Vernon Van Dyke - Ciencia Politica Un Analisis Filosófico

8/12/2019 Vernon Van Dyke - Ciencia Politica Un Analisis Filosófico

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rò nhd

@st` ehard pr s`ltb ulb ohedsdo ãb i` eb hlv`sthmbnhþl pdeãthnb’ulbohedsdoãb i` eb nh`lnhb bpehnbae` b eb nh`lnhb pdeãthnb’. @l `st` ndlt`xtd

ohedsdoãb i`ldtb, pbrb i`nhred cuy ar`v`c`lt`, p`lsbch`ltd bn`rnb i`

p`lsbch`ltd. @ l ul s`lthid bemd câs bcpehd ,i`ldtb ndln`pnhdl`s m`l`-

rbe`s i` ohl`s y cìhds, prdpþshtds y cètdids `l eb hlv`sthmbnhþl bnbiè-

chnb. Bûl ndl cbydr bcpehtui; hlneuy` è `sou`rzd i` odrcuebr y neb-

rh o hnbr tbltd è shmlhohnbid i` pbebarbs nrunhbe`s `cpe`bibs `l eb hlv`s-

thmbnhþl bnbièchnb ndcd e shmlho hnbid hcpehnbnhdl`s i` ihv`rsbs su-pdshnhdl`s y pr`chsbs l eb qu` eb hlv`sthmbnhþl s` absb, d ià`rãb ab-

sbrs .

Bulqu` `l pbrt` i`snrhpthvd i` eds o hl`s p`rs`muhids r`bec`lt` y i`

eds cìhds r`bec`lt` `cpe`bids, è ehard `s, `l su cbydr pbrt`, pr`s-

nrhpthvd d ldrcbthvd. Ruè s ed qu` eds nh`ltãohnds pdeãthnds ià`l hl-

t`ltbr ndls`muhr4 ´Ruè nrht`rhds i` kuhnhd ià`l muhbre`s `l eb è`nnhþli` ed qu` ià`l gbn`r4 ´Ruè nrht`rhds ià`l `cpe`brs` pbrb i`nhihr què

`ls`òbr d `snrhahr, y pbrb kuzmbr eds qu` dtrds `ls`òbl d `snrha`l4 ´Ruè

thpds i` hlv`sthmbnhþl ià`l s`r ndlshi`rbids ndcd vbehdsds, y què thpds

i` r`suetbids ndcd sbthsobntdrhds4 Nþcd s` p`rs`muhrâl eds cìhds `s-

ndmhids4 Cungbs i` ebs pbebarbs bquã cpe`bibs be ndlt`stbr b stbs pr`-

multbs sdl vbmbs, ed nube daehmb b pr`stbr ulb ndlshi`rbae` bt`lnhþl b

sus shmlhohnbids. Zdr èed, mrbl pbrt` iè ehard `stâ i`sthlbib b è`vbr eb

nebrhibi ndln`ptube. Zdr bòbihiurb, e ehard trbtb i` s`r, b eb v`z, blb-

eãthnd y eþmhnd; blbeãthnd, be hi`ltho hnbr eds e`c`ltds qu` bpbr n`l kul-

tds pbrb edmrbr ulb betb nbehibi bnbièchnb, y eþmhnd, be hi`ltho hnbr ebs

rèbnhdl`s `ltr` `stds è`c`ltds.

@e prhlnhpbe prdpþshtd iè ehard `s, pu`s, ndltrhauhr be i`sbrrdeed iè

trbabkd bnbièchnd vâehid `l eb nh`lnhb pdeãthnb. Eds hlmrìh`lt`s iè trb-

abkd bnbièchnd vâehid qu` sdl trbtbids s` rèbnhdlbl ndl ebs è`nnhdl`s

qu` gbn`l eds nh`ltão hnds. ^` supdl` qu` ebs è`nnhdl`s s`râl câs sbahbs

sh s` o `ntûbl i` cbl`rb ièha`rbib y ndlsnh`lt`, i`spuès i` ndlshi`rbr

tdibs ebs pdshae`s bet`rlbthvbs. Ebs nu`sthdl`s qu` s` trbtbl s` rèbnhd-

lbl ndl eb bpr`g`lshþl y `ls`òblzb sè`nthvb i` ed qu` yb `s ndldnhid



t

21 h`lnhb pdeãthnb ul blâehshs ohedsþohnd

y, tbcahèl, ndl eds hlt`ltds i` i`snuarhr d i`sbrrdeebr ndldnhch`ltd lu`-

vd6 s` rèbnhdlbl ndl è `stuihd, `ls`òblzb ` hlv`sthmbnhþl.@e ehard s` ihvhi` `l nubtrd pbrt`s.

Eb pbrt` prhc`rb trbtb i` eds prdpþshtds iè `stuihd i` eb pdeãthnb, r`-

oe`kblid eb supdshnhþl i` qu` eds prdpþshtds hlcìhbtd, hlt`rcìhbtd y ûe-

thcd s` edmrbrâl câs oânhec`lt` sh gbl shid hi`lt hohnbids ndl nebrhibi.

Eb hi`lthohnbnhþl i` prdpþshtds’s`bl eds qu` s` p`rshmu`l d eds qu` i`-

a`l s`r p`rs`muhids’ld `s oânhe. Eds beuclds i` ehn`lnhbturb qu` s` `s-

ou`rzbl `l `snrhahr `lsbyds y i hs`rtbnhdl`s `stâl, ldrcbec`lt`, bndsbidspdr e prdae`cb i` eb nebrhibi i` eds prdpþshtds. Eds butdr`s ldvè`s i`

lhvè pdst`rhdr be idntdrbid b c`luid `xp`rhc`ltbl eb chscb ihohnuetbi6

be stbae`n`r, pdr `k`cped, eds prdpþshtds tbl vbmbc`lt` qu` s` lnu`l-

trbl shl nrht`rhds nebrds p brb eb hlneushþl d `xneushþl i` ibtds. Ndc`l-zbr `l ulb eãl`b nebrb i` p `lsbch`ltd y i`sbrr deebreb ndl vhmdr `s ulb

tbr`b cuy ihoãnhe. Hlneusd bemulbs darbs puaehnbibs prdiun`l eb hcpr `-

shþl i` qu` sus butdr`s ld sba`l tdtbec`lt` ed qu` `stbabl gbnh`lid,

qu` ld pds`ãbl ulb ndln`pnhþl nebrb i` eds prdpþshtds, câs beeâ i` ed

hlcìhbtd y ed davhd. @stb hcpr`shþl ndhlnhi` ndl ulb das`rvbnhþl g`ngbgbn` cungds bòds pdr Q. M. Ndeehlmwddi `l Eb hi`b i` eb Ghstdrhb i `qu` «eb cì hib `l q u` eb m`lt` bntûb ndl ulb hi`b nebrb i` eds oh-

l`s qu` p`rshmu l s` `xbm rb oânhec`lt`¶. Bòbiãb qu`, ((`l mrbl c`-

ihib, eb m`lt` ld sba` ed qu` gbn` gbstb qu` ed gb g`ngd, sh `s qu` ed

sba` `ltdln`s¶. ¡Ruhzâ dtrds qu` gbl `snrhtd ehards y qu` eu`md gbl trb-T tbid i` `snrhahr ul pròbnhd i`snrhah`lid ed qu` gbl g ngd s` c` ulhrâl

pbrb t`sthohnbr eb v`ribi i` `stb das`rvbnhþl @l iò`ntd i` ul s l-

thid nebrd iè pr dpþshtd’y i ` ul s`lthid eþmhnd què hlihqu` ed qu` s

rè`vblt` pbrb è prdpþshtd’, eb `ls`òblzb, bpr`g`lshþl y eb rìbnnhþl

ndlshsthrâl, prdabae`c`lt`, l ul pdpurrã i` hlodrcbnhþl vbrhb d l eb

hchtbnhþl c`nâlhnb i` ul `squ`cb ndlv`lnhdlbe. Eds `squ`cbs ndlv`l-

nhdlbe`s sdl, b v`n`s, lbturbec`lt`, cuy au`lds. @e p`lsbch`ltd vhmbndsd muhbid pdr è prdpþshtd puì` ndliunhr b su bichshþl ièha`rbib.

Ed qu` hlt`r`sb bquã `s qu` ebs è`nnhdl`s qu` s` ròh`r`l b prdp þshtds,

nube`squh`rb qu` s`bl, ià`l s`r ihsnrhchlbibs, ld butdcâthnbs d hchtb-thvbs shl ròe`xhþl.

@e brmuc`ltd i`sbrrdeebid `l eb pbrt` prhc`rb `s qu` è prdpþshtd

ià` s`r `xpehnbr y prì`nhr eb ndliuntb pdeãthnb, prhlnhpbec`lt` ndl èohl i` ndltrhauhr b eb rbnhdlbehibi i` ebs i`nhshdl`s.

Eb pbr t` s`mulib s` n`ltrb `xpeãnhtbc`lt` `l ulb s`rh` i` pbebarbs

ldrcbec`lt` `cpe`bibs pbrb `xpehnbr y prì`nhr; g`ngd, bastrbnnhþl, neb-

shohnbnhþl, ndln`ptd, m`l`rbehzbnhþl, ghpþt`shs, r`mhb, prhlnhphd, h`y, t`drãby c dièd. Eb cbydrãb i ` `stbs pbebarbs i`ldtbl ulb odrcb `l qu` s`

`xpr`sb è ndldnhch`ltd6 pdr `k`cped, `xpr`sbid `l odrcb i` g`ngds

y m`l`rbehzbnhdl`s. Eb cbydrãb i` èebs i`ldtbl tbcahèl, d `stâl rèb-

nhdlbibs ndl, ul prdnûsd ' qu` `s hcpdrt blt` pbr b eb biquhshnhþl y `x-

pr`shþl iè ndldnhch`ltd6 pdr `k`cped, è prdn`sd i` bastrb`r, è i` neb-

shohnbr, è i` t`drhzbr. Cungbs i` ebs è`nnhdl`s ò`ntubibs pdr eds nh`l-

Zròbnhd 2>

tãohnds pdeãthnds s` absbl `l su ndcpr`lshþl iè shmlhohnbid i` `stbs odr-

cbs y prdn`sds. Ńuâe`s sdl eds g`ngds itt eb nh`lnhb pdeãthnb4 Nube s

eb iho`r`lnhb `ltr` ul g`ngd `sp`não hnd y ul ¡t`ngb m`l`rbe4 Ruè ih-

o`r`lnhb gby ltr ` qu` ul g`ngd s`b ndlshi`rbid shcpe ;¶`lt` ndcd v`r-

ibi`rb hlodrcbnhþl d ndcd pruàb4 Ńuâe`s sdl ebs o ulnhdl`s i` eds

ndln`ptds4 ´Ruè `sndeeds s` pr`s`ltbl be iòhlhr eds ndln`ptds4 ´Ruè

pèhmrds bc`lbzbl be r`hohnbr eds ndln`ptds4 Ruè sdl ebs ghpþt`shs, nuâl-

id puì`l uthehzbrs` ûthec`lt`, què s` quh`r` i`nhr nublid s` beui`

b su pdshahehibi i` s`r pu`stbs b pruàb4 Nublid s` ihsnut` eb nu`sthþl

i` gbstb què pultd eb ndliuntb pdeãthnb `s eãnhtb, ńuâe`s i` eds shmlh-

ohnbids pdshae`s s` ndlshi`rbl4 Nublid ul `snrhtd gbaeb i` «dnbsd, `

eb t`drãb pdeãthnb¶, y dtrd bpultb gbnhb «ulb t`drãb i` eb pdeãthnb hl-

t`rlbnhdlbe¶, ´què shmlhohnbid btrhauy` nbib uld i` èeds b eb pbebarb

t`drãb4 ´Ruè `stâ hcpeãnhtd `l è p rdn`sd i` t`drhzbnhþl, y què pbpè

puì`l kumbr ebs t`drãbs4 ´Ruè rèbnhþl th`l`l eds g`ngds, ebs r`mebs, e`-

y`s, t`drãbs, `tn., ndl eb `xpehnbnhþl y eb prìhnnhþl4

Eb pbrt ` t`rn`rb trbtb, prhlnhpbec`lt`, i` eds `lodqu`s pbrb è `s-

tuihd i` eb pdeãthnb, pr`stblid tbcahèl bemulb bt`lnhþl b eds cètdids y

b ebs tènlhnbs. Eb pbebarb `lodqu` `s, l r`suc`l, cpe`bib bquã pbrb

i`ldtbr eds nrht`rhds `cpe`bids pbrb sè`nnhdlbr ebs nu`sthdl`s b peblt`br

y eds ibtds qu` ndlshi`rbr `6 eb hlv`sthmbnhþl pdeãthnb. Eds nh`ltãohnds pd-

eãthnds uthehzbl ulb vbrhìbi i` lodqu`s. Bemulds hi`lthohnbl ul lodqu`

ndl ulb ihsnhpehlb bnbièchnb y bi dptbl, pdr `k`cped, ul `lodqu ghs-tþrhnd d pshndeþmhnd. Dtrds hi`lthohnbl ul `lodqu` ndl ul rbsmd sdar`-

sbeh`lt` i` eb vhib pdeãthnb, y bidpt bl, pdr `k`cped, ul `lodqu` hlsthtu-

nhdlbe d ulb i` ebs vbrhbs nebs`s i` `lodqu`s absbids `l eb bidpnhþl i`

i`nhshdl`s. Bemulds bidpt bl ul lodqu` a`gbvhdr hs tb, d ul `lodqu` blb-

eþmhnd i`ldchlbid t`drãb i` eds shst`cbs m`l`rbe`s. Dtrds hi`lthohnbl

ul lodqu` ndl ulb ghpþt`shs xpehnbthvb d ndl ulb t`dr ãb nbusbe6 tbe`s

`lodqu`s s` `lnubirbl `l ulb i` ebs vbrhbs nbt`mdrãbs, i`p`lih`lid iè

èlobshs rèbthvd ibid b ndlshi`rbnhdl`s iè cìhd, pshndeþmhnbs d hi`deþ-

mhnbs. Zdr `k`cped, quh`l`s trbtbl i` `xpehnbr y prì`nhr `l abs` b ebs

t`drãbs cbrxhstbs suarbybl eds ibtds y ndlshi`rbnhdl`s ndlþchnds6 quh`-

l`s s` `sou`rzbl `l gbn`r ed chscd `l a bs` b eds shst`cbs i` hi `bs d

nr``lnhbs pdl`l è èlobshs `l eds ibtds hi`deþmhnds. @e prhlnhpbe ohl i`

nbtbedmbr y i`snrhahr stds ihsthlt ds lodqu s s, i` lu`vd, sthcuebr ebè`nnhþl ièha`rbib y ndlsnh`lt` r`sp`ntd b eds chscds, sh eb è`nnhþl ià`

s`r i` ul sded `lodqu` d i` ids d câs pbrb badribr è chscd prdae`cb.

@xhst` ul rh`smd ndlshi`rbae` i` trbabkd `stèrhe nublid ul `lodqu` s`

bidptb câs d c`lds nh`mbc`lt` y shl ròe`xhþl, quhzâ pdr è i`sndldnh-

ch`ltd i` ebs bet`rlbthvbs.

@e trbtbch`ltd i` eds cètdids `l eb pbrt` t `rn`rb `s ar`v`. Eb pb-ebarb cètdids i`ldtb prdn`sds pbrb biquhrhr y trbtbr ibtds. Eb bt`lnhþl

s` n`ltrb `l eb shmlhohnbnhþl iè blâehshs, `l ebs- nbrbnt`rãsthnbs i` eds

cètdids nublthtbthvds y nubehtbthvds, `l eb iho`r`lnhb `ltr` cètdids hl-

iunthvds y iìunthvds, l eds cètdids ndcpbrbthvds y, ohlbec`lt`, l è



20

9h`lnhb pdeãthnb; ul blâehshs ohedsþohnd

s`lthid iè tèrchld cètdid nh`ltãohnd. @e ohl s nebrhohnbr eds shmlhohnb-nds câs qu` suchlhstrbr hlstrunnhþl prânthnb i` eb bpehnbnhþl i` eds cè-

tdids.

Ohlbec`lt`, eb pbrt` nubrtb s` pr`multb sh eb nh`lnhb pdeãthnb `s d

puì` s`r ulb nh`lnhb. Eb nu`sthþl bo`ntb be stuihd i` ed qu` s ldi` ed qu` ià`rãb s`r. Eb r`spu`stb i`p`li`, lbturbec`lt`, i` eb iòh-

lhnhþl i` nh`lnhb qu` s` i`nhib bidptbr. @l r`suc`l, eb iòhlhnhþl qu`

bquã s` bidptb s qu` eb nh`lnhb ndlshst` l ndldnhch`ltd qu` s v`rh-

ohnbae`, shst`câthnd y m`l`rbe. @e prdae`cb pbrb e nh`ltãohnd i` eb pdeã-

thnb `s qu` nubltd câs s` hlshst` `l eb v`rhehnbahehibi câs ihoãnhe `s i`s-brrdeebr m`l`rbehzbnhdl`s, y qu` nubltd câs s` bsnh`li` b lhvè`s câs

betds i` m`l`rbehibi câs ihoãnhe `s v`rhohnbr ed qu` s` gb ihngd. Bprdxh-

cbibc`lt`, è ihe`cb `s d pdl`r è bn`ltd `l i`nhr ed qu` `s hcpdr-

tblt` d i`nhr ed qu` `s v`ribi`rd. Bemulds nh`ltãohnds pdeãthnds ndlt`stbl

i` ulb cbl`rb dtrds i` dtrb. @std ld shmlhohnb qu` ld gbybl bpbr`nhidhcpdrtblt`s stuihds nh`ltãohnds i` eb pdeãthnb, pu`s l bemulds nbcpds

è ihe`cb s c`lds s`rhd qu` l dtrds. Z`rd eds dastânueds pbrb ndlv`r-

thr l nh`ltãohnds b tdids eds `stuihds i`snrhpthvds sdl cuy mrbli`s.

@e stãcued pbrb snrhahr e ehard c` gb v`lhid i` ihv`rsds obntdr`s.

I`si` gbn` cungd g` s`lthid eb l`n`shibi p`rsdlbe i` ulb xpdshnhþl

rbzdlbib qu` muã` ch `ls`òblzb ` hlv`sthmbnhþl, y ul s`chlbrhd ulhv`r-shtbrhd qu` g` ihrhmhid gb g`ngd l`n`sbrhb eb brthnuebnhþl i` ulb `xpd-

shnhþl rbzdlbib. (Hlnhi`ltbec`lt`, è s`chlbrhd `s iè thpd i` eds quùsubec`lt` s` thtuebl «Benbln` y cètdid i` eb nh`lnhb pdeãthnb¶

yd edeh` thtuebid «Eb ohedsdoãb i` eb hlv`sthmbnhþl pdeãthnb¶). @e obntdr qu` gb

pr`nhphtbid eb i`nhshþl i` snrhahr e ehard gb shid ch xp`rh`lnhb i` ih-

rhmhr s`chlbrhds i` v`rbld, pbrb p`rsdlbs qu` gbaãbl dat`lhid yb e tã-

tued i` idntdr, sdar` eb ls`òblzb i` eb pdeãthnb hlt`rlbnhdlbe, l 2800

y 280?’s`chlbrhds qu` gby qu` borbi`n`r b eb Oulibnhþl Odri’. Pld

i` eds dak`tds i` `stds s`chlbrhds ou` i`sbrrdeebr ulb ohedsdoãb bpehnbae`b eb `ls`òblzb hlv`sthmbnhþl l e nbcpd hlt`rlbnhdlbe. Bulqu` ndc-

p`lsbidrb, eb `xp`rh`lnhb i` `stds s`chlbrhds ou`, tbcahèl, p`rturabidrb.

Ld `rb sh`cpr` nebrd què thpds i` pr`multbs c`r`nãbl s`r peblt`bibs6

y, pbrb bemulbs nu`sthdl`s oulibc`ltbe`s, p`rd shcpe`s, ld pbr`nãb s`

ihspush`s` i` r`spu`stbs. B ndlthlubnhþl i` eds s`c hlbrhds hlhnhè ul prd-mrbcb i` nursds ndlodrc` b ebs eãl`bs sum`rhibs pdr Qhngbri N. lyi`ry Gbrdei ^prdut, y i` èeds surmhþ è ehard.

@l cdc`ltds nrunhbe s i` eb ebadrbnhþl iè ehard bemulbs p`rsdlbs

ghnh`rdl sum`r`lnhbs shl ebs nube`s prdabae`c`lt` ld guah`rb shid ndc-pe`tbid. Chs nde`mbs @iwbri Ebl` Ibvhs y Qda`rt Adyltdl, y ch blth-

mud nde`mb Brldei B. Qdmdw bgdrb i` eb Plhv`rshibi i` ^tbliodriri, c`byuibrdl `sp`nhbec`lt . Qda`rt ^behsaury i` eb Plhv`rshibi i` ]bsg-hlmtdl y Or i ^dli`rcbll iè Ndedrbid Ndee`m` c` pr`stbrdl bshchs-cd, byuib vbehdsb. Ngbre`s HGyl`cbl y dtrds c` dor`nh`rdl nrãthnbs tbli`vbstbidrbs i` ul nbpãtued qu` ed ehquhiè ndcpe`tbc`lt`’ndl hliu-ibae` c`kdrb i è e hard E`` E`lit, quh`l bgdrb s` idntdrb `l eb Plh-

Zròbnhd

v`rshibi i` Ndeucahb, pr`s`ltþ cungbs sum`r`lnhbs6 y ch byuiblt` i`

hlv`sthmbnhþl ]. Gbywbri Qdm`rs c` sbevþ i` `rrdr`s y ndltrhauyþ i `-

nhshvbc`lt` b eb nebrhibi y pr`nhshþl i` nh`rtbs pâmhlbs. Mustbv A`rmcbll, prdo`sdr i` Ohedsdoãb y Zshndedmãb i` eb Plhv`rshibi i` Hdwb, byuiþ c âsi` ed qu` èe s` gb ibid nu`ltb, shcpe`c`lt` pdr e beh`ltd pr`stbid. ^h

`stbs y dtrbs p`rsdlbs ld gbl g `ngd p`ro`ntd be e hard, ld `s pdr su nuepb.Ohlbec`lt`, t`lmd eb sbb hsobnnhþl i` bmrbi`n`r eb byuib `sp`nhbe i` eb

Plhv`rshibi i` Hdwb, `l eb odrcb i` ulb rìunnhþl irâsthnb i` chs

gdrbs i` ls`òblzb l è ûethcd s`c`str` l qu` trbabkè `l è cblus-

nrhtd.

_ @ Q L D L _ B L I X F @

Plhv`rshibi i` Hdwb.Hdwb Nhty.

Cbrzd i` 28?:.



ZBQY@ ZQHC@QB



Hltrdiunnhþl

Ruh`l`s `ls`òbl y `snrha`l sdar` eb pdeãthnb sè`nnhdlbl y dri`lbl,

l`n`sbrhbc`lt`, eds ibtds qu` pr`s`ltbl, y, b v`n`s, ausnbl lu`vds ib-

tds’lu`vd ndldnhch ltd’. @stbs bnthvhibi`s `xhm`l gbn`r e nnhdl`s. ^`

`sndm` ul g`ngd ndl prò`r`lnhb b dtrd, ul `squ`cb i` drmblhzbnhþlcâs qu` dtrd, ulb ihr`nnhþl i` hlv`sthmbnhþl y ld ulb ihsthltb. Lbtu-rbec`lt`, ebs è`nnhdl`s puì`l s`r bzbrdsbs, p`rd `s davhd qu` ld edsdl. Hlt`rvh`l` bemulb su`rt` i` prhlnhphds. Eds nrht`rhds i` kuhnhd muãbl

eb bnnhþl. @xhst`l rbzdl`s pbrb ed qu` s` gb g`ngd.Zuì` ld s`r sh`cpr` l`n`sbrhd qu` eds stuihdsds t`lmbl nebrb ndl-

nh`lnhb i` eb `xpehnbnhþl rbnhdlbe i` sus bnthvhibi`s. Eds qu` `stâl id-

tbids i` ulb au`lb hltuhnhþl d hlsphrbids pdr e k`cped bi`nubid pu`-

i`l r`behzbr au`lbs e`nnhdl s r`muebrc`lt`, hlneusd sh ld sdl câs qu`

b cìhbs ndlsnh`lt`s i` eds nrht`rhds i` kuhnhd qu` cpe`bl. @l m`l`rbe,

ld dastblt`, pbr`n` prdabae` qu` eds kuhnhds s`bl c`kdr`s sh s` r`behzbl

ròe`xhvbc`lt` sdar` eb abs` i` nrht`rhds i` kuhnhd `xpeãnhtbc`lt` odr-cuebids .

´Ruè nrht`rhds ltrbl l ku`md4 Ruè nrht`rhds cpe`bl eds trbtb-

ihstbs, nuâe`s ià`l cpe`br, pbrb i`nhihr què ls`òbr d snrhahr y nþcd

drmblhzbred kuhnhdsbc`lt`4

Eb r`spu`stb puì` s`r eb p`rdmrueebib i` qu` eds trbtbihstbs ià`l

ò`ntubr è`nnhdl`s qu` shrvbl b ohl`s i`s`bae`s6 ed nube puì` bmuihzbr

è n`ltrd i` bt`lnhþl i` eb hlv`sthmbnhþl, p`rd qu` ld suchlhstrb ulbr`spu`stb.

´Ruè dak`thvds i` eb bnthvhibi bnbièchnb ià`l ndlshi`rbrs` ndcd

i`s`bae`s4 @e t`cb b i`sbrrdeebr pbrb ndlt`stbr b stb prsmultb ròe`kb

eb prdpdshnhþl e`c`ltbe i` qu` e stuihd i` eb pdeãthnb s e stuihd

i` ul bsp`ntd i` eb ndliuntb gucblb `l ul cìhd. Ndcpe`tbc`lt` bpbr-

t` i` eds dak`thvds bnbièchnds i` eds nh`ltãohnds i` eb pdeãthnb, eds s`r`s

gucblds s` prdpdl`l dak`thvds (c`tbs, ohl`s, vbedr`s) qu` p`rshmu`l `l

vbrhbs nhrnulstblnhbs cìhblt` cètdids ihsthltds. Bemulds i` eds da k`t h -v ds y b e mulds i` e d s cè t dids s ` i h n ` qu` sdl pd e ã th n ds . @s t bs p r dpds h n h d -



1: h`lnhb pdeãthnb; ul blâehshs ohedsþohnd Hltrdiunnhþl 1 2

l`s s um h ` r `l e d s p r dpþs h t ds qu` e d s n h `l t ã oh n ds p d e ã t h n ds i à `l p ` r s `mu h r .û c` t b i à ` s ` r da t `l `r y t rbl sc h t hr n dldn hch`l t d s `murd i` e d s p r dpþ-shtds qu` sdl d ià`l s`r p`rs`muhids l eb vhib pdeãthnb y i` eds c`-ihds qu` sdl d ià`l s`r cpe`bids, ndldnhch`ltd i` ohl`s y cìhds yi` ebs hlt`rrèbnhdl`s ltr` ohl`s y cìhds.

@e c h scd p`lsb ch `l t d puì` , `l su ` s `ln h b , xpr ` s b r s ` i` cbl` rbiho`r`lt` sh eb è`nnhþl i ûethcds ohl`s, s` bsuc`, ròe`kb bemd ihsthltdb e b hl v `s t h m bn hþl bnbièchnb’ul supu`s t d qu` s ` n dl s hi ` r brâ l ` e n b -

pãtued pr hc`rd’. Zdi`c ds i`nh r qu` ` e prdpþs h td i` eb bnt hv hibi bnb iè-chnb ` s t dcbr `l nu`l t b y , `l e d p ds ha e ` , p r ì`n h r e b s n dli hn h dl `s y bndl -

---t`nhch`ltds pdeãthnds. Ed nube `quhvbe` b i`nhr qu``è prdpþshtd ià` s`r`xp e hnbr y prì`n hr’`stba e`n`r r` ebn hdl`s `l tr` p`lsb ch`l td y bnn hþl , c` -i hds y o hl ` s , n busb y ` o ` n t d , n dli hn h dl `s y n dl s` nu`ln hbs’. Zbr b i`n h r edndl ebs pbebarbs i` Gdaa`s, e dak`thvd ià` s`r benblzbr y trblschthr«ndldnhch`ltd i` ebs ndls`nu`lnhbs y i` eb i`p`li`lnhb i` ul g`ngdi` dtrd¶<. D, ndcd i`nãb Kdgl ^tubrt Chee, è pbpè iè «i`snuarhidry das ` rvbidr n h `l t ã o hn d ¶ ià` s ` r «cds t r b r qu` n h ` r t b s ndls ` n u`ln h b s s h -mu`l b nh`rtbs nbusbs y qu`, pbrb dat`l`r nh`rtds ohl`s, nh`rtds cìhds

sdl e d s câs ` o h n bn ` s ¶ 1.e shmlhohnbid hcpehnbnhdl`s i` stbs bohrcb-nhdl`s s`râl blbehzbids b ed ebrmd i` eds nbpãtueds i` eb pbrt` prhc`rb.

Z`rd pdr què ausnbcds ndldnhch`ltd i` ohl`s y cìhds4 Zdr què

`xpehnbcds y prì`nhcds4 dl pdshae`s vbrhbs r`spu`stbs. @st` thpd i`ndldnhch`ltd puì` ndlshi`rbrs` qu` s` kusthohnb pdr sã chscd’ndcdul ohl `l sã chscd’6 d, pbrb i`nhred i` odrcb bemd iho`r`lt`, puì`s`r ndlshi`rbid ndcd i`s`bae` shcpe`c`lt` pdrqu` byuib b sbthsobn`reb nurhdsh i. Be chscd th`cpd, puì` pds` r o`ntds prânthnds y vbedrdp`rbthvd @e ndldnhch`ltd i` ebs ndls`nu`lnhbs p`rcht` gbn`r e`nnhd-l`s l tèrchlds i` eb i`s`bahehibi i` ebs ndls`nu`lnhbs. @e stuihdsdpuì` p`rs`muhr ndldnhch`ltd pbrb qu` sus è`nnhdl`s ndltrhauybl i`cbl` rb câs s ` murb b e b s n dls ` nu`ln h b s qu` è e i` s ` b ) Câs n d r rh `l t `c`l t ` ,e d aus nþ pb rb qu` d t r d s puìbl ` s t b r h l od rcbids i` e b s prdab a e ` s ndl -s`nu`ln hbs i` sus ` e`nn hdl `s, `sp`rblid qu` ut he hn`l ` e ndldn hch`ltd pb rbè ah`l câs qu` pbrb ohl`s r`prdabae`s. @l v`ribi qu`N è i`s`d i` hl-

U oeuhr l ebs i`nhshdl`s i` dtrds, pbrb prdcdv`r e edmrd i` ed qu` s`ndl s hi ` r b e b a u`lb v hib , puì` s ` r ` e p r dpþs h t d hl sp h r bidr ¶

Brrhab lds rò`rhcds b prdpþshtds «i`s`bae`s¶. B v`n`s eb nu`sthþls ` n dl s hi ` r b `l t è rchlds i ` « s h ml h o h n bn hþl ¶ . Ru h`l `s s ` i ì hn bl b e b `l -s`òblzb y b eb hlv`sthmbnhþl i`s`bl, lbturbec`lt`, qu` su trbabkd s`bvb e h d sd d hcpdr t bl t ` , bulqu` c ungds i` ` e e d s s ` i `p r hc`l n rþl hn bc`l t `pdr iuibs i`vdrbidrbs bn`rnb iè vbedr i` sus r`behzbnhdl`s, d ah`l s`vuèv`l i`si`òdsds i` sus nde`mb s i` prdo`s hþl pdr nb`r `l t rhv hb e hibi`s.

' htbid pdr B. Q. C. CPQQBX, Bl Hltrdi unthdl td Zdehthnbe Zghedsdpgy (Edl-ir`s6 Ndg`l y ]`st, 2807), pâm. 8>.

Nhtbid pdr BQLDEI AQ@NGY, Zdehthnbe Yg`dry (Zrhln`tdl6 Zrhln`tdl Plhv`r-shty Zr`ss, 2808), pâm. 1:>.

Ed hc pdr tblt` bquã `s qu` ` e nr ht `r hd i` i`s`ba h e hibi `lulnhbid câs b rrh-ab puì` s`rvhr hmubec`lt` ah`l ndcd ul nrht`rhd i` hcpdrtblnhb.

Pl hib b e b s l d n hdl `s i ` i `s`b a h e hi bi y s hml h o h n bn hþl s ` `l nu`l t r b e bldnhþl i` rbnhdlbehibi, pu`s ndltrhauhr be ndldnhch`ltd i` ohl`s y c`-ihds , `l ` e s`lt hid i`snr h td , `s ndltr hauhr b eb rbn hdlb e hibi pdt`ln hb e iè b b nn h þl . @s t b ndln`pn h þl i` e b l b turb e` z b i` e b r b n h dlb e h ibi ` s e d su-o h n h` l t `c `l t ` hcpdr t bl t ` pb rb qu` c` r` z nb qu` s ` e b suarby ` . Ndcd e b`xpdl`l Ibge y Ehliaedc.

Plb bnnhþl `s rbnhdlbe `l eb cìhib `l qu` s` eb i`sthlb «ndrr`ntbc`lt`¶ pbrbcbxhchzbr e r`suetbid-c`tb... Ibibs câs i` ulb c`tb (eb shtubnhþl ldrcbe gucb-lb), ulb bnnhþl `s rbnhdlbe `l eb cìhib `l qu` s` eb i`sthlb ndrr`ntbc`lt` pbrbcbxhchzbr e dak`thvd-c`tb l`td .

^hcdl bidptb ulb iòhlhnhþl shchebr, y ndlthlûb sumhrh`lid qu` ybqu` eb rbnhdlbehibi puì` s`r kuzmbib i`si` ihsthltds pultds i` vhstb,e b p b eba r b i à` nub e h o h n b rs ` i ` c bl`r b qu` hli hqu` ` e n r h t` r h d `cp e`bid .

(Plb i`nhshþl puì` s`r «dak`thvbc`lt`¶ rbnhdlbe sh i` g ngd `s eb ndliuntb bprd-phbib pbrb cbxhchzbr vbedr`s ibids `l ulb shtubnhþl ibib. @s «suak`thvbc`lt`¶ rb-nhdlbe sh cbxhchzb ed benblzbae` `l abs` be ndldnhch`ltd r`be iè t`cb. @s «ndlsnh`l-t`c`lt ¶ rbnhdlbe l eb cìhib l qu` e bkust` i` cìhds b ohl`s s ul prdn`sdndlsnh`lt`. @s «ièha`rbibc`lt`¶ rbnhdlbe l eb cìhib l qu` e bkus t` id cìhdsb ohl`s gbshid prdiunhid i` cbl`rb ièha`rbib... Plb i`nhshþl `s «drmblhzbibc`lt`¶rbnhdlbe sh `stâ drh`ltbib b eds ohl`s drmblhzbtdrhds6 `s «p`rsdlbec`lt`¶ rbnhdlbe sh`stâ drh`ltbib b ebs c`tbs hlihvhiube`s

(@l sucb, eb bnthvhibi nh`ltãohnb s shmlhohnbthvb nublid ndltrhauy`b eb rbnhdlbehibi pdt`lnhbe i` ulb i`nhshþl pdeãthnb. u shmlhohnbnhþl hcpdrtblnhb vbrãb ndl eb hcpdrtblnhb iè ohl ndl e qu` s` rèbnhdlb ebi`n h s hþl , n dl e b hcpdr t bl n hb i ` e b i `n h s hþl pbr b ` e nuc p e hc h`l t d i ` e o hly ndl eb cìhib l qu` ndltrhauy` b eb rbnhdlbehibi pdt`lnhbe

@s davhd qu` ulb ndln`pnhþl i` ebs nbrbnt`rãsthnbs i` eb bnthvhibinh`ltãohnb i`s`bag d shmlhohnbthvb ld s suohnh`lt`. @e nh`ltãohnd l`n`shtbe b muãb i` b emd câs . Bquã s` sumh`r` qu` ià` `s tb r hlsphrbid pdr nu`s -t hdl`s d prda e`cbs `stba e`n hids `xp e ãn h t bc`lt` . Ià` ausnbr r`spu`stbs bnu` s t hdl` s d s d eunh dl` s b p rda e `cb s qu` s ` r ` e b n hdl`l n dl ` e p `lsbc h`l td

y e b bn n hþl , o hl ` s y c ì hds , n busb y ` o ` n t d , n dli hn hdl `s y n dl s`nu`ln hbs .@e stuihd i` eb pdeãthnb ià`, pu`s, ndlnàhrs` ndcd ulb bnthvhibi i`peblt`b ch`l td i` nu`s t hdl`s y i` r`spu`stb i` nu`s t hdl`s .

Lbturb ec`lt` , `x hs t`l b e t`rlbt hvbs . Cungds gbaebl i` `ls` òbr ul t`cbd hl v `s t h m br ulb nu`s t hþl m `l `r b e , b such`lid , bpb r `l t `c`l t ` , qu` ` e t ã -tued iè t`cb d e ldcar` i` eb nu`sthþl s ul nrht`rhd suohnh`lt` pbrb

• QDA@QY B. IBGEy NGBQE@^@. EHLIAEDC, Zdehthns, @ndldchns bli ]èobr`

(Lu`vb Xdrf6 Gbrp`r, 280>), pâm. >7.• H H@QA@QYB. HCDL, Bichlhstrbthv` A`gbvhdr (1.• ni.6 Lu`vb Xdrf6 Cbncheebl,

280=), pâms. ?=, =0.=?, 2:1. No. Oârhx @. DZZ@LHH@HC, «etbthdlbe Ngdhn`s, Kdurlbedo Zghedsgdpgy, 0: (9 i` kulhd i 280>), >22-0:.



11h`lnhb pdeãthnb; ul blâehshs ohedsþo hnd

eb hlneushþl d `xneushþl i` e`s ibtds. Bi`câs i` ldcarbr ul tãtued dulb nu`sthþl, bemulds pbsbl b i nhr’be c`lds, b sã chscds’qu` ed ûlh-

nd qu` i`s`bl sdl g`ngds. ^h `stâl ul pdnd câs hltè`ntubehzbids puì`l

i`nhr qu` s` prdpdl`l xpdl r bemulbs prdpdshnhdl`s d, c`kdr, ghpþt`shs.

Ybe`s odrcbs i` p`lsbch`ltd bn`rnb i` eds ohl`s i` ebs hlv`sthmb-

nhdl`s bnbièchnbs ld `stâl `quhvdnbibs, p`rd dcht`l ulb d vbrhbs `tb-

pbs. Ndcd s`râ nebrd câs bièblt`, eds ibtds rè`vblt`s pbrb eb cbydrãb

i` eds t`cbs d nu`sthdl`s sdl cuy luc`rdsds6 eds g`ngds ld th`l`l ohl.

X eb c`rb lulnhbnhþl i` ul t`cb d nu`sthþl ld suchlhstrb nrht`rhdsnebrds i` sè`nnhþl. @l cungds nbsds ndliun` b ul pdpurrã i` hlodrcb-

nhþl chsnèâl`b qu` daehmb be e`ntdr d be dy`lt` b `lndm`rs` i` gdcards

y pr`multbr ; «´X què4¶. Nublid s` vhtb st` pèhmrd pbr`n` prdabae`qu` è prdo`sdr d `snrhtdr gbyb ndcpe`c`ltbid è t`cb d nu`sthþl ndl

bemulbs nu`sthdl`s hcpeãnhtbs. I` dtrb cbl`rb, nþcd guah`s` sbahid què

hlneuhr y què xneuhr4Ed hcpdrtblt` `l `st` pultd `s qu` ebs nu`sthdl`s ià`l s`r g`ngbs

`xpeãnhtbs. Eb hlv`sthmbnhþl bnbièchnb ià` s`r muhbib ièha`rbibc`lt`

pdr ulb nu`sthþl d s`rh` . i` nu`sthdl`s. ^h ebs nu`sthdl`s s` xpehnhtbl

puì`l s`r `xbchlbibs ndl è ohl i` i`t`rchlbr sh ebs r`spu`stbs sdlihmlbs i` p`rs`muhrs`. Ibib ulb nu`sthþl shmlhohnbthvb, eds nrht`rhds i`hcpdrtblnhb puì`l bidptbrs` y eds ibtds puì`l sè`nnhdlbrs` y drmb-

lhzbrs` i` cbl`rb qu` prdpdrnhdl`l ulb r`spu`stb.. Ebs nu`sthdl`s peblt`bibs `l è `stuihd i` eb pdeãthnb s` ihvhi`l ldr-

cbec`lt` `l nu`sthdl`s i` g`ngd y i` vbedr. @e prhc`r nbpãtued i` eb

pbrt` prhc`rb s` i`sthlbrâ b eb nebrhohnbnhþl y ihsnushþl i` `stb ihsthl-

nhþl. Ebs r`spu`stbs b nu`sthdl`s i` g`ngd s` ihn` qu` sdl i`snrhpthvbs,

y ebs r`spu`stbs b ebs nu`sthdl`s i` vbedr’be c`lds, sh è vbedr `s «ûe-

thcd¶’sdl i`ldchlbibs ldrcbthvbs. Plb v`z qu` s` gb g`ngd `stbihsthlnhþl, s` n`ltrbrâ eb bt`lnhþl prìdchlblt`c`lt` `l eb i`snrhpnhþl.

