20 Sep 20061

EnvironmentEnvironmentby Syed Wali WaheedDirector, WAPDA Environment Cell

20 Sep 20062

Scheme of PresentationScheme of PresentationThere will be 5 parts of the Presentation:1. A discussion on the concept of

Environment2. Interactions between Man and

Environment3. Hydropower and Environment4. The Concept and Practice of EIA 5. EIA in WAPDA

20 Sep 20063

The purpose of the lectureThe purpose of the lecture To highlight the complexity, sensitivity

and importance of our environment To discuss our two way relationship with

the environment To examine some examples of how

hydropower projects affect the environment

To discuss Environmental Management aspects of of HPPs

To briefly describe the role of WEC

20 Sep 20064

Part 1Part 1

The concept of ‘Environment’The concept of ‘Environment’

20 Sep 20065

Definitions of ‘Environment’Definitions of ‘Environment’ “The conditions that affect the

behaviour and development of somebody / something; the physical conditions that somebody / something exist in; the natural world in which people, animals and plants live” (Oxford)

20 Sep 20066

Definitions of ‘Environment’Definitions of ‘Environment’ “All the factors (living and non-living)

that affect an individual organism or population at any point in the lifecycle; the set of circumstances surrounding a particular occurrence;

20 Sep 20067

Definitions of ‘Environment’Definitions of ‘Environment’The environment of an organism includes:a) The physical or abiotic milieu in which it exists, e.g.

geographic location, climatic conditions and terrain;b) The organic or biotic milieu including non-living

organic matter and all other organisms, plants and animals in the region including the particular population to which the organism belongs. Human environment includes abiotic factors of land, water, atmosphere, climate, sound, odour, and taste; The biotic factors of animals, plants, bacteria, and viruses, and the social factors of aesthetics. All energy supply and consumption affects the local environment to some extent. Air and water pollution from various sources are of particular importance”. (A Dictionary of Environment by J.L. Sharma, R.K. Kadian and P.L. Buldini).

20 Sep 20068

The 5 phases of manThe 5 phases of manIslam has defined 5 phases of existence of man

Spiritual existence before birth (two phases) Bodily existence in this world Spiritual existence in the burzakh Rising on the day of Judgment (Eternal) new form of (bodily) existence (in

heaven / hell)

Man has been, and will be, influenced by the environment in each phase of his existence.

Heaven or Hell will be his ultimate and permanent environment.

20 Sep 20069

Environment in the present lifeEnvironment in the present life Every thing around us forms our environment Every particle of the environment is His ‘sign’ Every item of the environment is His blessing There is Diversity, Balance and Function in the environment This environment is mortal, but is our test We are answerable for each of His blessings Everything – animals, plants, stones - deserve to be respected He who understands himself, can understand Allah

20 Sep 200610

Classifications of environmentClassifications of environment Local Regional Global Spritual Ambient

Natural / Rural / Green Urban / Brown Built Indoor Office / working Lit

20 Sep 200611

Realms of the environmentRealms of the environmentThe geosphereThe hydrosphereThe atmosphereThe biosphere(The noosphere)

20 Sep 200612

Major Divisions of the EnvironmentMajor Divisions of the Environment

Physical Environment: geology, topography, soils, climate and meteorology, ambient air quality; surface & groundwater; oceans and coasts; air and water quality

Biological Environment: flora; fauna; rare or endangered species; sensitive habitats including parks and reserves, significant natural sites etc; species of commercial importance, or with potential to become nuisances, vectors or dangerous.

Socio-Cultural Environment: Population; land use; planned development activities; community structure; employment; distribution of income; goods and services; recreation; public health; cultural properties; tribal peoples; and customs, aspirations and attitudes.

