RANDOM NOTES

Math: y = (+) menos = (-) son = (=) por = (x)2+2=4( dos y dos son/ igual a cuatro

2+2=4( dos mas dos son/ igual a cuatro

5-2=3( cinco menos dos son? igual a tres

7x2=14( siete veces dos son/ igual a catorce

7x2=14( siete por dos son/ igual a catorce

24/8=3( viente y cuatro divido ocho son/ igual a tres Ordinal numbers:

1st primero/a

6th sexto/a

2nd segundo/a

7th sptimo/a

3rd tercero/a

8th octavo/a

4th cuarto/a

5th quinto/a

~ Ending agrees in gender with the noun that follows

Los Numeros

0 Cero

11 Once

40 Cuarenta

91 Noventa y uno

1 Uno

12 Doce

41 Cuarenta y uno 100 cien

2 Dos

13 Trece

50 Cincuneta

3 Tres

14 Catorce

51 Cincuenta y uno

4 Cuatro 15 Quience

60 Sesenta

5 Cinco

20 Veinte

61 Sesenta y uno

6 Seis

21 Veintiuno

70 Setenta

7 Sieta 22 Veintidos

71 Setenta y uno

8 Ocho

23 Veintitrece

80 Ochenta

9 Nueve 30 Treinta

81 Ochenta y uno

10 Dies

31 Treinta y uno

90 Noventa

- A + person + le(s) gusta(n):

Person likes to do something

- anything with de is a prepositional phrase

- Spanish calendars begin with Monday and end with Sunday

- primero is used for first but regular #s are used for the rest

-days of the week and months are not capitalized

- you must use que after decir

- sometimes we can put in a negative word and leave out no (put in before verb). If negative word comes after, we must use no or another negative word before the verb

- use Ud. to show respect when speaking to an older person

- the number 100, cien, becomes ciento when followed by another number

- if followed by a feminine noun, we use ciento una (word)

- when talking about individual colors, we use the masculine definite article.

- when a number ending in -ientos is followed by a feminine noun, we us -ientas instead

- two dots over the U (dieresis) indicate that the u is pronounced [u]. EX:

- must always use que when needed, even if we wouldnt use its English equivalent, that, in a sentence

- when using a title to talk about a person, include the definite article. when addressing them, dont

- seguir + present participle -> action that began in the past and is still continuing or happens regularly.

* to keep on, go on, continue (doing something)

- when question words are used as conjunctions to join 2 parts of a sentence, there is no accent usedUse present and future tenses to give commands: As in English, the present and future indicative tenses can be used to issue emphatic commands. Using the present and future tenses in this way normally wouldn't be done when you're trying to be diplomatic; more likely, they would be used when simple persuasion hasn't been successful or if you're trying to be particularly matter-of-fact.

First-person plural commands: There are two ways to give a command to a group that includes yourself: use vamos a followed by the infinitive, or use the first-personal plural subjunctive form of the verb. These are typically translated in English by using "let's." In the negative form (let's not), the subjunctive form (not no vamos a) is typically used. To say "let's go," use vamos or vmonos; to say "let's not go," use no vayamos or no nos vayamosTHE PRESENT AND FUTURE TENSES ARE OFTEN USED TOGETHER

THE CONDITIONAL AND PAST TENSES ARE OFTEN USED TOGETHER

- when would = used to; it is translated to the imperfect tense

- when would = to be willing; it is translated to the preterite of quererWORD ORDER:- stressed elements are usually place at the end of a sentence

- very may precede the subject

Regla: to use on Sunday you say el Domingo to say on Sundays you use en Domingos.

Regla: If a noun ends in a vowel you add s to make it plural.

a. la flor( las flores

b. el reloj( los relojes

c. el papel lo( s papeles

Regla: If a noun ends in a consanent, add es to make it plural.

a. el lpiz ( los lpices

b. la actriz ( las actrices

Regla: if a noun ends in a z change the z to a c and add es

a. la cancin la( s canciones the song

b. el ingls ( los ingleses the englishman

c. el francs (los franceses the frenchman

Regla: If a noun ends in n or s and has an accent on the last vowel, you drop the accent and add es

a. el examen( los exmens

Regla: If a noun ends in n and has no accent add es and put an accent on the second vowel.