Bsã, è nbpãtued s`mulid y eds qu` e` shmu`l i` eb pbrt` prhc`rb s` i`-ihnbrâl be xbc`l i` ebs vbrhbs cbl`rbs i` sè`nnhdlbr y dri`lbr e nd-

ldnhch`ltd i`snrhpthvd. @e s`mulid nbpãtued `stâ eþmhnbc`lt` hlndcpe`td

y `s i`sthlbid, shcpe`c`lt`, b cbrnbr eds kbedl`s iè t`rn`rd. Zrdpdr-nhdlb ul `squ`cb i` nebshohnbnhþl pbrb ebs nu`sthdl`s i`snrhpthvbs, i`

bnu`rid ndl su nbrânt`r i` nu`sthdl`s i` i`sbrrdeed d i` `strunturb, yndlodrc` be lhvè i` m`l`rbehibi i` ebs r`spu`stbs ausnbibs. @e t`rn`rnbpãtued’è lûne`d i` eb pbrt` prhc`rb’`s ulb hltrdiunnhþl b eb ldnhþl

i` `xpehnbnhþl ; eb sè`nnhþl y dri`lbnhþl i` ibtds ndl è prdpþshtd iìbr nu`ltb i` ndlihnhdl`s y bndlt`nhch`ltds. @e nubrtd s` dnupb i` eb

prìhnnhþl y i` sus rèbnhdl`s ndl eb `xpehnbnhþl. Ybcahèl pr`multb ;

´Zdr què prì`nhr4 Eb r`spu`stb s` gb ibid câs brrhab. Zrì`nhcds pbrb

qu` ebs i`nhshdl`s s` tdc`l rbnhdlbec`lt` ; `l abs` be ndldnhch`ltd i`

e b s n dls ` nu`ln hb s .

NBZÃYPED ZQHC@QD

Nu`sthdl`s i g`ngd y vbedr

@E «@^¶ X @E «I@A@Q, ^@Q¶, OHL@^ X C@IHD^

Eb ihsthlnhþl `ltr` g`ngd y vbedr `xhm` prhc`rbc`lt` ulb ihsnushþl

i` ebs abs`s iè ndldnhch`ltd ebs abs`s pbrb pdstuebr ulb nr``lnhb ndcd

kusthohnbib d v`ribi`rb. Plb v`z benblzbib ulb nh`rtb ndcpr`lshþl ièbs nu`sthdl`s `s`lnhbe`s pdir`cds p`l`trbr `l eb ndlshi`rbnhþl i` eds

ohl`s y eds cìhds, `xbchlblid eds shmlhohnbids i` `stds ndln`ptds y ebs

rèbnhdl`s ltr` eds chscds.

G@NGD X _BEDQ ; ED I@^NQHZYH_D X ED LDQCBYH_D

Ebs pr`multbs qu` s` gbn`l eds nuethvbidr`s i` eb nh`lnhb pdeãthnb r`-

quh`r`l, b v`n`s, ul stuihd i` ed qu` xhst` .d sunì`, y, dtrbs v`n`s, i`

ed qu` ià`rãb `xhsthr d sunì`r. @e prhc`r thpd i` pr`multbs sdl nu`s-

thdl`s i` g`ngd, ebs s`mulibs sdl nu`sthdl`s i` vbedr, bulqu`, ndcd v`-r`cds, `l `st` pultd `xhst` nh`rtb bcahmõìbi. Eb chscb ihsthlnhþl s`

puì` ` s t ba e ` n ` r i h n h `lid qu` b e mulbs p r ` mul t b s `x h m `l i` n e b r b n hdl ` s i` s -nr hp t hvbs y d trbs i`n eb rbn hdl`s ldrcbt hvbs.

Ebs i`nebrbnhdl`s i`snrhpthvbs, qu` trbtbl i` g`ngds, pdstuebl v`r-

ibi`s ld v`rhohnbibs bn`rnb i` eb r`behibi. Yrbtbl i` ed qu` `s y ld i`

ed qu` ià`rãb s`r. @ltr` dtrbs ndsbs, hi`lthohnbl rèbnhdl`s6 pdr k`cped,

eb òhnbnhb d ebs ndls`nu`lnhbs iè `cpe`d i` nh`rtds cètdids d cìhds6

d ah`l puì`l hlihnbr ed qu` eb m`lt` gbn`, nr`` d i`s`b.

Ebs i`nebrbnhdl`s ldrcbthvbs xpr`sbl ndln`pnhdl`s i` ed qu` s i`-

s`bae`. @xpr`sbl prò`r`lnhbs vbedrbthvbs. ^` dnupbl ld i` ed qu` `s, shld

i` ed qu` ià`rãb s`r, bn`ptblid ohl`s, dak`thvds d ldrcbs.

@l rèbnhþl ndl nbib thpd i` i`nebrbnhþl eb nu`sthþl s ; Ńuâe`s sdl




eds oulibc`ltds iè ndldnhch`ltd4 ´^dar` què abs` s`râ rbzdlbae` Tbn`p-tbr i`nebrbnhdl`s i` nbib thpd, ndcd kusthohnbibs d v`ribi`rbs-4 Be ndl-t`stbr b stbs pr`multbs eds nuethvbidr`s i` eb nh`lnhb pdeãthnb s` ihvhi`l`l ids mrupds ; e prhc`rd bn`ptb e pdshthvhscd, e s`mulid, e rbnhdlb-ehscd. @xhst`l ihvhshdl`s `l nbib mrupd. Eb pdshnhþl bidptbib `l `stèhard pdirãb iòhlhrs` ndcd pdshthvhscd i` s`lthid ndcûl.

@e pdshthvhscd i` s`lthid ndcûl `xhm` ld sdebc`lt` ulb ihsthlnhþl`ltr` g`ngd y vbedr, shld tbcahèl `ltr`, pdr ul ebid, ed iòhlhtdrhd y

eþmhnd, y, i` dtrd, ed cpãrhnd. Ebs i`nebrbnhdl`s iòhlhtdrhbs y eþmhnbs(b v`n s eebcbibs blbeãthnbs) s` prdpdl`l shcpe`c`lt` bshmlbr shmlhoh-nbnhdl`s b ebs pbebarbs y nebrhohnbr e shmlhohnbid hcpehnbnhdl`s eþmhnbsiè e`lmubk , ch`ltrbs qu` ebs bohrcbnhdl`s cpãrhnbs trbtbl i` hlihnbrquè sunì` l e culid.

@l ed qu` s` ròh r` b ebs bohrcbnhdl`s d i`nebrbnhdl`s iòhlhtdrhbs deþmhnbs, e pultd s`lnhbe s qu` pdstuebl su r`ndldnhch`ltd ndcd tbe s.Eb iòhlhnhþl i` ulb pbebarb (pdr k cped, «kusthnhb¶) ld ià` ndls-truhrs` ndcd eb i`snrhpnhþl i` ulb r behibi oãshnb d c`tboãshnb. Bsã, shs` peblt`b eb nu`sthþl, «´Ruè `s eb kusthnhb4¶, ià` vdev`r b odrcuebrs``l ulb i` ebs oþrcuebs pdshae`s, pdr `k`cped; «´Ruè shmlhohnbid `s ûthebshmlbr b eb pbebarb kusthnhb4¶. Eb orbs` bsã r`vhsbib s prò rhae , pu`ss` pr`stb c lds b eb ndloushþl i` sum`rhr qu` eb kusthnhb th`l` ulb odrcbd s`lnhb qu` eds gdcar`s th`l`l eb dpdrtulhibi i` i snuarhr y i` i s-

nrhahr, y s câs bptb pbrb sum`rhr qu` eb kusthnhb s bqu eed qu` eds gdc-ar`s iòhl`l ndcd tbe H.

- Q`sp`ntd b ebs bohrcbnhdl`s `cpãrhnbs, eb nu`sthþl n`ltrbe pbrb èpdshthvhstb `s qu` s`bl d v`rhohnbibs d v`rhohnbae`s b trbvès i` eb das`r-vbnhþl, cìhblt` e usd i` ul s`lthid u dtrd. ` ebs supdl` i`snrhpthvbsi` eb r`behibi 1 .

Eds pdshthvhstbs ld ndlshi`rbl pdshae` stbae`n r ed qu` ià rãb s`rcìhblt` eb das`rvbnhþl i` ed qu` `s. Ld ndlshi`rbl pdshae` v`rhohnbrbohrcbnhdl`s ldrcbthvbs cìhblt` cètdids cpãrhnds. Ld vhseucarbl ulnbchld eþmhnd pbrb trbsebibrs` iè r`hld i` eds g`ngds be r`hld i` edsvbedr`s. I`si` su pultd i` vhstb eds vbedr`s d ebs ndln`pnhdl`s i` ed i`-s`bae` oeuy`l, be c`lds `l ûethcb hlstblnhb, i` eb vdeultbi y eb `cd-nhþl, y, pdr tbltd, sdl câs vdehthvds qu` ihntbids pdr e cphrhscd d eb

eþmhnb. @l ndls`nu`lnhb, eds vbedr`s aâshnds ià`l ndlshi`rbrs` ndcd butd-kusthohnblt`s6 sdl pdstuebids shcpe c`lt` > . Eb hcpehnbnhþl i` `stb pd-

H No. Y. I. ]@EIDL, Yg` _dnbauebry do Zdehthns (Gbrcdliswdtg6 Z`lmuhl Addf,280>), pâms. 2=->:6 FBQE Q. ZDZZ@Q, Yg` Dp`l dnh`ty bli hts l`ch`s (Zrhln`tdl6Zrhln`tdl Plhv`rshty Zr`ss, 280:), pâms. 12->? y pbsshc. Plb ndlshi`rbnhþl i` edsthpds y ohl`s i` ebs iòhlhnhdl`s s` `lndltrbrâ `l e nbpãtued s`xtd.

1 BEOQ@I KPE@ BX@Q, Eblmubm`, Yrutg bli Edmhn (Lu`vb Xdrf6 Idv`r Zu-aehnbthdls, shl o`ngb), `l sp`nhbe, pâms. >0-92. BQLDEI AQ@NGY, Zdehthnbe Yg`dry(Zrhln`tdl6 Zrhln`tdl Plhv`rshty Zr`ss, 2808), pâms. 2=9-71.

GBL^ Q@HNG@LABNG, Yg` Qhs` do ^nh`lthohn Zghedsdpgy (A`rfè`y y Eds Bl-mè`s6 Plhv`rshty do Nbeh odrlhb Zr`ss, 2802), pâms. 182.>:1. BX@Q, Eblmubm`, Yrutgbli Edmhn6 pâms. 2:1-8.

usthdls igngdy vbdr0

sh`hþl s qu` ulb hlv`sthmbnhþl pdeãthnb i` nbrânt`r pdshthvhstb ld prd-pdrnhdlb ul nrht`rhd i` è`nnhþl i` eds vbedrd, þhthrld'. ^h eds eha`rbe`s,

eds obsnhstbs, eds ndculhstbs, tn., `sndm`l bho`;r`lt • Bsucãbs i` vbedr`s,

e pdshthvhstb puì` r`bnnhdlbr `cdnhdlbec`lt` i` bnu`rid ndl iho`r`lt`s

mrupds, p`rd ld puì` i cdstrbr qu` ul shst`cb i` vbedr`s s prò`rhae`

b eds dtrds, `xn`ptd, tbe v`z, `l tèrchlds i` ul shst`cb i` vbedr`s hl-

neusd câs pr`vhd, è nube `s shcpe`c`lt` pdstuebid.

Eds rbnhdlbehstbs `xpr`sbl, lbturbec`lt`, pultds i` vhstb iho`r`lt`s.

Ndcd su `thqu`tb sumh`r`, pdl`l cbydr èlobshs `l eb r`ntb rbzþl ndcdou`lt` i` ndldnhch`ltd. «@e prhlnhphd oulibc`ltbe iè rbnhdlbehscd `s

qu` e p`lsbch ltd `s ulb ou`lt` hli`p`lih lt` i` ndldnhch ltd, y qu`,

bi`câs, `s ulb ou`lt` i ' ndldnhch ltd câs s`murb qu` eb `xp`rh lnhb¶ '.

Eb ihohnuetbi r`shi` l qu`, hlneusd i`ltrd i` ulb chscb nueturb y, bûl

câs, `ltr` nueturbs iho`r`lt`s, è p`lsbch`ltd d eb r`ntb rbzþl i` hl-ihvhiuds iho`r`lt`s ndliun` b r`suetbids iho`r`lt`s, y lhlmûl rbnhdlbehstb

puì` prdabr, pdr shcpe` purb rbzþl, qu` sus dphlhdl`s sdl v`ribi rbs

y ebs dphlhdl`s ndltrbrhbs obesbs. Nbib nube puì` `lidsbr eds pr`t`l-ihids ihntbids i` eb rbzþl, lbturbec`lt`, ndcd ul bntd i` o`6 p`rd `std

`quhvbe` b pdstuebr su v`ribi.

OHL@^ X C@IHD^ ; ED ZQ@^NQHZYHXD.

Eb ihsthlnhþl `ltr` g`ngd y vbedr ld `s tbl bmuib y davhb ndcd s`sumh`r` câs brrhab, sdar` tdid nublid `stâl hcpehnbids ohl`s y cìhds.

Lds g`cds rò`rhid b eds vbedr`s ûethcds, ed qu` supdl` qu` eds vbedr`s

ndlsthtuy`l ulb s`rh`, ndcd eds sebadl`s i` ulb nbi`lb d eds pèibòds

i` ulb snbe`rb. Ed chscd vh`l` b sum`rhre` cìhblt` e tèrchld vbedrc`tb, qu` pbr`n` hcpehnbr eb xhst`lnhb i` uld d câs vbedr`s hlstruc`l-

tbe`s qu` ndliun`l b eb c`tb. @std peblt`b eb nu`sthþl i` sh e prdae`cb

i` eb v`ribi d xbnthtui s e chscd pbrb nbib uld i` eds vbedr`s l

ulb s ` r h ` .

Eb chscb nu`sthþl puì` `xpr`sbrs` i` ulb cbl`rb iho`r`lt`. G`-

cds s`òbebid qu` bohrcbnhdl`s iè thpd i` ià`r (d ià`rãb) sdl, b v` -

n`s, bcahmubs. Zdr k`cped, «@e stuihd i` eb pdeãthnb ià` s r nh`l-tãohnd¶. @xpr`sb d pdstueb stb orbs` ul vbedr pdstuebid, ul vbedr butd-kusthohnblt` d ul vbedr c`tb4 ´D s` bn`rnb câs b ulb bohrcbnhþl oân-thnb, `l è s`lthid i` qu` è `stuihd i` eb pdeãthnb ià` i` s`r (ià`rãbi` s`r) nh`ltãohnd sh bemûl dtrd vbedr câs r`cdtd ià` nucpehrs` i` cb-l`rb câs o`nthvb4

@s davhd qu` è prdae`cb btbò` b eds ohl`s y eds cìhds. G`ra`rt

^hcdls i`snrha` eb shtubnhþl i` eb cbl`rb shmuh`lt` ;

' BX@Q, Eblmubm`, Yrutg bli Edmhn, pâm. =>. No. Q@HNG@LABNP, Yg` Qhs` do

^nh`lthohn Zghedsdpgy pbm`. >2->1.



1?h`lnhb pdeãthnb; ul blâehshs ohedsþo hnd

@e g`ngd qu` ebs c`tbs puìbl i`p`li`r `l su ou`rzb i` ohl`s câs ihstblt`s ndl-iun` b eb pr`s`ltbnhþl i` `stbs c`tbs `l ulb k`rbrquãb... ’nbib lhvè `s ndlshi`rbidndcd ul ohl rèbthvd pbrb eds lhvè`s hlo`rhdr`s b èe y ndcd ul cìhd pbrb eds lhvè`squd e` sdl sup`rhdr`s...

Plb nbi`lb i` ohl`s y cìhds `s ulb s`rh` i` blthnhpbnhdl`s qu` ndl`ntb ul vbedrndl ulb shtubnhþl `l qu` s` r`behzb, y `stbs shtubnhdl`s, b su v`z, ndl ebs ndliuntbsqu` ebs prdiun`l. Nubequh`r è`c`ltd `l `stb nbi`lb puì` s`r «cìhd¶ d «ohl¶, i`-p`lih`lid i` sh s` nu`sthdlb su ndl`xhþl ndl è vbedr ûethcd i` eb nbi`lb d sundl`xhþl ndl eb ndliuntb ohlbe i` eb nbi`lb '.

@std sumh`r` qu` tdids (d nbsh tdids) eds ohl`s puì`l, bet`rlbthvb-c`lt`, s`r cìhds. I`p`li` i` idli` s` sndm` ndrtbr eb nbi`lb i` ohl`sy cìhds. @e `sebaþl `l qu` s` rdcpb s` ndlvh`rt`, pbrb eds ohl`s qu`lds dnupbl, l ul «ûethcd¶ vbedr, l ulb «vbedr-c`tb¶6 eds sebadl squ` ee`vbl be ûethcd s` trblsodrcbl `l vbedr`s d ohl`s hlstruc`ltbe`s.

Ndcd s` gb hlihnbid câs brrhab, eb nu sthþl i` sh ul cìhd ndlnr`tdshrv` b ul ohl qu` s` gb pdstuebid’y sh ed gbrâ «c`kdr¶ qu` nubequh`rdtrd cìhd bet`rlbthvd, s i`nhr, ndl cbydr s`murhibi, ndl cbydr rbph-i`z, ndl c`ldr ndst`’`s ulb nu`sthþl i` g`ngd qu` `xhm` ulb i`s-nrhpnhþl.

@e prdae`cb puì` bnebrbrs`, quhzâ, ndl eb byuib i` dtrd `k`cped.ûpdlmbcds qu` s` odrcueb eb prdpdshnhþl i` qu` eb hli`p`li`lnhb iè@stbid ià` s`r pr`s`rvbib. @s davhd qu` `stb bohrcbnhþl puì` s`r

tbltd ul ohl ndcd ul c ihd. h `s ul cìhd, ià , shl `cabrmd, supd-l`rs` ul supu`std ; qu` eb pr`s rvbnhþl i` eb hli`p`li`lnhb i e @stbidià` s`rvhr ul ohl, pdr k`cped, e ah`l`stbr i` sus gbahtblt`s. I` stbcbl rb, e p`lsbch`ltd ndcpe`td xhm` ids bohrcbnhdl`s. Eb prhc`rbs`râ qu` e ah`l`stbr i` eds gbahtblt`s s ul ohl qu` s` . ià` pdstuebr6eb s`mulib, qu` e ah`l`stbr iè puàed s`râ, prdabae`c`lt`, c`kdr od-c`ltbid sh s` pr`s`rvb eb hli`p`li`lnhb i e @stbid qu` sh s` bablidlb`l a`lòhnhd i` nubequh`r dtrd stbtus benblzbae . Bgdrb ah l6 eb prhc`rbbohrcbnhþl s davhbc`lt` bohrcbthvb y eb s`mulib stbae`n` ul i`snu-arhch`ltd i` g`ngd, ul i`snuarhch`ltd i`snrhpthvd.

@e prdae`cb i` nebshohnbr ohl`s y cìhds sumh`r` qu` ebs ids nbt md-rãbs, ldrcbthvb y i`snrhpthvb, ld sdl ndcpe tbc`lt` bi nubibs y qu` sl`n`sbrhb ulb t`rn`rb nbt`mdrãb. B ebs bohrcbnhdl`s qu` eb ndlsthtuy`l

s` ebs i`ldchlb pr`snrhpthvbs ; sdar` eb abs` iè supu`std qu` bo ntb beohl d be cìhd qu` ià` obvdr`n`rs`, pr`snrha`l ul cètdid d odrcb i`bnnhþl b cpe br.

Ebs bohrcbnhdl`s pr`snrhpthvbs ròe`kbl bsã ulb ndcahlbnhþl i` ulpdstuebid ldrcbthvd ndl ul ibtd i`snrhpthvd. Plb v`z hi`lthohnbids, edsids è c`ltds puì l s`r nebshohnbids i` cbl`rb iho`r lt` y trbtbids `lndlsdlblnhb.

G@ QA@ QY B . ^HCD L , Bichlhstrbthv` A`gbvhdr (1.' ì., Lu`vb Xdrf6 Cbncheebl,280= ), pâms. ?=, =0-==, 2:1. No. OÈEHW @. DZZ@LG@HC, «Qbthdlbe Ngdhn`¶, Kdurlbedo Zghedsdpgy, 0: (9 i` kulhd i` 280>), >92-0:. QDA@QY B. IBGE y NGBQE@^@ EHLIAEDC, Zdehthns, @ndldchns bli ] èe br` (Lu`vb Xdrf6 Gbrp`r, 280>), pâmh•lbs 10-09.

Nu`sthdl`s i` g`ngd y vbedr =Ebs i`nebrbnhdl`s pr`snrhpthvbs pbr`n l s`r cuy ndrrh`lt s nublid epdstuebid ldrcbthvd s` ndlshi`rb bn`ptbid ndl tbe m`l`rbehibi y tdtbeh-

ibi qu` puì` s`r bichthid shl câs hlibmbnhþl. Z`rd stb shcpehohnbnhþl

r`pr`s`ltb, shr iuib, rh smds `vhi`lt`s. ûpdshnhdl`s qu` bn`ptbl i` ulb

cbl`rb m`l rbe y tdtbe vbedr`s puì`l s`r hl`xbntbs. Hlneusd nublid sdl

ndrr`ntbs eds vbedr`s puì`l s`r bn`ptbids sdebc`lt` ndcd ndls`nu`lnhb

i` ul gâahtd y sdl bn`ptbae`s tbl sþed ch`ltrbs ld sdl `xbchlbids y

i`sbrrdeebids. Zdr dtrb pbrt`, ed qu` hlhnhbec`lt` s` bidptb ndcd ul cè-tdid i` prdcdv`r vbedr`s tânhtbc`lt` bn`ptbids puì` t`rchlbr pdr s`r

ndlshi rbid ndcd ul ohl l sã chscd. @l sp`nhbe, ndcd ebs bohrcbnhd-l`s pr`snrhpthvbs cpe`bl pbebarbs ndcd ià`r d ià`rãb puì` gba`rprdp`lshþl b bn`ptbrebs ndcd bohrcbnhdl`s i` nbrânt`r ldrcbthvd. Bohr-

cbnhdl`s `xpeãnhtbs nebrbc`lt` ldrcbthvbs, d ah`l nebrbc`lt` i`snrhpth-

vbs, s` pr`stbl c`lds b ròe`kbr kuhnhds i` vbedr cbe oulibids y gby c`-

ldr pèhmrd i` qu` ròe`k`l eb ndloushþl `ltr` g`ngd y vbedr.Ru` è chscd bndlt`nhch`ltd d shtubnhþl puìb s`r tbltd ul ohl ndcd

ul cìhd p`rcht` be hlv`sthmbidr ulb nh`rtb è`nnhþl. ^h i`s`b `lulnhbr

eds vbedr`s ndl mrbl i`tbee`, bcpehbrâ, l`n`sbrhbc`lt`, e idchlhd i` edspdstuebids èthnds, è idchlhd i` ed ldrcbthvd. @l ndls`nu`lnhb, puì`

bcpehbr è idchlhd `l è qu` eb `cdnhþl, eb on, è o`rvdr y, quhzâ, èoblbthscd, dp`rbl6 pu`s `stds o`lþc`lds s` bsdnhbl prhcbrhbc`lt` ndl

eds vbedr`s y eds ohl`s. ^h è hlv`sthmbidr `sndm` ndlshi`rbr tdids eds g`-ngds y shtubnhdl`s’d vhrtubec`lt` tdids’ndcd cìhþs, lsblngbrâ, l

ndls`nu`lnhb, e idchlhd i` eds g`ngds, e r`hld i` ed i`snrhpthvd. Bc-pehbrâ, pdr tbltd, è idchlhd i` eb hlv`sthmbnhþl `cpãrhnb y eþmhnb, bu-

c`ltblid bsã ebs dpdrtulhibi`s y pdt`lnhbehibi`s iè usd i` eb rbzþl «.

Gby abs` pbrb bohrcbr qu` e hlv`sthmbidr ià` ndlshi rbr pdnbs ndsbs

ndcd kusthohnbibs pdr sã chscbs y qu` ià` ausnbr ulb shtubnhþl -+l qu`

èe y eds dtrds hlv`sthmbidr s kuzmu`l nbsh tdids eds bndlt`nhch`ltds ynhrnulstblnhbs ndcd cìhds qu` xhm`l ulb kusthohnbnhþl '. @e pdshth-vhstb, l sp`nhbe, ià` i`s`br ulb shtubnhþl i` st` thpd, pu`s be gbn`rcuy bcpehd e idchlhd i` ed i`snrhpthvd y cuy blmdstd e r`hld i` edldrcbthvd chlhchzb è rh`smd i` su prhlnhpbe orbnbsdj; su hlnbpbnhibii` i`cdstrbr eb v`ribi i` eds ûethcds kuhnhds.

M @QL@^Y LBM@E ^dv`r`hml Q`bsdl (Me`lnd`6 Or`` Zr`ss, 2809) pâm. >9.• Zbrb ulb ndlshi rbnhþl iè pbpè i` eds vbedr`s `l rèbnhþl ndl eb hlv`sth-

mbnhþl nh ltãohnb, v`r; HCDL, Bichlhstrbthv` A`gbvhdr, nbpãtued t`rn`rd6 G@QA@QYB. HCDL, «I`vèdpc`lt do Yg`dry do I`cdnrbthn Bichlhstrbthdl; Bl Blsw`r¶,Bc`rhnbl Zdehthnbe nh`ln`s Q`vh`w, 2? (kulhd 2801), 982-8?6 MPLLBQ CXQIBE,_beu` hl ^dnhbe Yg`dry (Edlir`s6 Qduteìm` & F`mbl Zbue , 2807)6 YGDCB H. Nddts ,

r`n`lshþl i` eb darb i` EB^^]@EE y FBZ'BL, «Zdw`r bli ^dnh`ty¶, `l Kdurlbe doZghedsdpgy, 97 (10 i` dntuar` i`2802), ?8:-=:26 YGDCB H. Ndlhn , «Yg` C tgdisdo Zdehthnbe ^nh`ln`, Nghòey hl tg` Plht i tbt`s¶, l PL@^ND, Ndlt`cpdrbryZdehthnbe ^nh`ln` (Zbrãs6 Pl`snd, 280:), pâms. =0-8:6 0HMGY ]BEID, «_beu`s, hltg` Zdehthnbe ^nh`ln` Nurrhnueuc¶, `l Bpprdbng`s td tg` ^tuiy do Zdehthn. (I'blstdl6Ldrtgw`st`rl Plhv`rshty Zr`ss , 2807), pâms. 8= -2:16 HHBL F@E @L, «^nh ln bliZdehthns¶, Bc`rhnbl Zdehthnbe ^nh`ln` Q`vh`w, 90 (s`pth`car` 2802), pâms. ?9>-92.




Be pdshthvhstb s` e` dor`n` dtrb pdshahehibi be hlt`ltbr chlhchzbr ebiàhehibi i` su pdshnhþl l rèbnhþl ndl eds vbedr`s. Hlnbpbz i` t`li`rul pu`lt` eþmhnd ltr` e `s y e ià`rãb, puì` hlt`ltbr ndlstruhr ulpu`lt` i` g`ngds. @std `s, puì` pr`multbr gbstb què pultd ebs m`l-t`s ndlnu`ribl ndl eds vbedr`s qu` eebs chscbs pdstuebl. Nubltd cb-

ydr s e mrbid i` bnu`rid l e th`cpd y l e spbnhd, cbydr ou`rzbt`lirâ eb pr`t`lshþl i` qu` eds vbedr`s ndlsthtuy`l ulb abs` i`s`bae`,sh ld l`n`sbrhb, pbrb eb vhib sdnhbe 7.

AQ@NGY,Zdehthnbe Yg`dry, `l sp`nhbe, pbrt` nubrtb, pâms. >?= y shms. Zbrbnrãthnbs iè pdshthvhscd, bpbrt` i` eb i` AQ@NGY, v`r ^]HNHHY ]BEID, Yg` ^tuiydo Zuaehn Bichlhstrbthdl (Mbri`l Nhty, Lu`vb Xdrf6 Iduaeìby, 2800), pâms. ?1-?06]BEID, «_beu`s, hl tg` Zdehthnbe ^nh`ln` Nurrhnueucs, ed`. nht., pâms. 2:0.=, y E@D^YQBP^ , «]gbt hs Zdehthnbe Zghedsdpgy4¶, Kdurlbe do Zdehthns, 28 (bmdstd 280=),pâmhlbs >9>-?7.

NP@^YHDL@^ I@ I@^BQQDEED D GH YÞQHNB^

Plb p`rsdlb qu` p`l`trb `l ul t`btrd nublid eb darb s` `lnu`ltrb

`l su chtbi th`l`, prdabae`c`lt`, ihohnuetbi l lt`li r e r`std i` eb

chscb b c`lds qu` bemuh`l e` suchlhstr` hlodrcbnhþl i` ed qu` gb pr`-

nìhid, drh`ltâlide` sdar` eb trbcb, eds p`rsdlbk`s y sus pbpè`s. Bemu-

lds bsp`ntds i` eds blt`nì`lt`s s`râl cungd câs hcpdrtblt`s qu` dtrds

pbrb prdpdrnhdlbr eb drh ltbnhþl bi`nubib.

@stb s ulb blbedmãb davhb ndl eb vhib pdeãthnb. @e culid puì`s`r ndlshi`rbid ndcd ul t`btrd l e qu` s` r`pr`s`ltbl eds irbcbs pd-

eãthnds, irbcbs qu` gbl ndc`lzbid `l ul pbsbid câs d c`lds r`cdtd

y qu` s` s`muhrâl i`sbrrdeeblid `l ul outurd hliòhlhid ` hlnh`rtd. Eds

gdcar`s ld puì`l `vhtbr `ltrbr `l uld, d vbrhds t`btrds pdeãthnds, y ld

NBZÃYPED @MPLID

^è`nnhþl y dri`lbnhþl è` eds ibtdsi`snrhpthvds

Ebs nu`sthdl`s e`s`rhpthvbs puì`l nebshohnbrs`, i` cbl`rb bprdxhcb-

ib, l i i`sbrrdeed y i` strunturb. Ebs nu`sthdl`s i` i`sbrrdeed xhm`l

ulb i`snrhpnhþl i` eds blt`nì`lt`s ghstþrhnds i` ulb ndlihnhþl d bndl-

t`nhch`ltd, y, pdr tbltd, ulb dri`lbnhþl nrdldeþmhnb i` eds ibtds. Ebsnu`sthdl`s i` `strunturb hcpdl`l ulb i`snrhpnhþl iè o`lþc`ld `l ul

th`cpd ibid d shl rèbnhþl ndl è th`cpd, pdr `k`cped, eb i`snrhpnhþl i`

eds prhlnhphds i` drmblhzbnhþl cìhblt` eds nube`s è Ndlmr`sd dp`rb y

è prdn`sd cìhblt` e nube bpruàb ebs e`y`s.Ebs nu`sthdl`s i`snrhpthvbs puì`l tbcahèl s`r nebshohnbibs (d, câs

`xbntbc`lt`, behl`bibs ndlodrc` b ulb `snbeb) i` bnu`rid ndl è lhvè

i` m`l`rbehibi qu` s` ausnb `l ebs r`spu`stbs.

@xbchlb r `cd s bgd r b ` s t b s n b t `md r ãb s .



>h`lnhb pdeãthnb; ul blâehshs ohedsþo hnd

puì`l vhtbr gbn`red cungd i`spuès qu` eb darb gb ndc`lzbid. ^h th`-l`l bemulb e`nnhþl s ltr` dnupbr su pu`std ltr` e buihtdrhd d ah`l

`sodrzbrs` pbrb edmrbr ul pbpè `l è `sn`lbrhd6 `stb è`nnhþl prdvdnb

dtrbs `l rèbnhþl ndl è mrbid i` hlt`rès qu` s` cu`strb d è thpd i`pbpè qu` s` p`rshmu`.

@e irbcb pdeãthnd s` iho`r`lnhb, lbturbec`lt`, i` ebs darbs t`btrb-e`s pbrb ebs nube`s eds bntdr`s sdl sè`nnhdlbids y pr`pbrbids pbrb r`pr`-

s`ltbr pbpè`s i`t`rchlbids, gbah`lid sus pbrt`s shid snrhtbs i` blt`-

cbld. @e irbcb pdeãthnd `s i` drihlbrhd cungd câs ndlousd. Eb ihsthl-

nhþl `ltr` pûaehnd y bntdr`s ld `s sh`cpr` nebrb, ndcd tbcpdnd ed `squ` pbpè`s y ihâedmds sdl pbrt`s i` eb darb. Eb trbcb s, m`l`rbec`lt`,

cungd câs ndcpe`kb6 d quhzâ s`b câs `xbntd i`nhr qu` s` r`pr`s`ltblbe chscd th`cpd cungbs trbcbs iho`r`lt`s, i` tbe cdid qu` ebs rèb-

nhdl`s `ltr` èebs ihstbl i` s`r `vhi`lt`s. Ed qu` `s câs, eds iho`r`lt`s

brmuc`ltds ld gbl shid `snrhtds6 ld ihsthlmuhcds `l èeds ed qu` p`r-t`l`n` be pbsbid d ed qu` ià` hlneuhrs` `l è outurd. B cìhib qu` è

brmuc`ltd s` i`s`lvu ev` bemulbs i` ebs `sn`lbs i e pbsbid mblbl ou`r-

zb u dtrbs s` i`svbl`n`l be prdy`ntbrs` sus sdcarbs sdar` e pr`s`lt`. @ei`s `l e b n ` r ` s t b da s nur d .

Zbrb ,i`sbrrdeebr eb c`tâodrb ; è stuihblt` i` nh`lnhb pdeãthnb ltrb`l è t`btrd pdeãthnd ndcd ul ch`card hlt`r`sbid iè buihtdrhd y ndcdul stuihblt` i` eb darb6 y pbsb su vhib trbtblid i` drh`ltbrs` r`sp`ntdb eb darb, d r`sp`ntd b pbrt`s i` eb darb. Be chscd th`cpd, `ls`òblidy snrhah`lid, trbtb i` drh`ltbr b dtrds ch`cards iè buihtdrhd y, quhzâ,

i` bndls`kbr y pr`pbrbr b bemulds i` eds bntdr`s, `l `k`rnhnhd d pdt`l-

nhbe`s. Zbrb su prdphb sbthsobnnhþl y pbrb a`lòhnhd i` quh`l s trbtbi` byuibr, ebs nu`sthdl`s qu` èe pr`multb y ebs r`spu`stb qu` ausnb i`-

a`l s`r bquèebs qu` prdpdrnhdl`l câs bi`nubib drh`ltbnhþl, muã`l beds bntdr`s pr`s`lt`s y b eds bsphrblt`s b s`red i` eb cbl`rb câs sbahb

y ò`nthvb y, quhzâ, bo`nt`l ulb d vbrhbs i` ebs `sn`lbs outurbs `l ulbihr`nnhþl i`s`bae`.

@ltr` ebs câs davhbs y è`c`ltbe`s nebs`s i` nu`sthdl`s s` nu`ltbl

bquèebs qu` ee`vbl b ulb nrþlhnb ; ´Ruè bntdr`s ghnh`rdl què, y `l què

dri`l4 Ebs nrþlhnbs s` ehchtbl b r`nhtbr bndlt`nhch`ltds `l ul dri`l

eþmhnd. u uthehibi s`râ cbydr sh eds bndlt`nhch`ltds sè`nnhdlbids stâl

rèbnhdlbids ld sdebc`lt` `l è th`cpd, shld pdr dtrbs rèbnhdl`s ; pdr

k cped, i` nbusbehibi. Eb uthehibi s`râ bûl cbydr pbrb bqu eeds qu` pd-s``l ul odlid i` ndldnhch`ltd’prhlnhpbec`lt` ndldnhch`ltd i` eb ndl-iuntb gucblb’qu` e`s byui` b ausnbr eb rèbnhþl. •

M`l`rbec`lt`, quh`l`s s` `sou`rzbl `l mblbr d prdpdrnhdlbr drh`l-

tbnhþl ld stâl sbthso`ngds ndl ulb shcpe` nrþlhnb i` eds bndlt`nhch`l-

tds cblhoh`stds iè pbsbid. @e pbsd hlcìhbtd b eb nrþlhnb s prdabae`-

c`lt` ulb lbrrbnhþl, l eb nube gby ul sou`rzd pbrb prdpdrnhdlbr ulb

ndcpr`lshþl i sn`lbs pr`s`lt`s y outurbs iè irbcb pdeãthnd cìhblt`

ulb rèbnhþl i` ed sunìhid ndl blt`rhdrhibi. Eds e`c`ltds i` ulb nrþ-

l h nb i ` b ndl t `n hc h `l t d s s ` e ` n n h d l bid s n dl s t h tuy`l ` e b rcbzþl , p `r d s ` ` e b -

^è`nnhþl y dri`lbnhþl i` eds ibtds i`snrhpthvds > 2

adrbl hlt`rpr`tbnhdl`s y ibtds supe`c`ltbrhds pbrb prdpdrnhdlbr «ulb lb-

rrbnhþl oeuy`lt` `l eb qu` nbib bndlt`nhch`ltd s` `lnbkb, ihrãbcds, `l

su eumbr lbturbe y p`rt`l`n` b ul tdid hltèhmhae`¶ '. @e prdn`sd r`pr`-

s`ltbid pdr è i`sbrrdeed i` tbe thpd i` lbrrbnhþl gb shid i`ldchlbidndehmbnhþl. @e hlihvhiud qu` s` `cp`òb `l edmrbr tbe ndehmbnhþl, s` gbihngd, ausnb «nh`rtds ndln`ptds prhcdrihbe`s d hi`bs ihr`ntrhn s ndl eds

nube`s heuchlbr eds g`ngds, lndltrbr ebs ndl`xhdl`s ltr` sbs chscbs

hi`bs, y, eu`md, cdstrbr nþcd eds g`ngds i`tbeebids ee`mbl b s`r hltèh-

mhae`s b eb euz i` sbs hi`bs ndlstruy`lid ulb lbrrbnhþl «shmlhohnbthvb¶ 1.