20 Sep 200613

Some major eco-cyclesSome major eco-cyclesThe energy cycleThe water cycleThe carbon (and oxygen) cycleThe nitrogen cycle

20 Sep 200614

Relationships in environmentRelationships in environment Everything is related to every thing We can study, but cannot understand,

the relationships in environment Everything is made of spirit, matter and

time The sun-cycle and human activity Meditation and crimes Hair treatment system The Bach Flower Remedy Happiness and environment

20 Sep 200615

Wonders of the EnvironmentWonders of the Environment Every thing has a soul The colour and smell of sound Seven layers of human beings Four levels of functioning of human beings The halo of living beings Dvining – the hidden fields of energy Whale and elephant talk Plant talk Inter-specie communication The healing energies of trees The healing effect of pets and pots The communities of other spiritual beings

20 Sep 200616

Wonders of the environmentWonders of the environment The Numeric wonder of the Quran The Angels manage the environment OBE Nature, magic and medicine The energy of moving water Every drop of water, every flake of

snow Our skin sees, and remembers Viruses from outer space Visitors from outer space The butterfly and the ecosystem The protected lakes of North America

20 Sep 200617

Part 2Part 2

Man and EnvironmentMan and Environment

20 Sep 200618

The Quran and EnvironmentThe Quran and Environment“In the creations of the heavens and the

earth, in the alternations of the night and day, in the rains that Allah sends down to give life to the lands that are dead, in the animals and beasts that He has scattered on the earth, in the changes of the winds, and in the clouds that trail the winds like slaves hanging between the sky and the earth, are signs of Allah for those who understand”.

Verse 164, Surah Baqrah

20 Sep 200619

The Quran and EnvironmentThe Quran and Environment“But they pass by these signs of Allah in the

heavens and the earth, with their faces averted”

Verse 105, Surah Yusuf

20 Sep 200620

The need to respect natureThe need to respect nature Quran’s injunctions to contemplate on the

environment Surah Baqra, Mulk, Rehman, Takasar Red Indian, African and Budhist traditions

of respect for nature He who does not respect nature will not

respect human beings What we touch we destroy The Bhutanese concept The proposal of Constatine Doxiadis

20 Sep 200621

Environment’s impact on manEnvironment’s impact on manSpiritual impactsPsychological impactsPhysical impactsSocial and economic impacts

20 Sep 200622

Environment’s impact on manEnvironment’s impact on manSpiritual impacts

– Impacts on the fetus – Lifelong impacts on personality and

health– Alienation from nature– Impacts on destiny, and hereafter – Injustice – and global justice

20 Sep 200623

Environment’s impact on manEnvironment’s impact on manPsychological impacts

– Personality and traits– Behaviour and attitudes – Moods and feelings– Aesthetics and happiness– Achievement, pride, and contentment

20 Sep 200624

Environment’s impact on manEnvironment’s impact on manPhysical impacts

– Health– Performance– Living conditions– Working conditions

20 Sep 200625

Environment’s impact on manEnvironment’s impact on manSocial and economic impacts

– Choices and opportunities– Resource base– The future of future generations– Heritage, history and culture– Livelihood opportunities

20 Sep 200626

Man’s impact on environmentMan’s impact on environment

Global Impacts Physical Ecological Social, cultural

and economic

Local Impacts Physical Ecological Social, cultural

and economic

20 Sep 200627

Main reasons of the problemsMain reasons of the problems Rapid growth in world human population Invention of machines, IC engine,

electricity Western (secular) model of development

(material and economic development) The Rat Race for limitless Quality of Life Need versus greed Mass production Excessive exploitation of resources Excessive production of wastes

20 Sep 200628

Main reasons of the problemsMain reasons of the problems The Waste-makers – fashion and

advertising Atheist culture, education, business Man-made laws which protect the guilty “We make our cities, then the cities

make us” (Churchill) Islam on status and luxury Islam on ‘fasaad’ (creating nuisance) Islam on cruelty and injustice

20 Sep 200629

Energy needs of (western) lifeEnergy needs of (western) life Industries Transport Urban indoor environmentLightingMaking life easy

20 Sep 200630

Forms of EnergyForms of EnergyNon-Renewable Coal Oil Gas Water Electricity

Renewable Wind Water Sunshine Geothermal Tide Wave Ocean thermal Biomass Biogas Electricity

20 Sep 200631

Our National Energy ‘Mix’Our National Energy ‘Mix’Thermal MWHydro MWNuclear MWOthers MW

