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Selec t ion, Sc al ing And Sim ulat ion Of InputSelec t ion, Sc al ing And Sim ulat ion Of InputGround Mot ion For T im e His t ory Analys isGround Mot ion For T im e His t ory Analys is
Of St ruc t uresOf St ruc t ures
YASIN M. FAHJ AN
Department of Earthquake and Structural SciencesGebze Institute of Technology, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
fahjan@gy t e.edu .t r
Univers idade do MinhoDepar t am ent o de Engenhar ia Civi l
SEMINAR AND LUNCH ON EARTHQUAK EENGINEERIN G AND HISTORIC MA SONRY
J uly 12, 2010
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OUTLINEOUTLINES OF THE SEMINERS OF THE SEMINER
Sei sm i c An alys es of St r uc t ur es
Source o f Ac c e le rogram s
Selec t ion o f T im e His tory Rec ords
Met hods o f Ground Mot ion Sc a l ing o f
Ear thquak e T im e H is to r ies
Cr i t er ia for Evaluat ion of Resul t ed
Acce le rograms
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St a t i c Equiva lent Method
(Spect ra l Acc e lera t ion a t Fi rs t Nat ura l Per iod o f St ruc t ure )
INPUT MOTIONS FOR EARTHQUAK EINPUT MOTIONS FOR EARTHQUAK E
STRCUTURAL ANALYSESSTRCUTURAL ANALYSES
Classical Earthquake Resistant DesignsClassical Earthquake Resistant Designs
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Modal Com b inat i on Met h od
(Spect ra l Acc e lera t ion a t a l l Ef fec t ive Natura l Per iods o f St ruc t ure )
INPUT MOTIONS FOR EARTHQUAK EINPUT MOTIONS FOR EARTHQUAK E
STRCUTURAL ANALYSESSTRCUTURAL ANALYSES
Classical Earthquake Resistant DesignsClassical Earthquake Resistant Designs
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HOW TOHOW TO GETGET DESIGN SPECTRUMDESIGN SPECTRUM ??
Ear t h quak e Des ig n Codes (NEHRP 1997 , IBC2003 ,Eu roCode 8 )
Det e rm i nis t i c an d Probab il is t i c Hazard Analys is
T0 TS 1.0
SM1
SMS
Sa=SM1/ T
Period
Sa
0.4 SMS
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Li nea r Dyna m ic (Acc e lera t i on T ime H is to ry )
INPUT MOTIONS FOR EARTHQUAK EINPUT MOTIONS FOR EARTHQUAK E
STRCUTURAL ANALYSESSTRCUTURAL ANALYSES
Time Domain AnalysesTime Domain Analyses
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Nonl inear Dynam ic (Acc e lera t i on T im e H ist o ry )
INPUT MOTIONS FOR EARTHQUAK EINPUT MOTIONS FOR EARTHQUAK E
STRCUTURAL ANALYSESSTRCUTURAL ANALYSES
Time Domain AnalysesTime Domain Analyses
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SOURCE OF ACCELEROGRAM SSOURCE OF ACCELEROGRAMS
Real Ac c e le rogram s
Ar t i f ic ial Acc e lerograms
Syn t he t ic Ac c ele ro gra m s
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FACTORS INFLUENCINGFACTORS IN FLUENCING REALREAL
ACCELEROGRAMSACCELEROGRAMS
Source
Magni tude
Rupt ure Mec han ism
Di rec t i v i t y
Foc al Dept h
Path Crusta l St ruc t ure
Si te
Surfac e Geology
Topography
St ruc tu res
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RULES FOR SCALIN G TIME HISTORIES ACCORDIN GRULES FOR SCALIN G TIME HISTORIES ACCORDIN G
TO FIT DESIGN CODE SPECTURMTO FIT DESIGN CODE SPECTURM
Guidance On How To Ac t ua ll y Se lec t Approp ri ate Rea l
Rec ords Is Usual ly Foc used On Com pat ib i l i t y Wi t h
The Response Spec t rum Rat her Than Seism ologic a lParameters
UBC 1997 A nd IBC 2000
Max imumSt ruc t ura l Response I f ThreeRec ords Used
AverageSt ruc t ura l Response I f SevenRec ords Used
(SRSS) Of The Tw o Hor izont a l Com ponents Shou ld
Not Be Less Than 1.4 The Des ign Spec t rum Ordinat es
In The Range From 0.2T To 1.5T (UBC 1997 )
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RULES FOR SCALIN G TIM E HISTORIES ACCORDIN GRULES FOR SCALIN G TIM E HISTORIES ACCORDIN G