@e tèrchld lbrrbnhþl d ghstdrhb ndlldtb ul `sou`rzd hltuhthvd, hc-pr`shdlhstb, pbrb rèbnhdlbr eds bndlt`nhch`ltds ulds ndl dtrds i` ulb

cbl`rb ndg`r`lt , s i`nhr, lnbkbreds `l ndlt`xtds ndg`r`lt`s. Eds tèr-

chlds ndehmbnhþl y lbrrbnhþl shmlho hnbthvb ndlldtbl ul sou`rzd câs td-

tbe y i`nhihid i` benblzbr bprdxhcbibc`lt` è chscd dak`thvd, `std `s,

ndlldtbl è usd i` cètdids câs nuhibidsds y s`murds. Plb `xpehnbnhþl

ghstþrhnb d m`lèthnb ndcpe`tb `s, prdabae`c`lt`, è ohl i` eb s`rh`, è

pded dpu`std b ulb nrþlhnb i` bndlt`nhch`ltds sè`nnhdlbids be bzbr. Ed

qu` `std shmlhohnb s`râ `stuihbid ndl câs i`tbee` câs babkd `l rèbnhþl

ndl eb `xpehnbnhþl y `l ndl`xhþl’`l è nbpãtued iènhcd’ndl è blâ-ehshs i` eb ldnhþl iè bn`rnbch`ltd ghstþrhnd b eb pdeãthnb. Ià` bòbihrs`

qu` th`l` rèbnhþl ndl ebs rbzdl`s y nbusbs i` eb bnnhþl 8.did ed nube

hcpehnb qu` b cìhib qu` nbcahb è ndldnhch`ltd i` eds prdpþshtds gu-cblds y i` ebs nbusbs y ndls`nu`lnhbs i` eb bnnhþl, ebs lbrrbnhdl`s y

`xpehnbnhdl`s ghstþrhnbs ià`l nbcahbr l ndlsdlblnhb. Hcpehnb tbcahèlqu` eb Ghstdrhb puì` drh`ltbrs` be pr`s`lt` y be outurd6 std s ; ebs pr`-multbs ià`l s`r bquèebs qu` s` supdlmbl puìbl s`r ûthe`s `l ndl`xhþl

ndl eds prdae`cbs y bndlt`nhch`ltds pr`s`lt`s d pr`vhshae`s. Ed qu` shmu`

puì` byuibr b snebr`n`r st` pultd ;

Ebs ndls`nu`lnhbs lu`vbs qu` oeuy`l i` bndlt`nhch`ltds pbsbids nbcahbl è s h m -

lhohnbid iè pbsbid, i` ed qu` gb dnurrhid. Bndlt`nhch`ltds qu` blt`s gbl shid i`s-i`òbids, pdrqu` ld pbr`nãbl «aâshnds¶ pbrb ed qu` e`s shmuhþ, bgdrb sdl sndmhidsndcd shmlhohnbthvds6 dtrds bndlt`nhch`ltds qu` s` ndlshi`rbabl «aâshnds¶ r`trdnì`lbe ehcad i` eds c`rds i`tbee`s... @l `st` s`lthid, `lt`li`cds nubequh`r ghs tdrhb pb-sbib `l tèrchlds i` outurd. Lu`strd prhlnhphd `l e` sè`nnhþl i` ed qu` `s aâshnd`l tbe ghstdrhb hcpehnb ulb rò`r`lnhb b su r`suetbid prìhnthae`'.

• ]HEEHBCG. ]BE^G,Bl Hltrdiunthdl td Zghedsdpgy do Ghstdry (Edlir`s6

Gutnghlsdl's Plhv`rshty Eharbry, 2802), pâm. >>.• Hahi. pâm. ?1. No. FBQE ZDZZ@Q, Yg` Zdv`rty do , Ghstdrhnhsc (Edlir s6 Qdut-

eìm` & F`mbl Zbue, 280=), pâms. 1:-12, y K ]L. ]BYFHL , «Hi`be Yyp`s bliGhstdrhnbe @xpeblbthdl¶, `l G`ra`rt O`hme y Cby Ardia`nf, ìs., Q`bihlms hl tg`

Zghedsdpgy do ^nh`ln` (Lu`vb Xdrf6 Bppe`tdl-N`ltury-Nrdos, Hln., 280>), pâm. =>>.b ]. A. MBEEH@, «@xpeblbthdls hl Ghstdry bli tg` M`l`thn ^nh`ln`s¶, Chli, ?9

(barhe, 2800), 2?:.7:. KDGL G@QCBL QBLIBEE y M@DQM@ HHBHL@ , «Ndltrdeehlm Bssucpthdls hl tg`

Zrbnthn` do Bc`rhnbl Ghstdrhbls¶, l ^dnhbe nh`ln`s Q`s`brng Ndulnhe, Ndcchtt `dl Ghs tdrhdmrbpgy, Auee`thl 09, Yg`dry bli Zrbnthn` hl Ghstdrhnbe ^tuiy (Lu`vbXdrf6 ^^QN, 289?), pâm. 1:. No. Eduts MDYY^NGBEF, Pli`rstblihlm Ghstdry (Lu`-

vb Xdrf6 Fldpo, 2802), pâms. 121 y shms.



>1 h`lnhb pdeã thnb; ul blâehshs ohedsþohnd

Dav hbc` l t ` , e d qu` bl t ` n ` i` `qu hvb e ` b qu` ` e nue t hvbidr i` eb n h `l -n h b p d e ã t hn b puì` `l e h s t b r s ` `l e b c hscb n e bs ` i ` bn t h v hibi qu` c ungdsg hs t drh bidr `s . Ru` ` s t d dnur r b l d ` s sdr p r `li`l t ` , yb qu` e b g h s t d r h b i èb pdeãthnb s tbltd ulb pbrt` i` eb nh`lnhb pdeãthnb ndcd ed `s i` ebGhstdr hb .

Ruhzâ s `b n dlv`l h `l t ` gb n ` r l d t br qu` b c ì hib qu` bvblzbcds `le b ` s nb e b i` si` e b s n rþl h nb s b e b s lb r rb n h dl` s y e b s lb r rb n h dl` s s h ml h o h-nb t h v bs b e b s `xp e hn bn h dl `s m ` lè t hn bs , dnur r`l n b ca hds `l e d s n r h t` r h d s i `s ` e ` n n hþl y dri`lbn hþl i` e d s ib t ds . Eds n r h t` r h d s i ` s ` e ` n n hþl i` e d s ib -

t d s h ln eu ha e ` s `l ulb nrþl h nb s dl câs a h `l vbmd s , y e d s ib t d s h ln eu hid spuì` s ` r qu` l d ` s t èl r ` e bn h dlbids `l t r ` s ã 6 ` e p r hl n hp hd i ` dri`lbn hþl ,`s i`nhr, eb ldnhþl i` th`cpd, `s, `vhi`lt`c`lt`, nebrd y `xpeãnhtd. @llbrrbnhdl`s y lbrrbnhdl`s shmlhohnbthvbs e nrht`rhd i` sè`nnhþl s ldr-cb ec`l t ` c âs n e b rd . @ e o hl ` s ` s n e b r ` n` r ndli hn h dl` s y b ndl t ` n hc h `l t d sibids , s ` e ` n n h dlblid y dri`lblid ib t ds i ` a bs` qu` pbr `n `l r ` e `vbl t ` s 6s` dcht`l eds ibtds qu` ld ndltrhauy`l b eb ndcpr`lshþl i` ebs ndlih-n h dl `s d bn dl t ` n hc h`l t ds . @l e b `xp e h n bn hþl m `lè t hn b e d s n r h t ` r hd s p b r b e bsè`nnhþl y dri`lbnhþl i` eds ibtds sdl bûl câs nebrds y xpeãnhtds. @eohl s hi`lthohnbr ebs ou`lt`s ghstþrhnbs d eds drãm`l`s i` eds bndlt`nh-ch`ltds d ndlihnhdl`s y ndlstruhr bsã ulb s`nu`lnhb nbusbe. Eds ibtdss ` h ln euy`l s h b r rd kbl `l e b s r b z dl` s d nb usbs i` e d s i` s b r rd ee d s qu` s ``xbchlbl 6 tdids e d s i`câs ib t d s s dl dc h t hid s .

Ià`, quhzâ, bõbihrs` qu`, b c` ihib qu` eb b n t hv hibi n h`l t ã o hnb bvbl zbi`si` ebs nrþlhnbs gbnhb eb xpehnbnhþl m`lèthnb, ndarb, m`l`rbec`lt ,cbydr shmlhohnbnhþl. Ebs nrþlhnbs puì`l ndlt`l`r bemulb hlodrcbnhþlr ` sp `n t d b c ì hds y o hl ` s , n busb y n dl s` nu`ln hb , p ` r d ` s p r daba e ` qu` e bchscb s`b orbmc`ltbrhb y carhdlbrhb. Zdr eed, eb rìbnnhþl i` nrþ-l h nb s ld ` s ulb od rcb i` s ` b a e ` i` b n t h vh ibi n h `l t ão h n b , i` oh l h ib ès t b `leds tèrchlds brrhab xpr`sbids. Eb ndehmbnhþl y eb xpehnbnhþl m`lèthnb,pdr ` e ndl t rb r h d , ` s tâl i` s t h lbibs b ndl t r hau h r b e ndldn hc h `l t d i` o h l ` sy cìhds, y `l è mrbid `l qu` ed edmrbl eb bnthvhibi nh`ltãohnb s` ndl-vh`rt` l i`s bae` y shmlhohnbthvb.

NP@^YHDL@^ I@ @^YQPNYPQB

Cungbs i` ebs nu`sthdl`s trbtbibs l eb nh`lnhb pdeãthnb, sh ah`l td-

rlbl `l nu`l t b ul hl s t bl t ` d ul p `r ã did i` t h`c pd , t h `l `l pdnd d l bibqu` v` r ndl ` e t r bls nurs d i` e t h`cp d . ^ h ld s pr ` multbc ds què h liun` be b m `l t ` b vd t br n dc d e d gbn ` d s h e b mu`r r b puì` s ` r e hc h t bib , ` e tr bl s -nur sd i` e t h `cpd ld t h `l ` , i ` dri hl br hd , cungd qu` v ` r n dl e b r ` spu`s t b .Yb e ` s nu`s t h dl `s e b s i `ldc hlbcd s i` ` s t run turb .

@l ed qu` s` r` o h`r` b eb s` e`nn hþl y dri`lb n hþl i` eds ibtds, ebs n u`s-thdl`s i` strunturb sdl cuy vbrhbs. @l ul `xtr`cd, nu`sthdl`s sp`-n ã oh n bs y e hc h t bibs qu` l d i` k bl e h a ` r t bi pbr b s ` e ` n n h dlbr e d s ib t ds y l hl -mulb d ` s n bsb dpdr tul hibi pbr b s ` e ` n n h dlbr eds 6 `l ` e d t r d , nu`s t h dl `s m ` -l` rb e ` s y bcp e h b s , qu` b c`l uid r `quh ` r`l ` e us d i` ndl s hi` rba e ` hcb -

^è`nnhþl y dri`lbnhþl i` eds ibtds i`snrhpthvds >mhlbnhþl ` hltèhm`lnhb `l eb sè`nnhþl y dri`lbnhþl i` eds ibtds blt`si` bad rib r e b s r ` spu` s t b s .

Ebs nu`s t h dl `s i ` ` s t run tur b i` n b rân t` r n dl n r ` t d y e hc h t bid puì`lh eus t r brs ` n h t blid pua e h n bn hdl `s t b e ` s n dc d e ]drei Becblbn, e Plhtì

^tbt`s Mdv`rlc`lt Drmblhzbthdl Cbluè y è ^tbt`scbl's X`braddf. @s -tbs puaehnbnhdl`s prdpdrnhdlbl hlodrcbnhþl i`tbeebib y ndlnr`tb. Gd-k ` blid ulb u d t r b i ` ` s t bs pua e h n bn h dl `s ` s p d s ha e ` `l ndl t r br ` e l dcar ìè chlhstrd iè Hlt`rhdr i` Auembrhb, eb pdaebnhþl i` Ygbheblihb, ebs

pr hl n hp b e ` s suai hv h s h dl `s i ` e I`pbr t bc`l t d i ` @s t bid y d t r ds vbr h ds ch -e`s i` i`tbee`s i` hlodrcbnhþl ndlnr`tb. Eb dri`lbnhþl i` eds ibtds r`-o e ` kb ul ` squ`cb i` n e b s h oh n b n h þl ; e d s ib t d s b lâ e d md s d r ` e b n h dlbids s `ndednbl kultds. Nbib tèrchld s` lnu`ltrb nebshohnbid l vhrtui i` supr dp hd vb ed r. Nbib t èrchld s ` p r ` s `l t b s hc p e`c`l t ` n dc d ulb hl o d rcb-n hþl `l r ` spu`s t b b ulb p r `mul t b n dl n r ` t b y l d n dc d ulb `v hi `l n hb `lr`spu`stb b ulb nu`sthþl bcpehb d m`l`rbe. @l su cbydr pbrt`, pdr edc`lds , s ` ` v h tbl e b s nu`s t hdl `s qu` r `qu h` r `l ulb ` e ba dr bn hþl i` e b s r b -zdl `s `l o bvdr i ` ulb r ` spu`s t b . ^` sds e byb ` e idc hl hd i ` e d iuidsd y e diàbthae`. Ld s` dor`n`l xpehnbnhdl`s lh s` pr`s`ltbl prò`r`lnhbs6 lds` b enblzbl ndl n eushdl`s. Ebs ndltr haun hdl`s b e ndldn hch`l td i` eds o hl`sy e d s cì h d s ` s tâl r ìun hib s b e c ãl hcd . ^ ` t r b t b t bl sþ e d i` ulb n e b s h -ohnbnhþl i` i`tbee`s i` hlodrcbnhþl sdar` vbrhds t`cbs. @e prdpþshtd i`

tbe`s puaehnbnhdl`s s s`rvhr i` rò`r`lnhb. Nbib ibtd i` hlodrcbnhþl,tdcbid l sã chscd, s trhvhbe6 th`l` shmlhohnbid sdebc`lt` nublid sût he pb rb ndl t ` s t b r ulb nu` s t h þl câs bc p e h b qu` `l s ã c h scb ` s s h ml h -o hnbt hvb.

Be mulbs da rb s « b nbièch nb s ¶ i` n h `ln h b pd e ã th nb ld s dl `l t ` rbc`l t ìh o`r`lt`s b tb e`s puae hnbn hdl`s , yb qu` s` prdpdl`l ndc ph ebr ebs r`spu`s-t bs b v`ribi`rbs c uet h tui`s i` pr`multbs ndl nr`tbs y e hchtbibs. ûs bu-t dr ` s gbn `l ul e hc h t bid’d l hl mûl’`s ou`rzd p br b s ` e ` n n h dlbr y dri`lbrsus ib t ds p br b n dl t ` s t br b nu`s t h dl `s c âs bc p e h b s . ^` e hl t h t bl b r ` n dm ` ry n e b s h oh n b r h l od rcb n h þl . E d s prdiun t d s i` su darb b nbièch nb bpb r ` n`lndrld c uy i h o` r `l t ` i ` e d s e h a rds i ` r ` o ` r`l n hb n h t bids , p ` r d b v `n ` s ` s t bi h o ` r`l n hb ` s purbc`l t ` i ` o d rcb, ` s i `n h r , p dr ` k `cp ed , qu` ` e b e o ba ` t dld s ` usb n dc d n r h t ` rh d i ` n e b s h o h n bn hþl y e b s o d rcbs t bau ebr` s i ` p r ` s `l -tbn hþl puì` ld s`r tbl ndcûl 0 .

Lbturb ec`lt` , `l eds pr hc`rds `s tbihds i` trbabkd sdar` ul lu`vd t`cb`s pds ha e` qu` ebs nu`s t hdl`s ndlnr` tbs y e hchtbibs s`bl ebs ûlhnbs qu` pu`-ibl s ` r n dl t ` s t bibs . Eb n dcp h e bn hþl y n e b s h o h nbn hþl i` ib t ds n dl n brân t ` ri` c`rb hl odrc bn hþl puì` s`r eb ûlhnb bn t hv hibi pds hae` y puì` s`r c uyhcpdrtbl t` . Yhpds câs bvblzbids (`s td `s , s hml h ohnb t hvds ) i` bn t hvhibi n h`l-t ão h n b puì`l s ` r hcpds ha e ` s gbs t b qu` s ` i h spdlmb i` ul bnbr r `d n dl s h -i`rbae` i` ibtds l arutd. Zdr tbltd, e ndldnhch`ltd i` ed qu` pdirãb

No. A@LKBCHL O. ]QHNGY, «Q`s`brng hl Bc`rhnbl Zdehthnbe Yg`dry¶, Bc`-

rhnbl Zdehthnbe ^nh`ln` Q`vh`w, >7 (bmdstd 2899), =1=6 NGBQE@^ OBHQCBL, « Yg `@stbt` do Zdehthnbe ^nh`ln`s, ]`st`rl Zdehthnbe Rubt`rey, 2 (cbrzd 2897), phm. 7.

>



>9 h`lnhb pdeãthnb; ul blâehshs ohedsþohnd e`nnhþl y dri`lbnhþl i eds ibtds i`snrhpthvds 0e e bcbr s` e b b lb t dc ãb i` e Mda h ` rld ` s ul p r ` r r`qu hs h t d i ` e n dldn hch`l t di` , b e c`ld s , b e mulds bsp ` n t ds i ` su o h s h d edm ã b .

Ld da s t bl t ` , e d hli h n bid bl t ` s s h mu` s h `lid v ` ribi , ` s t d ` s ; qu` e b sr`spu`stbs b ebs pr`multbs ndl nr`tbs, e hchtbib s, sdl `l s ã chsc d t r hv hb e`sy sdebc` lt` puì`l benblzbr s hml h o hnbid s h sdl ût h e s pbrb ndl t`stbr nu`s-t h dl `s i ` n brân t` r câs bc p e h d y m `l `r b e qu` `l s ã c hsc bs t h `l `l s `l t hid .Ld ` s ` e g` ngd b h s e bid e d qu` nu`l t b , s hld e b «i`p`li`l n h b i` ul g` n gd`l e dtrd¶. «@e dak`td i` tdib hlv`sthmbnhþl s e i`snuarhch`ltd i` ebs

r ` e bn h dl `s s h ml h o h n b t h vbs i `l t r d i ` e t `cb ` s tui hbid¶ .

Bulqu` b e mulbs da r bs i ` n h `l n hb p d e ã t h n b ` s t âl mu hbibs p dr ulb n dl -n`pnhþl i` ld cbydr rè`vblnhb qu` eb qu` pr`shi` eb ihnhþl iè ] dreiBecblbn, eb cbydrãb pds``l, bodrtulbibc`lt`, ul lhvè sup`rhdr. Ednd r r h`l t ` ` s qu` s ` p e bl t ` `l nu` s t h dl` s i` n h ` r tb bc p e h tui y qu` s ` ` e b -adr`l pruàb s i`st hlbib s b ndltr hauhr b (d prdpdrn hdlb r ) eb r`spu`stb. @er bsmd ` s `l n hb e i ` t b e ` s nu`s t h dl `s’qu` e ` s ib su hcpdr t bl n hb’`s qu` i`bemulb odrcb s` ròh`r`l b ohl`s y cìhds. I` bemûl cdid s` ròh`r`l beb hi`lt h o hnbn hþl i` eds bn tdr`s i` eb pde ã t hnb d b eds cètdids qu` `stds b n-t d r ` s `cp e`b l `l e b pumlb pd e ãt h n b ; Ebs ' c hsc bs nu`s t h dl `s bc p e h b s sdlt r hv h b e ` s s h n br `n `l i` ` s t b nub e hibi . ^ h s ` p r `mul t b p dr e b l b tur b e `zb i ` eo ` i` rb e hscd , s ` pr ` multb , `l r ` b e h ibi , pd r e b cb l` rb i` b t r hau h r ouln h d -l`s y pdi`r`s pbrb ndls`muhr nh`rtds ohl`s. Ed chscd s bpehnbae` b ebs

pr`multbs sda r` eb i`cdnrbn hb , eb i hn tbiurb, eb c dlbrquãb, ` t n . Eb mbrbl-t ã b i` n h ` r td s i` r ` ngds n h v h e` s ` s ul cì h d pb rb ul o h l , e d c h scd què ebmu`rrb d eb pbz y eb chscb xhst`lnhb iè @stbid. h uld s` pr`multbs`pdr eb or `nu`ln hb r` ebt hvb ndl qu` eds gdcar`s i` @stb id n h`rrbl eds dkds,eb nu`st hþl pdir ãb s`r i` bc pe h tui ndlshi`rba e` . ^hl iuib,, ulb r`spu`stbpdir ãb sb t h s obn ` r e b nur hds hibi i` b e mu h `l y t `l `r s h ml h o h n bid `l ` s t ` s `l -t h id . Z ` rd , ndc d s ba `cds , eb r ` s pu` s t b ld t `l ir ãb lb ib qu` v` r ndl e d so hl ` s y e d s c ì hds , y l d n dl t r hau h rã b `l ba sd eu t d b e b r bn h dlb e hibi i` e b si`n hs hdl`s, `s i`n hr , s`r ãb t r hv hb e .

LH_@E@ I@ M@L@QBEHIBI

^h ah`l eb ihsnushþl prhlnhpbe sdar` «m`l`rbehibi¶ y «m`l`rbehzbnhþl¶

s ` `l nu`l t r b `l e b p b r t` s `mulib , s ` i à ` gbn ` r bqu ã ulb b o h rcbn hþl `lr` ebn hþl ndl ` e t `cb i` `st ` nbp ã tued6 ebs nbrbn t `r ãs t hnbs i` ebs nu`st hdl`squ` `x hm `l ulb i`sn r hp n hþl .

Bl t ` s i ` m `l `r b e h z br , n e b s h o hn bc ds . Nd ednbcd s n dsb s qu` pds``l b t r h-au t ds n dc pbr t hids `l ulb n b t `mdr ã b . Plb m `l `r b e h z bn hþl ` s ulb b o h rc b-n hþl qu` `s i`sn r hp t hvb i` ids d c âs ndsbs i` ulb nbt `md r ãb. Nublid ulbb o h rcbn hþl ` s i `sn r hp t h vb i ` sd e bc `l t ` ulds p dnds ` e `c `l t ds i ` ulb n b -t`mdrãb, s` ihn` pds`` ul abkd lhvè i` m`l`rbehibi6 b nubltds câs e`-c`l t ds p uì` bp e h n brs ` c bydr ` s su l hv ` e i` m`l`rbe hibi. ^h ul ` e`c `ltd

º CDQQH^ Q. NDHH@L y @QL@^Y LBN@E, Bl Hltrdiunthdl td Edmhn bli nh`lthohn

C`tgdi (Lu`vb Xdrf6 Hebrndurt, Arbn`, 28>9), pâm. >21.

`s ulb nebs` `l sã chsc d, eb bohrcbnhþl qu` e` ndlnh`rl` s`râ pbrthnuebrcâs qu` m`l`rbe.

Zdr `k`cped, eb b o hrcbn hþl qu` ebs nd edl hbs bc `rhnblbs b enbl zbrdl suhli`p`li`lnhb or`lt` b Hlmebt`rrb `s i` ul abkd lhvè i` m`l`rbehibinublid s ` e b n dc pbr b n dl e b b o h rcbn hþl i` qu` câs p r dl t d d câs t b ri`t dibs e b s n d e dl hbs ausnb l su hli`p `li`ln hb . Eb b o h rcbn hþl i` qu` Kbnf^prbt vdtþ pdr @hs`lgd w`r `l 280? `s pb r t hnuebr 6 p`rd eb b o hrcb n hþl qu`` e =0 pd r 2:: i` e d s gdc ar` s ndc d è e (` s i` n h r , e =0 pd r 2:: i` e d s vb -

edr`s urabl ds prdt`stblt`s, ndl hlmr`sds sup`r hdr`s b 7 .:: : iþebr`s ) vdtb-rdl pdr @hs`lgd w`r `s ulb m`l`rbe hzbn hþl i` l hv` e r ` ebt hvbc`l t` ` e`vbid.

Ńuâe s e b r` ebn hþl `l tr` eds l hv` e `s i` m`l `rb e hibi y ` e s h mlh o h nbidi` e t rbab k d n h `l t ão h n d -bnbièchnd4 I` ulb c bl`r b hc p e ã n ht b e b r ` spu`s t byb s` gb ibid. h e shmlhohnbid hcpdrtblnhb s` chè` l tèrchlds ièb ndltrhaunhþl g`ngb be ndldnhch`ltd i` eb rèbnhþl `ltr` p`l sbc h `l t dy bn n hþl , ohl ` s y c` i hds , n busb y ` o ` n t d , d n dli hn hdl `s y n dl s `nu`ln hbs ,b o h rcb n hdl `s v ` ribi`r bs bn ` r n b i ` nub equh` r n b t `mdr ãb i ` pul t ds buc`l -tbrâ su shmlhohnbnhþl l rèbnhþl ndl su. lhvè i` m`l`rbehibi. Zbrb x-pr`sbr `s t` p`lsb ch`l td i` d trb cb l`rb ' ; s h 2bjr` e`vbln hb i` e ndldn hch`ltds ` c hi` `l t è rchlds i ` e m rbid `l qu` l ds b yuib b .ndcpr `li`r d b t `l `r`l nu`ltb ebs s h tubn hdl`s y bndlt`n hc h`ltds, `s eþm hnd ndlshi`rbr qu` bo hr -cb n hdl `s m `l `r b e ` s s `b l ldrcb ec `l t ` câs r ` e `vbl t ` s . @ e g`ngd i` qu`

ebs nd edl hbs bc`rhnblbs s` tdrlbs`l hlquh` tbs puì` byuibrlds b ndcpr`l-i`r eb ndliuntb bn tube i` dt rb ndedl hb nubequh`rb, p`rd eb prdpds hn hþl m`-l` rb e qu` t dibs e b s nd e dl h b s , câs prdl t d d câs t b ri` , p` r s h mu`l su h l -i`p`li`ln hb l ds b yuibrâ p r daba e `c`l t ` bûl câs ( bsuch`lid qu` ` s t bm`l`rbehzbnhþl s`b v`ribi). I` cbl`rb shchebr, e ndldnhch`ltd i` edsgâahtds ` e`n tdrb e`s i` tdids eds gdcar`s i` eb c hscb n ebs` qu` Kbnf ^prbtt `lirâ cbydr r` e`vbln hb pbrb eb ` xp e hnbn hþl d prì hnn hþl i` ul r`suetbid` e ` n t dr b e qu` ` e n dld n hch`l t d qu` s ` e hc h t b b Kbnf ^pr b t `x n eus hvbc `l t ` .

Cungbs b o h rcb n hdl `s r ` e `vbl t ` s i ` ul b e t d l hv ` e i ` m `l `r b e hibi sdlbich t hibs s hcp e`c `l t ` , `xp r`sâlids` r br bc`l t ` , s h s dl `xp r `sbibs . û-pdlmbc ds qu` s ` i h n ` qu` Nba`zb i` Ngdr eh t d Kdl `s , `l ulb ` e ` n n hþl `lqu` s` pr`s`ltbab nb lihibtd , `l`chs tþ b ul vdtblt` `snuphèlide` b eb nbrb .@stb bo hrcbn hþl r`pds b `l ulb tân ht b m`l`rbe hzbn hþl i` b e t d l hv` e ; `s prd.

aba e ` qu` e d s n bli hib t ds qu` ` s nup`l b e b n b r b i ` sus ` e ` n t dr ` s p h ` riblsus vdtds . Eb bo hrcbn hþl tân ht b m`l`rbe `stba e`n` ulb r` ebn hþl nbusbe qu`cb l t h `l ` su v ` r bn hibi `l e b s n dl i hn h dl `s i ` ul pb ã s

, d nueturb i`t `rc h-lbid, y quhzâ ulhv`rsb ec`l t` . Ndcd bs `rn hþl i` nbusb y ndls`nu`ln hb `s ,pdr i` o hl hn hþl, câs s hmlh o h nb t hvb qu` eb b o h rc bnhþl i` qu` ul nblihib tdndlnr`td snuphþ b eb nbrb i` uld i` sus è`ntdr`s y, pdr eed, p`rihþsu vdtd.

Bs ã n dcd e ds b r t ãnu eds y e ha r ds qu` i`sp h ` r t bl r ` sp ` t d `l ` s t ` n bc pdsdl ldrcbec`lt` eds qu` trbtbl i` nu`sthdl`s bcpehbs y ld ehchtbibs,e d s c h sc ds ` s tui h bl nu` s t h dl` s qu` `x h m`l r ` spu` s t b s i` b e t d s l h v` e ` si` m`l` rb e h ibi . ^h e b s nu` s t hdl` s s ` p e bl t ` bl b ul ab kd l h v` e i` m`l` rb .



> ? Nh`lnhb pdeãthnb; ul blâehshs ohedsþohnd NBZÃYPED Y@QN@QD

ehibi (pdr `k`cped, `snrhahr ulb ahdmrboãb, `l eb qu` è n`ltrd iè hl-t`rès `s ul gdcar`), t`lirâl, pdr sã chscbs, pdnb rè`vblnhb6 p`rd shebs r`spu`stbs ndltrhauy`l b betds lhvè`s i` m`l`rbehibi (pdr k`cped,b e b ndcpr`ls h þl i` e b ndliunt b i` cungds d t dids ed s gdca r` s s `c` -k bl t ` s b e qu` ` s da k ` t d i` e b a h d mrb o ãb ) , ` l t dln` s s ` b e nblzb c bydr r ` e` -vbln hb .

@xpehnbnhþl

@l eds nbpãtueds pr`nì`lt`s g`cds ihngd qu` `l è `stuihd i` ebpdeãthnb surm`l nu`sthdl`s i` vbedr y nu`sthdl`s i` g`ngd, y qu` `stbsûe thcbs `x h m `l r ` spu`s t b s i` s n r h p t hv b s . G `cds i h ngd t bca h è l qu` e b s nu` s -thdl`s i` g`ngd puì`l suaihvhihrs` ; puì`l s`r e` i`sbrrdeed d i` s-trunturb6 y, pdr dtrb pbrt`, puì`l nebshohnbrs` i` bnu rid ndl eb m`l -

r b e hi bi i ` e b s r ` spu`s t b s ausnbib s .Be i`snrhahr ed qu` bndlt`n` be stuihbr eb pdeãthnb g`cds stbid r`-

ndc`liblid nh rtbs ndsbs. Lu`strb pr`snrhpnhþl gb shid qu` quh l i`s```ls`òbr d hlv`sthmbr i` ulb cbl`rb vâehib, ndltrhauy`lid bsã b eb rbnhd-lbehibi i` ebs i`nhshdl`s, ià` peblt`brs` pr`multbs y ndlt`stbrebs. @stbs

pr`multbs ià`l t`l`r pdr dak`td ohl`s y cìhds. @e dak`thvd ià` s`rhi`lthohnbr ohl`s y cìhds y nebrhohnbr ebs ndln`pnhdl`s sdar` eds chs-

cds6 ià` s`r, câs tbri`, hi`lthohnbr y nebrhohnbr ebs rèbnhdl s ltr`cìhds y ohl`s. `râl rèbnhdl`s ndl`ntbibs ndl e p`lsbch`ltd y eb bn-

n hþl , prdpþsh td y cètdid , nbusb y ` o `n td , ndlihn hdl`s y ndls `nu`ln hb s. G`-cds ihngd qu` ebs r`spu`stbs b ebs nu`sthdl`s i` i`sbrrdeed, b cìhib

qu` bvblzbl `l eb `snbeb qu` vb i` eb nrþlhnb b eb `xpehnbnhþl m`lè-thnb, s`râl prdabae`c`lt` câs rè`vblt`s, qu` ebs nu`sthdl`s i` strun-

turb s`râl câs shmlhohnbthvbs sh sdl m`l`rbe`s y bcpehbs qu` sh sdl ehch-tbibs y ndlnr`tbs, y qu` ebs bohrcbnhdl`s bn`rnb i` ulb i`t`rchlbib nb-

t`mdrãb i` t`cbs buc`ltbrâl su rè`vblnhb i` bnu`rid ndl su lhvè i`m`l`rb e hibi.

Zrdltd v`r`cds qu` tdid ed blt`rhdr quhvbe` b i`nhr qu` eb i`snrhp-

nhþl buc`ltb su rè`vblnhb nubltd câs ndltrhauy` b eb `xpehnbnhþl. Bsã,

eb pr`snrhpnhþl qu` g`cds dor`nhid `s qu` eb `xpehnbnhþl i` ebs ndlih-nhdl`s y bndlt`nhch`ltds pdeãthnds ià` s`r e dak`thvd (d, be c`lds, eprhlnhpbe dak`thvd) i` eds nuethvbidr`s i` eb nh`lnhb pdeãthnb.

Ydid ed nube lds hcpdl` ul blâehshs i` eb xpehnbnhþl. @e blâehshsi` `st` nbpãtued s`râ hlndcpe`td, yb qu` nh`rtds rbsmds i` eb `xpehnbnhþl



>7h`lnhb pdeãthnb; ul blâehshs ohedsþohnd

s`râl c â s ndcpr`lshae`s sh `sp`rbcds b bpr`g`li`reds `l eb pbrt` s`-mulib. Z`rd bgdrb pdi`cds i`nhr ed suohnh`lt` pbrb benblzbr ul au`lndldnhch`ltd i` eds è`c`ltds `s`lnhbe`s.

Pl r`suc`l pr`vhd puì` s`r ûthe. Ebs prhlnhpbe`s suaihvhshdl`s quùthehzbr`cds badribrâl eb `xpehnbnhþl `l rèbnhþl ndl ebs rbzdl`s, nbu-sbs y oulnhdl`s sbthso`ngbs. Eb ndliuntb i` ulb p`rsdlb, pdr `k`cped,puì` s`r `xpehnbib nhtblid ebs rbzdl`s pbrb tbe ndliuntb. Eb mu`rrb pu`-i` s`r `xpehnbib pdr sus nbusbs. Ybltd eb ndliuntb i ` ulb p`rsdlb ndcdeb mu`rrb puì l s`r xpehnbibs l abs` b ebs oulnhdl`s qu` nucpe l.Bi`câs i` ihsnuthr `stds thpds i` `xpehnbnhþl, ihsnuthr`cds tbltd edscìhds i` bn`rnbch`ltd ndcd eds lhvè`s iè rbzdlbch`ltd `cpe`bids `leb `xpehnbnhþl. Câs bièblt` i`snrhahr`cds ebs cìhibs b `cpe`br pbrbkuzmbr eb hcpdrtblnhb r ebthvb i` eds obntdr`s qu` ltrbl l ulb xpeh-nbnhþl. Bpbr`n`râl, tbcahèl, dtrds t`cbs c`ldr`s, i` hcpdrtblnhb hl-o`rhdr.

@WZEHNBNHÞL @L YÈQCHLD I@ QB[DL@^

@e pultd `s`lnhbe i` eds o`lþc`lds pdeãthnds `s qu` ndlshst`l d r`-suetbl i` bnnhdl`s i` s`r`s gucbl ds. Pl `sou`rzd pbrb `xpehnbr `stds o`-lþc`ld s `s, pu`s, ul `sou`rzd pbrb `xpehnbr nh`rtbs nebs`s i` ndliuntbsgucblbs. I` stb cbl`rb e prdae cb ihoh`r` i` bqu eeds ndl qu` s`

`lor`ltbl m`l`rbec`lt` ebs nh`lnhbs lbturbe`s. Eds `lt`s, ou`rzbs u dr-mblhscds qu` sdl stuihbids l quãchnb, oãshnb d adtâlhnb ld th`l li`s`ds ndlsnh`lt s d ohl`s qu` puìbl s`rvhrlds pbrb xpehnbrlds sundcpdrtbch`ltd. Ibibs nh`rtbs ndlihnhdl`s bntûbl i` nh`rtb cbl`rb. @xhs-t`l l èeds rèbnhdl`s l`n`sbrhbs. Eds bndlt`nhch`ltds stâl hlt`rrèbnhd-lbids ndlodrc` b ul `squ`cb ohkd. Plb `x pedshþl lune`br puì` `xpeh-nbrs` shl rò`r`lnhb b eds i`s`ds d prdpþshtds i` eds âtdc ds d pbrt`s ièds âtdcds. @e orbnbsd i` ulb nds`ngb i` trhmd d ulb nds`ngb uaèrrhcbld s` `xpehnb lulnb pdr ebs bnthtui`s i` ebs s`cheebs d i` ebs pebltbs.

Zdr è ndltrbrhd, ebs bnnhdl`s i` eds s`r`s gucblds s` rèbnhdlbl i`bemulb cbl`rb ndl sus i`s`ds. Eds s`r`s gucblds p`rshmu`l ohl`s, s`drh`ltbl ndlodrc` b dak`thvds. X idli` `xhst`l i`s`ds d prdpþshtds `sûthe sba r sh eb ndliuntb ndl eeds rèbnhdlbib i a` s`r xpehnbib. Ebr`meb s qu` eds prdpþshtds i` ul bntdr (d sus rbzdl s pbrb eb bnnhþl)`stâl hlneuhids `l eb `xpehnbnhþl i` su ndliuntb, y, b v`n`s, è ndldnh-ch`ltd i` eeds nbecb eb nurhdshibi y `l `st` s`lthid prdpdrnhdlb ulb`xpehnbnhþl tdtbec`lt` sbthsobntdrhb. Ebs rbzdl`s puì`l s`r d ld ndl-o`sbibs y è bntdr puì` s`r d ld s`r nd lsnh`lt` i` èebs 2.

No. Q. . Z@Y@Q^, Yg` Ndln`pt do Cdthvbthdl (Lu`vb Xdrf6 Gucblhth`s Zr`ss,2807), pâms. 2-1?6 MP^YB_ A@QNCBLL, Zghedsdpgy do nh`ln`s (Cbihsdl6 Plhv`rshtydo ]hsndshl Zr`ss, 280=), `l `sp`nhbe, pâms. =0.796 ]HEEHBC IQBX, Ebws bli @x-peblbt hdls hl Ghstdry (Edlir`s, Dxodri Plhv`rshty Zr`ss, 280=), l sp., pâms. 211-106BQYGPQ ZH@YHGDOO, «Zur` Yg`dry bli @ndldchn M`stbet Yg`dry6 Hi`be Yyp`s bliQ`be Yyp`s¶, `b @lt`rprhs` bli ^`nuebr Ngblm`. Q`bihlms hl @ndldchn Ghstdry ìh-tbid pdr Orì`rhn N. Ebl` (Hedc`wddi, Heehldhs6 Qhngbri I. Hrwhl, 280>), pâm. 998.

@xpehnbnhþl 8

Eb `xpehnbnhþl `l tèrchlds i` rbzdl`s `s s`c`kblt`, sh ld hièlthnb,b ed qu` Fbre Zdpp`r i`ldchlb xpehnbnhþl l tèrchlds «i` eb eþmhnb

i` eb shtubnhþl¶ 1.d qu` bquã s` supdl` s qu` eb xpehnbnhþl puì`

benblzbrs` pr`stblid bt`lnhþl b ebs pr`chsbs i` ihspdshnhþl’d ihspdsh-

nhdlbe`s’d b ebs bnthtui`s l abs` b Ehs nube`s eds bntdr`s tdcbl sus i` -

nhshdl`s l rèbnhþl b eds ohl`s y b eds cìhds, be mrbid i` ndlv`lnh-

ch`ltd prdphd i` sus prdn`sds i` p`lsbch`ltd y be kuhnhd qu` s` odrcbl

i` eb shtubnhþl6 `std `s, b eb hcbm`l i` eb r`behibi qu` shrv` i` abs`b su e`nnhþl. updlh`lid ibtds i` stds y, quhzâ, i` dtrds thpds, ebs bn-

nhdl`s i`nhihibs puì`l xpehnbrs` l e s`lthid i` qu` e ndldnhch`ltdr`vèbid e`s gbn`l bpbr`n`r ndcd hltèhmhae`s d eþmhnbs.

ûpdlmbcds, pdr `k`cped, qu` è prdae`cb `s `xpehnbr è `stbeehidi` eb mu`rrb ltr` eds @stbids Plhids y e Kbpþl l 2892. Ou` darb i`

s`r`s gucblds. Eds s`r`s gucblds qu` odrcbabl d hloeuãbl `l nbib Md-ah`rld t`lãbl i`s`ds y ohl`s, y, i` ulb cbl`rb blbeþmhnb, pdi`cds i`-

nhr qu` eds chscds Mdah`rlds puì l p`rs`muhr nh`rtds dak`thvds. Zdrdtrb pbrt`, eds hlihvhiuds y eds Mdah`rlds bntûbl `l abs` b nh`rtbs hcâ-m`l`s i` eb r`behibi. Zdi`cds bsã `xpehnbrlds èh `stbeehid i` eb mu`rrb

`l tèrchlds i` i`s`ds y dak`thvds `l ndloehntd i` eds ids Mdah`rlds y`l tèrchlds i` sus sou`rzds pbrb r`behzbr stds i`s`ds l ulb shtubnhþl

qu` eeds p`rnhaãbl i` ulb cbl`rb i`t`rchlbib. Nbib Mdah`rld (nbibbntdr) t`lãb rbzdl`s pbrb ed qu` ghzd, y ndldn`r `stbs rbzdl`s byuib bndcpr`li`r ed qu` sunìhþ. @l r`behibi, b c`lds qu` tdc`cds `l nu`ltbebs bnthtui`s y prdpþshtds i` ebs p`rsdlbs hcpehnbibs y su ndln`pnhþl i e

prdae`cb qu` s` e`s peblt`bab, ld pdir`cds xpehnbrlds e stbeehid i`

eb mu`rrb.