Regla: If an adjective ends in e it has only two forms; which are singular and plural. Masculine and Feminine are the same.Gramatica

Grammer

Los Numeros Ordinales

Ordinal Numbers

1- primero 6- sexto

2- Segundo 7- septimo

3- tercero 8- octavo

4- cuarto 9- noveno

5- quinto 10- dicimo

Regalas:

1) Ordinal #s go up to 10

Ex: The first boy- El primer muchacho

The second girl- La segunda muchacha

2) Primero and tercero drop the o before a masculine singular noun

Ex: The first day of class- El primer dia de clase

The third cat- El tercer gato

The first of January- El primero de enero (NO NOUN)

3) After 10 use regular numbers and out them after the noun

Ex: The 11th floor- El piso once4) Ordinal numbers go before the noun and change to feminine and plural according to the noun

Ex: The 1st locker- La primera gaveta

The 1st books- Los primeros libros

The 5th girls- Las quintas muchachas

***Dont forget theres an accent in septimo and decimo

STRESS AND ACCENTUATION

Stress is the practice of saying one syllable louder than another. All words in Spanish have stress. In the word "casa", the first syllable is stressed. Unlike English, Spanish words all have one stressed syllable. All additional syllables in the word are unstressed.

Spanish stresses unaccented words in this way:

RULE 1

If the word ends in a vowel (a e i o u) or n or s, the word is stressed on the next to the last syllable automatically.

peso, importante, pacientes, trabajan

RULE 2

If the word ends in any other letter, it is stressed on the last syllable automatically.

total, respirar, edadRULE 3

If the word does not follow the above rules, it has an accent mark. An accent mark is a written stress. It overrides the rules stated above pointing out visually where the stress belongs. Accent marks may only be placed above vowels and are only found in the stressed syllable.

dbil, corazn, termmetro

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DIPHTHONGS

A diphthong is a weak vowel together with a strong vowel in the same syllable. The weak vowels are u and i; ("You and I are weak.") The following words have diphthongs:

bueno, historia, cruel.

Whenever an accent mark is needed over a diphthong, it goes over the strong vowel, never over the weak vowel. If you write an accent mark over a weak vowel, it becomes a strong vowel. Since there cannot be two strong vowels in the same syllable, an extra syllable is created.

estacin, mircoles, adis

but

fro, gra, economa

ADDITIONAL USES OF ACCENT MARKS

Sometimes, words have accent marks not to indicate stress but to distinguish one word from its homonym pair. (s=yes, si=if).

Additionally, all interrogatives have accents. (Dnde?)

Any time you see an accent mark, it always corresponds to the stressed syllable in the word, even if it is marking a homonym or an interrogative. (ste)------------------

Los indefinidos y los negativos

algosomethingnadanothing

alguiensomeonenadieno one

alguno*someninguno*no, none

alguna some ninguna no, none

algunos some (ninguno)+ no

algunas some (ninguna) no

siemprealwaysnuncanever

tambinalsotampoconeither

(o) . . . o(either) . . . or(ni) . . . ni(neither) . . . nor

Notes

* Alguno and ninguno are adjectives and as such take the forms listed based on the noun that they modify. Alguno and ninguno are only used in the singular to refer to an entity that is counted.

Necesito alguna manera de organizar mi coleccin de fotografas.

(I need some way to organize my photo collection. Contrast this with

Necesito agua.

(I need some water.)

Should alguno or ninguno be followed immediately by a masculine singular noun, the forms are shortened to algn and ningn. Necesito algn modo de aprender mejor el vocabulario. o tengo ningn mtodo ahora.

+ The negative of algunos and algunas is generally ningn and ninguna . Tengo algunas camisas amarillas pero no tengo ninguna camisa roja.

Los interrogantes- interrogatives

A qu hora?At what time?

CmoHow?

Cul(es)?Which one(s)?

Cundo?When?

Cunto/a?How much?

Cuntos/as?How many?

Dnde?Where?

Por qu?Why?

Qu?What?

Quin(es)?Who (pl)?

Gracias por + haber +____ ado/ido

Siento +haber + _____ ado/ido

Perdon por +haber + ____ ado/ido

hablendo ____ ado / ido having said

hablendo gritado, el salio.