TO FIT DESIGN CODE SPECTURMTO FIT DESIGN CODE SPECTU RM
Sc aled Spec t rum Should Not Be Less Than 0.9 The
Design Spec t rum Ordinat es In The Range From 0.2T1 To
2T1 (DBYBHY 2007); T1 is t he f i rs t fundam ent a l Per iod of
the St ruc t u re Eart hquak e Rec ord durat ion > 5 T1 and > 15 sec
T10.2 T1 2 T1
> 5 T1
> 15 sec
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Ground Mot ion Sc al ing
in T ime Dom ain
Spec t ra l Mat c h ing in
Frequenc y Dom ain
Spec t ra l Matc h ing by
Wavlets
Spec t rum Compat ib le
Ar t i f i c ia l Rec ord
Generat ion
Proc ess ing Of Ground M ot ion To Fi tProc essin g Of Ground Mot ion To Fi t
Response Spec t ra (Response Spec t ra (Real and Ar t i f i c ia lRea l and Ar t i f i c ia l
Acce le rogramsAcce le rograms))
Bommer & Acevedo 2004
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REAL ACCELEROGRAMSREAL ACCELEROGRAMS
Advantages
Ground-m ot ion Charac t er i s t i c s (Ampl i t ude,
Frequenc y And Energy Cont ent , Durat ion And
Phase Charac t er i s t i c s )
Charac t er is t ic s Of The Sourc e, Pat h And Si t e
Disadvantages Not A l l Magn i tude-
Distance-Soi l
Com binat ions Are
Covered Response Spec t ra Are
Genera l ly Not Sm oot hed.
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PEER WEBSIT E 2PEER WEBSIT E 2
http://peer.berkeley.edu/smcat
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PEER STRONG MOTION DATAB ASEPEER STRONG MOTION DATA BA SE
Foc a l Mec hanismSt r ik e s l ip, Norm al, Reverse norm al, Reverse-obl iqu e,
Normal-obl ique
Magnit ude (ML, M, MS)
Dist anc e t o Faul tClosest , Hypoc ent ra l , Pro jec t ion of fau l t p lane
Si t e Classi f i ca t i on and Mapped Loca l
Geology
Inst rum ent Hous ingFree-f ie ld , she l ter Type
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GROUND MOTION SCAL ING IN TIME DOMAINGROUND MOTION SCAL ING IN TIME DOMAIN
Nikolaou, 1998
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DEVELOPMENT OF DISPLACEMENTDEVELOPMENT OF DISPLACEMENT
RESPONSE SPECTRUMRESPONSE SPECTRUM
FEMA 451
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GROUND MOTION SCAL INGGROUND MOTION SCAL ING
IN TIME DOMAI NIN TIME DOMAIN ((SCAL ING ON AMPLITUDE)SCAL ING ON AMPLITUDE)
Matc h t o Peak GroundAc c elerat ion (PGA)
Matc h Spec t ra l Acce le ra t ion
at Spec i f ic Per iod
Cimellaro 2007
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SCALING ON AMPLITUDESCALING ON AMPLITUDE
Matc h Spec t ra l Acc e le ra t ion
At Per iod Range usingleas t square Method
Matc h Mu l t ip le Mot ions
mat ch t he med ian usingLeast Square Met hod
Cimellaro 2007
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TI ME SCAL ED EARTHQUAK E RECORDSTIME SCAL ED EARTHQUAK E RECORDS
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SCAL E IN FREQUENCY DOMA INSCALE IN FREQUENCY DOMAI N
Nikolaou, 1998
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Nikolaou, 1998
SCALE IN FREQUENCY DOMAINSCALE IN FREQUENCY DOMAI N ((con tcon t .).)
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SCAL E IN FREQUENCY DOMA INSCALE IN FREQUENCY DOMA IN
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SCALE IN FREQUENCY DOMA INSCALE IN FREQUENCY DOMA IN
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SPECTRAL MATCHI NGSPECTRAL MATCHING USING WAVELETSUSING WAVELETS
Adjus t t he o r ig ina l record i te ra t i ve ly i n t he t ime
domain to ach ieve c ompat ib il i t y w i th a spec i f ied
t a rget acc e lera t i on response spec t rum by adding
w ave let s hav ing spec i f ied per iod ranges and l im i t ed
dura t ions to t he inpu t t ime h i s to ry .