Eds s`r`s gucblds ld sdebc`lt` s` muãbl pdr dak`thvds, shld qu`

tbcahèl s` ndliun`l pdr r`mebs. Eds dak`thvds sdl p`rs`muhids i` bnu`r-

id ndl nh`rtbs r`mebs, eb cbydrãb i` ebs nube`s th`l`l è nbrânt`r i` eu-mbr`s ndcul`s. Plb r`meb `s qu` sh ul Mdah`rld trbtb i` odrzbr b dtrd

b eb suchshþl r`nurrhrâ b eb nd`rnhþl (y ld, pdr k`cped, b aruk`rãb d`lnbltbch`ltd). Ed qu` s câs, l nh`rtbs shtubnhdl`s eb nd`rnhþl puì`

r`v`sthr eb odrcb i` ul btbqu` chehtbr (y ld, pdr k`cped, i` hlt`ltbr`lv`l`lbr be kò` iè dtrd @stbid, y bûl c`lds i` qu` è kò` i` ul@stbid v`lzb be kò` iè dtrd `l ul ndcabt` p`rsdlbe). Nublid ebs bn-

nhdl`s tdcbibs s` ndlodrcbl b ebs r`mebs pr`suchibs ebs rbzdl`s qu`ndloh`sbl eds bntdr`s sdl ldrcbec`lt` nr`ãae`s y puì`l s`rvhr ndcd ulb

`xpehnbnhþl sbthsobntdrhb i` eb ndliuntb qu` s` xbchlb. Nublid ebs bn-

nhdl`s trblsmrì`l ebs r`mebs, ebs rbzdl`s i`nebrbibs s` pr`s`ltbl ndcd

sdsp`ngdsbs y eb `xpehnbnhþl ndcd hlsbthsobntdrhb. @l dtrbs pbebarbs6 s`

ihn` b v`n`s qu` eb ndliuntb `stâ `xpehnbib nublid v`cds eb r`meb i`

FBQE Q. ZDZZ@Q, Yg` Dp`l ^dnh`ty bli hts @l`ch`s (Zrhln`tdl6 Zrhln`tdl

Plh v` r s h ty Z r ` s s , 280: ) , pâms . 178 -8: , 997 -98 .



9: h`lnhb pdeãthnb; ul blâehshs ohedsþohnd

bnu`rid b eb nube s` ndcpdrtb d nublid v`cds qu` eb bibptbnhþl i` eb

ndliuntb b eb r`meb ld nbusb sdrpr`sb .Ebs r`mebs `l nu`sthþl s` ròh`r`l, m`l`rbec`lt`, b eb rbnhdlbehibi

d ò`nthvhibi i` eb bnnhþl, b eb euz i` eds dak`thvds p`rs`muhids y i` subi`nubnhþl b eb euz i` ebs ldrcbs sdnhbe`s. ^h è Mdah`rld i` Ydfhd gu-

ah s` dri`lbid b su oedtb lbv`mbr iblid sh t` vu etbs berììdr i` Dbgu,

iblid ndcd rbzþl i` `stb dri`l qu` bsã gulihrãb b eb oedtb bc`rhnblb i`

Z`bre Gbradr, eb rbzþl guah`s` pbr`nhid hlnr`ãae`6 eb bnnhþl guah`s` pb-

r`nhid hrrbnhdlbe ` hlòhnbz y s` guah`s` trbtbid i` `xpehnbreb absâlids` `l

bemd ihsthltd b ebs rbzdl`s ndlo`sbibs pdr Ydfhd. ^h e Mdah`rld i` Ydfhdguah`s` ihngd qu` ebs rbzdl`s pbrb adcabri`br Z`bre Gbradr ld `rbl

ndc`lzbr ulb mu`rrb, shld suarbybr è i`s`d i` hlt`rnbcahbr vhshtbs l-

tr` e pr`shi`lt` bc`rhnbld y e cp`rbidr kbpdlès, eb xpehnbnhþl gu-ah`s` vhdebid ebs r`mebs i` ebs ndlv`lnhdl`s sdnhbe`s y ld guah`s` shidnr`ãib.

Hlneusd nublid ebs rbzdl`s ibibs pbrb ulb bnnhþl sdl pebushae`s eb

`xpehnbnhþl qu` prdpdrnhdlbl stâ i sthlbib b s`r hlndcpe`tb. Zu`s gby

rbzdl`s y nbusbs i` ebs rbzdl`s, y gby nbusbs i` nbusbs. Eb aûsquìb i`

ulb `xpehnbnhþl puì` ndliunhrlds e`kds `l iho`r`lt`s ihr`nnhdl`s; Ebnbi`lb i` xpehnbnhdl`s (d câs ah`l eb rì i` nbi`lbs) ld th`l` ohl. Zdr

`k`cped, hlneusd sh `lndltrbrlds ebs rbzdl`s ibibs pdr eds ihrhm`lt`s kb-pdl`s`s ehbrb è btbqu` b Z`bre H -H b rad r n dc p e ` t bc`l t ` p e bus h a e` s , x h s t `l

dtrbs pr`multbs qu` ià`l peblt`brs` pbrb dat`l`r ulb xpehnbnhþl câsndcpe`tb. ´Zdr què eds ihrhm`lt`s s` ohkbrdl eds dak`thvds qu` ndliuk`rdl

b Z`bre Gbradr4 ´Zdr què `stbabl `l è Zdi`r nh`rtds gdcar`s qu` s`prdpdlãbl benblzbr stds dak`thvds `l v`z i` dtrds qu` p`rshmuh`s`l dtrdsdak`thvds4 X bsã hliòhlhibc`lt`.

^h ebs rbzdl`s i`nebrbibs i` ul bntdr prdpdrnhdlbl b v`n`s ulb `x-

pehnbnhþl pebushae` y sbthsobntdrhb i` ed qu` gbn`, `s ul eumbr ndcûl

qu` eed ld s sh`cpr` bsã. Cuy b c`luid eds gdcar`s bntûbl’`l pd-eãthnb y `l dtrbs so`rbs’shl qu`r`r ndlo`sbr ebs rbzdl`s qu` cdthvbl

sus bnnhdl`s, l nuyd nbsd è hlv`sthmbidr ià` prdpdl rs` ndcd dak`thvd

gbn`rs` ndl ebs rbzdl`s ld ndlo`sbibs. B c`luid s` dp`rb shl nebrb ndl-

nh`lnhb i` ebs rbzdl`s qu` cu`v`l b eb bnnhþl. Ebs m`lt`s bntûbl `lmrbl cìhib shl ròe`xhdlbr `l absè b bemd qu` ld gb shid nebrhohnbid,d sdar` eb abs` i` ul gâahtd d hcpuesd, y e`s s`rãb ihoãnhe `xpr`sbr eb rb-

zþl pdr eb qu` bntûbl. B v`n`s ee`mbl b tdcbr ndlnh`lnhb ndlousbc`lt`

i` rbzdl`s i` ulb bnnhþl prdphb qu` ld i`s`bl bichthr lh b sã chscds

y r`prhc`l e p`lsbch`ltd i` tbe`s rbzdl`s, quhzâ becbn`lâlided l su

suandlsnh`lt`. Orùi cbltuvd, ndl abstblt` ou`rzb, qu` ebs hloeu`lnhbs

qu` i`rhvbabl iè suandlsnh`lt` t`lãbl mrbl hcpdrtblnhb l eb ihr`nnhþli` eb ndliuntb.

Bi`câs i Z@Y@Q , Yg` Ndln`pt do Cdthvbthdl, nhtbib câs brrhab, v`r Q`BX,Ebws bli Cdthvbthdls hl Ghstdry, pâm. 20=, y Z@Y@Q ]HLNG, Yg` Hi`b do b ^d-nhbe ^nh`ln`, (Lu`vb Xdrf6 Gucblhth`s Zr`ss, 2807), pâms. 90 01

@xpehnbnhþl 92

@k cpeds i` qu` ebs rbzdl`s ld i`nebrbibs, y b v`n`s suandlsnh lt`s,

ihoh`r`l i` ebs ndlo`sbibs sdl quhzâ sup`roeuds6 p`rd vdevbcds ar`v`-

c`lt` b eds bndlt`nhch`ltds qu` ndliuk`rdl b Z`bre Gbradr. Eds ihrh-m`lt`s kbpdl`s`s qu` gbaebabl pûaehnbc`lt` i` eb @so`rb i` Zrdsp`-rhibi Cutub `l Bshb Drh`ltbe pdiãbl `stbr hlsphrbids tbcahèl, d bet`r-

lbthvbc`lt`, pdr eb sp`rblzb s`nr`tb i` qu` ebs ndlquhstbs pdiãbl bnb-rr`br rhqu`zbs be Kbpþl, b su nebs` ihrhm`lt` d b sã chscds. Eds qu` gb-

aebabl pûaehnbc`lt` i` eb medrhb iè cp`rbidr pdiãbl s`r p`rsdlbehib-

i`s i`s`quheharbibs btrbãibs pdr e i`s`d i` pdi`r, d pdiãbl stbr btrbã-

ids hlndlsnh`lt`c`lt` pdr ebs bv`lturbs l e xt`rhdr pbrb ròdrzbrè pbtrhdthscd l è hlt`rhdr. I` hmube cbl`rb, gby, shl iuib, rbzdl`s

pbrb `xpehnbr pdr què eds @stbids Plhids bntubrdl ndcd ed ghnh`rdl qu`

ihoh`r`l i` ebs qu` Qdds`vèt y dtrds ndlo`sbabl d hlneusd s` r`pr`s`l-

t b abl .

M l`rbec`lt`, ebs rbzdl`s qu` s` ndloh`sbl pbrb kusthohnbr ulb bn-nhþl th`l`l ul prdpþshtd. Ed chscd puì` d ld s`r nh`rtd i` ebs rbzdl`s

ld i`nebrbibs d hlndlsnh`lt`s. B v`n`s, stbs ûethcbs pbr`n`l t`l r cb-

ydr rèbnhþl ndl è nbrânt`r qu` ndl eds prdpþshtds. Zdr `k`cped, b ;v`-

n `s n h t bcd s b p ` t `l n h b s i `sd ri`lbib s , d n di h n hb 6 d j a h `l , 'Ndl o hb l zb , gdl `s -thibi, kusthnhb y sblthibi.

@WZEHNBNHDL@^ @L YÈQC HLD^ I@ CDYH_BNHDL@^, BNYHYPI@^, NQ@@LNHB^D HLNEHLBNHDL@^ .

Ed qu` câs brrhab eebcbcds rbzdl`s s b v`n`s i`ldchlbid i` dtrbs

cbl` rb s .

Bsã, eb `xpehnbnhþl tdcb `l bemulds nbsds eb odrcb i` cdthvds, bn-

t h tui`s, nr``ln hb s, hln e hlbn hdl`s, `tn .

Eds cdthvds sdl rbzdl`s, p`rd gbaebcds i` cdthvds `l v`z i` rbzdl`s

`l nh`rtbs nhrnulstblnhbs i`t`rchlbibs. @l sp`nhbe, nublid eb ndliuntb

s` s`pbrb i` eb qu` s` sp`rbab, nublid bndlt`n` bemd ld ndlv`lnhdlbe,

`stbcds kusthohnbids `l pr`multbrlds pdr eds cdthvds, câs ah`l qu` pdr

ebs rbzdl`s. @l eb prânthnb ihbrhb, b c`luid lds absbcds l e supu`std

i` qu` `stbcds ndcprdc`thids `l ulb tbr`b ld sdebc`lt` i` `xpehnbr,

shld i` kuzmbr. @s câs, eds cdthvds `stâl ndl`xhdlbids (ed chscd qu`ldrcbec`lt` ebs rbzdl`s) ndl ulb ndliuntb qu` s` ihrhm` b bemulb c`tb.

^hmuh`lid `l eb chscb eãl`b ; nublid lds pr`multbcds pdr ul cdthvdlds pr`multbcds sh`cpr` què p`lsbcds i` èe ndrld rbzþl v`ribi`rb6`std `s, sh ndhlnhi` d ld ndl eb rbzþl i`nebrbib iè bntdr.

^h lds pr`multbcds pdr eb rbzþl qu` ul gdcar` th`l` pbrb gbn`r ulb ndsb `sp`-rbcds ulb r`spu`stb `l tèrchlds ndlmru`lt`s ndl ul `squ`cb iè thpd i` ((bi`nubnhþlb ulb r`mebl qu` t`lmb shmlhohnbid `l rèbnhþl ndl è thpd i` bnnhþl ndlshi`rbid. Z`rdnublid lds pr`multbcds pdr su cdthvd i`s`bcds tbl sþed sba`r è ohl b qu` s` ihrhm`su ndliuntb. @e supu`std ldrcbe s qu` ulb ndliuntb sì`sthlb b ul ohl, p`rd qu` edscìhds qu` s` ndlodrcbl b nubequh`r `squ`cb `st`r`dthpbid d gbahtube d b nubequh`r



91 h`lnhb pdeã thnb; ul blâehshs ohedsþohnd @xpehnbnhþl >

nbldl i bi`nubnhþl. Ed qu e gdcar gbn ià `xpehnbrs `lt rbc`lt `l r ebnhþlbe ohl be qu` pbr`n` ihrhmhrs` j.

Zbr`n` hll`n` sbr hd t rbtbr i` pr`n hsbr ulb iò hl hn hþl i` b n t h tui, nr``l-n h b , p r ì hs pd s h n h þl d t `li`ln h b i h s pd s h n h dlb e . E d s ndln`p t d s i` s `l t h idndcûl i` sus shmlhohnbids sdl suohnh`lt`s pdr e cdc`ltd. @e pultd` s `ln h b e ` s qu` t dids ` s t d s t è rc hlds t h ` l`l r ` eb n h þl ndl e b s r b z dl` s , edchscd qu` eds cdthvds. Eb xpehnbnhþl pdr ebs bnthtui`s d nr``lnhbs sedchscd, bprdxhcbibc lt`, qu` xpehnbnhdl`s l abs` b rbzdl`s.

@WZEHNBNHDL@ @L YÈQCHLD I@ NBP^B^

@e ndldnhch`ltd i` ebs rbzdl`s i` ulb bnnhþl puì` d ld prdpdr-n h dlbr ulb `xp e h n bn hþl sb t h s o bn t drh b 6 nublid ld e b p r dpdr n hdlb d nublids` t r b t b i ` `xp e h n br ulb n dli hn hþl d ` s t bid i` ul bsul t d , câs a h `l quùlb bnnhþl, s eþmhnd qu` s` trbt` i` hi`lthohnbr eb nbusb d nbusbs iè d s c hscds .

Eb i h s t h ln h þl `l t r ` r b zþl y nbusb ` s c âs a h `l là ue d s b 6 pb r ` n` ab -s b r s ` , `l mrbl pb r t ` , `l e b p r ` s `ln h b d bus `l n h b i` ` e `c`l t d s qu` b o ` n -t`l p`rsdlbec`lt` be bntdr y qu` , b e c`l ds p d t `l n hb ec `l t ` , ` s t âl ab k dsu ndl t rd e . (Bulqu` s t b b o h rcb n h þl , t dcbib e h t` r b ec`l t ` , s ` bp e h nb x -n eus hvbc`l t ` b h li h vh iuds , puì` s ` r bp e h nbib `l s `l t h id o h murbid b ulmrupd ndlshi`rbid ndcd ul bntdr.) I` cbl`rb câs ndlnr`tb, ebs rò`-

r `l n hbs b e b s r bzdl `s i ` ulb bn n hþl hcp e h n bl l drc b ec` l t ` e b l dn hþl i`ndli hn h dl `s y bndl t ` n hc h`l t ds y i ` sus n dl s`nu`ln hbs . ^ h a h `l e b s r bzd -l `s sdl ldrcb ec`l t ` p ` r sdlb e ` s , e b s n busbs sdl , `l m `l `r b e , s dn h b e ` s di`rhvbibs iè cìhd d bcah`lt` @l rèbnhþl ndl eb nbusb, eb hi`b squ` e b p r ` s `ln h b i` ulb n h ` r tb ndl i h n hþl d e b ndl nurr`ln h b i` ul i` t ` r -chlb id bndl t `n hc h`l t d puì` b nbr r `br , d puì` b yuibr b p r diun hr , ulbndl s`nu`ln hb i ` t ` rchlbib . @s câs , e b n dl s`nu`ln hb dnur r ` p r` suc ha e ` -c`lt` i` bnu rid ndl ul prdn`sd r`muebr, shl stbr suk`tb b ul i`s`dd prdpþshtd nbpr hngdsd s. ^` i hn` , b v`n`s , qu` dnurr` c `nâl hnb d butdc â-t hnbc`l t` , ibibs ebs ndlihn hdl`s nbusb e`s . @stds tèrchld s puì`l s`r ût h-e`s, p`rd tbcahèl puì`l ndliunhr b `rrdr `l nubltd sumh`r`l qu` ebndl s`nu`ln hb ` s s h `cp r ` l `n ` sbr h b d n h ` r tb . @l r `b e hibi , eb s n dl s `nu`l -n h bs s ` s h mu`l i` n busb s i ` i h s t hl td m r bid i` p r daba h e hi bi y p dnbs v `n ` s

i` ulb n ` r t hiucar ` .Eb i hst hln hþl brr hab odrcuebib pr`s`ltb i h o hnuetbi`s dav hbs . Zdr ` k`c -ped, nþcd ndlshi rbr`cds ul hcpuesd i` thpd lùrþthnd4 Ed nebshoh-nbr `cds n dc d ul i`s`d bs dn hbid n dl ulb r bzþl ' p br b ulb bn n hþl , d n dc dulb ndl i h n hþl e h mbib b e b h i` b i` nbusb4 Ndc d ` e hcp ue s d lùrþt h nd ` s

• Z@Y@Q , Yg` Ndln`pt do Cdthvbthdl, pâms. >0.>?, 9?.9=. No. ]HLNG, Yg` Hi`b

dob ^dnhbe nh`ln`, pâms. =0 y shms. Zbrb ulb ndlshi`rbnhþl i eb `xpehnbnhþl nbusb y bihspdshnhdlbel, v`r IQBX,

Ebw bli @xpeblbthdls hl Ghstdry, pâms. 201-0>. No. Z@Y@Q , Yg` Ndln`pt do Cd-

thvbthdl, pâms. 221-2>6 ]HLNG, Yg` Hi`b do b ^dnhbe ^nh`ln`, pâms. 82->, 22=.

suorhid pdr e bntdr y ndcd bemd qu` ld stâ abkd su ndltrde sunì` beb p`rsdlb qu` ed suor`, ià`râ, prdaba e`c `lt`, s`r n ebs h o hnbid ndc d ulbnbusb, ndl prò`r`lnhb b ndcd ulb rbzþl pbrb eb bnnhþl. Z`rd eb abs`pbrb i`nhshdl`s l eb nebshohnbnhþl l nbsds ndcd èst` ld s sh`cpr`nebrb.

Ndls hi` r `cds i` lu`vd e b ` xp e h nb n h þl i` e ` s t b e eh id i` e b mu` r rb `l -tr` @stbids Plhids y e Kbpþl l 2892. Plb xpehnbnhþl iè prdnì`rbc `r h nbld `l t è rc hlds i` r b z dl` s puì` s ` r s b t h s o b n t d r hb , pd rqu` ` s t `prdnì r ròe`kb prdpþshtds y ohl`s b eds qu` stbcds bndstucarbids6

`l r`behibi, ebs rbzdl`s puì`l s`r tbl ou`rt`s y ndlvhln`lt`s qu` ebbn n hþl bpbr `znb n dcd ndc p e` t bc` l t ` l b tur b e hl `v h tba e ` . Plb `xp e hn b -nhþl i` eb ndliuntb kbpdl`sb l tèrchlds i` rbzþl ld s prdabae` qu`s`b tbl sbthsobntdrhb. h ld `stbcds obchehbrhzbids ndl eb nueturb kbpd-l`sb, y, pdr tbltd, ndl eds prdpþshtds y r`mebs i` eds kbpdl`s`s, ebs rb-zdl `s qu` e d s hl o euy`r dl lds p b r `n ` râl , p r daba e `c `l t ` , b sdc ardsbs , hl -n eus d h lnr ` ãa e ` s . Zd r s t b y d t r b s r b z dl` s h l t `l t b r `cds ulb xp e hnb n h þlcâs ndc pe`tb i` su ndliuntb y ausnbr`c ds nbusbs6 `std `s , ebs ndlihn hd-l `s qu` bnbr r `br dl e b s n dl s`nu`ln hbs qu` ` s t bc ds n dl s hi ` r blid Ru hzâi`cds hcpdr t bl n hb b e nu e t d i ` e `cp`r bidr , n dl s hi` râlid ed n dc d ulb d g -s ` s hþl r ` e h m h d sb , h r rbn h dlb e y l ùrþth n b . Ru hzâ i`c ds hc pdr t bl n hb b e s h s -t `cb pd e ã th n d ab k d ` e nub e ulb p `qu`òb èeht` pdiãb mda` rlb r y `l ` e nub eeds è`c`ltds i` eb èeht` chehtbr mdzbabl i` ulb.. `sp`n hb e pds hn hþl i`

pdi`r . D ndl s hi ` rbr `c ds e b s n h r nuls t bl n hbs ` n dlþc hnbs , `xp e hn blid e b sbn t h tui` s y r b z dl` s i` e b s b nn h dl` s `l t è rc hlds i` e b eungb i` n e b s ` s yi` e d s hl t ` r ` s ` s i ` n e b s ` . Zdi`c ds , t bca hèl , p r`mul t brlds p dr e b `xbn t h -tui y m`l` rb e hibi i` e b h l od rcb n h þl i` qu` i h s pdl ãbl e d s qu` t dcba ble b s i `n h s h dl `s `l Ydf hd , y ` s t d puì` n dliun h rl ds b n dl n eu hr qu` ul c b es ` rv hn h d i` h l od rcbn h þl ou` ulb i` e b s ndli h n h dl` s l` n` s b r hb s d nb usbsi` e b i `n h s hþl i` e n dc h`lzd i` e b mu`r r b .

Ià`cds r`ndribr i` lu`vd qu` nbib nbusb th`l`, b su v`z, ulb dcâs n busbs . ^ h ` e nu e t d i ` e `cp`r bidr ou` ulb n busb , ´què n dli hn h dl `spd e ã t hnbs , `ndlþchnbs , sd n hd eþm hnbs , ps hnd eþm hnbs - - -d ahdquãchnbs’`xpe hnbleb odrcbnhþl y i`sbrrdeed i` tbe nuetd4 ^h è shst`cb pdeãthnd rb tbe qu`buc`l tbab e b s prdaba h e hibi` s i` qu` e b h l o eu`ln h b c h e h tb r h s t b e e` mb s ` bs`r eb idchlblt`, nþcd dnurrhþ pbrb qu` tbe shst`cb s` odrcbs` y s`

cbltuvh`s`4 X bsã6

bi hlohlhtuc,lhtuc, `l nbib ulb i` ebs nbusbs hi`lthoh-nbibs.

@WZEHNBNHÞL @L YÈQCHLD I@ @^YBID D ' HYPBNHDL@ OHLBE@^

@l Zs h n d e dm ãb e b n dliun tb gucb lb b v `n ` s s ` `xp e hn b l d t bl t d `l t è r -chlds i ` r bzþl d n busbs n dcd `l t è rchlds i ` l `n ` s hibi`s d ` s t bids o h -lbe`s. @st` thpd i` xpehnbnhþl btrb` eb bt`lnhþl gbnhb eds prdpþshtds dc` t bs i ` ulb n b t `mdr ã b i h o` r `l t ` i ` e d s n dl `n t bids n dl e b s r bzdl `s p br be b b nn h þl . Zd r ` ee d , s dl e e bcbids ` s t bids o h lb e ` s `l v` z i` o h l ` s . E d s ` s -t bids o hlbe`s `l nu`st hþl sdl i`s hmlbids ndcd sbt hs obnn hþl , rìunn hþl i`



99h`lnhb pdeã thnb; ul blâehshs ohedsþohnd

l`n shibi, rìunnhþl i` t`lshþl y gdc`dstbshs. Eb xpehnbnhþl pdr `stdstèrchlds `s b v`n`s ûthe. Eds gdcar`s bntûbl ndcd ed gbn`l ld shcpe`-c`lt`, lh sh`cpr`, pbrb benblzbr eds t hpds câs `sp `n ã o hnds i` prdpþshtdsr` ebn hdlbids ndl eb s rbzdl`s. Pl `stbid m`l`rbe i` sbt hs obnn hþl puì` s`rsu c`tb. Ldrcbec`lt`, shl cabrmd, tbe`s stbids i` sbthsobnnhþl, r`-iunn h þl i` l ` n` s h ibi, r ìunn h þl i` t `ls h þl y gdc`ds t b s h s s dl câs e d ssuaprdiuntds i` eb bn t hv hibi qu` ul prdpþshtd d c` tb hlc` ihbtds . Nubl-id sdl sua pr diun tds ` s i h s nu t ha e ` s h i à `l s ` r n dl s hi ` r bids n dc d r bzd -l` s d n busbs .

Eb i h s nus hþl i` e b `xp e h n bn hþl qu` g`cd s ` e bad r bid câs b r rha b p r ` s -tb bt`lnhþl prhc`rd b ebs rbzdl`s, eu`md b ebs nbusbs y câs tbri` b eds` s t bids . @s t ` d ri`l ld t h`l ` l hl mulb s h ml h o h n bn hþl . I` ulb c bl`r b c âs

ndlnr`tb ; ld t`l`cds eb hlt`lnhþl i r`ndc`libr qu` eb xpehnbnhþliàb ausnbr s ` p r hc`r bc `l t ` p dr e b s r bzdl `s , eu`md p dr e b s n busbs y câst bri` p dr ed s ` s t bids o hl b e ` s . Ybc pdnd i`s`b cd s t r bl sch t h r eb hcp r `s hþli` qu` ul ` e `c`l t d i ` e b `xp e h n bn hþl ` s l `n ` s br h bc`l t ` c âs hcpdr t bl t `qu` dtrd. @e prdae`cb i` bshmlbr eb hcpdrtblnhb rèbthvb b eds obntdr`s`xp e hn b t h v ds y ` e n r h t ` rh d p br b s ` e ` n n h dlbr eds s ` râl ` s tui hbids câs bab k d .

@WZEHNBNHÞL @L YÈQCHLD^ I@ EB^ OPLNHDL@^ NPCZEHIB^

Eb xpehnbnhþl d blâehshs oulnhdlbe s l bemûl cdid shchebr tbltd

b e b ` xp e h nb n h þl `l t è rc hlds i` ` s t bids ndc d b e b ` xp e h nb n h þl `l t è rc h -lds i` n busbs . @ e s h ml h o h n bid i` e t èrchld oulnhþl s ` `l t h `li` c` k dr c` -ihblt` ulb rò r`lnhb b su uthehzbnhþl l dtrbs ihsnhpehlbs. Nublid edsahþedmds gbaebl i` eb oulnhþl i` ul þrmbld `stâl gbnh`lid ulb rò`-r`lnhb be pbpè qu` e þrmbld ku`mb l bemûl shst`cb iè nube s ulbpbrt` º . Zbrb eds sdnhþedmds eb oulnhþl i` ulb bnthvhibi s «eb pbrt` quì` s `c p`òb `l e b v h ib s d n h b e ndcd ul t did y , pd r t bl t d , e b ndl t r haun h þlqu` pr`stb be cblt`lhch`ltd i` eb ndlthluhibi strunturbe¶. Eds bl-t rdpþedmds gbaebl i` `xpe h nbr ebs bnt hv hibi`s «pdr sus oulnhdl`s , pdr ebpbrt` qu` i`s`cp òbl l e shst`cb hlt`mrbe i` eb nueturb, pdr eb cb-l`r b `l qu` ` s t âl r ` e bn h dlbibs ulbs n dl d t r bs i `l t r d i ` e s h s t `cb¶ =.

Ydid ed nube sumh`r` qu`, l ul shst`cb pdeãthnd, nbib hlsthtunhþl,prân th n b , bn t h v hibi d ` squ`cb i` n dliun t b , puì` i`n h r s ` , s dl ouln hdlb -

e`s sh byuib b pr`s`rvbr e shst`cb. ^h th`l` ulb t`li lnhb b chlbr di` s t ru hr ` e s h s t `cb puì` i` n h r s ` qu` s dl i h s ouln h dlb e ` s 7.E b n dcp r d -abnhþl i` qu` ulb bnthvhibi `s oulnhdlbe ld shmlhohnb l`n`sbrhbc`lt`qu` ` s cdr b ec `l t ` au`lb l h t bcpdnd qu` e b s bn t h v hibi`s i h s ouln hdlb e ` ss ` bl l` n` s b r h bc`l t ` cb e b s . Yb e ` s kuh n hd s i` vb e d r t `lirâl ulb nb e h o h n b .

d @QL@^Y LBM@E, Edmhn ]htgdut C`tbpgyshns (Me`lnd`6 Or`` Zr`ss, 280?), pâ.mhlb 198.

QDA@QY F. C@QYDL, ^dnhbe Yg`dry bli ^dnhbe ^truntur` (Me lnd 6 Or`` Zr`ss,280=), pâm. 11.

d CBQAPQXA. DME@, EDPH NHHL@HI@Q y K. ]. ]HE@X, Zdw`r Dri` r blitg` @ndldcy (Lu`vb Xdrf6 Gbrp r, 2809), l sp., pâm. =:.

@xpehnbnhþl 90

n hþl d e b n dl t r br hb i `p `l i h`lid i` e v b e d r qu` s ` n dl n ìb b e s h s t `cb qu`s` s h r v` d s ` c hlb .

Eb xpehnbnhþl oulnhdlbe puì` s`r hlt`ltbib l rèbnhþl ndl nube-

quh`r shst`cb dp`rblt`, s`b d ld drmâlhnd. @l bemulds nbsds, eb rò`-

r `l n hb p dir ã b s`r b ul c ulid d s h s t `c b pd e ã t hn d hl t ` rlbn hdlb e 6 `l d t r ds ,b ul s h s t `c b pd e ã t hn d l bn hdlb e d b ulb pb r t ` d i hv h s hþl i` e c hsc d . Nbibul hibi y þrmbld i` m da h ` rl d ` s , `l n h ` r t d s `l t hid , ul s h s t `cb i` bn n hþl 6s ã e d s dl e b s ou`r zbs brcb ibs , e d s p br t hids p d e ã t hn ds y e d s m rupds i` p r ` -s hþl y p r dpbmblib . Nbib hli hv hiud ` s ul s h s t `c b i` b n n hþl . Bp eh n bid bnubequh`rb i` `stds s hs t `c bs, ` e i`s`d i` ut h e hzbr ulb `xp e hnbn hþl ouln hd-lbe xhm` eb hi`lthohnbnhþl i` ebs bnthvhibi`s hlt`rlbs y i` ebs ndlih-i hn h dl `s qu` r `b e d p d t `l n hb ec`l t ` b o ` n t bl b sus dp `r bn hdl `s . @s tbs bn -t h vhibi`s y n dli hn h dl `s i à `l s ` r `l t dl n `s i `sn r h tb s y vb ed r bibs `l r ` -ebnhþl ndl sus o`ntds sdar` e shst`cb. Bsã, e kuhnhd ià` o`ntubrs``l rèbnhþl b eb nu`sthþl i` eb `xt`lshþl `l qu` ulb bnthvhibi ibib dndli h n h þl t h ` l` s dar ` ` e s h s t `cb ul ` o ` n t d i` bpdyd . @s t ` prd n` s d pu` -i`, lbturbec`lt`, hlv`rthrs`6 std s, ibid ul shst`cb qu` shrvb i` r`-o ` r `l n hb , ` e ` s ou`r zd hl h n hb e p d ir ãb a h `l s ` r hi `l t h oh n b r hcb m hl b t h v bc`l t è bs bnt hv hibi`s qu` ià`r ãbl r`b e h zbrs` , d ebs ndlihn hdl`s qu` ià`r ãblnucpehrs`, sh e shst`cb iàh`s` dp`rbr l ulb ihr`nnhþl i`s`bib. @l-t dl n `s , e b s bn t h v hibi`s y n dli hn hdl `s puì`l s ` r `xbc hlbibs `l r ` e bn hþlb e d s p r hl n hp hds bs ã o h kbids 6 y qu hzâ lu`vbs bn t h v hibi`s puìbl hl h n h b rs ` .

Ebs ouln hdl `s sdl cb l h o h ` s t bs d e b t `l t ` s . Ebs ouln hdl `s c bl h o h ` s t bsndls h s t `l `l b qu` ee b s ndls ` nu`ln h b s da k ` t hvb s i` ul s h s t `cb «qu` ndl -trhauy`l b su bkust` d bibptbnhþl y qu` bsã ou`rdl pebl`bibs¶, y ebsoulnhdl`s ebt`lt`s ndlshst`l l «ebs ndls`nu`lnhbs ld qu`rhibs y ld

h i`l t ho h n bibs i` e c h scd d ri`l ¶ º . Eb i h s t hl n hþl ` s hcpdr t bl t ` , ` sp `n hb e -c`l t ` pd rqu` ee bcb e b b t `ln h þl s dar ` e b ` x h s t`ln h b i` ouln h dl` s e b t `l -t ` s y , i` ` s t b c bl`r b , sum h ` r ` e b aûsquìb i` e b s c hscb s , aûsquìb `lqu` i` d t rb c bl` rb ld s ` p `ls b r ã b . @s tb aûsquìb puì` s ` r cuy hc-pdrtblt`. Fbre Zdpp`r, pdr `k`cped, dphlb qu` «eb prhlnhpbe tbr`b i`

ebs nh`lnhbs sdnhbe`s s blbehzbr ebs r`p`rnushdl`s sdnhbe`s ld qu`rhibsi` ebs bnnhdl`s gucblbs hlt`lnhdlbe`s. Plb bnnhþl qu` prdn i` pr`nh-sbc`lt` i` bnu`rid ndl ebs hlt`lnhdl`s ld nr`b ul prdae`cb b eb nh`l-nhb sdnhbe...¶ 2:. Eb shmlhohnbnhþl pdshae` i` oulnhdl`s ebt`lt`s puì`

cdstrbrs` oânhec`lt`. Z`ls`cds, pdr `k`cped, `l ne i`s`d ldrcbe i` e d spb ã s ` s h l o r bi` s b r rd ee bid s i` ` s t ba e ` n` r ulb h lius t rh b i` e b n` rd , pd s ` bld l d e b s c bt ` r h b s p r hcbs l `n ` sbr h bs . ^ h e `x bc`l i` s u i`s`d s ` e hc h t bb eb oulnhþl cblhoh`stb i` ulb pebltb shi`rûrmhnb, s i`nhr, eb prdiun-n h þl i` b n` rd , s ` b e nblzb râ h lcì h b t bc `l t ` e b ndl n eus hþl i` qu` ` e ` s -tbae`n hch`l td i` tb e hliustr hb `s tâ hl kus t h o hnbid . Z`rd `xhs t`l oulnhdl` sebt`lt`s pdt`lnhbe`s, ltr` eebs sthcuebr y i`sbrrdeebr eb ndlnh`lnhb yd rmuee d lbn h dlb e . Yb e ` s ouln h dl` s e b t `l t ` s p uì`l d ld kus t h oh n b r ` e p rd -

C@QYDL,^dnhbe Yg`dry bli ^dnhbe ^truntur` pâm. ?>.2` ZDZZ@Q,, Yg` Dp`l ^dnh`ty bli hts @l`ch`s pâm. 17:.



9? 9=Nh`lnhb pdeãthnb; ul blâehshs ohedsþohnd

y`ntd, p`rd, l tdid nbsd, c`r`n`l s`r bpr`nhbibs y tdcbibs l ndlsh-i` rbn h þl . I` c bl` rb s `c ` kbl t ` , eb s ouln h dl` s c bl h o h ` s t b s i` e b mu` r rbpuì`l ndc pe`tbrs` ndl vbr hbs ouln hdl`s ebt `l t`s6 pdr ` k`c ped, eb mu`rrbpuì` ehchtbr è nr`nhch`ltd i` eb pdaebnhþl, `sthcuebr d r`tbribr èi`sbrrdeed nh`ltãohnd y tènlhnd, tn. Eds pbrthids pdeãthnds th`l`l oulnhd-l`s ebt`lt`s tbe`s ndcd e r`neutbch`ltd y odrcbnhþl i` eds outurds ih-rhm`lt`s mua`rlbc`ltbe`s. ^h ul ch`card i` ebs Lbnhdl`s Plhibs gbbidp t bid ulb pds tur b qu` bc `lbzb n dl p ebl t `br ulb mu`r r b l d i`s`bib ,

y s h ld puì` nì` r s h l s b e vb r e b nb rb , e b s Lbn h dl` s Pl hibs puì`l s ` r -vhr eb oulnhþl ebt`lt` i` gbn`r bpbr`n`r eb `lch`lib i` tbe pbãs ndcdul bntd ldae` y vhrtudsd, o`ntubid l iò`r`lnhb b eds prhlnhphds i` ebNbrtb. Plb hlv`sthmbnhþl pbrebc`ltbrhb puì` nucpehr eb oulnhþl eb-t`lt` i` prdv``r i` ulb r`putbnhþl lbnhdlbe b eds hlihvhiuds qu` eb ih-r hm `l . Lb turb ec`l t ` , nublid s dl qu`r hibs y r ` n dldn hibs t b e ` s ouln hdl `ss ` vu` ev `l cb l h o h` s t bs .

@s p ds ha e ` qu` n dli hn h dl `s d bn t h v hibi`s qu` s ` p `l sbab ` s t babl b sd -n h bibs b ul s h s t `cb r ` su et `l s ` r i h s ouln h dlb e ` s , ` s t d ` s , s h l r ` e b n h þl b eouln h dlbch `l t d i` e s h s t `cb . D puì`l s ` t . : . .a h`l ouln hdlb e`s d ihs oul-n h dlb e ` s , cbl h o h ` s t b d e b t`l t `c` l t ` ;

Ruhzâ eb bnthvhibi d ndlihnhþl xbchlbib l rèbnhþl ndl ul shs-t`cb dp`rbnhdlbe puì` tbcahèl ohmurbr l dtrd. Eb ndliuntb qu` si hs ouln hdlb e p br b ul sd eibid n dc abt h `l t ` , pu`s e ` n dliun` b e b c u`r t` ,

puì` s ` r ouln hdlb e p br b ` e p b ã s p dr ` e qu` n dc abt ` . Eb bn t h v hibi qu` ` soulnhdlbe pbrb ul pbrthid pdeãthnd puì` s`r ihsoulnhdlbe pbrb e Md-a h ` rld . Bs ã , e d s i` s nuar hc h `l t d s `l r ` e b n hþl b e d s ` o ` n t d s i` b n t h v hibi` sd n dl i hn h d l ` s ` l u l s h s t `cb i ` b n n h þl i ` a `l n dcp e `c `l t b rs ` n dl i ` s -nuar hch`l t ds b lâ edmds `l d t r ds s h s t `cbs n dl `xds , bl t ` s i ` b e n blzbr ulbndln eushþl m`l`rbe .

