh hc hcmkretlk# ~rkbcalhv xqa `k
`afavhrehla`ta va ~rava`th` fqh`dk `k va va~hrh` ckv av~hfekv da vkcqfe`.
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Davhrrkcck da ch H~cefhfe` 1>
Ve ac vevtalh da afqhfek`av kreme`hc va oqbearh ravqactk fk` q`
ltkdk etarhtewk# h ~avhr da ohbar oafok ch va~hrhfe` da av~hfekv da vkcqfe`#
h~hra`tala`ta `k ohbrh degara`feh fk` ohbar ravqactk q` `efk vevtalh da
afqhfek`av ~kr q` ltkdk etarhtewk# ~kr ck xqa xqeyv `k va oqbearh`
~rava`thdk ~rkbcalhv da dewarma`feh. Hc ravkcwar ac ~rkbcalh qteceyh`dk q`
`efk vevtalh da afqhfek`av xqa e`fcquh tkdhv chv e`fm`ethv# hc ~hrafar av
~kvebca xqa `k va ~rava`ta ac ~rkbcalh da dewarma`feh u xqa `k vah `afavhreh
qteceyhr ch tf`efh VKR. Agaftewhla`ta# ac hcmkretlk da fcfqck qteceyhdk a` avta
~rkuaftk al~cah q` `efk vevtalh da afqhfek`av u `k gqa `afavhrek qteceyhr ch
tf`efh VKR ~hrh ckmrhr fk`warma`feh.
b% Fk`wa`ea`feh da q` ltkdk etarhtewk
Ac ltkdk etarhtewk av ch laikr k~fe` ~hrh ac te~k da ~rkbcalhv dk`da va
ma`arh` vevtalhv da afqhfek`av fk` lhtrefav rhchv u da mrh` dela`ve` Z2\# Z=\#
fklk vqfada a` avta ~rkbcalh. Dabedk h xqa chv lhtrefav e`wkcqfrhdhv a` ch
vkcqfe` dac vevtalh da afqhfek`av ce`ahcav h ravkcwar tea`a q` lqu ~axqak
~krfa`thia da acala`tkv `k `qckv# q` hcmkretlk etarhtewk ravqcth lv agefea`ta#
~qav fk` q` ltkdk deraftk va rahceyh q`h mrh` fh`tedhd da k~arhfek`av
e``afavhrehv. Ac ltkdk etarhtewk radqfa ac av~hfek da hclhfa`hlea`tk u ckmrh
lhukr ~rafeve` xqa q` ltkdk deraftk a` ac levlk teal~k da ~rkfavhlea`tk.
^kr aial~ck# va ~qada fqh`tegefhr h ~rekre ac el~hftk da qvhr q` ltkdk
etarhtewk ~hrh vkcqfek`hr `qavtrk ~rkbcalh. Va vq~k`a xqa ac fk`iq`tk da tkdhv
chv afqhfek`av e`wkcqfrhdhv va ravqacwa fk` q` vevtalh da afqhfek`av da krda`` . Ch afqhfe` da degara`feh ge`eth ~rkladek ~hrh fhdh ~q`tk av da ch gkrlh
W>
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Davhrrkcck da ch H~cefhfe` 18
lqcte~cefhfek`av u dewevek`av xqa rahceyh av `6+6*`
2*`+6. Da avta lkdk# a` ac
teal~k xqa va ravqacwa derafthla`ta ac vevtalh qvh`dk acele`hfe` Mhqvveh`h#
va ~kdrh` rahceyhr h~rkelhdhla`ta `2+8?*`+7 etarhfek`av fk` q` ltkdk
etarhtewk. ^hrh ckv rda`av e`wkcqfrhdkv avta `lark da etarhfek`av av lqu
mrh`da# fk` avta `lark va ~kdrh ravkcwar lqfohv wafav ac vevtalh fk` q`h
hdafqhdh ~rafeve`.
Q` ltkdk etarhtewk fkrrema ckv arrkrav da radk`dak a e`fcqvk
axqewkfhfek`av da fcfqck h ladedh xqa ac ~rkfavk hwh`yh# hdalv ~arleta
fk`trkchr ch ~rafeve` da ckv ravqcthdkv. ^kr ac fk`trhrek# q` ltkdk deraftk
/acele`hfe` Mhqvveh`h% ~rk~hmh ckv arrkrav da radk`dak a` gkrlh
~rk~krfek`hc h vq krda` u vq `defa da fk`defe`. Q`h wa`thih hdefek`hc dac
ltkdk etarhtewk av xqa fklk fk`defek`av e`efehcav va ~qada` qteceyhr ckv
ravqcthdkv kbta`edkv a` q`h vkcqfe` ~raweh dac vevtalh# fk` kbiatk da rage`hr
ckv ravqcthdkv.
Avth fchrk xqa a` takrh ch acaffe` e`defhdh ~hrh ravkcwar ac vevtalh
da afqhfek`av ce`ahcav av q` ltkdk etarhtewk. Avtk av vamqrk ~hrh q`h
h~cefhfe` avfreth a` q` ca`mqhia da ~rkmrhlhfe` ma`arhc# fklk ac xqa va
qteceyh a` avth h~cefhfe` /F**%. Fhba davthfhr xqa a` ch e`wavtemhfe` da
Bett`ar va qtecey ac ~hxqata lhtaltefk LHTCHB ~hrh el~cala`thr ckv
hcmkretlkv. Avth ~chthgkrlh avth k~teleyhdh ~hrh hcmkretlkv waftkreyhdkv# da
lkdk xqa ~a`hceyh el~krth`tala`ta hcmkretlkv etarhtewkv. Va ~qdk fkl~rkbhr
xqa bhik LHTCHB# q` ltkdk deraftk ravqcth lv agefea`ta xqa q` ltkdketarhtewk. ^ark avtk av q`h afa~fe` xqa vck ~qada dhrva a` hlbea`tav da
~rkmrhlhfe` k~teleyhdkv ~hrh hcmkretlkv waftkreyhdkv# fklk ck av LHTCHB.
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Davhrrkcck da ch H~cefhfe` 12
f% @afavedhd da q` ltkdk etarhtewk
Ge`hcla`ta# ac ltkdk etarhtewk `k vck av lv agefea`ta u ~rafevk xqa q
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