RSPMATCH sof t w are developed by Abraham son
(1992 )
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L is t o f c and ida te ear t hquak e records usedL is t o f c and ida te ear t hquak e records usedforfor RSPMatchRSPMatch
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Ac c e le ra t ion , Ve loc i t y And Displacem entAc c e le ra t ion , Ve loc i t y And Disp lac em ent
Spec t ra ForSpec t ra For RSPMATCHRSPMATCH Generat ed Rec ordsGenerat ed Rec ords
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DISCUSSIONS and CONCLUSIONSDISCUSSIONS and CONCLUSIONS
RSPMatc h program requ i res a se t o f eart hquake records
t ha t in i t ia l l y have considerable com pat ib i l it y w i th t he
ta rget spec t rum. The mat c h ing procedure is not robust
and program request s a lo t o f param eters re la ted t o
add i t iona l w ave le t i te ra t ions . The c onvergence is not
guaranteed for many cand idate rec ords .
The average o f , acc e lera t ion ve loc i t y and d isplacem ent
spec t ra for the m atc hed records us ing RSPMatc h have
exc e l len t f i t w i th t he design spec t ra .
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ARTIFICIAL ACCELEROGRAMSARTIFICIAL ACCELEROGRAMS
Generat ed To Matc h A Target Response
Spect rum
Eart hquak e Mot ion As The Out put From
Fi l t ers And Use Of Syst em Response For
A Whi t e Noise Input
Disadvantages
Rec ords General ly Have An Exc ess iveNum ber Of Cyc les Of St rong Mot ion,
And Consequent ly Have Unreal is t ic a l ly
High Energy Cont ent
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SPECTRUM COMPATIBLE ARTIFICIAL RECORDSPECTRUM COMPATIBLE ARTIFICIAL RECORD
GENERATION (GENERATION (SIMQKESIMQKE ))
SIMQKE (Gaspar in i and Vanmarc k e , 1976)
c omput es a pow er spec t ra l dens i t y func t ion f rom a
spec i f ied sm oot h response spec t rum and uses t h isfunc t ion to der ive the am pl i tudes o f s inuso ida l
s ignals w h ich have random phase ang les un i fo rmly
d ist r i but ed bet w een 0 and 2. The s inus oidal
m ot ions a re sum m ed to genera te a t ime h i s to ryrecord
In o rder to ge t o ther c harac t e r is t i c s o f a rt i f ic i a l
spec t rum -c om pat ib le rec ord , such as dura t ion , i t i s
necessary t o ob t a in supp lem entary i n format ionabout t he ex pec t ed ear thquake m ot ion apar t f rom
t he response spec t rum.
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SPECTRUM COMPATIBLE ARTIFICIAL RECORDSPECTRUM COMPATIBLE ARTIFICIAL RECORD
GENERATION (GENERATION (TARSCTHSTARSCTHS ))
The c ode TARSCTHS (Papageorgiou et a l ., 2002)
uses non-s ta t i onary s toc hast i c vec t o r p rocesses t ogenerat e ar t i f i c ia l t im e h ist or ies f rom a user
def ined e las t i c response spec t rum . The it e ra t i ve
schem e i s appl i ed in f requenc y domain w here the
phase angles o f the des i red m ot ion are random lygenerat ed Ground Mot ion Sc al ing in T im e Dom ain
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Ac c e lera t ion , Ve loc i t y And Disp lac em ent Spec t ra AndAc c e lera t ion , Ve loc i t y And Disp lac em ent Spec t ra And
Duc t i l i t y Dem and ForDuc t i l i t y Dem and For SIMQK E Genera t ed Rec ordsSIMQKE Genera t ed Rec ords
Trapezo ida l in tens i ty enve lope w i th ear thquake r ise t ime=2.5 sec ,ear thquake leve l t im e=12sec , des i red dura t ion o f acc e le ra t ion=35sec and
des i red max imum ground acc e le ra t ion = 0.3 g
f i l t ered (0.1-20Hz)and basel ine
cor rected
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SPECTRUM COMPATIBLE ARTIFICIALSPECTRUM COMPATIBLE ARTIFICIAL
RECORD GENERATIONRECORD GENERATION
Using e i ther TARSCTHS or SIMQKE, t he average of
genera ted records acc e lera t ion , ve loc i t y and
d isp lac ement spec t ra have inadequate f i t t i ng for
longer per iods.
For opt ion w i t h no envelope in SIMQK E, non-real is t ic
records t ha t do no t represen t t he genera lc harac t e r is t i c s o f rea l ear thquakes a re genera ted .
Even though t he unf il t e red t im e h is tor ies have the
same f i t fo r t he des ign spec t rum as f i l t e red t ime
h is tor ies , unrea l is t i c non l inear behav ior c an beobserv ed for t he val id p er iod r ange (0.1s-10s).