Plb v`z qu` s` gbl benblzbid ibtds nh`rtds rò`r`lt`s b ebs ndls`-nu`ln h b s ouln h dlb e ` s , i h s ouln h dlb e ` s d ld ouln h dlb e ` s i` ulb b n t h vh ibid ndli hn hþl ibib `l vbr hds s h s t `c bs , e b p rþxhcb t br `b ` s e b bn n hþl , d s ` -r h` s b e t ` rlb t h vb s i` b nn h dl` s , qu` ià` râl t dcb rs ` . E b nu` s t h þl puì` ,`vhi lt`c`lt`, r`sdev`rs` sþed sdar` eb abs` i` ul kuhnhd i` vbedr qu`ndlnh`rl` b nbib uld i` eds shst`cbs; ul kuhnhd sdar` eb nu`sthþl i` sh`s i`s`bae` cblt`l`r d suav`rthr è shst`cb i` qu` s` trbt`. Zbrb ebs

ndli h n h dl` s d b n t h v h ibi` s qu` , s ` i` s nuar` , ld t h ` l`l s h ld ` o ` n t d s oul -nhdlbe`s l tdids eds shst`cbs «au`lds¶ ndl eds qu` s` rèbnhdlbl, eprdae`cb `s `lndltrbr cìhds pdr eds nube`s cblt`l`rebs d bet`rbredsi` cbl`rb be buc`ltd i` sus ò`ntds i`s`bae s. @l ed qu` s` ròh`r` be b s n dli hn h dl `s d bn t h v hibi`s qu` sdl «i h s ouln hdlb e ` s ¶ `l t dids e d s « au` -lds¶ shst`cbs, e prdae`cb s gbeebr cìhds pbrb pdl`re`s ohl. @l edqu` s` ròh`r` b eds «cbeds¶ shst`cbs s` puì l hlv`rthr stbs bohrcb-n h dl `s . Ebs b n t h v hibi`s l d ouln hdlb e ` s p uì`l s ` r supr hchibs d h ml dr b -ibs. Nublid eb chscb bnthvhibi d ndlihnhþl th`l` o`ntds ndltrbihntd-rhds l shst`cbs iho`r`lt`s, eb bnnhþl b k`nutbr s` absbrâ l ul kuhnhdsda r ` e b hc pdr t bl n hb d vb ed r r ` e b t hv ds i ` e . s h s t `cb `l nu`s t hþl .

@xpehnbnhþl

Ià` pbr`n`r davhd qu` eb `xpehnbnhþl oulnhdlbe `s `s`lnhbec`lt`nbusbe. h s` dnupb i` eds ò`ntds i` ulb bnthvhibi d prânthnb ibib sd-

ar` ul shst`cb, su prdpþshtd ià` s`r `stbae`n`r rèbnhdl`s i` nbusb b

ò`ntd. Eb iho`r`lnhb ltr` eb xpehnbnhþl nbusbe y oulnhdlbe s «basdeu-

tbc`lt` ndcpbrbae` b eb iho`r`lnhb ltr` i`nhr qu` A s e o`ntd i` B

y i`nhr qu` B s eb ndlihnhþl (d nbusb) i` A¶ 22 .

@WZEHNBNHÞL Y@E@DEÞMHNB

B v`n `s s ` gba eb i ` `xp e h n bn hþl t ` e ` d eþm h n b , s h ml h oh n blid qu` s ` ab sb`l ulb r ` o ` r`ln h b b prdpþs h td s . E b `xp e h nb n h þl nbusb e , t b e ndcd gb s h idiòhlhib câs brrhab, ld s tè`deþmhnb. Ld g`cds usbid e tèrchld «t`-e`dedmãb¶ b nbusb i` su bcahmõìbi, p`rd ià cds, be c`lds, tdcbr

ldtb i` èe. B v`n`s s` hi`lthohnbl prdpþshtds ndl i`s`ds ` hlt`lnhdl`s,

`l nuyd nbsd ebs `xpehnbnhdl`s tè`deþmhnbs sdl, bprdxhcbibc`lt`, ed chs-

cd qu` `xpehnbnhdl`s `l tèrchlds i` rbzdl`s d cdthvds. Dtrbs v`n`s sdl

hi`lthohnbibs ndl oulnhdl`s, l nuyd nbsd eb ,iho`r`lnhb `ltr` eb nebs` i`

`xp e hn bn hþl qu` s i `ldc hlbib t ` e ` d eþm h n b y ' .2 -b. n ebs` i`s nr h t b câs brr h-

ab’sh xhst` tbe iho`r`lnhb’`s i` èlobshs d i` p` r sp` n t h v b 21B v`n`s,

s h l `ca brmd , eb ` xp e h nb n h þl t ` e ` d e þm h nb t dcb e b o d rcb i` ul b rmuc`ltdd b o h rcbn h þl i` qu` t did nbca h d d i` s b r rd ee d ià` s`r `xpehnbid pdr eds

prdpþshtds ohkbids pdr eb Lbturbe`zb, pdr eb cdrbe d pdr Ihds. Pl i`s-

thld prì`t`rchlbid ndltrdeb, i` stb cbl`rb, y, l nh`rtd s`lthid, nbu-sb eds bndlt`nhch`ltds iè pr`s`lt`. @e bnu`rid sdar` eb odrcb iè i`s-

thld prì`t`rchlbid y eb pruàb i` qu` ndltrdeb è pr`s`lt` sdl ih-

oãnhe`s i` benblzbr 2>.

_ÃB I@ BN@QNBCH@LYD @CZE@BIB @L EB @WZEHNBNHÞL

2 2âs brrhab s` gb trbtbid i` suarbybr qu` sh eb bnthvhibi nh`ltãohnbgb i` s`r vâehib, i`s`bae` y shmlhohnbthvb ià` xpehnbr ebs ndlihnhdl`sy bndl t `n hc h`l t ds y qu` b e `xp e h n br e d s ` e n h `l t ã oh n d i à ` ` o ` n tubr ` e `nn hd -

l`s. Eds nh`ltãohnds ià`l sè`nnhdlbr eb nlsthþl qu` pr`multbr y, nubl-

id eb r`spu`stb s m`l`rbe, ià`l i` lu`vd i`nhihr nþcd ihvhihreb l

nu`s t hdl `s câs n dl n r ` t bs . @s td s h ml h o h n b qu` ià` l s ` e ` n n h dlbr e d s ib t ds

qu` gbl i` t`l`rs` l nu`ltb pbrb dat`l`r ulb r`spu`stb, pdrqu` ebssuai hv hs h dl `s i ` e b nu`sthþl m`l`rbe sp`nhohnbl eds ibtds qu` ià`l c-

pe`brs`. Ybltds e`c`ltds iho`r`lt`s ltrbl pdt`lnhbec`lt` l ebs x-

u LBN@E, Edmhn ]htgdut C`tbpgyshns, pâm. 102. No. @QL@^Y LBN@E, u ycpD•

shcb ; Zrdae`cs do Ndln`pt bli Yg`dry Odrcbthdl hl tg` ^dnhbe ^nh`ln`s¶, `l Bc`.

rhnbl Zghedsdpghnbe Bssdnhbthdl, }st`rl Ihvhshdl, vde. H, ^nh`ln`, Eblmubm` bli Lu-

cbl Qhmgts (Ohebièohb6 Plhv`rshty do Z"`llseyvblhb Zr`ss, 2801). 1 LBN@E, «Yè dedmhnbe @xpeblbthdl bli Yè`dedmhnbe yst`cs¶, `l Oh.

shdl bli Bnthdl, ì. pdr ^hil`y Qbtl`r (L`w Arulswhnf6 Qutm`rs Plhv`rshty Zr`ss,

280>), pâm s. 129.20.• BQLDEI AQ@N<hY, Zdehthnbe Yg`dry (Zrhln`tdl6 Zrhln`tdl Plhv rshty Zr`ss,

2808), pâms. 71-7.




p e h n bn h dl `s , qu` ` s p r da eba ` qu` l hl mulb p ` r sdlb s `b n bp bz i` hi `l t h oh •n br e ds d bul i` n dc pr `li`r eds t dids . @ e s dn hþ edmd y ` e p s h n db lb e h s t b quàusnbl e b s r bzdl `s qu` `xp e hqu`l ulb n dl iun t b ` e ` n t dr b e ` s t âl s `murdsi` qu` s ` `l ndl t rb râl ndl s ` r h ` s cuy i h o ` r`l t ` s i` r b z dl` s . I` e b c h s -cb cbl`rb, è ghstdrhbidr y è `ndldchstb (d, ed qu` vh`l` b s`r edchsc d , id s g h s t d rh bid r ` s i h o` r `l t ` s d id s ` ndldc h s t b s i h o ` r`l t ` s , d h l -n eusd ids trb tbihs tbs i` n h `lnhb pd e ã t h nb ) qu` p`rs hmu`l ebs nbusbs i` ebmu`rrb sba`l qu` p r `mul t brâl nu`s t h dl `s i h o ` r `l t ` s y qu` s ` `l ndl t r b -râl ndl i h o ` r `l t ` s e hs t b s i` nb usbs 29.

Ebs i h o ` r `ln h b s qu` prd e ho ` r bl `l e d s t h pd s i` nu` s t h dl` s p e bl t ` bibsy `l e b s i hv` r sbs n e b s ` s i ` ib t ds n dl s hi ` rbids b e i `sbr r d e eb r e b r ` spu`s t br ` o e` k bl ` e ` n n h dl `s `l t r ` e d s i h s t hl t ds n bc hlds `c p e`bids p br b d a t `l `r e b ,y t bca h èl `l t r ` e d s i h s t h l t d s l h v` e` s i` e r b z dlbc h `l t d .

@e shmlhohnbid i` «vãbs i` bn`rnbch`ltd¶ y eds thpds i` vãbs i` bn`r-nbch`ltd `cpe`bids `l è `stuihd i` eb pdeãthnb s`râl `xbchlbids `leb pbrt` t`rn`rb. Ar`v`c`lt`, eb pbebarb «vãb i` bn`rnbch`ltd¶ s` uth-e h zb p b r b hli h n br e d s n r h t ` rh d s p dr e d s nub e ` s e b s nu`s t h dl `s y ib t ds s h ml h -o h n b th v ds sdl s ` e ` n n h dlbids .

Ebs vãbs i` bn`rnbch`ltd s` hi`lthohnbl b v`n`s ndl ebs ihsnhpehlbsbnbièchnbs. I` stb cbl`rb, eds stuihblt`s i` eb nh`lnhb pdeãthnb c-p e `bl v ã bs i ` bn ` r n bch`l t d g h s t þr hn bs , ` n dlþc hnbs , s dn h d eþm hn bs , p s h n d eþ -m h n bs , m `dm râ o h n bs y o h ed sþ o h n bs . ^` p r ` supdl` qu` n h ` r tbs n e b s ` s i ` ib t ds

`xp e h n b t hv ds sdl p r dp hds i ` n bib i h s n hp e hl b .Q`nãprdnbc`lt , ebs vãbs i` bn`rnbch`ltd sdl b v`n`s hi`lthohnbibs

ndl e b n dl n ` l t r bn hþl `l e d qu` s ` n dl s hi ` r b s ` r ` e rbsmd n `l t r b e d sda r ` -s b e h ` l t ` . E b hcpdr t bln h b pr ` `chl`l t ` i` e b s h l s t h tun h dl` s i` mda h ` rld yb o h l ` s sum h ` r `l ul cètdid i` b n` r nbc h `l t d h l s t htun hdlb e . E b hcp dr t bl -nhb i` eb e`y hlnehlb â ul bn`rnbch`ltd kurãihnd. Bemulds bidptbl ècètdid i` eb ndlshi`rbnhþl i eds mrupds i` hlt`r`s`s. @l eds ûethcdsbòds s ` gb p r ` s t bid ulb b t `l n hþl n dl s hi ` rba e ` b e d s cè t dids qu` s ` n dl -n `l t r bl `l ` e p r dn ` sd p dr ` e qu` s ` ` e badr bl e b s i `n h s h dl `s d `l e b s chs -cb s i`n h s h dl `s , ` s t d ` s , `l e d s o hl ` s y cì hds ` s n dm hids .

Be c`lds, ids vãbs i` bn`rnbch`ltd pbr`n`l p`rt`l n`r b sus prd-p hbs n e b s ` s . @s t bs sdl ; ` e e ebc bid c è t did i` . blâ eh s h s i ` e b s n dliun t bs ,qu` s` ihsthlmu` pdr su èlobshs `l ul prdpþshtd nh`ltãohnd (`std `s, pdr

nr`br ndldnhch`ltd qu` s`b v`rhohnbae`, shst`câthnd y m`l`rbe), y è cè-tdid blbeþmhnd, eebcbid, `l m`l`rbe, t`drãb iè shst`cb, nbrbnt`rhzbidpdr ul sou`rzd pbrb edmrbr ndldnhch`ltd i` shst`cbs i` thpds vbrhds( hl n euy`lid e d s s h s t `cbs pd e ã th nd s ), ndcp brâlid ed s ulds ndl d t r d s .

O hlb ec`l t ` , ed s c è t dids i` bn ` r n bch`l t d sdl b c`luid hi `l t h oh n bids

^dnhbe ^nh`ln` Q`s`brng Ndulnhe, Ndcchtt`` dl Ghstdrhdmrbpgy,Auee thl ?9.Yg` dnhbe nh`ln`s hl Ghstdrhnbe tuiy (Lu`vb Xdrf6 ^^QN, 2809), pâms. 18->:._`r tbcahèl GD]BQIF. A@BE@,«]gbt Ghstdrhbls Gbv` ^bhi Badut tg` Nbus`sdo tg` Nhvhe ]brs, `l ^dnhbe ^nh`ln` Q`s`brng Ndulnhe, Ndcchtt`` dl Ghstdrhdmrbpgy,Auee`thl 09, Yg`dry bli Zrbnthn` hl Ghstdrhnbe ^tuiy (Lu`vb Xdrf6 ^^QN, 289?),pâmhlbs 0>-2:1.

@xpehnbnhþl 9 8

ndl g hpþ t ` s h s `xp e h n b th v bs d n d l t `dr ã bs n busb e ` s . X ` s t bs g hpþ t` s h s d t ` d -rãbs s` lnubirbl l tr`s mrupds prhlnhpbe`s, i`p`lih`lid iè rèbthvd

èl ob s h s qu` pdlmbl `l ebs hloeu`lnhbs iè cìhd (m`dmrâohnd d `ndlþch-nd), ibtds pshndeþmhnds d hi`dedmãbs.

Ld hlt`ltbr`cds blthnhpbr ed qu` s` ihn` sdar` `stds cètdids `l e bpbr t` t `rn`rb. @s dav hd, s hl `c abrmd , qu` pr`multbr y ndlt`stbr nu`st hd-l` s b n` r nb i` e b pd e ã th nb t h ` l` qu` ` s t b r l` n` s b r hbc `l t ` b o ` n t bid pd r ` ecètdid, d ndcahlbnhþl i` cètdids, qu` s` bidpt`l. M`lt`s iho`r`lt`s`l o r `l t bibs ndl e b c h sc b nu` s t h þl m`l` rb e ( pd r ` k `cp e d , «´Zdr què gbymu`rrbs4¶) s eþmhnd qu` trbt`l eb nu`sthþl i` cbl`rb iho`r`lt`, suarb-yblid ib t d s c uy i ho ` r `l t ` s . E b s r b z dl` s y e b s nbusbs i` e b c bydr ãb ièds o`lþc`lds pdeãthnds sdl tbl ndcpe`kds qu` trbtbch`ltds iho`r`lt`si` e b chsc b nu`s t hþl puì`l s ` r hmub ec`l t ` p r d oulids .

LH_@E@ I@ QB[DLBCH@LYD @CZE@BID @L EB @WZEHNBNHÞL

Bi`câs i` e`mhr ulb vãb i` bn`rnbch`ltd pbrb i`sbrrdeebr ulb x-pehnbnhþl, e stuihblt` ià` e`mhr ul lhvè i` rbzdlbch`ltd. @st` tèr-chld ` s , qu hzâ , hlià hibc `l t ` p r ` t `l n hdsd . I`ld t b ` e m r bid i` nu hibidy t d t b e hibi n dl qu` ul t `cb ` s i h s nu t hid . Eds l hv ` e ` s `c p e`bids s ` i `s -nrha`l i` cbl rb vbrhb, i`si` e lhvè sup`rohnhbe be oulibc`ltbe6 dah`l, i`si` ul lodqu` i` eds obntdr`s hlcìhbtds d r`suetbthvds gbstb

è lodqu` i` ebs ndlihnhdl`s suaybn`lt`s qu` p`rcht`l qu` bquèedso b n t d r ` s s ` p r `n hp h t `l 6 d , t bca hèl , i `si` e d c hn r dsnþp h n d (cd e ` nu ebr ) b e dcbnrdsnþphnd (cdebr)6 d i` eb «`xpehnbnhþl l prhlnhphd¶ d «eb `xpeh-nbnhþl `l i`tbee`¶6 d iè «`sadzd i` `xpehnbnhþl¶ be hi`be r`cdtd i``xp e hnb n h þl t d t b e y ndc p e ` t b 20

@l e lhvè i` ed sup`rohnhbe uld puì` xpehnbrs` eb e`nnhþl i` ulpr`shi`lt` ihnh`lid qu` benblzþ eb cbydrãb i` vdtds l e nde`mhd e`n-tdrb e . @l ` e l hv` e i` eds obntdr`s r`sue tb t hvds s` puì ` `xpe h nbr eb i`neb -rbnhþl i` mu`rrb bc`rhnblb i` 2892, nhtblid b Z`bre Gbradr. @l è lh-vè chnrdsnþphnd (cde`nuebr) s` puì` ndlshi`rbr sþed ed qu` sdl, rèb-t h vbc `l t ` , e b s chlun hbs , h ml dr blid e d s o bn t dr ` s c bydr `s qu` ` s t âl dp ` -rblid6 pdr ` k`cped, ed qu` s` i`ldc hlb «r` ebn hdl`s hl t `rlbn hdlb e`s¶ pu`-i` s ` r t r b t bid ndls hi` rblid e d s «pultd s i` t `ls h þl ) ) ` l ` e culid . Plb

`xpehnbnhþl «`l prhlnhphd¶ pdirãb, pdr k`cped, absbrs` l ul ndldnh-ch`l t d pr ` suc hid i` e b s i h s pd s h n hdl` s t ã p h nb s i` i` t ` rc hlbibs nb t ` md -

? ZBYQHNF, MBQIHL@Q,Yg` Lbtur` do Ghstdrhnbe @xpeblbthdl (Edlir s6 DxodriPlhv`rshty Zr`ss, 2801), pâm. 2:86 ^dnhbe ^nh`ln` Q`s`brng Ndulnhe, Ndcchtt`` dlGhstdrhdmrbpgy, Auee`thl ?9, Yg` ^dnhbe ^nh`lnh`s hl Ghstdrhnbe ^tuiy, pâm. 2:26K. ] L ]BYFHL , «Hi`be Yyp`s bli Ghstdrhnbe @xpeblbthdls, `l G`ra`rt O`hme yCby Ardia`nf, ìs., Q`bihlms hl tg` Zghedsdpgy do ^nh`ln` (Lu`vb Xdrf6 Bppe tdl-N`ltury-Nrdots, 280>), pâm. =>96 NBQEM. HH@CZ@E, «Yg` Oulnthdl do M`l`rbe EbwshlGhstdry¶, `l G`ra`rt O`hme y ]heorhi ^èebrs, Q`bihlms hl Zghedsdpghnbe Blbeyshs

(Lu`vb Xdrf6 Bppe`tdl-N`ltury-Nrdots, 2898), pâms. 9?0-??6 N. ]QHNHHY CHEE ,

bYwd Yyp`s do ^dnhbe Blbeyshs¶, Zghedsdpgy do ^nh`ln`, 1: (dntuar` 280>), pâ-mhlbs 1??-=0.

9



@xpehnbnhþl 2: h`lnhb pdeãthnb; ul blâehshs ohedsþo hnd

rãbs i` hlihvhiuds, i` obetbr ndldnhch`ltd i` ebs ihspdshnhdl`s tãphnbs ièbs p`rsdlbs ndlnr`tbs nuyb ndliuntb s` trbtb i` xpehnbr6 i` stb cb-l`rb, pdirãbcds `xpehnbr eb ihstrhaunhþl i` vdtds i` ul ndlibid i`t`r-chlbid, hlneusd sh ld pds``cds ndldnhch`ltd ihr`ntd i` eds p`lsbch`l-tds i` eds vdtblt`s hlihvhiube`s, ihnh`lid qu` è =0 pdr 2:: i` èeds sdlmrblk`rds. Pl «`sadzd i` `xpehnbnhþl¶ `s ulb `xpehnbnhþl sum`rhib, btãtued bprdxhcbthvd, i` eds vbrhds obntdr`s qu` s` ndlshi`rb ndcpr`li`lulb xpehnbnhþl6 bvblzbib ch`ltrbs obetb nh`rtd ndldnhch`ltd l`n`sbrhd,`l eb hltèhm`lnhb i` qu` eb xpehnbnhþl sum`rhib s` sust`ltbrãb sh s`datuvh`s` e ndldnhch`ltd qu` bgdrb obetb.

@e lhvè i` rbzdlbch`ltd qu` s bprdphbid vbrãb l nhrnulstblnhbsiho`r`lt`s. Ihoãnhec`lt` pdirãb `xpehnbrs` è r`suetbid i` ulb è`nnhþli`t`rchlbib i` eb chscb cbl`rb b ul lhòd i` ih`z bòds qu` b ul trb-tbihstb i` nh`lnhb pdeãthnb sp nhbehzbid `l e stuihd i` eb ndliuntbè ntdrbe. @e lhvè i` rbzdlbch`ltd cpe`bid l eb ihsnushþl i` ult`cb pdeãthnd l ulb n`lb l eb qu` eds ndc`lsbe`s th`l`l hlt`r`s`s yndldnhch`ltds iho`r lt`s iho`rhrâ, lbturbec`lt , be usbid l ulb rùlhþli` ul p`qu`òd mrupd i` `xp`rtds. @e lhvè `cpe`bid `l eds cìhds i`ndculhnbnhþl pbrb e pûaehnd iho`rhrâ iè cpe`bid l cìhds i` nd-culhnbnhþl câs `sp`nhbehzbids, y b dtrd lhvè s` r`nurrhrâ `l ebs r`vhs-tbs bnbièchnbs y l ebs cdldmrboãbs. Lhlmûl lhvè ndlnr`td s l`n`sb-rhbc`lt e bn`rtbid y lhlmuld `rrþl`d6 eb s e nnhþl i e lhv e puì` e -

mãthcbc`lt` i p`li r iè prdpþshtd ndlnr`td y i` ebs nhrnulstblnhbs hc-p`rblt`s.Zbsbr i` ul lhvè i` rbzdlbch`ltd b dtrd (pdr k`cped, iè lhvè su-

p`rohnhbe be oulibc`ltbe d iè r`suetbthvd be i` eds obntdr`s suaybn`lt s)shmlhohnb, b c luid, r`trdnì r b trbvès i` ulb s`nu`lnhb i` rbzdl`s ynbusbs. @e pultd `l è nube i`t`l`rs` be hi`lthohnbr eds `sebadl`s i` ebnbi`lb pdnbs v`n`s’sh ed `s bemulb’`stâ i`t`rchlbid i` blt`cbld. Câsah`l, s e`mhid, s`b brahtrbrhbc lt` d l abs` b bemûl nrht`rhd câs rb-nhdlbe6 quhzâ, ebs l`n`shibi`s d prdpþshtds qu` ulb p rsdlb s` sou`rzb`l s`rvhr, d ah`l sus nbpbnhibi`s d hlt`r`s`s, i`t`rchlbrâ què lhvè sè i`s`bae`.

EB HCZDQYBLNHB Q@EBYH_B I@ ED OBNYDQ@ @WZEHNBYH_D^

He`cds ldtbid qu` eb xpehnbnhþl gbn` trbseunhr ulb s`rh` i` e`n-nhdl`s r`sp`ntd be èlobshs rèbthvd i` rbzdl`s y nbusbs, vãbs i bn rnb-ch ltd y lhv e s i` rbzdlbch ltd. Davhbc`lt , `l ndls`nu`lnhb, eb `x-pehnbnhþl s l mrbl mrbid sè`nthvb, y, pdr ed chscd, hlndcpe`tb. @shmubec`lt` davhd qu` ul nh`rtd lûc`rd i` obntdr`s hloeuy`l l ebs e n-nhdl`s qu` s` r`behzbl6 pdr `k`cped, ebs nhrnulstblnhbs hcp`rblt`s, ebnurhdshibi iè trbtbihstb, su odrcbnhþl y sus nbpbnhibi`s. Bsuc h`lid tdid`std, tdibvãb s` puì` peblt`br eb nu`sthþl i` sh xhst`l cìhibs pbrb`sthcbr eb hcpdrtblnhb rèbthvb i` eds obntdr`s xpehnbthvds sdar` ebs nub-e`s pdibcds pdl`rlds i` bnu`rid. ´Ruè abs` gby pbrb i`nhr qu` ul

obntdr s câs hcpdrtblt` qu` dtrd pbrb xpehnbr ulb ndlihnhþl d bndl-t`nhch`ltd ndlnr`tds4

I`nebrbnhdl`s i` `st` thpd, lbturbec`lt`, baulibl. @std `s, qu` edsqu` ls`òbl eb nh`lnhb pdeãthnb y i` eeb snrha`l bohrcbl ndl or`nu`l-

nhb qu` ulb rbzþl d nbusb qu` eeds gbl sè`nnhdlbid th`l` hcpdrtblnhb

`sp`nhbe. Eb i`snrha`l ndcd prhcdrihbe, prhlnhpbe, aâshnb, strbtèmhnb, prh-cbrhb, oulibc`ltbe, nrunhbe, nebv`, ûlhnb, v`ribi`rb, r`be, tn.

@rl`st Lbmè gb hi`lthohnbid nhlnd pdshae`s shmlhohnbids i` tbe s i`-nebrbnhdl`s, y, pdr tbltd, nhlnd abs`s pbrb r`nebcbr cbydr hcpdrtblnhb

pbrb ul obntdr qu` pbrb dtrd. u ihsnushþl s` n`ltrb l e supu`std i`qu` B `s câs hcpdrtblt` qu` A ndrld i`t`rchlblt` i` N 2? .

^h A `s rèbthvbc`lt` ndlstblt` ch ltrbs B vbrãb, y sh ebs vbrhbnhd-l`s l B sdl s`muhibs pdr vbrhbnhdl`s `l N, b c`luid s` ihn` qu` B`s câs hcpdrtblt`. Zdr `k`cped, eb bmr`shvhibi kbpdl`sb puì` i`nhrs`

qu` s ulb nbusb i` eb mu`rrb câs hcpdrtblt` qu` eb i`nhshþl i` eds @s-tbids Plhids i` iò`li`r su t`rrhtdrhd.

^h tbltd B ndcd A vbrãbl, p`rd sh eb vbrhbnhþl `l B th`l` ul ò`ntdprdpdrnhdlbe cbydr qu` eb vbrhbnhþl i` A, s` ihn`, b v`n`s, qu` B scâs hcpdrtblt`. Bsã, buc`ltds e` eb nblthibi i` ihl`rd qu` ul pbrthidpdeãthnd mbstb `l tè`vhshþl iurblt` ulb nbcpbòb s` ndlshi`rb câs hc-

pdrtblt` l rèbnhþl ndl ne ohl i` hloeuhr l e r`suetbid i` ulb e`n-

nhþl qu` eb nblthibi mbstbib l eb hcpr`shþl y ihstrhaunhþl i` pbl-

oe`tds.^h e`c`ltds bihnhdlbe`s s` ndcahlbl câs or`nu`lt`c`lt` ndl B qu`

ndl A pbrb prdiunhr N, s` ihn` qu` B s câs hcpdrtblt`. Zdr k`cped,è ihl`rd iè odlid pbrb eb nbcpbòb è`ntdrbe s` ndlkumb câs b c` -luid y ndl câs èxhtd ndl ul nblihibtd pdpuebr qu` ndl ul au`l prd-mrbcb e`ntdrbe pbrb edmrbr eb pr`shi`lnhb l eds @stbids Plhids. @lrèbnhþl ndl `st` shmlhohnbid y ndl `stb pruàb i` hcpdrtblnhb rèbthvb’ed chscd qu` l rèbnhþl ndl eb qu` shmu`’s` bsuc` qu` «eb pr`-s`lnhb ndlkultb i` B y A ld `s l`n`sbrhb pbrb qu` s` prdiuznb N¶.

^h B bpbr`n` y prdiun` N ndl câs or`nu`lnhb qu` ed gbn` A, s` ihn`

b v`n`s qu` eb prhc`rb `s câs hcpdrtblt`. Zdr `k`cped, eb pr`shþl `k`r-

nhib pdr è pr`shi`lt` `s câs hcpdrtblt` pbrb edmrbr qu` è Ndlmr`sdbpruà` e`y s qu` eb k rnhib pdr prdo`sdr`s ulhv`rshtbrhds.

Zdr ûethcd, sh B ndltrhauy` b ulb m`l`rbehzbnhþl qu`, sh ah`l xpeh-nb N sdebc lt nublid `stâ bndcpbòbib pdr A, `xpehnb dtrds o`lþc`lds

ndcpe`tbc`lt` hli`p`lih lt`s i` A, s` ihn` b v`n`s qu` B s câs hc-

pdrtblt`. Zbrb heustrbr `stb bohrcbnhþl, Lbmè nhtb ed bvblzbid pdr be-

mulds i` «qu` ebs rèbnhdl s sdnhbe`s qu` mdah`rlbl eb prdiunnhþl yihstrhaunhþl i` eb rhqu`zb ndlsthtuy`l ul i`t rchlblt` câs aâshnd ièbs hlsthtunhdl`s kurãihnbs i` ulb sdnhìbi qu` eds hi`be`s rèhmhdsds ycdrbe s prdo`sbids l sb sdnhìbi¶. Nublid s` ndlshi`rbl shmlhohnbids

bYg` Edmhn do Ghstdrhnbe Blbeyshs¶, `l O`hme y Ardiannf, Q`bihlms hl C`Zghedsdpgy do ^nh`ln`s, ph hms . ?87-88.




i` ` s t ` t h pd ` s c uy pd s h a e ` qu` ib t d s s ` murd s s ` ndls h mbl , qu` puìblbpdyb r e b b o h rcbn h þl bvblzbib 6 `l nuyd nb s d , ul gb e e b z md ndln` rl h `l t `b eb hcpdrtblnhb rèbthvb i` iho`r`lt`s obntdr`s xpehnbthvds puì` be-nblzbr ulb mrbl shmlhohnbnhþl. Z`rd b c`luid eds ibtds l qu` s` bpd-ybl ` s t ds gb e e bzmds sdl hl bi`nubids 6 y nublid e b n dc pbr bn hþl ld ` s sd -ebc`lt` ltr` B y A, shld ltr` B y ulb s`rh` ndcpe`tb i` obntdr`sbi hn h dl b e ` s , ` e m r bid i` n ` r t `zb i ` e b s b o h rcb n hdl `s r ` e b t h v bs b e b hcpd r -tblnhb rèbthvb i` eds obntdr`s xpehnbthvds s prdmr`shvbc`lt` câs iu-idsd. @s hlneusd câs rbrd qu` ulb rbzþl d nbusb puìb s`r i`shmlbib

ndc d ûl h nb . ^ hl iuib , quh`l` s i` s nr h a`l e b s nb usbs ndc d «v` ribi` rb s ¶d «r`be`s¶ usbl ndl or`nu`lnhb stbs pbebarbs pbrb hlihnbr ul kuhnhd i`vbedr sdar` su hcpdrtblnhb rèbthvb6 sh su s`lthid s qu` dtrbs nbusbssdl o b e s bs d h r r`b e ` s d hl `x h s t `l t ` s , su b o h rcb n hþl ` s cuy iuidsb .

QB[DL@ , NBP^B , _BQHBAE@ , NDLIHNHDL@ L@N@^BQHB X POHNH@LY@ ,

E@X@ M@L@QBE@ X Y@DQÃB^

G`cds ndlshi`rbid eb xpehnbnhþl `l tèrrl 6lds i` ' rbzdl`s , cdt hvds,n busbs , ` s t b ids o hl b e ` s y ouln hdl `s y ' `l t è rc hlds i ` v ã bs i ` `l o dqu`s yl hv ` e ` s i ` e r bzdlbc h`l t d .

@l v` z i` ` e e d , gua h ès `cds pdi hid gba` r gba e bid i` `xp e h nb n h þl `lt è rchlds i ` vbr h ba e ` s y n dl s t bl t ` s , pu`s b c `luid è s t ds sdl e d s t è rch -l ds `c p e`bids . Ndcd ` s eþm h n d , e d s o bn t dr ` s qu` n bca hbl i` b e mulb cb-l`rb `l t h`cpd d n hrnulstbln hbs i h o`r`l t`s s` i`ldchlb l vbr hba e`s , ch`l-t r b s qu` bqu` e ed s qu` ld nbc a h bl ( d qu` s dl . t r b t bids ndcd s h ld nbc -a h b s `l ) s dl i`ldc hlbids ndls t bl t ` s . Nublid ul nbca h d `l ulb vb r hb -ae` s` bsdnhb i` bemulb cbl`rb ndl ul nbcahd l dtrb, s` ihn` qu` ebsids stâl rèbnhdlbibs, y ebs vbrhbae`s rèbnhdlbibs puì`l s`r nebshoh-nbibs n dc d hli`p `li h`l t ` s d i `p `l i h`l t ` s . ^` ih n ` qu` ulb vbr h ba e ` ` shli`p `li h`l t ` nublid ul nbc a hd `l ` e e b p r `n ì` y p r ` sucha e `c`l t ` n bu -s b ul nb ca h d `l e b vb r h ba e ` ndl ` e e b r ` eb n h dlbib 6 y , ` vh i`l t `c`l t ` , ulbvb r h ba e ` s ` ndls hi` rb i`p`li h `l t ` nublid ul nb ca h d `l ` e e b ` s ndl t h l -m`l t ` i` ul nbca h d `l d t rb .

Eds oheþsdods i` eb nh`lnhb, qu` ldrcbec`lt` snrha`l p`lsblid le b s n h `l n hbs l b tur b e ` s , rbr bc `l t ` gba ebl i` r bzdl `s , y puì`l d l d gb -

a eb r i ` vbr hba e ` s d i ` n b usbs . Câs b c `luid gba ebl i` n dli hn h dl `s . I`` s t b c bl` rb , s ` i h n ` qu` «e b aûsquìb i` e b ` xp e hnb n h þl s ` ndl` n t b n dl` e h i` b e i` v` r h oh n b r e b s ndli h n h dl` s l ` n` s b r h b s y su o h n h` l t ` s p b rb e b p rd -iunn h þl i` o `lþc`lds ¶ u . @ e t è rc hld ndlihnhþl puì`, lbturb ec`lt` , i` -o h l hr s ` ndl e b t htui6 pd r pr ` s `ln h b i` ulb ndli h n h þl p uì` `l t `li` r s ` e bndlnurr`lnhb i` ulb rbzþl, i` ul cdthvd, i` ulb bnthtui, i` ulb vb-

@QL@ Y LBN@E, «Yg` Edmhn do Ghstdrhnbe Blbeyshs¶, `l O`hme y Ardia,nf,Q`bihlms hl tg` Zghedsdpgy do ^nh`ln`, pâm. ?8=. No. ]HEEHBC^G. Qtn@Q, «Nbus`sbli @v`lts, Kdurlbe do Zghedsdpgy, 00 (1= i` cbrzd. 2807), pâms . 172-82.

@xpehnbnhþl >

rhbae`, i` ulb nbusb, `tn. 27. Ndcd eb nhtb qu` pr`nì`, hlihnb qu` ebs

ndlihnhdl`s sdl ldrcbec`lt` nebshohnbibs `l l`n`sbrhbs d `l suohnh lt`s.

Guahès`cds pdihid `cpe br `stb t`rchldedmãb `l nubltd pr`nì`. Yd-

ids eds thpds i` xpehnbnhþl i`snrhtds guah`s`l pdihid s`r trbtbids ndcd

`xpehnbnhdl`s `l tèrchlds i` ndlihnhdl`s l`n`sbrhbs y suohnh lt`s. @e btb-qu` b Z`bre Gbradr ou` ulb ndlihnhþl i` eb i`nebrbnhþl i` mu`rrb bc`-

rhnblb6 ed chscd qu` e prdpþshtd y eb ldrcb i` eds @stbids Plhids i`

iò`li`rs` nublid s`bl btbnbids, y ed chscd `s bpehnbae` b cungds dtrds

o b n tdr`s .^` ihn` qu` ebs ndlihnhdl`s sdl l`n`sbrhbs nublid su pr`s`lnhb `s

`s`lnhbe pbrb qu` s` prdiuznb e o`lþc`ld i` qu` s` trbtb, nublid su

bus`lnhb hcpehnb qu` è o`lþc`ld ld s` prdiun`. ^` ihn` qu` sdl su-ohnh`lt`s nublid su pr`s`lnhb abstb pbrb qu` è o`lþc`ld s` prdiuznb.

Ndlihnhdl`s nebshohnbibs ndcd l`n`sbrhbs pbrb ul o`lþc`ld puì`l `xhs-

thr shl qu` ed prdiuznbl r`bec`lt`, ed qu` shmlhohnb qu` ndlihnhdl`s l`-

n`sbrhbs puì`l ld s`r suohnh`lt`s. Ndlihnhdl`s nebshohnbibs ndcd suoh-

nh`lt`s puì`l t`l`r bet`rlbthvbs, std s, qu` puì`l ibrs` s`rh`s i`

ndlihnhdl`s suohnh`lt`s ihsyulthvbs, ulb nubequh`rb i` ebs nube`s abstbpbrb prdiunhr è o`lþc`ld '`l nu`sthþl6 ed nube quh`r` i`nhr qu` eb ndl-ihnhþl suohnh`lt` qu` dp`rb puì` ld s`r l`n`sbrhb 28.

G`cds vhstd qu` eb aûsquìb i` eb xpehnbnhþl hcpehnb m`l`rbec`lt`

è`nnhþl, e`nnhþl ltr` thpds i` xpehnbnhdl`s y ltr` bn`rnbch`ltds y

lhvè`s iè rbzdlbch`ltd, y qu`, pdr tbltd, `stb `xpehnbnhþl `s hlndc-pe`tb. Ndcd eb aûsquìb i` eb `xpehnbnhþl `s, bshchscd, eb aûsquìbi` ebs ndlihnhdl`s l`n`sbrhbs y suohnh`lt`s, eb bohrcbnhþl blt`rhdr r`s-p`ntd b eb è`nnhþl qu` `s l`n`sbrhd gbn`r, s` bpehnb tbcahèl b ebs ndl-

ihnhdl`s. Bûl câs ; eb nebshohnbnhþl i` ebs ndlihnhdl`s l l`n`sbrhbs d

suohnh`lt`s, d `l bcabs, r`quh`r` ul lu`vd kuhnhd y ulb lu`vb è`nnhþl.

6Nuâe s ou`rdl ebs ndlihnhdl`s l`n`sbrhbs pbrb eb e nnhþl i` @hs`lgdw`r

b eb pr`shi`lnhb l 28014 6Nuâe `s eb eãl`b qu` s`pbrb ebs ndlihnhdl`squ` byuibrdl y ebs qu` ou`rdl l`n`sbrhbs4 ^hl iuib, ou` l`n`sbrhd sb-

thsobn`r ebs ndlihnhdl`s ndlsthtunhdlbe`s pbrb pdi`r s`r e`mhid6 eb trb-

ihnhþl pr`snrha`, bi`câs, qu` è nblihibtd s`b vbrþl. Ou` l`n`sbrhd oh-

lblnhbr eb nbcpblb6 p`rd 6quhèl puì` i`nhr nuâltd ihl`rd `rb l`n`-

sbrhd4 Cungbs dtrbs ndlihnhdl`s byuibrdl prdabae`c`lt`’su gdkb i`

s`rvhnhds iurblt` eb mu`rrb, su sdlrhsb, su prdmrbcb, su bsn`li`lnhb prd-t`stblt`, su bpbr`lt` sbeui y `l`rmãb, eb ebrmb `stblnhb i` eds i`cþnrb-

tbs l eb Nbsb Aeblnb y, quhzâ, rrdr`s ndc`thids pdr e Zbrthid I`-cþnrbtb d su nblihibtd’6 cbs ´`rb bemulb i` `sbs ndlihnhdl`s l`n`-

NM. GBCZ@E yZBPE DZZ@LG@HC, «^tuih`s hl tg` Edmhn do @xpeblbthdls,`l O`hme y Ardig`nf, Q`bihlms hl tg` Zghedsdpgy do ^nh`ln`, pâms. 1>=->7.