20 Sep 200632

Solar energy in PakistanSolar energy in Pakistan

An area of 22 km x 22 km in Baluchistan can provide adequate electricity for the entire needs of the country, assuming 250 sunny days in a year, and 20 % efficient solar cells

20 Sep 200633

Energy and environmentEnergy and environment Impacts of mining / diversion Impacts of project construction Impacts of project operation Impacts of transmission Impacts of use

20 Sep 200634

Part 3Part 3

Hydropower and Hydropower and EnvironmentEnvironment

20 Sep 200635

Hydropower in PakistanHydropower in PakistanTotal Estimated PotentialTotal InstalledUnder ImplementationUnder PlanningNumber of HPPs under

ImplementationNumber of HPPs under Planning

20 Sep 200636

Major components of an HPPMajor components of an HPP Dam or weir Backwater zone or reservoir Diversion canal or tunnel Power house + switchyard Offices, colonies, ancillary structures Power line corridor Borrow areas Spoil areas Roads

20 Sep 200637

Major activities of HPPsMajor activities of HPPs(Construction + Operation)(Construction + Operation)

Survey Geological investigations Site clearance and de-vegetation Land acquisition Dislocation of people, property Excavation, blasting, drilling Construction Changes in hydrology of river Changes in hydrology of other streams Changes in local drainage

20 Sep 200638

Major activities of HPPsMajor activities of HPPs(Construction + Operation)(Construction + Operation)

Grading, leveling, etc Generation of wastes Quarrying of aggregate, sand etc Disposal of spoil Movement of vehicles Increased presence of people

20 Sep 200639

Social and Environmental Issues of HPPsSocial and Environmental Issues of HPPs

Physical Environmental Issues Atmosphere Ground water Surface water Noise Land / soil Aesthetics

20 Sep 200640

Social and Environmental Issues of HPPsSocial and Environmental Issues of HPPs

Ecological Issues Terrestrial flora Terrestrial fauna Aquatic biota Terrestrial habitat Aquatic habitat

20 Sep 200641

Social and environmental issues of HPPsSocial and environmental issues of HPPsSocial Issues

Resettlement and compensation Replacement housing Income opportunity Employment in project Lifestyle Land use Health Tourism Archaeology Culture

20 Sep 200642

Environmental Impact AssessmentEnvironmental Impact AssessmentObjectives

Examine alternate project options Identify the likely impacts Improve project location / design Highlight adverse impacts Mitigate / minimise adverse impacts Management of unavoidable impacts Compensation / replacement of losses Monitoring of project activities

20 Sep 200643

Environmental Impact AssessmentEnvironmental Impact AssessmentThe EIA Process

Screening Preliminary / Initial Assessment Scoping Detailed / Comprehensive Assessment

20 Sep 200644

Environmental Impact AssessmentEnvironmental Impact AssessmentThe IEE / EIA Report Format

A Executive SummaryB IntroductionC Description of the projectD Description of the environment

Physical Resources Ecological Resources Human and Economic Development Quality of Life Values

E Screening of impacts & mitigation measuresF Environmental Monitoring Program

Annexes

20 Sep 200645

GoP Guidelines for EIAGoP Guidelines for EIA“Guidelines

for the Preparation and Review of Environmental

Reports”

Government of PakistanNovember 1997

20 Sep 200646

EIA of HPPs in WAPDAEIA of HPPs in WAPDA

20 Sep 200647

The WAPDA Environment CellThe WAPDA Environment Cell WEC created in Power Wing but

dissolved WEC in Water Wing created in 1987, in

Planning & Design Division, under Water Resources Planning Organisation

Present strength of WEC:– Director 1– Deputy Director / Senior Geologist2– Research Officer / Junior Engineer 5– Support Staff 10

20 Sep 200648

WEC ContactWEC Contact You are welcome to visit us at:

Wapda Environment Cell,SMO Building, 3 Canal Bank,Mughalpura, Lahore.

Tel / Fax (042) 684 9506wecmail@brain.net.pk

I will appreciate your feedback on this lecture