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SYNTH ETIC ACCELEROGRAMSSYNTHETIC ACCELEROGRAMS
St oc hast ic Point Sourc e and Fin i t e Sourc e ((Boore, 2003;
At k inson and Boore, 1997)
Synt hes ize Ear t hquak e Mot ion Us ing A Faul t Dis loc at ion
Model Or Em pir ic a l Greens Func t ion Model Def in i t ion Of A Spec i f ic Ear t hquak e Sc enar io
Most Wide ly used EMPSYN Program L. Hutc h ings (1976)
Geophys ic a l Param et ers
Hypocenter Seismic Moment Sl ip Vec t or Asper i t ies Rupture Ve loc i t y
Rise T im e St ress Drop
Philippe Rosset, Jean-Jacques Wagner (2000)
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CRETERIA FOR EVALUA TI ONCRETERIA FOR EVALU AT ION THE RESULTINGTHE RESULTING
ACCELEROGRAMSACCELEROGRAMS
Resu lt i ng acc e le rogram s m ust have rea l i s t i c
cha rac te r i s t i cs of ear thquak es in te rm s o f
am pl i tude , f requenc y c onten t and dura t ion .
A basel ine cor rec t ion and f i l t e r ing should be
per fo rm ed t o the generat ed or mat c hed
acc e lera t ion t im e h ist o r ies .
The ac c e le ra t ion , ve loc i t y and displacem ent
t im e h ist o r ies shou ld be ex am ined to ensure
t ha t t hey a re reasonably c lose t o t he ta rge t
va lues in te rm s o f peak va lues , w ave form ,s t rong shak ing durat ion and o t her c r i t i c a l
feat ures such as t he near -fau l t ve loc i t y pu lse
CRETERIA FOR EVALUATI ONCRETERIA FOR EVALUATI ON THE RESULTINGTHE RESULTING
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CRETERIA FOR EVALUATI ONCRETERIA FOR EVALUATI ON THE RESULTINGTHE RESULTING
ACCELEROGRAMSACCELEROGRAMS
Pow er spec t ra l dens i ty func t ion shou ld be
ex am ined to ensure a board dis t r ibu t ion o f
energy in the f ina l spec t rum -c om pat ib le
m ot ion as a func t ion o f Four ier per iod and
t here are no sign if i can t de f ic ienc ies in t he
energy a t pe riods impor tan t t o t he st ruc t u re
In rea l ear thquak e rec ords, average of t he
duc t i l i t y fac t o r is ex pec t ed to be equa l t o
s t ruc t u ra l behavio r fac t o r a t longer periods
(equal d isplacem ent ru le) espec ia l ly forve loc i t y and d isp lac em ent sens it i ve spec t ra l
reg ions (Chop ra, 2000).
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Real is t i c Ac c e le ra t ion , Ve loc i t y andRea l is t i c Ac c e le ra t ion , Ve loc i t y and
Disp lacementDisp lacement
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Ac c e lera t ion , Ve loc i t y And Disp lac em ent Spect ra AndAc c e lera t ion , Ve loc i t y And Disp lac em ent Spec t ra And
Duc t i l i t y Dem and ForDuc t i l i t y Dem and For T ime Sc a led Rec ordsT ime Sc a led Rec ords
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Ac c e lera t ion , Ve loc i t y And Disp lac em ent Spec t ra AndAc c e lera t ion , Ve loc i t y And Disp lac em ent Spec t ra And
Duc t i l i t y Dem and ForDuc t i l i t y Dem and For SIMQK E Genera t ed Rec ordsSIMQKE Genera t ed Rec ords
Trapezo ida l in tens i ty enve lope w i th ear thquake r ise t ime=2.5 sec ,ear thquake leve l t im e=12sec , des i red dura t ion o f acc e le ra t ion=35sec and
des i red max imum ground acc e le ra t ion = 0.3 g
f i l t ered (0.1-20Hz)and basel ine
cor rected
Ac c e lera t ion Veloc i t y And Disp lac em ent Spec t ra AndAc c e lera t ion Veloc i t y And Disp lac em ent Spec t ra And
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Ac c e lera t ion , Ve loc i t y And Disp lac em ent Spec t ra AndAc c e lera t ion , Ve loc i t y And Disp lac em ent Spec t ra And
Duc t i l i t y Dem and ForDuc t i l i t y Dem and For TARSCTH Generat ed Rec ordsTARSCTH Generat ed Rec ords
f i l t ered (0.1-20Hz)and basel ine
cor rected
TARSCTHS program requ i res mom ent m agni t ude and ep ic entr a ld is tance o f scenar io ear thquake to c omput e dura t ion
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Ac c e lera t ion , Ve loc i t y And Disp lac em ent Spec t ra AndAc c e lera t ion , Ve loc i t y And Disp lac em ent Spec t ra And
Duc t i l i t y Dem and ForDuc t i l i t y Dem and For RSPMATCH Genera t ed Rec ordsRSPMATCH Genera t ed Rec ords
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THANK YOUTHANK YOU