28 No. GBQDEI y CBQMBQ@Y ^ZQDPY, Cbl-Chehù Qèbthdlsghp gypdtg`shs hl tg`

Ndlt`xt do Hlt`rlbthdlbe Zdehthns (Zrhln`tdl6 N`lt`r do Hlt`rlbthdlbe ^tuih`s, 280?),pâmhlbs =1-2:26 ]. A. MBEEH@,«@xpeblbthdls hl tg` Ghstdry bli tg` M l`thn nh`l-n`s¶, Chli, ?9 (barhe 2800), pâm. 2=1,



09 h`lnhb pdeãthnb; ul blâehshs ohedsþohnd

sbrhb4 ´Gbarãb eb bus`lnhb i` bemulb i` èebs hcpìhid eb è`nnhþl i`@hs`lgdw`r4

@e chscd prdae`cb surm` nublid s` trbtb i` hi`lthohnbr ebs ndlih-n hdl`s suo hn h`lt`s . Nublid ulb cuet h tui i` obn tdr`s `s tâl dp`rblid, ndc dsunì ãb `l 2801 y ndcd d nurr ` ld rcb ec`l t ` `l ` e nb s d i` sun` s d s pd -e ã t h nds ndcpe` kds , ńuâe`s sdl suo h n h `lt`s4 Z`rsdlbs ih o` r`lt`s prdlul-n hbr ãbl kuhn hds i h o`r`l t`s .

@l ndl`x h þl ndl e d s ` s ou` rzd s pb rb h i`l t h oh n b r e b s ndli h n h dl` s l` n` -s b r h b s y su o hn h ` l t ` s i` o ` lþc` lds l b turb e` s ` s , b c `luid , pd s h a e ` ` o ` n -

tubr `xp`r hc`l tds ` hln euhr d `xneuhr vbr hbae`s `l nbib n bsd , gbs tb quèbs vbr hba e`s qu` sdl l`n` sbr hbs y suo hn h`l t`s sdl hi`lt h o hnbibs. @st` t hpdi` ndl t rd e ` s , ` v hi`l t `c`l t ` , hcpds h a e ` pb rb h i`l t h oh n b r e b s ndli h n h dl` si` ulb e`nnhþl pr`shi`lnhbe y pbrb nebshohnbrebs ndcd l`n`sbrhbs d su-ohnh`lt`s6 s, bshchscd, hcpdshae` l ulb mrbl prdpdrnhþl i` eds prd-n`sds stuihbids pdr eds nuethvbidr`s i` nh`lnhb pdeãthnb.

Ruhzâ, ià hid b eb s i h o hnuetbi`s ` hln`r t hiucar`s qu` hcpe hnb, eds nue-thvbidr`s i` nh`lnhb pdeãthnb rbrb v`z hlt`ltbi nebshohnbr ebs ndlihnhdl`sd nbusbs l l`n`sbrhbs y suohnh`lt`s. ` hlnehlbl câs b gbaebr i` ndl-ihnhdl`s d obntdr`s qu` hloeuy`l, y, quhzâ, b nebshohnbreds i` bnu`ridndl mrbids pr`suchae`s i` hloeu`lnhb, pdr k`cped, «cuy¶ hloeuy`lt s.^` hlnehlbl, tbcahèl, ndcd s` gb ihngd blt`s, b i`snrhahr ebs nbusbsndc d hcpb r bl t ` , cb ydr , « r`b e ¶ , t n . 6 g `cd s bld t bid b e mulds i` e d s s h m -

l h o hnbids y b e mulbs i` e b s vbmuìbi` s qu` i h ngbs p b e barb s r ` o e ` kbl . @sihoãnhe dat`l`r ulb xpehnbnhþl pr`nhsb y s`murb, ed chscd qu` ulb x-pe hnbn hþl ndcpe` tb .

Be chscd th`cpd qu` sus rò`r`lnhbs b «ndlihnhdl`s¶, eds oheþsdodsi` eb nh`lnhb qu` s` dnupbl i` eb `xpehnbnhþl th`li l b rò`rhrs` b e` -y`s (d, ndl c`ldr or`nu`lnhb, b r`mebs) y b t`drãbs. Lds dnupbr`cds i`` s t d s t è rc hlds ndl cb ydr i` t b ee ` `l e d s nb p ã tue d s d n t bvd y ldv`ld , p` rdpuì` s ` r û t h e ul a r `v ` n dc `l t br h d bgdr b .

@ e p bp ` e ` hc pdr t bl n hb i ` e b s r `m e bs , e `y` s y t ` dr ã bs `l e b ` xp e hn bn hþlpuì` h eus t rbr s ` r ` o h r hèlidlds b e b nu`s t hþl i` p dr què e d s @s t bids Pl h -ids i `n eb r br dl e b mu`r rb b e Kbpþl i`spuès i` e a dc abri`d i` Z`br e Gbr -adr . Eb n dl `x hþl `l t r ` e d s ids bndl t ` n hc h`l t ds puì` pbr `n ` r dav hb . Lb -turbec`lt`, e d s @s t bids Pl hids i `n eb r br dl e b mu`r rb nublid ou`rdl b t b -

nbids. Z`rd ´què gbn` qu` `stb r`bnnhþl pbr`znb tbl lbturbe4 Eb r`s-pu` s t b puì` t dcbr ulb i` ids odrcbs, d ebs ids. Zdr ul ebid, eb r`-o ` r `ln h b puì` s ` r b ulb r ` m e b qu` e d s ` s t bi h s tb s bc ` r h nblds’d e d s ` s -t bi h s t b s `l m`l` rb e’s` s ba` s h mu`l 6 d a h `l , b ulb r ` m e b câs bc p e h b s ` -muhib m`l`rbec`lt` pdr eds gbahtblt`s i` st` culid. Eb r`meb s, lb-turb ec` l t ` , qu` bqu` e e d s qu` sdl b t bnb ids r `p ` e `l e b bm r ` s hþl , `l ` sp ` -n h b e , nublid p h `ls bl qu` t h ` l`l e b pd s h a h eh ibi i` gbn` r e d ndl èx ht d . Zd rdtrb pbrt`, eb rò`r`lnhb puì` gbn`rs` b ulb e`y i`snrhpthvb6 `std `s,b e ib t d biqu hrhid i` qu` e d s @s t bids m `l `r b ec`l t ` n dc abt `l nublid sdlb t bnbids . @l r `b e hibi , l t dids , d `l n bs h t dids , ed s n bs ds `l qu` e d s @s -t bids gbl s hid b t bnbids `l n h r nuls tbl n hbs n dc d e bs `x h s t `l t` s `l ` e a dc -

@xpehnbnhþl 00

abri`d i` Z`b r e Gbradr , gbl r`bnn hd lbid i`n eb rblid eb mu`rrb. @s, pu`s,pdshae` ndlkumbr è ndldnhch`ltd i` ed qu` eds @stbids gbn`l ldrcbe-c`l t ` nublid sdl b t bnbids n dl ` e g `ngd i` e b t bqu` y da t `l `r ulb bp e h -n bn hþl sb t h s o bn t dr hb i ` e b r `bn n hþl . Eb v ` ribi ` s qu` e b cb ydr ãb , d t dibs ,i ` e b s `xp e h n bn h dl `s s ` abs bl `l ` e n dldn hc h`l t d i ` e b s r `m e bs qu` r hm `leb ndliuntb d l e`y`s qu` eb ròe`kbl, bulqu` ndl or`nu`lnhb tbe`s r`-mebs y e`y`s sdl tbl davhbs qu` s basurid ngbrebs. Bsã, s ulb r`meb yulb e`y i` eb pdeãthnb bc`rhnblb qu` eds pr`shi`lt`s i` ul pbrthid pd-e ãt h n d b ` s n b eb i ` e n dlibid , @s t bid y dr mbl hzbn hþl lbn hdlb e s `bl cb ydr `s

i` v ` hl t ` bòds .Eb xpehnbnhþl pdr rò`r`lnhb b ulb r`meb d e`y s ldrcbec`lt` hl-

ndcpe`tb. @s hlndcpe`tb, ltr` dtrbs rbzdl`s, pdrqu` i`s`bcds sbt`r,ldrcb ec`l t ` , pd r què s ` das ` rvb e b r ` m eb y pd r què s ` cbl t h `l` e b e ` y.Zbrb eed ausnbcds ulb t`drãb. Gbah`lid xpehnbid e sun`sd pdr rò`-r`lnhb b ulb r`meb d e`y, trbtbcds i` `xpehnbr eb r`meb d e`y ròhrhèl-

id ebs b ulb t `dr ãb .Bulqu` `stbs bohrcbnhdl`s rò`r`lt`s be pbpè i` ebs r`mebs, e`y`s

y t ` d r ã b s `l e b ` xp e h nb n h þl s dl ` v hi`l t `c`l t ` h l suo h n h` l t ` s , ld e b s i` s -br r d e eb r `cd s `l ` s t ` p ul t d . Plb i h s nus hþl câs n dc p e` t b i ` e b nu`s t hþls` gb e e b râ `l e b p br t ` s `mulib .

Zdirãbcds ldtbr qu` eb iho`r`lnhb ltr` ebs ndlihnhdl`s qu` xpeh-nbl ul bndlt`nhch`ltd y ebs ndlihnhdl`s qu` ed prdiun`l s ulb iho`-

r `l n hb s hcp e`c `l t ` i ` t h `cpd y i` p ` r sp `n t h v b i ` e da s` r vbidr . I`spuèsi` qu` gb dnurrhid e bndlt`nhch`ltd gby rbzdl`s y nbusbs pbrb xpeh-nb r su bpb r hn h þl . Bl t` s i` qu` gb d nurrhid , eb s c h scbs r bz dl` s y nbu-sbs hlihnbl eds cìhds d cètdids i` prdiunhred. h ulb nbrb i` eb cd-lìb prdpdrnhdlb ndldnhch`ltd i` nbusbs, eb dtrb prdpdrnhdlb ndldnh-ch`ltd i` cìhds. @stb ndlshi`rbnhþl ndliun` b eb shmuh`lt` oþrcueb;

«Ebs nh`lnhbs sdnhbe`s ià`l s ` r purbs y bp e h n bibs b e c hsc d t h `cpd . I` -a `l o d rcu ebr sus p r da e `cbs l d sd e bc `l t ` `l t è rchlds i ` n busb y ` o ` n t d ,shld tbcahèl l tèrchlds i` cìhds y ohl`s¶ 1: .

RPHLNX]QHNHHY,B tuiy do ]br (Nghnbmd6 Plhv`rshty do Nghnbmd Zr`ss,2891), vde. HH, bp. WW_, «Yg` Bppehnbthdl do ^nh`lthohn C`tgdi td ^dnhbe Zrdae`cs¶,pâmhlb 2>?:.



NBZÃYPED NPBQYD Zrìhnnhþl

´Zdr què `xpehnbr4 ´Zdr què gb i` s`r ul dak`thvd oulibc`ltbe pbrb

eds nh`ltãohnds hi`lthohnbr rèbnhdl`s qu` s`bl `xpehnbthvbs4 Plb rbzþl,qu` m`l`rbec`lt` s` ndlshi`rb s` kusthohnb `l sã chscb, `s sbthsobn`r ebnurhdshibi. Dtrb rbzþl’prdabae`c lt` eb câs ndcûl’`s suchlhstrbr

ulb abs` pbrb prì`nhr. B su v`z, eb prìhnnhþl s` vbedrb pdr ndlsth-tuhr ulb abs` pbrb ò`ntubr è`nnhdl`s.

^PZQ@CBNÃB @ HCZDQYBLNHB I@E ZQ@I@NHQ

Be ihsnuthr eb xpehnbnhþl’y tbcahèl ndl rò`r`lnhb b dtrds pul-tds’g`cds c`lnhdlbid b ebs è`nnhdl`s. Eb bnthvhibi nh`ltãohnb ròe`kb

ebs bnnhdl`s i` è`mhr. G`cds iò`lihid qu` ebs è`nnhdl`s ià`l s`rtbe`s qu` gbmbl i`s`bae` eb bnthvhibi nh`ltãohnb, `std `s, qu` s`bl shm-lhohnbthvbs, d ndltrhauybl (be c`lds pdt`lnhbec`lt`) b eb rbnhdlbehibi

i` ebs bnnhdl`s b tdcbr. ûpdlh`lid bnu`rid sdar` `st` pultd, hcbmh-

l`cds qu` è nh`ltãohnd s` `lor`ltb ndl ulb è`nnhþl. Yh`l` ièblt` i`

èe ids nbchlds b s`muhr. Nþcd i`nhihrâ ltr` eeds4 ^hl iuib, gbrâulb d câs prìhnnhdl`s. Zuì` prì`nhr qu` ulb bet`rlbthvb ndliunhrâ

ndl cbydr s`murhibi qu` eb dtrb b r`suetbids shmlhohnbthvds, d qu` ulbi` èebs ndliunhrâ b cbydr`s r`suetbids shmlhohnbthvds qu` eb dtrb. Gb-ah`lid g`ngd stb prìhnnhþl d prìhnnhdl`s, sndm` Eb è`nnhþl s` bsh`l-

tb l eb prìhnnhþl d prìhnnhdl`s, ndlshi`rbibs l rèbnhþl ndl e da-k`thvd qu` s` p`rshmu`.

Zdi`cds gbn`r câs m`l`rbe`s `stbs bohrcbnhdl`s. ^h`cpr` qu` be-muh`l ò`ntûb ulb è`nnhþl rbnhdlbe, prìhn`. Ruh`l`s `sndmh`rdl rbnhd-

lbec`lt` vdtbr pdr @hs`lgdw r, câs ah`l qu` pdr ^t`v`lsdl, l 280?,

prì`nãbl, shl iuib, qu` i` bemulb cbl`rb @hs`lgdw`r s`rãb ul pr`sh-

i`lt` câs i`s`bae`. Pl ch`card iè Ndlmr`sd qu` vdtb l obvdr i` ul

prdy`ntd i` e`y y ul pr`shi`lt` qu` ed prdcuemb ò`ntûbl prìhnnhdl`s



Zrìhnnhþl 87 h`lnhb pdeãthnb; ul blâehshs ohedsþohnd

`l nubltd b eds r`suetbids iè prdy`ntd. Iè chscd cdid, nublid sìhn tb ulb s`lt`l n hb kuihn hb e d nublid s` nd ln euy` ul t rbtbid, nublid ul@s t bid s ` b rcb, nublid ul cul hn hp hd bidp t b d ba blidlb ` e p e bl i` e bi -chlhstrbidr iè chscd, d ah`l nublid s` bièbltb ihl`rd pbrb ul prd-y`ntd l v`z i` pbrb ul dtrd, xhst` ulb prìhnnhþl i qu`, ltr` ebspdshae`s bnnhdl`s, `s câs prdabae` eb `sndmhib qu` è r`std qu` prd-iuznb e r`suetbid d r`suetbids i`s`bids. @l dtrbs pbebarbs ; ebs è`n-n h dl `s r bn h dlb e ` s qu` e b s m `l t ` s ` o ` n tûbl `l t r ` e b s p ds ha e ` s b e t ` rl b t h v bs`l tdibs ebs so`rbs i` eb vhib ròe`kbl sus xp`ntbthvbs d prìhnnhdl`s

r ` sp` n t d b sus n dls ` nu`ln hb s .

EB^ AB^@^ ZBQB ZQ@I@NHQ

Bgdrb ah`l6 eb nu`sthþl `s ; ´^dar` què abs`s s` ò`ntûbl ebs pr`-i hn n hdl `s4 Eb r ` spu`s t b ` s qu` pds``l bp r dx hcb ibc`l t ` e b s c hscbs a b -s ` s qu` e b `xp e h n bn hþl . Ebs p r ì h n n hdl `s , e d c hscd qu` e b s ` xp e hn bn h dl `s ,s ` bs h `l t bl ` l n dldn hch`l t d i ` r ` e bn h dl `s’r` ebn h dl `s `l t r ` p `l sbc h`l t dy b nn h þl , cì h d s y o h l ` s , nbusbs y ` o ` n t d s’, . ndli hn h dl` s y ndls ` nu`l -nhbs. (Ià`, quhzâ, gbn`rs` ldtbr qu` ebs prìhnnhdl`s puì`l. absbrs`s hcp e`c `l t ` `l ` e n dldn hc h`l t d i ` n dr r` e bn h dl `s , c h`l t r bs qu` , p dr i ` -ohlhnhþl, eb xpehnbnhþl xhm` e ndldnhch`ltd iè pdrquè i` eb ndrr`-e b n hþl .) ^ba` cd s qu` n h` r t bs n e b s ` s i ` bn n h dl `s b ndc pbòbl b n h ` r tds t h -

p ds i ` p `l sb ch`l t d’rbzdl `s , c dt hv ds , bn t h tui`s’. I` cbl` r b s hc h e b r ,`l e ãc h t ` s qu` t r b t bcds i` `l sbl ngbr , s ba `c ds qu` n h ` rt bs n e b s ` s i ` o h -l`s bndcpbòbl b cìhds ibids, què o`ntds shmu`l b nbusbs ibibs yquè ndl s`nu`ln hbs s ` i ` r hv bl i` n dli hn hdl `s ` sp `n h o h nbibs .

^ h n dldn hch`l t d i ` ` s t bs r ` e bn h dl `s puì` p r dpdr n hdlbr ulb `xp e h n b -nhþl i` g`ngds pbsbids, pdr què ld puì` s`rvhr i` abs` pbrb prì`-nhr g`ngds outurds4 h l abs` b ndldnhch`ltd pdst`rhdr pdi`cds i`nhrndl s`murhibi qu` rbzdl`s y r`mebs ndliuk`rdl b ulb bnnhþl, ltdln`s`s rbzdlbae` hlo`rhr qu` sh guahès`cds ndldnhid stbs rbzdl`s y r`mebsndl b l t ` r h d rhibi b e b b n n hþl gua hès `c ds pdi hid p r ì`n h r e b 6 y , i ` e b c hs -cb cb l` rb , s h pdi`c ds i` n h r nuâ e ` s ou` rdl e b s nbusbs i` ul g`ngd , ` srbzdlbae` hlo`rhr qu` sh guahès`cds pdihid hi`lthohnbr ebs nbusbs ndlblt`rhdrhibi be bndlt`nhch`ltd guahès`cds pdihid prì`nhred. h `xpeh-

nbc ds ulb s h tubn hþl `x h s t `l t ` hi `l t ho h n blid n h ` r t bs n dli hn h dl `s bl t ` r h d -r ` s kul t bc` l t ` ndl e b s r ` m e b s m`l` rb e ` s bp e h nba e ` s , s r b z dlba e ` p`l s b rqu` i` gba `rlds ibid nu`l t b i ` e b s n dli hn hdl `s y e `y` s n dl bl t ` r h d rhibibe prdn`sd i` `stb s h tubn hþl , gua hè s `cds s hid n bpb n `s i ` p r ì`n h re b . @s`vhi lt` qu` sh t`l`cds eb odrtulb i` ndldn`r suohnh`lt`s ndlihnhdl si` ul bndl t `n hc h`l t d , p di`c ds u t h eh z br s t ` n dldn hc h`l t d , s `b p br b `x -pehnbred d prì`nhred, i`p`lih`lid i` ph ` e bn dl t ` n hc h`l t d gb sunì hidyb d ld. ^h è 7 i` ihnh`car` i` 2892 eb i`nebrbnhþl i` mu`rrb be Kb-pþl ou` `xp e hnbib pdr ` e btbqu` b Z`b r e Gbradr , ` e ? i` i hn h`c ar` i` 2892pdiãb gba`rs` prìhngd qu` tbe btbqu` bnbrr`brãb eb i`nebrbnhþl i`mu`rrb.

@l d t r bs p b eba r bs ; e b p r ì hn n hþl s ` absb , b c `luid , `l e d s chsc dsè`c ltds qu` eb `xpehnbnhþl. Eb ndcahlbnhþl i` obntdr`s qu` p`rchtèb xpehnbnhþl p`rcht` tbcahèl eb prìhnnhþl6 ed nube shmlhohnb qu` ebs

pdshahehibi`s y'ehchtbnhdl`s i` eds nuethvbidr`s i` nh`lnhb pdeãthnb pbrbeb xpehnbnhþl s` bpehnbl tbcahèl b eb prìhnnhþl.

Ybltd ebs pdshahehibi s ndcd ebs ehchtbnhdl`s sdl ndlshi rbae`s, ndcd

s` gb sum`rhid yb nublid ihsnuthcds eb xpehnbnhþl. Qbrbs v`n`s ul

bndlt`nhch`ltd `s ndcpe`tbc`lt` hlhltèhmhae`6 nbsh sh`cpr` s` puì`

bvblzbr bemulb `xpehnbnhþl. Eb ndltrbpbrthib `s qu` eds bndlt`nhch`l-

tds rbrbs v`n`s sdl hcprìhnthae`s6 nbsh sh`cpr` xhst` be c`lds ulb vbmb`sthcbnhþl i` eb prdabahehibi qu` ul bndlt`nhch`l td d shtubnhþl puìb

dnurrhr d puìb s`r prdiunhid. Bemulds bndlt`nhch`-htds puì`l s`r `xpeh-

nbids, y, pdr tbltd, bemulbs prìhnnhdl`s puì`l Ndrcuebrs` ndl ndlsh-

i`rbae` mrbid i` s`murhibi.

Be chscd th`cpd, shl `cabrmd, ià`cds r`ndribr qu` eb `xpehnbnhþl

`s nbsh sh`cpr` câs d c`lds hlndcpe`tb y câs d c`lds hlnh`rtb ` hc-pr`nhsb. Zdr ed chscd, ebs chscbs ehchtbnhdl`s s` bpehnbl b eb prìhn-

nhþl. Ruhzâ .s`bcds câs ndlsnh`lt`s i` `stâs.. ehchtbnhdl`s `l `st` s`-

mulid nbsd 'qu`j l-è prhc`rd. ^ba`r -qu` ulb nh`rtb bnnhþl gb dnurrhidlds gbn` câs buibn`s pbrb p`lsbr qu` pdi`cds hi`lthohnbr ebs rbzdl`s

qu` gbl dp`rbid6 è ndldnhch`ltd i` ul sun`sd obvdr`n` eb nr``lnhb i`

qu` ndldn`cds sus nbusbs. Z`rd ndl blt`rhdrhibi b eb bnnhþl `stbcds

c`lds hlnehlbids b s`lthrlds s`murds i` ebs rbzdl`s qu` ed ndltrdebrâl,y ndl blt`rhdrhibi be o`ntd s câs prdabae` qu` s`bcds ndlsnh`lt`s

i` eb orbmhehibi i` eb ndln`pnhþl i` eb nbusb. @l eb pbrt` s`mulib `l-ndltrbr`cds uet`rhdr ihsnushþl i` `st` prdae`cb.

Q`suchr`cds nhtblid eb bohrcbnhþl i` G`ra`rt ^hcdl ;

@e ndldnhch`ltd `s è cìhd i` i`snuarhr nuâe, i` tdibs ebs pdshae`s ndls`nu`lnhbsi` ulb nddliuntb, gb i` i`rhvbrs` i` èeb. @e ûethcd ohl iè ndldnhch`ltd, `l nubltd`s ulb pbrt` iè prdn`sd i` è`nnhþl, `s i`snuarhr ulb ûlhnb pdshahehibi qu` s`b ebndls`nu`lnhb i` nbib ndliuntb bet`rlbthvb, bulqu` `l eb prânthnb `s, lbturbec`lt`,benblzbae` sþed hcp`ro`ntbc lt`'.

ZQDCD_@Q EB NBZBNHIBI I@ YDCBQ I@NH^HDL@^ QBNHDLBE@^ DAK@YH_D

IO EB ZQ@IHNNHÞL

B v`n`s eds nh`ltãohnds sdsth`l`l qu` benblzbr hcpbrthr ndldnhch`l-

td s su ûethcb oulnhþl, y qu` e usd qu` s` gbmb i` st` ndldnhch ltd

ld e`s ià` pr`dnupbr, be c`lds l nubltd nh`ltãohnds. @st` s ul pultd

i` vhstb iò`lihae`. I` eb chscb cbl`rb qu` gby p`rsdlbs qu` `snb-

ebl cdltbòbs pdr è mdn` qu` n`tb bnthvhibi prdpdrnhdlbl, d ah`l pdr-qu` ebs cdltbòbs `stâl bgã, dtrbs p`rsdlbs ndlt`stbl b pr`multbs y r`-

' @QA@QY B. ^HCDL, Bichlhstrbthv` A`gbvhdr (1.• ì.6 Lu`vb Xdrf6 Cbn-cheebl, 280=), pâm. ==. No. DEBO HH@ECH@Qy LHNGDEB Q@^NHH@Q, «Dl tg` @phs-t`cdedmy do tg` Hl`xbnt ^nh`lnh`s¶, Cblbm`c`lt ^nh`ln`, 2 (dntuar` 2808), pâmh-lbs 10-01.



?: Nh`lnhb pdeãthnb; ul blâehshs ohedsþohnd

suèv`l prdae`cbs pdr eb sbthsobnnhþl qu` eed r`pdrtb, d a h `l p drquèbs nu`sthdl`s d prdae`cbs stâl bgã. Z`rd s iuidsd qu` eb sdnhìbibpdybs` e b bn t h v hibi n h`l t ã oh n b n dl cì hds ` n dl þchnds `l c bydr cì hibqu` gbn` ndl è cdltbòhscd sh su ûlhnd prdpþshtd ou`s` prdpdrnhdlbrsbthsobnnhþl b ebs c`lt`s hlquhshthvbs y `cdnhdl`s cdc`ltâl`bs b ed si`câs . @v hi`l t `c`l t ` , dp` rbl d t r d s o h l ` s , o hl ` s s d n h b e ` s . ^` gbl g` ngdcungbs b o h rcbn hdl `s r ` o ` r `l t ` s b ` s t ds o hl ` s .

^` ihn`, b v`n`s, qu` «eb odrcbnhþl i` eds nhuibiblds¶ s «ulb ièbs prhlnhpbe`s c`tbs¶ iè `stuihd y `ls`òblzb i` eb pdeãthnb 3, y qu`,

`l `sp`nhbe be lhvè i` eds ulhv`rshtbrhds, eb `ls`òblzb i` thpd prdo`-shdlbe `s ul ohl `vhi`lt`. @stbs ids ndln`pnhdl`s gbl prdvdnbid r`s-pu`stbs d r`s`rvbs. ^` gb odrcuebid eb dphlhþl i` qu` «eb basdrnhþlndcpe`tb l e ohl i` eb «ìunbnhþl iè nhuibibld¶, l e s`lthid lqu` st` tèrchld s ldrcbec`lt` hlt`rpr`tbid, s`rãb obtbe pbrb eb nh`l-nhb pdeãthnb...¶', y qu` ;

eb tbr`b iè prdo`sdr i` nh`lnhb pdeãthnb ld s prdiunhr ul au`l nhuibibld, shld prd-iunhr ul gdcar` hltèhm`lt`. Ld s` trbtb i` prdpdrnhdlbr vbedr`s be stuihblt`, shldi i`sbrrdeebr su tbe ltd pbrb vbedrbr. h eb `ls`òblzb ndltrhauy b eb nhuibiblãb, edgbn` hlihr`ntbc lt` y ld ndcd c`tb n`ltrbe i` su `sou`rzdj.

Eb odrcbnhþl prdo`shdlbe s` ndlshi`rb m`l rbec`lt` ndcd ul prd-pþshtd eãnhtd nublid «s` dnupb prhlnhpbec`lt` iè i`sbrrdeed iè hlt`-

e`ntd, eb ndcpr`lshþl i` eds prhlnhphds m`l rbe`s, eb odrcbnhþl i` cè-tdids i` p`lsbch`ltd, e bn`rnbch`ltd ndrr`ntd b eds prdae`cbs y ulpultd i` vhstb shst`câthnd iè t`cb¶ 7 . Z`rd eb odrcbnhþl i` nbrânt rt è nl h nd p`ls bib p b rb `quhpb r b ulb p` r s dlb pb rb ` e s ` rv h n hd pûa e h nd ` sndli`lbib b v `n ` s . «Plb Pl hv ` r s hibi i` kb i ` s ` r ulb Pl hv ` r s hibi nubl -id odrcb pbrb è s`rvhnhd pûaehnd¶ b

^dl c ungds e d s qu` gbn`l b o h rcbn h dl` s qu` nd h ln hi`l ndl e b s n h t b -ib s c âs b r r hab , r ` ngbzblid ` e p rdpþs h t d i` « o d rcb r n huibiblds ¶ . Ndcded xpr`sb Qdasdl, «è ohl i` eb nh`lnhb pdeãthnb s brrdkbr euz sdarè b s h i` b s pd e ã t hnb s y e b b nn h þl pd e ãt h nb pb rb qu` ` e mda h ` rld ` e ` e d s gdc -ar`s s`b c`kdrbid¶ = . I` bnu`rid ndl Mullbr Cyribe, è ohl `s «gb-n ` r e b p d e ã t hn b c âs r bn h dlb e i `snuar h `lid e d s g`ngds s h ml h o hn b t h v ds y `l -nubirâlideds `l su v`ribi`rb p`rsp`n t hvb , n ebr h o hnblid ebs r` ebn hdl `s nbu-

• Bc`rhnbl Zdehthnbe ^nh`ln` Bssdnhbthdl, Ndbes odr Zdehthnbe nh`ln` (Lu`vb Xdrf6]heehbc edbl` Bssdnhbt`s, 2802), pâm. 19.

KBC@ ]. O@ E@Q, «Mdbes odr Zdehthnbe nh`ln`; B Ihsnusshdl¶, Bc`rhnbl Zd-ehthnbe nh`ln` Q`vh`w, 90 (ihnh`car`. 2802), 887.

• Eduts GBQY[, «Mdbes odr Zdehthnbe nh`ln`; B Ihsnusshdl¶, Bc`rhnbl Zdehthnbe^nh`ln` Q`vh`w, 90 (ihnh`car`. 2802), 2::2-1. No. ]HEEHBC QDA^DL, Yg` Plhv`r-shty Y`bnghlm do ^dnhbe ^nh`ln`s; Zdehthnbe ^nh`ln`s (Zbrãs, Pl snd, 2809), pâm. 99.

QdbsdL, Yg` Plhv`rshty Y`bnghlm do ^dnhbe ^nh`ln`s, pâm. 9=.d EHLI^BX QDM@Q , «Mdbes odr Zdehthnbe ^nh`ln`; B Ihsnusshdls, Bc`rhnbl Zd.

ehthnbe ^nh`ln` Q`vh`w, pâm. 9=.• 2 2d ls dw , Yg` Plhv`rshty Y`bnghlm do ^dnhbe ^nh`ln`s, pâm. 02.

Zrìhnnhþl ?2

sbe`s ltr` cìhds y ohl`s¶ 7 . Ruhlny ]rhmgt sumh`r` qu` beb nh`lnhb

pd e ã th nb ià` p` r s ` muh r e b ad rb r oþ rcue b s pb rb pr ì` n h r bqu` ee d s b sp` n -tds i` eb ndliuntb i` mrupd qu` s` n`ltrbl l tdrld b eb t`lshþl, eu-ngb y ndloehntd¶ y qu` ià` gbn`r tdid ed qu` puìb pbrb «buc`ltbreb prdabahehibi i` qu` l ebs pumlbs qu` xhst`l l e culid s` utheh-n`l sdebc`lt` cìhds ndcpbthae`s ndl eb ihmlhibi y prdmr`sd gucb-

lds¶ ¶ Eduhs Gbrtz sumh`r` qu` «eb hlv`sthmbnhþl i` eb au`lb vhib brhs-

t dtè e hnb. . , lulnb s `râ blbnrþl hnb ¶ 2:. Gbr d ei Ebssw` e e gb bab lidlbid sur`pumlblnhb blt`rhdr pdr xpr`sbr prò`r`lnhbs ltr` eds vbedr`s rr. Edchscd qu` Fbpebl, ndlshi`rb eb nh`lnhb pdeãthnb ndcd ulb i` ebs nh`l-nhbs i` eb sdnhìbi nuyb oulnhþl s «suchlhstrbr eb hltèhm`lnhb p`rth-l`lt` b eb hlt`mrbnhþl i` eds vbedr`s, r`behzbib pdr y `lnbrlbib l r`-ebnhdl`s hlt`rp`rsdlbe`s¶. I`snrha`l eb nh`lnhb pdeãthnb ndcd eb nh`lnhbi` e b s dn h ìbi «qu` ` s tui hb hl o eu`l n hb y p d i`r n dcd hl s t ruc`l t ds i ` t b ehl t `mrbn hþl¶ 's¶ . @l vbr hbs dnbs hdl `s `l bòds r`n h`l t`s Ebs swè e gb suarb-ybid e b dp hl h þl i` qu` e d s nu e t hvbid r ` s i` e b n h `ln h b pd e ã t hnb ià `l p ` r -s`muhr prdpþshtds tbe`s ndcd, pdr ulb pbrt`, eb hi`lthohnbnhþl y nebsh-o h n b n h þl i` vb e d r ` s -c` t b s y , pd r d t r b , eb ` s t hcb n h þl i` e b s p d s h a h e hibi` sbet`rlbthvbs i` bnnhþl qu` s` rèbnhdlbl ndl eb hcpebltbnhþl i` tbe`s

vbedr`s-c`tbs.

Xd pdstued qu` ebs c tbs i` eb pdeãthnb oulibc`ltbe i` `st` pbãs (ndlnàhib hi`be-

c`lt`) puì` s`r xpr`sbib l tèrchlds i` ihmlhibi gucblb. @l ebs ndlihnhdl`si` nrhshs qu` bgdrb pr`vbe n`l y qu` s` blulnhbl, `s i` eb câxhcb hcpdrtblnhb pbrbeds trbtbihstbs i` nh`lnhb pdeãthnb o`ntubr dpdrtulb y ndlthlub bnnhþl l su ldcar`.Lu`strd prdae cb `s ndcahlbr eb s`murhibi lbnhdlbe ndl eb eha`rtbi hlihvhiube, pbrbbenblzbr e cbyd.. r`suetbid l`td cìhid l vbedr`s gucblds

@s tb s b o h rcbn h dl` s ` s tâl i` b nu` rid ndl e b b s ` r n h þl i` B e or ì Nda-abl qu` , i ` `x h s t hr t hl b c bl`r b n dr r `n t b i ` n dl s hi ` r br ed s p r da e `cb s pd -

d MPLLBQ CXQIBE, _beu` hl ^dnhbe Yg`dry (Edlir`s6 Qduteìm` mbl Zbue,

2807), pâm. >0.d RPHLNX ]QHMHHY, «Zdehthnbe nh`ln` bli ]drei tbahehzbthdls, Bc`rhnbl Zd-

ehthnbe ^nh`ln` Q`vh`w, 99 (cbyd 280:), pâms. >, =.º@l QDEBLI XDPLM, ì., Bppr dbng`s td t g` ^tuiy do Zdehthns (@vblstdl;

Ldrtgw`st`rl Plhv`rshty Zr`ss, 2807), pâm. 79." IB_HI @B^YDL, «Gbrdei Ebsswèe; Zdehny nh`lthst odr b I`cdnrbthn dnh`tys,

Kdurlbe do Zdehthns, 21 (bmdstd 280:), pâms. 902, 9?7. BQDEII. EB^^]@EEy BAQBGBC FBZEBL, Zdw`r bli dnh`ty; B Orbc`wdrf

odr Zdehthnbe Hlquhry (L`w Gbv`l6 Xbe` Plhv`rshty Zr`ss. 280:), pâm. 21." GBQDEII. EB^^]@EE, bYg` Hcc ìhbt` Outur` do Q`s`brng Zdehny bli C`tgdi

hl Zdehthnbe ^nh`ln`s, Bc`rhnbl nh`ln` Q`vh`w, 90 (cbrzd 2822), pâms. 2>9->0.

No. GBQDEI I. EB^ ]@EE,«Yg `cblthns do Zdehthnbe nh`ln`; Ihsnusshdls, Bc`-

rhnbl Zdehthnbe ^nh`ln` Q`vh`w, 99 (kulhd 280:), pâm. 9106 GBQDEII. EB ^]@EE,

«Yg` Zdehthnbe nh`ln` do nh`ln`; Bl Hlquh ry hltd tg` Zdsshae` Q ndlnhebthdl doCbst`ry bli Or` idcs, Bc`rhnbl Zdehthnbe nh`ln` Q`vh`w, 0: (ihnh`car` 280?),

pâmhlbs 8?2, 8=76 ]HEEHBC BLI@Q^DL. «Yg` Qde` do Zdehthnbe nh`ln`¶, Bc`rhnbl

Zdehthnbe nh`ln` Q`vh`w, >= (o ar`rd . 289>), pâms. 2-2=6 @. . NDQ]HL, «I`cdnrbthd

Idmcb bli tg` Outur` do Zdehthnbe ^nh`ln`s, Bc`rhnbl Zdehthnbe ^nh`ln` Q`vh`w, 1>

(bmdstd 2818), pâms. 0?8.81.



? 1 h`lnhb pdeãthnb; ul blâehshs kuMsþohnd

ebhnds, b èstb puì` s`r, pds ha e `c `l t ` , eb i ` e d s m rbli`s p `l s bidr `s p d -e ã t hnds i` e pb sbid . . .¶ .

Ydids èeds `snrhah`rdl ndl ul prdpþshtd prânthnd `l eb c`lt`. û ohl `rb hloeuhreb ndliuntb pdehthnb r`be. @snrhah`rdl pbrb ndli`lbr d bpdybr ebs hlsthtunhdl`s xhs-t`lt`, pbrb kusthohnbr ul shst`cb pdeãthnd d pbrb p`rsubihr b sus ndlnhuibiblds i`qud ed nbcahbs`l; pdrqu`, `l ûethcb hlstblnhb, s` pr`dnupbabl ndl eds ohl`s y edsprdpþshtds id eb sdnhìbi pdeãthnb .

Eds n dc` l t br h ds bl t ` r h d r` s sum h ` r `l qu` ` e câx hcd p r dpþs h t d sdn h b e

i` e t rb tbihs tb i` n h `lnhb pd e ã th nb `s y ià` s` r hl o euhr l ebs ` e `nn hdl`s ,ndltr hauhr b eb rbn hdlbe hibi i` ebs i`n hs hdl`s. Nublid p eblt`bc ds d ndl-t ` s t bcds nu`s t hdl `s , s `b b e `l s`òbr d ` s n r ha hr , ` s t bcds n dl t r hauy`lid be b r b n h dlb e h ibi pd t `ln h b e i` e b s i` n h s h dl` s . E b s i` n h s h dl` s `l nu` s t h þlpuì`l `xt`li`rs` i`si` ebs iè nhuibibld hlihvhiube, qu` i`nhi` ldpr`stbr bt`lnhþl b eb pdeãthnb gbstb ebs i` eds prhc`rds chlhstrds y k`-o ` s i ` @s t bid . Zuì`l r ` o ` rh r s ` , s `b b p r dpþs h t ds d c è t dids , ohl ` s d c ` -ihds. Eds sou`rzds pbrb ndltrhauhr b eb rbnhdlbehibi i` ebs i`nhshdl`spuì`l s` r d i hr`n tds d hlihr`n tds . Ebs i hst hl tbs pds ha h e hibi`s ou`rdl pr`-s `l t bibs bl t ` s , p ` r d su r `p ` t h n hþl `l ul c br nd i h o ` r`l t ` puì` n d l t r h-au h r b e b n e b r hibi y b e b n dc pr `l s hþl .

Eds ` s ou`r zds i h r ` n t ds puì`l gbn ` r s ` `l nub equ h` rb i ` ids c ì hdsndlnurr `l t ` s . @l pr hc` r eumb r , puì` gba` r ul ` s ou` rzd pb rb r ` v` e b r yb t r b ` r e b b t `ln h þl s da r ` e b pd s h a e ` nbi`lb i` ` e ` nn h dl` s 6 ` s t d ` s , s dar èb ehstb i` bet`rlbthvbs qu` s` dor`n` b quh`l tdcbrâ eb i`nhshþl l edsidchl h d s i` e d s o h l ` s ( vb e d r ` s ) y cì h d s h s . Ruh `l` s t dcb l e b s i` n h s h d -l`s l d s h `c pr ` t r b t bl i` hi `l t h o hn b r e b s p ds ha e ` s b e t ` rl b t h v bs , y nublided hlt`ltbl su èxhtd s, b v`n`s, hlndcpe`td. Cungbs i nhshdl`s s` td-cbl shl ròe`xhþl, d sdar` eb abs` i` p`lsbch`ltd pdnd pr`nhsd ` hl-bi` nubid , d `l ab s ` b h l od rcb n h þl hlndc p e ` t b . E b s i` n h s h dl` s puì`ls ` r t dcbibs hcp` tudsbc`l t ` d pd r hl tu hn hþl , d n dc d n dls ` nu`ln h b i` ulgâahtd, l ndlodrchibi ndl eb trbihnhþl, d pbrb bmrbibr b Ihds d b edsihds`s. Cuy b c`luid, quh`l`s tdcbl ebs i`nhshdl`s ld s` r`pr`s`l-tbl ndl nebrhibi eds vbedr`s qu` sus bnnhdl`s ròe`kbl y puì`l ld s`rr ` b ec`l t ` n dl s n h ` l t` s i ` b e m ul d s i ` ` e ed s . Y bcp d n d s dl s h `c p r ` n dl s -n h `l t ` s i` gbs t b què pultd sus prdp h d s vb e d r ` s s dl ndg` r `l t ` s y s ` r ` -ou`rzbl cutubc`lt`, d gbstb què pultd sdl ndltrbihntdrhds. Eb hmld-

rblnhb r`sp`ntd b eds vbedr`s i` dtrds, nuybs bnthvhibi`s puì`l t`l`rulb r `p `r nus hþl `l e b sb a hiur ãb i ` e b s i `n h s h dl `s , ` s p r daba e ` qu` s `bbûl c bydr . ´Ruè p` r s dlbs bidp t bl què vb e d r` s , ndl què h l t `ls hibi udri`l i` prhdrhibi4 ´Zdr què ph`lsbl nþcd ed gbn`l, y `l què ndl-ih n hdl` s nb ca h b r ãbl sus dp hl h dl` s4 ´Gbs t b què pultd y pb rb què p` r -

BEOQ@INDQ@BL. bYg` I`nehl` do Zdehthnbe Yg`dry¶, Zdehthnbe ^nh`ln` Rubr-tnrey, ?7 (s`pth`car` 280>), pâm. >>:. No. ^dnhbe ^nh`ln` Q`s`brng Ndulnhe, Ndc-chtt`` do Hehstdrhdmrbpgy, Auee`thl 09, Yg`dry bli Zrbnthn` hl Hehstdrhnbe ^tuiy, pâm. 8.

HHBbdul I. EB^ H^@EE, uNurr`lt ^tuih`s do tg` I`nhshdl Zrdn`ss; Butdcbthdlv`rsus Nr`bthvhtys, ]`st`rl Zdehthnbe Rubrt`rey, = (s`pth`car` 2800), pâms. 8.2=.

Zrìhnnhþl?>

s dlbs d m rupds ` s ulb prân t h nb d ndli h n h þl ul vb e d r qu` ` s cbl t `l hid ,quhzâ, n dcd ulb nu`s t hþl i` o ` `c dn hdlb e , l d r bn h dlb e , y gbs t b què pul -t d y pb rb quhèl ` s ul c ètdid d h l s t ruc`ltd r ` sp` n t d b e nub e puì` gb -a`r i hsnushþl y blâe hs hs rbn hdlb e`s4

Zbrb bemulbs p`rsdlbs, pdr `k`cped, eb hi`b i` eb hli`p`li`lnhbsda ` r blb i` e d s @s t bids hl sp h r b ulb i`vdn hþl o blâ t h n b , ` hl s hlubn hdl `si` qu` ià` nub e h o h n b r s ` d bablidl br s` sdl n dl s hi ` r bibs n dcd s bn r ã e` -m bs d `qu hvb e `l t ` s d t r b h n hþl 6 p br b d t r bs , eb s da ` r bl ã b s ` `l t h `li` n dc dcìhd i` edmrbr prdpþshtds prânthnds6 pdr `k`cped, è ah`l`stbr i` eb

tdtbehibi d pbrt` iè puàed ià` s`r bablidlbib nublid i`kb i` s`r-vhr `stds ohl`s tbl sbthsobntdrhbc`lt` ndcd pdirãbl s`red pdr dtrd c`-i hd b e t ` rl b t hv d . Eb i `c dnr bn hb t bc a hèl puì` s ` r d ul o ` t h ng` d ul hl s -truc`ltd, ndlshi`rbid au`ld d cbed, i`p`lih`lid i` `l què cìhibshrv` b eds ohl`s prdpu`stds. Plb i`vdnhþl o`rvh`lt` b eb v`z b eb i`-cdnrbnhb y b eb sda`rblãb puì` ndliunhr b ul ihe`cb l eds nbsds lqu` ebs ids bpbr`n`l ndcd hlndcpbthae`s. I` eb chscb cbl`rb qu` bv`n`s s` tdcbl i`nhshdl`s shl pr`stbr ndcpe`tb bt`lnhþl b ebs nu`sthd-l` s qu` s ` r ` o h ` r`l b vb e d r ` s , b s ã t bca h èl s dl b c `luid bidp t bibs s h lndlnh`lnhb d shl xbc`l ndcpe`td i` eds cètdids pdshae`s. Ed chscdqu` e trbtbihstb i` nh`lnhb pdeãthnb puì` ndltrhauhr ihr`ntb d hlihr`n-

tbc`lt` b eb r bn h dlb e hibi i` eb s i `n h s h dl `s , `xbc hlblid y e e bcbl id e bbt`lnhþl eds prdae`cbs i` eds vbedr`s, puì` gbn`red tbcahèl hi`lthoh-nblid y vbedrblid eds c ètdids b e t `rlbt hvds d pds ha h e hibi`s i` bnn hþl qu`pdirãbl s`r bidptbids .

Eb ihsnushþl blt`rhdr i` eds cètdids ihr`ntds pbrb prdcdv`r eb rb-n hdlbe hibi bsuc` qu` ` e n h`l t ã o hnd pde ã t hnd s` `l or`l tb, bprdx hcbibc`lt`,ndl e chscd prdae`cb qu` lnbrbrâ quh`l gbyb i` tdcbr eb i`nhshþly qu` , pd r t bl t d , gb râ i` n eb rb n h dl` s p` r t h l `l t ` s b e p rda e `cb , prdab a e ` -c`lt` pdr snrhtd, ndl eb sp`rblzb i` hloeuhr l eb bnnhþl.

Lds g`cds d nupbid c âs b r rh ab i` e b s b o hrcbn h dl` s i`snrhpthvbs qu`

gbn`l e d s t r b t bi h s tbs i ` n h `l n hb p d e ã t hn b n dl e b hl t `l n hþl i` byuibr 6 l b -turb ec`l t ` , puì`l t bca hèl `xpdl `r p ds tu ebids l drcbt hv ds .

^` `c p e ` bl t bc a h èl c ètdids h li hr ` n t d s i` h l o euh r eb s i` n h s h dl` s `lè s`lthid i` eb rbnhdlbehibi. Eb cbydrãb i` eds ehards i` t`xtd y ièbs `xpe hnbn hdl`s i` nâtìrb ià`l, prdabae`c`lt` , n ebs h o hnbrs` ndcd ndc-pr `li h`lid ` s ou`r zds hli h r ` n t ds . @l su cb ydr p br t ` , l d s ` i h r h m `l b p r d -

ae`cbs `sp`nãohnds qu` ulb p`rsdlb qu` tdc` i`nhshdl`s ià` bordl-tbr, y, l su cbydr pbrt`, ld s` i`sthlbl b hlihvhiuds l nubltd nbpb-n` s i` t dcb r i` n hs h dl` s i` r ` spdlsba h eh ibi . Câs a h `l s ` i` s t h lbl b e d -m r br ed s vbr h ds o hl ` s n dc pr `li hids `l e b i `n eb r bn hþl n h t bib câs br r ha b ;suchlhstrbr ul odlid i` hlodrcbnhþl, suchlhstrbr ndldnhch`ltd sdar`prhlnhphds y e`y`s i`snrhpthvbs, obnhehtbr xpehnbnhþl y bemulb ndlsnh`l-nhb i` eds r`quhshtds qu` ià l nucpehrs` pbrb qu` eb `xpehnbnhþl s bsbthsobntdrhb, sthcuebr eb hlv`sthmbnhþl i` ohl s y cìhds y i` ebs r`-e b n h dl `s `l t r ` e d s chsc ds , b e `l t br ` e ` sp ã r h tu i` hl v `s t h m bn hþl ` hl nu en brbemulb cìhib pbrb kuzmbr eds nrht`rhds i` eb nr`bnhþl nh`ltãohnb s`rhb,



?9h`lnhb pdeãthnb.; ul blâehshs o hedsþohnd

`tnèt`rb. Eds cètdids hlihr`ntds sdl, pu`s, câs m`l`rbe s qu` ndlnr`tds6

ihrhmhèlids`, l m`l rbe, b quh`l s tdcbl ebs i`nhshdl`s y prdpdrnhdlbl-

id, ldrcbec`lt`, thpds i` ndldnhch`ltd, tènlhnbs y bnthtui`s qu` byu-ibrâl l eb rbnhdlbehibi i` eb bnnhþl i` i`nhihr 27.

Be ndch`lzd i` st` nbpãtued g`cds ldtbid qu` eb ndliuntb pdeãthnb,ndcd tdib ndliuntb gucblb, s` absb l prdpþshtds y shmu` r`mebs. @s

davhd qu` è dak`thvd i` eds trbtbihstbs i` nh`lnhb pdeãthnb ià` s`r hi`l-thohnbr eds prdpþshtds qu` p`rshmu`l y ebs r`mebs qu` shmu`l eds ihsthltds

bntdr`s. @s câs ; eb hi`lthohnbnhþl i` prdpþshtds y r`mebs ià` bndcpb-

òbrs` i` ul sou`rzd pbrb i`snuarhr ebs hlt`rrèbnhdl`s ltr` eeds y i`s-

nuarhr ebs ndls`nu`lnhbs i` p`rs`muhreds d bpehnbreds `l nhrnulstblnhbs

vbrhbae`s. @e i`snuarhch`ltd i` ebs hlt`rrèbnhdl`s y ndls`nu`lnhbs ld

puì` c`lds i` t`l`r ulb hloeu`lnhb ihr`ntb d hlihr`ntb `l eb pdeãthnbb s`muhr .

PLB LDYB ^DAQ@ EB DA K@YH_HIBI

Eb bohrcbnhþl i` qu` è ohl sdnhb- iè nuethvbidr i` eb nh`lnhb pd-eãthnb `s ndltrhauhr b eb rbnhdlbehibi i` eb bnnhþl i` tdcbr i`nhshdl`speblt`b eb nu`sthtl i` eb dak`thvhibi. Eb nu`sthþl, tbe ndcd eb ndlshi`-rbcds bquã, s` ròh`r` sdebc`lt` b ebs i`nebrbnhdl`s i`snrhpthvbs y be

è`c`ltd i`snrhpthvd qu` s` ndlshi`rb. I`si` ul pultd i` vhstb pdshth-

vhstb (ihsthlmuhèlided i` uld rbnhdlbehstb), ebs bohrcbnhdl`s ldrcbthvbs`xpr`sbl prò`r`lnhbs d vdehnhdl`s y sdl l`n`sbrhbc`lt` suak`thvbs. I`

ulb cbl`rb ulhodrc` s` ndlshi`rb qu` eb dak`thvhibi s i`s`bae` nubl-

id s` trbtb i` `stuihds i`snrhpthvds. Z`rd ńuâe`s sdl ebs nbrbnt`rãsthnbs

i` ulb `lnu`stb dak thvb4

Bsuch`lid tbltd qu` eb dak`thvhibi `s i`s`bae` ndcd qu` è `stuihd

i` eb pdeãthnb `s ulb bnthvhibi qu` s` ndlnr`tb `l pr`multbs y r`spu`s-

tbs, s` shmu` qu` ià` iòhlhrs` eb dak`thvhibi i` tbe cbl`rb qu` p`r-

chtb qu` ebs pr`multbs y -r`spu`stbs s`bl ndcpbthae`s ndl eeb. @l dtrbs

pbebarbs; eb dak`thvhibi ld puì` s`r tbl iòhlhib qu` hcphib ebs ndl-

t`stbnhdl`s d ndlneushdl`s. Ld ià` s`r hmube b eb r`nde`nnhþl i` g ngds

y b gbn`r hcpdshae` è kuhnhd. Ndcd bemuh`l gb ihngd’`l dtrd ndlt`x-td’, sh eb dak`thvhibi ou`s` iòhlhib pbrb hcpìhr ndlneushdl`s d r`s-

pu`stbs, è `stuihd dak`thvd s`rãb ul `stuihd shl dak`td. Ld t`lirãb s`l-thid.

B v`n`s, s` bsuc` qu` s`r dak`thvd `s i`kbr gbaebr b eds g`ngds pdr

sã chscds. I` ed qu` yb s` gb ihngd pbr`n` nebrd qu` `std hcpehnb `l-

mbòd, quhzâ prdphd `lmbòd6 y qu` è `lmbòd s` obnhehtb ndl è e`lmubk`

ohmurbid qu` s` cpe`b. `bl ed qu` s`bl eds «g`ngds¶ (y e s`lthidi` `stb pbebarb s` ihsnuthrâ `l e nbpãtued prþxhcd), ld gbaebl. Eds nh l-tãohnds, sã. @e nh`ltãohnd peblt`b eb pr`multb, sè`nnhdlb d bpr`g`li` eds

ENGBQE@^ ^. HHYL@CBL, Yg` tuiy do Zdehthns (Prablb6 Plhv`rshty do He ehldhs

Zr`sb, 2808), pâms. 8.2=.

Zrìhnnhþl ?

ibtds qu` ndlshi`rb shmlhohnbthvds pbrb eb pr`multb, y ausnb ulb r`s-

pu`stb `l abs` b eds ibtds. û s e nnhþl u dri`lbnhþl i` eds ibtds puì`

bpultbr d ndliunhr b eb r`spu`stb6 pdr rbzdl s prânthnbs puì` i t`l`rs`blt`s i` odrcuebr eb r`spu`stb, p`rd, b p`sbr i` tdid, sh gbaeb, eb `x-

pr`sb. Ld edmrb eb dak`thvhibi shcpe`c`lt` pdr i`t`l`rs` y ld xpr`-sbr eb r`spu`stb qu` su sè`nnhþl y dri`lbnhþl i eds ibtds sumh`r`l. @l

bemulds nbsds, ulb ndlneushþl basdeutb y `xtr`cb puì` s`r bpdybib i`

cbl`rb basdeutb pdr ebs pruàbs, `l nuyd nbsd eb bohrcbnhþl i` eb ndl-

neushþl `xtr`cb puì` s`r tdtbec`lt` ndcpbthae` ndl è r`quhshtd i` da-k`thvhibi. @e kuhnhd i` ul idntdr i` qu` è pbnh`lt` `stâ cu`rtd puì`

s`r basdeutbc`lt` dak`thvd, bulqu` s`b xtr`cd er.

Eb dak`thvhibi, qu` s hcpdrtblt` sdebc`lt` pbrb eb hlv`sthmbnhþl`cpãrhnb y pbrb ebs bohrcbnhdl`s i`snrhpthvbs suashmuh`lt`s, th`l` ndl`-

xhþl ndl ebs bnthtui`s y prânthnbs qu` sdl bn`ptbibs m`l`rbec`lt` l ebprdo`shþl y qu` ee`vbl b iho`r`lt`s nh`ltãohnds, bprdxhcbibc`lt`, b eb chs-

cb r`spu`stb. Ebs bnthtui`s y prânthnbs s` ròh`r`l b eds nrht`rhds pdr

eds nube`s s` ndlshi`rb b eds ibtds shmlhohnbthvds y ihmlds, i` nrèihtd6 è

nbrânt`r ndcpe`td ndl qu` eds ibtds sdl ednbehzbids d i`sbrrdeebids, eds

nrht`rhds cìhblt` eds nube`s s` e`s hcputb ihsthltds mrbids i` hcpdr-

tblnhb d shmlhohnbnhþl, y eb eþmhnb `cpe`bib pbrb i`t`rchlbr què ibtds

sdl, `l m`l`rbe, bn`ptbids, y sh eb eþmhnb rhm` eb iìunnhþl i` eb r`s-pu`stb i` eds ibtds. Ar`v`c`lt`, è nh`ltãohnd `s dak`thvd sh eb r`spu`stb

i` dtrds nh`ltãohnds ndliun`, bprdxhcbibc`lt`, be chscd r`suetbid. @labs` b èstb, ulb iòhlhnhþl puì , lbturbec`lt`, s`r quhvdnbib bulqu`

s` ee`mu` b èeb dak`thvbc`lt` 27.

Ebs pbebarbs t`shs y pdeèchnb b v`n`s s` `cpe`bl `l ndl`xhþl ndl

`snrhtds bnbièchnds, y eb nu`sthþl i` eb dak`thvhibi surm` `l ndl`xhþl

n d l b c a d s .B v`n`s, eb r`spu`stb b ulb pr`multb `s i`ldchlbib t`shs. Davhb-

c`lt`, stb pbebarb ld s` bpehnb b r`spu`stbs qu` sdl bn`ptbibs ulhv`r-

sbec`lt` ndcd v`ribi`rbs. ^h bemuh`l, `l eb hmldrblnhb, pr`multb iþl-

i` s` `lnu`ltrb eb Nbsb Aeblnb, eb r`spu`stb i` qu` `stâ `l ]bsghlmtdl

ld puì` i`ldchlbrs` ulb t`shs. Z`rd sh bemuh`l pr`multb sh è pr`sh-i`lt` stuvd bn`rtbid be ohrcbr ul prdy`ntd i` e`y, s pdshae` qu` ebr`spu`stb s`b ulb t`shs6 `std shmlhohnb qu` i`sbrrdeebrâ brmuc`ltds, br-

muc`ltds absbids `l t`sthcdlhds, pruàbs y rbzdlbch`ltds. Eb odrcbbik`thvb i` t`shs ld `s cuy `cpe`bib, p`rd puì` s`r ndlv`lh`lt` pbrb o. A@LKBCHLO. ]QHNHHY, «Q`s`brng hlBc`rhnbl Zdehthnbe Yg`drys, Bc`-

rhnbl Zdehthnbe ^nh`ln` Q`vh`w, >7 (bmdstd 2899), pâm. =9:6 QdbsdL, Yg` Plhv`rshty

Y`bnghlm do dnhbe nh`ln`s, pâms. 221-2>.' N. ]QHMGY CHEE^, «Ywd Yyp`s do ^dnhbe Blbeyshs)), Zghedsdpgy do ^nh`ln`, 1:

(dntuar` 280>), pâms. 1?7.?86 ZDZZ@Q, Yg` Dp`l ^dnh`ty bli Hts @l`ch`s, pâmh-lbs 9:>-?6 KDGL G@QCBL QBLIBEE y M@DHHN@ GBHL@ , «Ndltrdeehlm Bsucpthdls hltg` Z r b n t h n ` d o Bc` r h n bl H e hs t d r h bls , , `l ^dn h b e - ^ n h `ln ` Q`s ` b r ng Nduln h e , Ndcc h t t ` `dl Hehstdrhdmrbpgy, Auee`thl 09, Yg`dry bli Zrbnthn` hl ghstdrhnbe ^tuiy (Lu`vbXdrf6 ^^QN, 289?), pâms. 11.>6 BQLDEI AQ@NGY, Zdehthnbe Yg`dry (Zrhln`tdl6 Zrhl-

n`tdl Plhv`rshty Zr`ss, 2808), nbpãtueds HH y HHH.

0



??h`lnhb pdeãthnb; ul blâehshs ohedsþohnd

lu`strds prdpþshtds uet`rhdr`s. Ed chscd qu` ghpþt`shs puì` s`r trbls-odrcbib l ghpdtèthnd y bltãt`shs `l blthtèthnd t`shs puì ibr tèshnd.Bsã, ul `snrhtd `s tèshnd nublid brmuc`ltb `l bpdyd i` ulb r`spu`stby trbtb i` r`sdev`r ulb iuib. Zuì` s`r tèshnd nublid eb pr`multb `si` ul abkd lhv e i` m`l`rbehibi, pu`s b v`n`s s` iuib i` eds i`tbee s6`s prdabae` qu` s`b tèshnd nublid eb nu`sthþl `s i` ul betd lhvè i` m`-l`rbehibi, pu`s ltdln`s s i` sp`rbr qu` surkb eb iuib.

Eb ihsthlnhþl `ltr` ulb t`shs y ulb pdeèchnb, y, l ndls`nu lnhb,`ltr` ed tèshnd y ed pdeèchnd, ld `s cuy nebrb. Bcabs pbebarbs s` bsd-nhbl ndl iuib, ihsnushþl, ndl ndltrdv`rshb. Zrdabae`c`lt`, s` `lnu`ltrbeb ihsthlnhþl `l è nuhibid ndl qu` eds ibtds shmlhohnbthvds sdl pr`s`l-tbids y eb hcpbrnhbehibi ndl qu` sdl ndlshi`rbids. Nublid ul `snrhtds` i`ldchlb pdeèchnd, eb ndlldtbnhþl s qu` e butdr trbtbab, sdar`tdid, i` edmrbr ul tbltd l ul pultd i` vhstb ndltrdv`rthid, qu` l su`sou`rzd pbrb èed ee`mþ b `xtr`cds y qu`, quhzâ, qu` su prdpþshtd y sh-tubnhþl bo ntþ b su p`rn`pnhþl y kuhnhd i` tbe cdid qu` e` ee`vþ b ldv`r d b ld ndl shi`rbr hcpbrnhbec`lt` ibtds shmlhohnbthvds. @e nèd i` ulpde`chstb pdr su pultd i` vhstb, s` ph`lsb, e` gbn` nuepbae` i` vhdebreds nrht`rhds i` eb s`rhb bnthvhibi nh`ltãohnb. Nbsh ndl n`rt`zb eds `snrh-tdr`s pdeèchnds nbr`n`râl i` dak`thvhibi. Z`rd nubli d ul `snrhtd `s i`-ldchlbid tèshnd, ld `xhst` hcpehnbnhþl i` qu` è i`s`d iè butdr i` ndl-v`ln`r e` gb ndliunhid b bablidlbr eds nrht`rhds i` eb nr`bnhþl nh`ltãohnb.

^` e` Ndlnì` ulb bnthtui y prdpþshtd qu`, `l prhlnhphd, puì` s`r ndc-pbthae` ndl eb dak`thvhibi y ndl dtrbs nubehibi s qu` ndlvh`rt`l b sutrbabkd `l ihmld i` nrèihtd6 sh èe edmrb r bec`lt` bpdybr ndl èxhtd sut`shs, `s dtrb nu`sthþl iho`r`lt`.



NBZÃYPED RPHLYD

G`ngds

«Ed qu` .s` l`n`shtbl sdl G`ngds-i`nebrþ ulb v`z Aryn` 6-6 G`- ";

ngds , G`ngds y G`ngds ¶ 2

Z`rd ´què sdl eds g` ngds4 ´Ruè s` quh`r` i`nh r pdr ul g`ngd «ndl -nr`td¶ d «m`l`rbe¶4 ´Ruè g`ngds sdl eds «g`ngds¶ i` eb nh`lnhb pdeã-thnb4 X què g`ngds s` rèbnhdlbl ndl eds qu` bo`ntbl b eds ohl`s y be d s cì hds4

I@OHLHNHDL@^ I@ ((G@NGD¶

^` gbl ibid ulb s`rh` i` iòhlhnhdl`s i` g`ngd qu` puì`l byuibrb ndlo`rhr s`lthid b eb pbebarb. Mddi` y Gbtt ed iòhl l ndcd «ulbdas`rvbnhþl `cpãrhnbc`lt` v`rhohnbae`¶’iòhlhnhþl qu` `s tdtbec`lt`bn`p t ba e ` s h s ` nd ls hi` rbl e b v` r h o hn b n h þl i h r ` n t b ` h li h r ` n tb y e b das ` r -vbnhþl 1-.]hesdl i h n ` qu` « ed s g`ngds sdl s h tubn hdl `s d n h r nuls t bl n hbs

qu` b o ` n t bl b bqu` e e d sda r ` e d qu` l d pb r `n ` puìb `x h s t h r e ` m ã thcbc `l t èumbr i` i`sbnu`rid¶’iòhlhnhþl qu` s ûthe, `sp`nhbec`lt` sh eds tèr-chlds «shtubnhdl`s¶ y «nhrnulstblnhbs¶ sdl hlt`rpr`tbids ndl bcpehtuiy shl mrbl rhmdr `

-.@bs t dl i` o hl ` ` e g `ngd n dc d «ulb dri`lbn hþl pbr -thnuebr i` eb r`behibi l tèrchlds i` hlt`rès t`drèthnd¶’iòhlhnhþl qu`bpbr `n ` râ câs n e b r b i `sp uès i` qu` gbybcds i h s nu thid ` e s h ml h o hn bid ièb pbebarb «t`drãb¶ 9’6 bgdrb `s c`kdr p`lsbr i` ulb dri`lbnhþl i`'htbid pdr GBQDEI I. EB^ % @EEyBAQBGBC FBZEBL, Zdw`r bli ^dnh`ty;B Orbc`wdrf odr Zdehthnbe Hlquh`ry (L`w Gbv`l6 Xbe` Plhv`rshty Zr`ss, 280:), pâ-m h l b 2 : .

• ]HEEHBCH. MDDI@ y ZBPE G. GBYY, C`tgdis hl ^dnhbe Q`s`brng (Lu`vbXdrf6 CnMrbw-Ghee, 2801), pâm. 7.

• OQBLNH MQBGBC ]HE^DL, Yg` @e`c`lts do Cdi`rl Zde hthns (Lu`vb Xdrf6CnMrbw-Ghee, 28>?), pâm. 1.

9 IB_HI @^BYDL, Yg` Zdehthnbe yst`c (Lu`vb Xdrf6 Fldpo, 280>), pâm. 0>.



=1h`lnhb pdeãthnb; ul blâehshs ohedsþohnd

eb r`behibi l tèrchlds i` eb nu`sthþl qu` gbyb shid peblt`bib. Dtrbpdshahehibi `s qu` pdibcds iòhlhr ul g`ngd ndcd ul gbeebzmd d ulbbohrcbnhþl bn`rnb i` eb r`behibi, be qu` s ` g b e e` m bi d c ì h bl t` u l c è -tdid ihmld i` ndlohblzb. Pl cètdid `s ihmld i` ndlohblzb sh prdiun`è chscd r`suetbid b tdids eds qu` ed `cpe`bl. I` stb cbl`rb, eb i`-o hl h n hþl qu` s ` gb bi` ebl t bid puì` t r biun h rs ` i ` c bl`r b qu` i hm b quùl g`ngd s ul gbeebzmd d ulb bohrcbnhþl bn`rnb i` eb r`behibi sdar`` e qu` ul bnu`rid ul hv`rsbe `s , `l pr hln hp hd, b enblzba e` .

EB ^@QH@ I@ IBYD DQI@LBID ZDQ ED G@NGD^

B v`n `s e d s g`ngds s ` i `sn r ha `l , p dr ulb pbr t ` , n dcd ndl n r ` t ds , e hc h -tbids d i`tbeebids, y, pdr dtrb, ndcd m`l`rbe`s d bcpehds. Eb iho`r`lnhbr`shi` l eb nblthibi i` ibtds qu` sdl dri`lbids d r`suchids, d, i`b emulb c bl`r b , bn br r `bids p br b s ` r v h r i ` abs` b e g `ngd . Nubl t d cb ydrs`b e b n bl t hibi i` ib t ds s hcad e h z bids `l ` e g `ngd , câs `x t `l sþ d m `l `r b e` e g` ngd ` s .

@stbs pds ha h e hibi`s puì`l h eus trbrs` oân h ec`l t` . ûpdlmbc ds qu` `l-t r bcds `l e b nâc brb i` e ^`lbid `l ` e Nbp h t d e h d i ` ]bsg hl m t dl . Lds ib -cds nu`ltb i` qu` ul oulnhdlbrhd qu` pr`shi` stâ l su pu`std, qu`

ul s`lbid r ` s t â gba ebl id y qu` uld d vbr h ds s `lb idr `s ` s t âl s `l t bids`l sus ` s nbòds . Ydids e d s qu` ndcpruà`l ` s t b s b o h rcbn h dl` s e b s ndl -ohrcbrâl. Zdi`cds i`nhr, pu`s, qu` ed qu` g`cds ldtbid sdl g`ngds6eb pbebarb g`ngd, l `st ` nbsd, i`ldtb p`rn`pn hdl`s s`lsdr hb e`s i hr`n tbs .ûpdlmbcds qu` , gba h `lid ` s t ba e ` n hid e b s p ` r n `p n hdl `s s `l sdr h b e ` s b r r h -a b i `sn r ht b s n dc d g`ngds , i `n hcds qu` ` e ^`lbid s ` `l nu`l t rb `l s ` s hþl .@l st` nbsd, stbcds hlohrh`lid ul g ngd i` dtrds yb stbae`nhids6 d,pbrb i` n h r e d i` d t rb c bl` rb , ` s t bcds h l t ` rpr ` t blid e d s g` ngds ` s t ba e ` -n hids 6 y e b hl t ` r p r` t bn hþl - -i ` s ` r n dl o h rcbib’s `râ , ` e eb t bc a hèl , ul g` -ngd . ^ h das ` rvbcds ` e ^ `lbid iurbl t ` ul t h `cp d suo h n h` l t ` , d s h gba e b -cd s n dl e b s p ` r sdlb s bi`nubibs , p dir `c ds i`snuar h r ul t ` r n ` r g`ngd ;p dir `cd s bp r `li`r qu` e d s p r dy`n tds i ` e `y y e b s r ` sd eun hdl `s s dl hl vb -r h ba e `c`l t ` i `n eb r bids bp r dab ids p dr ` e ^`lbid nublid , `l n h r nuls t bl -

n h bs ` sp ` n ã oh n bs , s ` da t h `l ` ul quþruc i` t ` rchlb id 6 `l d t r bs p b eba r bs ;ulb prdpds hn hþl qu` `stba e`n ` r`bec`l t` «ulb s`nu`ln hb hlvbr hba e` d ndl-kulnhþl i` nbrbnt`r`s¶ s` i`ldchlb oânthnb. @s câs ; eb pbebarb g`ngdpuì` i`ld t br b e m d bûl câs bc p e h d . Zuì` bp e h n br s ` b e b s n dl n eus hdl `sm `l `r b e ` s b e n blzbib s i`spuès i` gba`r ` s tui hbid d t r ds g`ngds . Eb n dl -neushþl m`l`rbe puì` s`r qu` e `lbid gb `stbid iìhnblid ulb prd-pdrnhþl nr`nh`lt` i` th`cpd b eds bsultds xt`rhdr`s, qu` l e nursdi` eds bòds eb hloeu`lnhb y pdi`r iè `lbid s` gb hid ndln`ltrblid lnbib v `z c`ld r lûc`rd i` p ` r sdlbs , ` t n . ^ h e b s p ruàbs qu` bpdybl t b -e ` s b o h rcbn hdl ` s sdl su o h n h`l t ` s , s ` t r b t brâ i` b o h rcbn hþl i` g`ngds . @lnbsd ndltrbr hd , ebs b o h rcbn hdl`s’i` gbn`rs`’ià`l s`r ndlshi`rbibs ndcd

G`ngds =>

ghpþt`shs, ebs nube`s `stuihbr`cds câs bièblt`. Eb eãl`b ihvhsdrhb `l-tr` ul g`ngd y ulb ghpþt`shs ld `s ohkb 0 .

^` puì`l b òbi h r d t rd s t h pd s i` ` k `c p e d s . I` spuès i` ulb ` e ` nn h þllbn hdlb e pdi`cds `s tba e`n`r eds r`suetbids pdr urlbs, ndlibids , pdr @s-tbids d l e ndlkultd iè pbãs, y nbib bohrcbnhþl puì` s r oânthnb.Zuì` s`r ul g`ngd qu` ul oulnhdlbrhd hlihvhiube gb tdcbid ulb i`-nhshþl y tbcahèl qu` e Mdah`rld gb g ngd ed chscd, quhzâ b trbvèsiè ebadr hdsd p rdn`sd nd lst h tun hdlb e . @e ndltrde d e hmârquhnd i` e pdi`r pd-eãthnd l ul ihstrhtd y eb ulhv`rsbe «e`y i` gh`rrd i` eb dehmbrquãb¶ pu`-

i`l s ` r , bcab s , g`ngds . I` cbl`r b s hc h e b r puì` s ` r ul g`ngd qu` ulbp`rsdlb b pr`lib b i hspb rbr ulb nbrba hlb, qu` r`n hab hlst runn hþl che h t br ,y qu` ul Mdah`rld gbyb dri`lbid ` stbs y ulb c uet htui i` dt rbs bnn hdl `spbr b `v h t b r s ` r da e h m bid b n ì`r b d t r b p d t `l n hb gds t h e i ` r`ngds vb e h d sds .

Ru` i`n eb r bn h dl `s i ` g`ngds puì`l ba r bzbr , babr nbr d absbr s ` `lmrbl lûc `rd i` ih o `r`lt`s ibtds s` sum h`r` `l ed qu` s hmu` ;

Eb ndltrhaunhþl s`lnhbe i` Ibrwhl ou` idae`. Cìhblt` su pbnh`lt` bnucuebnhþl

y blâehshs i` g`ngds pusd `l n e b r d qu` e b s p e bl tb s y bl hcb e ` s ld pui h ` r dl s ` r n r `bids`l su odrcb bntube, shld qu` gbl iàhid suorhr ul ebrmd prdn`sd i` i`sbrrdeed6 `ldtrbs pbebarbs, qu` eb `vdeunhþl `rb ul g`ngd .

Eb pbebarb g`ngd, pdr tbltd , puì` i`s hmlbr nub equh`r ndsb , i`si`è cãlhcd i`tbee` b eb v`ribi câs m`l`rbe.

RPÈ G@NGD ^DL «ED G@NGD ¶ I@ EB NH@LNHB ZDEÃYHNB4

Ruhzâ s`b n ebrd, i`spuès i` ed i hngd blt`r hdrc` lt`, qu` « eds g`ngds¶i` eb nh`lnhb pdeãthnb y, `l m`l`rbe, i` lhlmulb cbt`rhb, ld s` pr`s`l-t bl dri`lbids p r `v hbc `l t ` . Ndcd i h n ` Gb e e dw` e e, « ed s g`ngds l d s ` p r ` -s `l t bl b e d s hli hv hiuds ( n h ` r tbc `l t ` l d n dl ` t hqu` t bs yb p r `li hibs ). .. ¶ .

Ndc`lzbr b bpr`li`r d b `l s `òbr e d s g` ngds i` , h l n eus d , ulb p b r t ` ièb nh`lnhb pdeãthnb quhvbeirãb b hlhnhbr ulb hlt`rchlbae` y nbsh nbr`ltì` s`lthid aûsquìb, pdr eds g`ngds hlohlhtds y vbrhbids. Eds «g`ngds¶bn`rnb i` eb Nâcbrb i` Q`pr`s`ltblt`s, pdr `k`cped, pdirãbl hlneuhrb o h rcb n hdl `s sd a r ` hlluc`rba e ` s cb t ` r hb s ' y r` o e ` kb r m r bli`s n b l t hibi`si` ibtds. Zdirãbl hlneuhr ibtds ohshdeþmhnds bn`rnb i` eds ch`cards’è

` s t bid i` sus n dr bzdl `s , ib t ds i ` sus c` t bad e h sc ds , e b p h mc`l t bn hþl i`

º Eds s hmlh o h nbids i` eb pb e bar b g`ngd `stâl ndlshi`rbids dl CDQQH Q. NDG@L

y@QL@^Y LBM@E, Bl Hltrdiunthdl td Edmhn bli ^nh`lthoh n C`tgdi (Lu`vb Xdrf6

Gbrndurt, Arbn`, 28>9), pâms. 12=-27. No. HIL@XGddx, «Zrdae`cs do Y`rchldedmy

hl Hhstdrhnbe ]rhthlm; Heeustrbthdls¶, `l ^dnhbe ^nh`ln` Q`s`brng Ndulnhe, Ndcchtt``

dl Ghstdrhdmrbpgy, Auee`thl 09, Yg`dry bli Zrbnthn` hl Ghstdrhnbe tuiy (Lu`vb

Xdrf6 ^^QN, 28-9?), pâm. 2196 MP^YB_ A@QNCBLL, Yg` C`tbpgyshns do Edmhnbe

Zdshthvhsc (Lu`vb Xdrf6 Edlmcbls, Mr``l, 2809), pâm. >:>.KPEHBL GPWE@X, «Ibrwhl Ihsndv`rs Lbtur`'s Zebl¶, Eho`, 99 (>: i` kulhd

i 280:), 7>. ^` gbl b e h bi hid ebs nurs hvbs .KDtEL G. GBEED]@EE, «Zdehthns bli ^tghns¶, Bc`rhnbl Zdehthnbe nh`ln` Q`.

vh w, >7( b md s t d 2899), pâms . ?97-98.

=9



Nh`lnhb pdeãthnb; ul blâehshs ohedsþohnd

sus phè`s y nbaèeds, eb bmui`zb i` sus dkds y dãids, `tn.’. Zdirãbl tbc-ahèl hlneuhr ibtds bn`rnb i` ebs ndlihnhdl`s oãshnbs `l qu` trbabkb eb Nâ-cbrb’eb ihc`lshþl y odrcb i` eb Nâcbrb, e sthed y odrcb i` su scuàe`s, è mrbid i` ehcph`zb i` su suèd `l ihsthltbs dnbshdl`s, `tn.’ .@s, prdabae`c`lt`, ul ibtd rò`r`lt` b eds ch`cards iè N dlmr`sd, bsh-chscd, qu` i` ulb cbl`rb u dtrb s` vhst`l iho r`lt`c`lt , ndc`t`l`rrdr`s mrbcbthnbe`s tbcahèl i ho`r`lt`s, e`s mustbl iho`r`lt`s nebs`s i`ndnhlb y stâl hloeuhids pdr iho`r`lt s bcah lt`s. @stds y dtrds thpdsi` g`ngds pdirãbl ndcphebrs`, p`rd è c`rd g`ngd i` qu` s` rèbnhdl`li`

bemulb cbl`rb ndl eb N âcbrb i` Q`pr`s`ltblt`s ld e`s ndlvh`rt` l`-n`sbrhbc`lt` `l g `ngds i` eb nh`lnhb pd eãthnb. ^h ou`rb bsã, eds trbtbihs-tbs i` nh`lnhb pdeãthnb s` v`rãbl daehmbids b hlt`ltbr i`t`rchlbr nuâl-tds i` eds nben`thl`s usbids pdr eds ndlmr`shstbs (d pdr eds vdtblt`s) th`-l`l bmuk`rds `l ebs pultbs.

E`kds i` `stbr dri`lbids pr`vhbc`lt`, eds g`ngds i` eb nh`lnhb pd-eãthnb sdl sè`nnhdlbids pdr eds nh`ltãohnds A.Pl g`ng d p`rt`l`n` b eb cb-t`rhb nublid ul nh`ltãohnd ed ndlshi`rb ûthe pbrb ndlt`stbr b ulb pr`-multb qu` s` gb odrcuebid. Nublid vh`kbs nu`sthdl`s i kbl i` s`r hc-pdrtblt`s d vh`kds cètdids i` n dlt`stbrebs i`kbl i` s`r ûthe`s, Hds bntdsvh`kds i`sbpbr`n`l iè nbcpd. Q`nãprdnbc`lt`, lu`vbs pr`multbs y lu`-vds cètdids btrb`l lu`vds g`ngds.

I` ed blt`rhdr s` shmu` qu` eds g`ngds vbrãbl `l mrbl cìhib `l edqu` s` ròh`r` b su hcpdrtblnhb º. Benblzbl s`lthid pbrb è nh`ltãohndpdeãthnd sdebc`lt` nublid s` rèbnhdlbl ndl ulb nu`sthþl pdr èe pebl-t`bib, y, ltdln`s, su hcpdrtblnhb puì` vbrhbr ndlshi`rbae`c lt` i`mrbid. G`ngds qu` sdl cuy ûthe`s pbrb ndlt`stbr b nh`rtd lûc`rd idnu`sthdl`s hcpdrtblt`s i`rhvbl mrbl hcpdrtblnhb iè pbp e qu` ku`mbl,ch`ltrbs qu` g ngds qu` pr`stbl tbl sþed byuib ehchtbib pbrb ndlt`s-tbr nu`sthdl`s c`ldr`s sdl câs ah`l hlshmlhohnblt`s.

Eds G@NGD NDCD _@QIBI@QB HLODQCBNHÞL X NDCD ZQP@AB

@stâ hcpeãnhtd `l ed blt`rhdr è qu` `xhst l cbl`rbs bet rlbthvbsi` p`lsbr `l eds g`ngds 2: . Zdr ulb pbrt`, puì`l s`r ndlshi`rbids ndcdbohrcbnhdl`s i` hlodrcbnhþl v`ribi`rb, ndcd v`ribi`s `stbae`nhibs, ndcdndlneushdl`s6 ulb v`z qu` gb shid `xpr sbid ul g ngd l st` s lthid,ld quìb lbib pdr i`nhr. Bsã, eb bohrcbnhþl i` qu` eb vdeunhþl s ulg`ngd puì` s`r ndlshi`rbib ndcd ulb bohrcbnhþl i` v`ribi`rb hlodr-cbnhþl, ndcd eb nuec hlbnhþl i` ul prdn`sd i` peblt`bch`ltd i` `l`s-

• No. @. G. NBQQ,Yg` L`w ^dnh`ty (Adstdl6 A`bndl Zr`ss, 280=), pâms. 8-2:.Nbrr nhtb b Nbre A`nf`r, quh l ihn`; «Eds g`ngds i ` ebghstdrhb ld `xhst`l pbrb lhl-mûl ghstdrhbidr gbstb qu` eds nr`bs. _`r, tbcahèl, @ B ^YD L , Yg` Zdehthnbe ^yst`cpâmhlb 0>.

• No. GBEEDw@EE,t Zdehthns bli @tghns pâm. ?98.2

ZBYQHNF MBQIHL@Q, Yg` Lbtur` do Ghstdrhnbe @xpeslbthdl (Edlir`s6 DxodriPlhv`rshty Zr`ss. 2801), pâms. =>.==.

G`ngds =0

thdl`s y i` ndlt`stbnhþl i` nu`sthdl`s. I` eb chscb cbl`rb, eb bohrcb-nhþl i` qu` eds @stbids Plhids y eb Mrbl Ar`tbòb sdl pbrt`s shmlbtb-rhbs iè Yrbtbid iè Bteâlthnd Ldrt` `s ulb bohrcbnhþl i` hlodrcbnhþlv`ribi`rb, qu` hcpeãnhtb d `xpeãnhtbc`lt` ndlt`stb b ulb pr`multb... Zdrdtrb pbrt`, eds g`ngds puì`l s`r ndlshi`rbids ld tbltd ndcd v`ribi`-rbs r`spu`stbs, shld ndcd pruàbs qu` bo`ntbl b pr`multbs qu` ld gblshid ndlt`stbibs. Bsã, è g`ngd i` eb `vdeunhþl puì` s`r ndlshi`rbidndcd ulb pruàb l eb nu`sthþl i` sh eb vhib v`m tbe y blhcbe vhld b

`xhsthr suastblnhbec`lt` `l eb odrcb bntube pdr ul sded bntd i` nr`b-nhþl, y i` sh eb p`rt l`lnhb be Yrbtbid iè Bteâlthnd Ldrt` puì` s rndlshi`rbib ndcd pruàb i` ulb ndliuntb pr`vhstb `l nh`rtbs ndlthl-m`lnhbs outurbs.

Gby eumbr pbrb `stbs ids cbl`rbs i ndlshi`rbr eds g`ngds. @s l`n -sbrhd r`ndphebr y becbn`lbr hlodrcbnhþl v`ribi rb6 ndcd s` gb sum`rhidblt`s, eds ehards i` rò`r`lnhb, ndcd e ]drei Becblbn v è Plhtì ^tbt`s

Mdv`rlc`lt Drmblhzbthdl Cbluè, nucpe`l ohl`s ûthe`s. @s, quhzâ, hl-`vhtbae` tbcahèl qu` bemuld s ehards i` t`xtd s`bl pbnd câs qu` sou`r-zds pbrb trblschthr g`ngds l st` s lthid.

Z`rd e ndldnhch ltd ld s` e vb, y s` dath l` p`qu`òb sbthsobnnhþlhltè`ntube, shcpe`c`lt` r nhtblid d c`cdrhzblid ed qu` s ndldnhid,`sp`nhbec`lt` nublid eds g`ngds sdl ndlnr`tds y ehchtbids y, pdr tbltd,

`quhvbe lt`s b chlunhbs. @e ohl i` eb bnthvhibi nh`ltãohnb ld s tbltdndls`rvbr ndcd `lsblngbr è ndldnhch`ltd6 y `std s` edmrb tbl sþed sheds g`ngds sdl p`rs`muhids y trbtbids ndcd pruàb l rèbnhþl ndl nu`s-thdl`s qu` tdibvãb ld gbl shid ndlt`stbibs, d gbl shid ndlt`stbibs i`cbl rb ld ndlneuy`lt` d ld sbthsobntdrhb.

Dtrb cbl`rb i` xpr`sbr bprdxhcbibc`lt` e chscd p`lsbch`ltd squ` è nh`ltãohnd trbtb ld tbltd ndl ulb s`rh` i` g`ngds bhsebids ` hl-ihvhiube s ndcd i` ebs rèbnhdl`s ltr` eds g ngds. Yrbtb i` uthehzbr edsg ngds ndcd pruàb l ul prdn`sd i` rbzdlbch`ltd pbrb dat`l`r bsãlu`vd ndldnhch`ltd dat`lhid iè qu` yb pds``. Ibib ulb nu`sthþl, quèg ngds lnbkbl kultds, `l què s`lthid, pbrb qu` prdpdrnhdl`l ulb r`s-pu`stb4 ` ihn` qu` «è vbedr i` trbabkd ghstþrhnd drhmhlbe r`shi` ltrb r b eb euz ndl`xhdl`s ltrè g`ngds ghstþrhnds ah`l ndldnhids¶ 22. Cu-

tbths cutblihs, eb bohrcbnhþl qu` bpehnb b eb nh`lnhb pdeãthnb. Ed nubeshmlhohnb qu` e trbabkd nh`ltãohnd `xhm` e i`sbrrdeed i` t`shs ; qu` eds`snrhtds bnbièchnds ià`l s`r tèshnds `l qu` ià`l i`cdstrbr ndl`xhd-l`s `ltr` g`ngds, y benblzbr ndlneushdl`s.

I` lu`vd `std shmlhohnb qu` ul au `l nh`ltãohnd ld `lnu`ltrb tbl sþed,d nddrihlb, g`ngds `sp`rblid qu` è prdn`sd e` ndliuznb i` bemulb cb -l`rb b ul ndldnhch`ltd shmlhohnbthvd. @e pultd i` pbrthib, ndcd s` gbhlihnbid blt`s, `s ul prdae`cb d ulb pr`multb.

u Hahi. pâm. =8.



=?Nh`lnhb pdeãthnb; ul blâehshs ohedsþohnd

@s ul pultd i` vhstb xtr`cbibc lt` sup`rohnhbe., , e qu` pr`t`li` qu` eb v`ribipuìb `lndltrbrs` b`stuihblid eds g`ngds¶. @s sup`rohnhbe pdrqu` lhlmulb `lnu`stbpuì bvblzbr b c`lds qu` s` sh`ltb bemulb ihohnuetbi `l ulb shtubnhþl prânthnb d;`drèthnb. @s eb ihohnuetbi, d e prdae`cb, ed qu` muãb lu`strb aûsquìb i` bemûldri`l `l e ds g`ngds

`l rèbnhþl be nube s` gb i` sup`rbr eb ihohnuetbi. @s hlûther`nde ntbr «g`ngds¶, b c`lds qu , xhstb ul prdae cb sdar` e nube, s` ph lsb, r`p`r.nut`l b,

l NDG@Ly LBN@E, Bl Hltrdiunthdl td E dmhn bli nh`lthohn C`tgdi, pâms. 288,81. No. MPLLBQ CXQIBE,_beu` hl ^dnhbe Yg`dry (Edlir`s6 Qdute im & F`mbl

Zbue, 2807), pâms. 02.16 FBQEQ. ZDZZ@Q,Yg` Dp`l ^dnh`ty bli Hts @l`ch`s(Zrhln`tdl6 Zrhln`tdl Plhv`rshty Zr`ss, 280:), pâms. 99>.906 @B rdL,Yg` Zdeh-thnbe ^yst`c, pâms. ??.=7.

Nublid gba e bc ds i` e b Nbs b A e blnb , d i` Fgrusng`v , d i` e b adc -ab e blzbib s dar ` H e h rd sg hcb , lu` s t r b s pb e ba rb s s dl ` sp` n ã o hnb s y i` s h m -lbl b emd ndlnr` td . Hi`lt h o hnbl ndsb s , p`rsdlbs d bndlt`n hc h`ltds , y t h`l`l

ulb ûl hnb bp e hnbn hþl . @stbs pbebarbs `s p`n ã o hnbs, ndlnr`tbs, sdl , lbturbe-c`lt`, hcpr`snhlihae`s. Be chscd th`cpd, sh lds ehchtâs`cds b tbe`spbebarbs, suorhrãbcds ulb i`sv`ltbkb qu` pdirãb s`r obtbe pbrb e i`s-br r d e ed i ` e n dldn hc h`l t d . Zdir ãbc ds gbn ` r da s ` r vbn hdl `s bn ` r n b i ` uldd vbrhds pultds ndlnr`tds y sp`nãohnds, p`rd b cìhib qu` trbtâs`cdsi` ndc`ltbr dtrds pbsbrãbcds eb cbydr pbrt` i` lu`strd th`cpd ldc-ar blid s hcp e`c`l t ` e b s n dsbs . Ld s ` r ãb p ds ha e ` gbn ` r l hl mulb da s` r vb -n hþl bn ` r n b i ` e d s s ` r ` s gucblds ` l m `l `r b e s hl l dc arbr eds b t dids hl -ihv hiubec`lt` .

Q`sdev`cds st` prdae`cb cìhblt` ul prdn`sd davhd, p`rd i` hc-pdrtblnhb oulibc`ltbe. @std s; ldtbcds s`c`kblzbs y i`s`c`kblzbs,s hc h e h tui`s y i h o ` r `l n hbs 6 v `cd s ` squ`cb s , m rupds , n e b s ` s d n dca hlbn hd -l`s i` `l t`s . @ltdln`s ld ca rbcds d hi`lt h o hnbc ds ed qu` pbr`n` hr kultd,

y l ds r ` o ` r hcd s b ` s t ds `l t ` s l dc arâlid eds i ` o d rcb nd e ` n t h v b . Bs ã, p d -i`cds gbaebr i` gdcar`s y cuk`r`s shl ldcarbreds hlihvhiubec`lt`6pdi`c ds gba ebr i` @stbids , pde ãt hnds, vdtblt`s, prdpþshtds, ` t n . Zdi`cdsp`lsbr `l tèrchlds i` nebs`s, nbt`mdrãbs d thpds, y ld `l tèrchlds iè b c ue th tui i` ` l t ` s h li h v hiub e ` s ndc pr`li hids `l ` e e d s .

Nubt rd p b eba r bs sdl hc pdr t bl t ` s `l e b i `sn r hp n hþl y n dc pr `l s hþl i``st` prdn`sd y i` eds a`lòhnhds qu` i` èe s` i`rhvbl. dl; bastrbnnhþl,

nebs h o h nbn hþl, ndln`ptd y m`l`rb e h zbn hþl. Lu`s trd prdpþs h td bgdrb `s `x-pedrbr sus shmlhohnbids hcpdrtblnhb, y ebs hlt`rrèbnhdl s ltr` eeds.

Qdahlsdl iòhl` eb bastrbnnhþl i` eb shmuh`lt` cbl`rb ;

NBZÃYPED ^@WYD

Ndln`ptds

=7



Ndln`ptds =8

das`rvbae`’ndl rò`r`lnhbs cpãrhnbs’. Nubltd cbydr s`b è lûc`rdi` o`lþc`lds ndl e qu` s` rèbnhdlb ul ndln`ptd y nubltd câs be`kb-id stâ e ndln`ptd i` ebs rò`r`lnhbs cpãrhnbs, s` ihn` qu` cbydr s

su l hv ` e i ` ba s t r bn n hþl ._bnb `s ul ndln`ptd i` ul rèbthvd abkd lhvè i` bastrbnnhþl6 blh

cbe `s i` câs betd lhvè, yb qu` è ndln`ptd s` bpehnb b câs o`lþc`-

lds . E`mhsebidr `s i` ul lhvè i` bastrbnnhþl c`ldr qu` bntdr pdeãthnd.

I`cdnrbnhb y s`murhibi nde`nthvb sdl n dl n ` p t ds i ` ul b e t d l hv` e i ` ba s -t rbn n hþl , p drqu` s ` r ` o h r `l b luc`rdsds o `lþc` lds , c ungds i` e d s nub-

e`s sdl câs ah`l prdae`câthnds y ihoãnhe`s i` hi`lthohnbr.Eds ndl n`p t d s `l n bib l h v` e i` bas t r b nn h þl s dl ût h e` s , y l hlmûl l h -

vè s l`n`sbrhbc`lt`, lh sh`cpr`, c`kdr qu` eds dtrds. Zdr iòhlhnhþl,ul b e t d l hv ` e i` ba s t r bn n hþl ` s t ba e ` n ` ulb s `c ` k blzb `l t r` c bydr lûc`-rd i` o`lþc`lds. Zdr ulb pbrt`, `std e`s ndlvh`rt` `l pdt`lnhbec`lt`câs hc pdr t bl t ` s pb rb r ` o e` k b r r ` eb n h dl` s y , i` d t r b p b r t ` , hcp e h nb ` e p ` -ehmrd i` qu` puìbl s`r tbl ebtds y vbmds qu` ld prdpdrnhdl`l ul shm-lhohnbid nebrd6 puì`l shmlhohnbr tbltd qu` ld shmlhohqu`l lbib.

EB ND HOHNBNHÞL I@ ED^ NDLN@ZYD BA^YQBNYD^

^` i h n ` qu` s ` n ds h o h n b ulb ba s t r bn n hþl s h s ` e b t rb t b n dc d b e m d n dl -nr`td. Eb pbebarb `stbid, pdr k`cped, s ulb bastrbnnhþl. Ld s bemd

qu` s` puìb v`r, s`lthr, dhr, tdnbr u de`r. Lbih` puì` tdcbr ulb od-t d mrb o ãb i` ul @s t bid `l b nn h þl . ^ hl `c abrmd , `l e b p rân t hnb ` s nd cûlgba ebr i ` e d s o hl ` s d ouln hdl `s i ` e @s t bid . B v `n ` s ` s t d `qu hvb e ` s hcp e` -c`lt` b ulb xpr`shþl ohmurbib6 ul e`lmubk` ohmurbid s, bv`n`s , ndl-v`lh`lt`. B v`n`s, pdr ulb ehm`rb xt`lshþl, quhvbe` b trbtbr be @stbidndcd b ul lt` ndrpdrbthvd’ulb p`rsdlb cìhblt` ulb ohnnhþl bich-t hib , y , i ` lu`vd , e b p rân t h n b ` s n dl v`l h `l t `’. Z`r d , b v `n ` s , p br `n ` s u -pdl`rs` eb ndshohnbnhþl6 std s, qu` bemulbs rò`r`lnhbs be @stbid pb-r ` n `l p r ì h n br eb `x h s t `l n hb r `b e i ` ul `l t ` n dc p e` t bc `l t ` i h o ` r`l t ` i èds s ` r ` s guc blds ( ed s qu` dnupbl e d s pu`s t ds i ` i h r` n n hþl y d t r ds ) qu`sdl eds bntdr`s vhshae`s6 quhzâ s` e` i shmlbrâ ndcd ul drmblhscd ndlv hib y vd eul t bi p rdp h b s , ` x hs t h ` lid ndl h li`p`li`ln h b i` e d s s ` r ` s gu-cblds qu` ed ndcpdl`l. Y`lh`lid `l nu`ltb è cèrhtd i` bemulds i`

e d s ` s n r h t d r ` s qu` pbr `n `l gba `r r ` h oh n bid d n ds h o h n bid ` e @s t bid , ` s qu h-zâ c` k dr l d e e bcb r b ` s t b p rân t h n b ul t dl t ` r ãb da v hb . Ld da s t bl t ` , l bibs` puì` br muc`l t br `l o bvdr i ` ` s t b p rân t hn b , y e b c hsc b `l n h ` r r b cu-ngds pèhmrds'.

Psds n dl `n t bids n dl c ungbs d t rbs p b eba r bs p r ` s `l t bl p r da e `cbs s h -c h e b r ` s . Mdah rld s` usb i` eb chscb cbl`rb qu` @stbid. Eb. Ghstdrhb,

t bca h èl , s ` p` r s dl h oh nb b v` n` s , s ` b `l s `l t h id o hmurbid , ndcd ulb o h n -

Y. I. ]@EIDL,Yg` _dnbauebry do Zdehthns, Z ehnbl Addfs B1=7 (Gbcdliswdrtg6Z`lmuhl Addfs, 280>), pâms. 2=->:6 FBQE Q. ZDZZ@Q,Yg` Dp`l ^dnh`ty bli Hts

@l`ch`s (Zrhln`tdl6 Zrhln`tdl Plhv`rshty Zr`ss, 280:), pâms. 12->? y pâsshc.

Nh`lnhb pdeãthnb; ul blâehshs ohedsþohnd

Bastrbnnhþl s ibrs` nu`ltb pdr prhc`rb v`z i` ul lu`vd e`c`ltd m`l`rbe leb `xp`rh`lnhb prdphb y ibre` ul ldcar`. Pl è`c`ltd m`l`rbe `s ulb odrcb, `s-qu`cb d n b r b n t ` r ã s t hn b , `l t `li hid s n dc d dpu`s td s b e d p b r t h nue b r d h li h vh iub e . Ydcb rndlnh`lnhb i` ulb vbnb l ul nbcpd ld s` eebcb «bastrbnnhþl¶. Z`rd s` e ebcb bas-trbnnhþl tdcbr ndlnh`lnhb i` eb odrcb vbnb, `l ndltrbst` ndl eb odrcb dv`kb'.

I` c bl`r b s hc h e b r , bn dl t ` n ` e b ba s t r bn n hþl nublid s ` n da r b n dl n h `l -n h b i ` d t r ds ` e `c`l t ds m ` l `r b e ` s `l e b `xp `r h `l n hb , n dcd Mda h ` rlds , p br -t hids, mrupds i` pr`s hþl , mu`rrb, kust hn hb, i`cd nrbn hb, butdr h t br hscd, `t n .

Zbrb iò hl hr eb bas t rbnn hþl g`cds t `l hid qu` usbr ndln`ptds . Pl ndl-n ` p t d ` s ` e l dca r ` i bi d b u l ` e `c`l t d m ` l ` r b e i`

e b p r dp hb xp ` r h `l n hb .@l eb nhtb blt`rhdr, vbnb, tdrd y dv` kb s` suarbybl ndcd ndln`ptds , bul-qu` eb n h t b tbc ahèl ndcpr`li` dt rds ndln`ptds .

Nublid bndlt`nhch`ltds shchebr`s sdl bmrupbids l eb chscb nebs` y ibcds ulldcar` b eb nebs`, g`cds g`ngd usd i` ul ndln`ptd.

Pl ndln`ptd s ulb ndlstrunnhþl c`ltbe, ulb hi`b bastrbntb qu` s` ròh`r`, ah`lb ulb nebs` i` o`lþc lds, ah`l b nh`rtds bsp`ntds d nbrbnt`rãsthnbs qu` ulb s`rh` iò`lþc`lds th`l`l `l ndcûl... Eds ndln`ptds sdl bastrbnnhdl`s i eb r`behibi quì`shmlbl thpds i` cdvhch`ltd, p`rsdlbs, ndliuntb u dtrb nebs` i` o`lþc`lds'.

@s ` v hi`l t ` qu` e b i` n e b rb n h þl bl t ` r h d r ndcpr`li` e b s h i` b s i` n e b -s h o hn bn hþl y m `l `r b e h zbn hþl . Nublid n e bs h o h n bcds n d edn bcd s ` e `c `l t ds `lnebs`s d nbt `md r ãbs b such`l id qu` s`râ ûth e ndlshi`rbr eds kultds. @e c`rdbn t d i` ldc arb r e d qu` g`cds `xpr ` s bid `l t è rc hlds ba s t r b n t d s d n e b -

shohnbid s l sã chscd ulb m`l rbehzbnhþl hcpeãnhtb (`std s, ul ndl-n`p t d ` s `l s ã c h scd ulb m`l` rb e h zb n h þl hcp e ã n h tb , y b qu` s` bo hrcb quèds `l t ` s l dc arbids p ` r t `l `n `l , i ` b e mulb c bl`r b , b ul ndl kul t d , qu`pds ` `l n b rb n t ` r ãs t h nb s ndcp br t hib s ) . @l s `l t h id câs bc p e h d , ulb m`l` -r b e hz b n h þl ` s «ulb prdpds h n h þl qu` i` s nr h a` b e mûl b t r haut d ndc ûl pb rbids d câs dak`tds¶ b.

@s pr`suchae` qu`’eb m`l`rbehzbnhþl’s` i`rhvì` e `xbc`l i` ` s t ds da k ` t ds y puìb s ` r kuzmbib v ` ribi`rb d o b e s b .

Bulqu` bastrbnnhþl, nebshohnbnhþl y m`l`rbehzbnhþl sdl pbebarbs hl-t`rrèbnhdlbibs, ld pdi`cds gbaebr i` èebs b eb v`z. ^`râ c`kdr n`l-t r br ` s t ` n bp ã tued `l e d s n d l n `p t ds y t r b t br i ` e b ba s t r bn n hþl `l r ` e bn hþlndl eds ndln`ptds. @l è prþxhcd nbpãtued ihsnuthr`cds eb nebshohnbnhþly eb m`l`rbe hzbn hþl .

@ELH_@E I@ BA^YQBNNHÞL I@ ED^ NDLN@ZYD^

Eds ndl n `p t ds vbr ã bl `l su lhvè i` bast rbnn hþl . @std `s, vbrãbl `lè lûc`rd i` o ` l þ c` ld s ndl eds qu` `stâl rèbnhdlbids y, o r ` nu`l t ` -c`lt ` , `l eb obnhehibi ndl qu` puì`l s ` r hi `l t h oh n bids ndl bemd qu` `s

QHNGBQI QDAHL^DL, Iòhlhthdl (Dxodri6 Nebr`lidl, 280:), pâm. 2=:.^dnhbe nh`ln` Q`s`brng Ndulnhe, Ndcchtt`` ul Ghstdrhdmrbpgy, Auee `thl ?9,

Yg` dnhbe nh`ln`s hl Ghstdrhnbe tuiy (Lu`vb Xdrf6 ^^QN, 2809), pâms . 10.1?, 82.Eduhs MDYY^NGBEF, «Yg` Ghstdrhbl's Ps` do M`l`rbehzbthdl¶, `l E`dlbriI. ]ght`, ì., Yg` ^tbt` do tg` ^dnhbe ^nh`ln`s (Nghnbmd6 Plhv`rshty do NghnbmdZr`ss, 280?), pâm. 9>?.

72AE DY@NB N @ L Y Q E

P. L. B. C

7 : 72Nh`lnhb pdeãthnb; ul blâehshs



hedsþ/hnd

nhþ') i` p`rsdlb d ndcd ul `lt` ndshohnbid. «Eb Ghstdrhb ld `xnusbrâlu`strds orbnbsds.¶ Bemulds usbl eb pbebarb hlt r`s`s i` cbl`rb qu` su-mh`r` qu` th`l`l ulb `x hst`lnhb r`be. ^` puì`l nhtbr dtrds nbsds s`c`-kblt`s. Eb ndshohnbnhþl `s cuy or`nu`lt`. ^` gb sum`rhid qu` gbaebr i`s`r`s gucblds `quhvbe` b ndshohnbr, bsuch`lid qu` eds nh`ltãohnds iìh-nbids be `stuihd i` eb pdeãthnb ld s` dnupbl i e nu`rpd gucbld, shldi` eb bnthvhibi s .

EB OPLNHDL@ I@ ED NDLN@ZYD^

Eds ndln`ptds th`l`l ulb hcp drtblnhb oulibc`ltbe tbltd pbrb eb p`r-s`nunhþl iè ndldnhch`ltd’muhblid eb hlv`sthmbnhþl’ndcd pbrb xpr`-sbr è ndldnhch`ltd. @xhst`, shl iuib, ulb hlt`rbnnhþl `ltr` eb p`rn`p-nhþl y eb ndln`ptubnhþl. Lu`strbs p`rn`pnhdl`s prdpdrnhdlbl eb abs` pbrbebs ndln`pnhdl`s, y ulb v`z qu` s` gbl i`sbrrdeebid ebs ndln`pnhdl`s lds`s câs oânhe v`r què s ed qu` ldcarbl. Ndcd i`nãb ]heehbc Kbc`s;

Eb vhib hlt e ntube i e gdcar` ndlshst` nbsh ndcpe tbc`lt` `l eb susthtunhþl pdrul dri`l ndln`ptube i e dri`l i` eb p`rn`pnhþl i e qu` surm` drhmhlbrhbc`lt` eb `x-p`rh`lnhb... Nbib ehard lu`vd ib odrcb v`rabe b bemûl ndln`ptd lu`vd, qu` ee`mb bs`r hcpdrtblt` l prdpdrnhþl be usd qu` i` èe s` gbmb

?

Dnurr` sh`cpr` q u` ` x h s t` l ` s q u `cbs d n e b s ` s i ` o ` l þc`l d s l d d a -

s`rvbids, quhzâ iurblt` ul ebrmd p`rãdid i` th`cpd. Lbih` eds v` i`cbl`rb ihsthltb, lbih` eds shtûb bpbrt` y e`s ib ul ldcar`. I`spuèsi` tdid, eb m`lt` ld ausnb i` drihlbrhd bemd shl t`l`r bemulb rbzþlpbrb p`lsbr qu` `xhst`. Z`rd nublid, ohlbec`lt`, bemuh`l p`rnha` ullu`vd cdi` e d d n e b s ` i` o `lþc`l ds y e ` ib ul ldca r` , n r ` blid b s ã ullu`vd n dl n `p t d , c ungds d t r ds s ` t d rlbl n dl sn h `l t ` s i ` s u `x h s t`l n hb y` s p r dab a e ` qu` e d p ` r n ha bl . Bs ã , ` e n dl n `p t d l ds b e ` r tb i ` e b `x h s t `l n hbi` e d l dca rbid , y s h n br `n hès `c ds i` è e i ` kb r ã bcds pbs br e d s o `lþc`ldsshl das`rvbreds. Zyì`l, tbcahèl, n`mbrlds ; ulb v`z qu` g`cds dat`-lhid ulb s`rh` i` ndln`ptds t`l`cds t`li lnhb b ld v`r sh ld bquèeds dar ` e d qu` gbl b e ` r t bid lu` s t rb b t `ln h þl 6 i` k bcds i` v` r lu`vds o ` -lþc` lds d, s& eds v`c ds, quhzâ trbt `c ds i` odrzbr eds `l lu`st rd nubirdndl n `p tub e , bulqu` ld `l nb k `l `l è e . Ià` bòbi h r s ` l drcb ec` l t ` n h ` r tbids hs i` hcbm hlb n hþl y i` buibn hb b eb p`rn`pn hþl pbrb dat`l `r ulb abs`bi`nubib b eb ndln`p tube hzbn hþl d r`ndln`ptube hzbn hþl .

Zuì`l h eus trbrs` ar`v`c`lt` eds p rdae`cbs ndln`ptube`s , bulqu` bquãld `s lu`s t rd prdpþshtd ` e trbtbr i` e i`sbrrde ed i` lu`vds ndln`ptds . Gb-aebcds, pdr `k`cped, i` eb ednbehzbnhþl i e pdi`r pdeãthnd `l eds shst`-cbs i` mdah`rld. Be gbaebr i` èed, íà`cds p`lsbr `l tèrchlds iè

• NGBQE@ A. GBMBL, `Yg` Mrdup hl Zdehthnbe ^nh`ln`s, `l Qdebli Xdulm,ì., Bprrdbng`s td tg` tuiy do Zdehthns (@vblstdl6 Ldrtgw`st`rl Plhv`rshty Zr`ss,2807), pâm. 90.

• KBC@^ A. NDLLBLY ^nh`ln` bli Ndc,ldl `ls` (L`w Gbn`l6 Xbe` Plhv`r-shty Zr`ss, 2807), pâm. 90.

Ndln`ptds

mdah`rld b trbvès i` eds pbrthids pdehthnds4, ´pdr eb nebs` idchlblt 4,

´pdr ulb èeht`4, ´pdr e d s m rupds i` p r ` s hþl4 , ´ d p dr e d s hl t ` r ` s ` s idc h -

lblt`s y `stbae`nhids4 @e hlt`rès pûaehnd y e hlt`rès lbnhdlbe `xhst`lndc d ndl n `p t ds , p ` r d ´gbs t b què pul t d , s h e d gbn `l , l ds n h ` m bl b p rân -t h n bs qu` s h r v `l e d s hl t ` r ` s ` s p br t h nu ebr ` s4 X `l r ` e bn hþl n d l ` s t d , ´què

`s ed qu` shmlhohnb è ndln`ptd i` hlt`rès4 ´Be eebcbr b bemd ul hlt`-

rès gbn`c ds c `lds p r daba e ` qu` s `b n dl s hi ` r bid n dcd ul o hl d ul c` -ihd y kuzmbid `l ndls`nu`lnhb4 Bemulds trbtbihstbs i` nh`lnhb pdeãthnb

gbl cpe`bid e ndln`ptd i` bichlhstrbnhþl i` cbl`rb qu` sumh`r`l

qu` eds bichl hst rbidr`s `s tâl bhs ebids y s`pb rbids i` eb pde ã t hnb, p`rd ebdp hl hþl m `l `r b e ` s qu` ` e n dl n `p t d bs ã `l t `li hid l d s ` n d r r` spdl i` n dleds g`ngds . N ebs h o hn bcd s , m `l `r b ec`l t ` , e b s b n t h vhibi`s mua`rlbc`l t b e ` s`l e`mhsebthvb, k`nuthvb y kuihnhbe, p`rd pdirãbcds pr`multbrlds gbstbquè pul t d e d s n dl n `p t ds b e t ` r bl d o b e s `bl lu`s t r d p `l sbc h`l t d 6 `v hi `l -t `c`l t ` , e b s p ` r sdlbs `l - n bib ulb i` ` s t bs e e bcbibs r bc bs i` e m da h ` rl d` k ` r n `l ouln hdl `s y p di`r ` s qu` pbr `n `l p ` r t `l `n `l n dl n `p tub ec`l t ` bd t r b i` e b s r bc bs . Ruh zâ ià h è rbcds pr ` s n h li h r i` e d s ndln`p t d s i` e ` -mhsebthvd, k`nuthvd y kuihnhbe d ndcpe`c`ltbreds ndl dtrds qu`, i` cb-l` rb c âs ûth e , n e b s h o hn bc ds y i`ldchlbc ds ndc d b n t h v hibi` s mua` rlb -c` l t b e ` s . @l ` e âca h t d hl t ` rlbn hdlb e e d s n dl n `p t ds i ` sda`rblãb, lbnhþl,

hcp`rhbehscd, culid ehar`, sbtèeht`, abeblzb i` pdi`r, mu`rrb ehchtbib,

sdl `cp e ` bids , bsã ndcd cungds d t r ds . @s ul pul t d iàb t ha e ` s h b e muldi` ` e e d s `xp r `sb n dc a hlbn hdl `s i ` o `lþc `lds qu` `l e b r`b e hibi bpbr ` -

n`l kul t d s 6 b e mulds i` ` e e d s , `l v` z i` s ` r ût h e` s pb rb blb e h z b r ndcpdr -tbch`ltds y i`sbrrdeebr ndldnhch`ltd, puì`l s`r dastânueds pbrb ulp`lsbc h `l t d y ndcpr`ls h þl r ` b e h s tb s . ´X quh èl s ba ` què n e b s ` s d ndc -a hlbn h dl` s i` o `lþc`lds s ` p rdiun `l kul td s s hl gba ` r e d s das ` rv bid , blb -

e ãt h n b y i h o` r `l n hbibc `l t ` , y l dc arbid4

EB I@OHLHNHÞL I@ ED NDLN@ZYD^

Zbrb qu` snbl ûthe`s eds ndln`ptds ià`l s`r iòhlhids. @stb bohr-cb n hþl ` s dav h b , p` rd sus hcp e h nb n h dl` s ld . Hlluc`rba e ` s bòds i` t r b -abkd hltè`ntube s` gbl p`rihid y, ndl tdib prdabahehibi, e nursd iè d s bn dl t ` n hc h`l t ds gucblds gbl s hid b e t ` rbids , l cungbs i h r ` n n hdl `s ,b nbusb i` eds `rrdr`s hi`bs obesbs l ed qu` s` ròh`r` b eb iòhlhnhþl

i` e b s pb e barb s . @s t ` t hpd i` prda e `cb s gb s h id ` s tui hbid , ndlv h n `l t ` -c`lt`, pdr Qhngbri Qdahlsdl, y nubltd shmu` s` iìun` nbsh l su td-

t b e hibi i` su t r bab k d = .

Lu`strd hlt`rès r`shi` `l eds ohl`s qu` ebs iòhlhnhdl`s nucpe`l yld l eds cètdids cpe`bids pbrb iòhlhr prdn`sds. @l abs` b sus oh-l`s, ebs iò hl hn hdl` s s` i hv hi`l `l ids nbt `m dr ãbs, ldchlb e y r`be . @e prd-

pþshtd i` ulb iò hl hn hþl ldc hlbe `s hlihnbr è shmlhohnbid i` ulb pbebarbd sãcaded y è p rdpþshtd i` ulb iòhlhnhþl r`be `s hlihnbr eb lbturbe`zb i`

Nhtbid chs brrhab, ldtb 2.

7 1 Nh`lnhb pdeãthnb; ul blâehshs ohedsþohnd >



ulb ndsb ’hi`l t ho h n b r e d s r bsmds i ` e d qu` s ` i ` o hl `’. «@ e or bn bsd ` l i h s -t hl mu hr , tdid ` e t h `cp d , `l t r ` ` e blâ e h s h s i ` n dsbs y e b i ` o hl h n hþl l dc hlb ei ` p b eba r bs gb s hid e b n busb i` e b c bydr ãb i ` e d s ` r r dr` s n dc ul`s `l e bt`drãb i` eb iòhlhnhþl¶ 7

Iòhlhnhdl`s ldchlbe`s; I` eèxhnd y i` `sthpuebnhþl.

Ebs iòhlhnhdl`s ldchlbe`s s` ihvhi`l l e`xhndeþmhnbs y sthpuebth-vbs. Ebs iòhlhnhdl`s e`xhndeþmhnbs r`ndm`l d ibl nu`ltb iè g`ngd qu`

eb pbebarb gb r`nhahid l eb prânthnb ul shmlhohnbid sp`nhbe. Ebs iòh-l h n h dl` s s t h pu e b t hvb s s dl câs pr ì h nb t hvb s qu` g h s t þ r hnb s . E ` m h s e bl lnubltd be shmlhohnbid, iblid nu`ltb i` qu` nublid s` us` eb pbebarb`l e outurd t`lirâ ul shmlhohnbid stbae`nhid. @s eãnhtd pr`multbrs` shebs iòhlhnhdl`s e`xhndeþmhnbs prdpdrnhdlbl ul ròe`kd v`ribi`rd y bi`-nubid i` e usd , p ` r d i `si` ul pul t d i` v h s t b p ds h t h vh s t b ` s b a surid p r ` -multbrs` s h e bs i` o hl hn hdl` s , e `x hnd eþmhnbs d ebs `s t hpueb t hvbs sd l v`rib-i`rbs, l e s`lthid i` qu` ndhlnhibl ndl bemûl s`lthid pr`vhd, cãsth-nbc `l t ` i` t ` rc hlbid . I` b n u` rid ndl e d s pd s h t h v hs t b s , e b s pb e barb s t h ` -l`l ` e s `l t h id qu` e` s ndl o h ` r `l e d s s ` r ` s gucblds 6 nb r ` n`l i` s h ml h o h-nbids i`snd ldn hids, pr`v hds, qu` s`b l`n`sb r hd i`snuar hr . Bca ds t hpds iì` o hl hn h dl `s puì`l s ` r ` s t hcbids i` bnu`rid n dl su u t h e hibi 6 d , i ` c b-l `r b câs p r `n h s b , e b s p b eba r bs d n dl n ` p t ds n dl e d s qu` s ` r ` ebn h dlbl e b siòhlhnhdl`s puì`l s`r sthcbids i` bnu`rid ndl su uthehibi. Zuì`ls`r ûthe`s i` ihv`rsbs odrcbs, pdr k`cped, pdr su nbpbnhibi i`snuarh-idr b , n dcd s h s t `c bs i` ibr e b b e ` r t b , d n dc d hl s t ruc` l t ds p br b ` e p `l -s bc h `l t d y e b r dcul h nb n h þl . E b s i` o h l h n hdl` s ` s t h pu eb t h vb s puì`l , lb -turb ec `l t ` , e e ` m br b s ` r e `x h n d eþm h n bs .

Eds n d l n `p t ds qu` sdl i` usd n dr r h `l t ` y qu` , p dr n dl s hmu h `l t ` , t h` -l `l i` o hl hn h dl `s e `x h n d eþm h n bs , o r ` nu`l t `c`l t ` p ds` `l t bl t bs n dlld t bn hd -l `s i h o ` r `l t ` s y t bl t ds s h ml h o h n bids qu` su u t he hi bi pbr b ` e t r bab k d n h `l -t ã o hnd quìb b o`n tbib. Nublid s ` i`s`b n ebr hibi y pr`n h s hþl ` e n h `lt ã o h nds ` `l o r `l t b ndl ul i h e`cb . ^ h ` s tba e ` n` ul s h ml h o h nbid , s ` b d ld ul s h m .lhohnbid lu`vd, xhst` e pèhmrd i` qu` dtrds shmlhohnbids shmbl bo`n-tblid su p`lsbc h`ltd d b e t`r`l eb ndcp r`ls hþl i` d trbs p`rsdlbs . ^ h bab l-idlb ` e bl t h mud ndln`p t d y bidp t b uld l u`vd , ` s t ba e ` n h`lid su s h ml h oh -nbid, gbarâ bemuh`l qu` s` dpdlmb b eb odrcbnhþl i` ul e`lmubk` qu`

b e m ul b s p ` r s dl b s’ s ` g by bl d l d d p u ` s t d’ l d n dc p r `l i` r âl .B e ` s t ba e ` n ` r lu`vds s h ml h oh n bids p br b v h ` k d s n dl n `p t ds s ` i à `l bi -

chthr nh`rtbs ehchtbnhdl`s sh s` gb i` pr`s`rvbr eb hlt`mrhibi nh ltãohnby `vhtbr eb ndloushþl. @e `snrhtdr qu` `cpe`` ulb pbebarb qu` pds`bhcpdr t bl t ` s n dlld t bn hdl `s `cdn hdlb e ` s s ` gbrâ sdsp `ngdsd i` hl t `l t brp r dvdnbr ` s t bs n dlld t bn hdl `s , hl n eusd s h ` s t ba e ` n ` p dr i ` o hl h n hþl qu` e b sdcht`6 ld s` puì`l nebshohnbr b eds vdtblt`s l pbtrhdtbs d trbhidr`si`p`lih`lid i` su vdtd `l obvdr iè pbrthid `l è Zdi`r, b c`lds qu`

Nlnpd

s ` i` s ` ` prdiun hr hcp e h nb n h dl` s `c dn h dlb e ` s . E d s s h ml h o h nbids ` s t h pu eb -ids l d ià`l s ` r `l mbòdsds 6 s ` râl `l mbòdsds s h p b eba r bs o bch e h b r ` s r` n h -a `l s h ml h oh n bids qu` i h oh ` r `l i râs t h n bc`l t ` i ` e d s d t dr mbids l drcb ec`l -t`. ` puì`l stbae`n`r, pdr k`cped, què eãl`bs i` bnnhþl qu` ndltrh-auy`l b e cb l t `l hc h `l td i` ul s h s t `cb i` n e hlbl t ` s dl n dls ` rv bidrb s , quèeãl`bs i` bnnhþl qu` ed sdnbvbl sdl rbihnbe`s6 p`rd, `l `st` nbsd, edspbrthibrhds iè L`w I`be l eds bòds tr`hltb puì`l s`r eebcbids ndl-s`rvbidr`s , y eds qu` s` dpd l ãbl be L`w I` be , rbi hnbe`s . @e nbrânt`r prd-phnhd b eb ndloushþl i` `stb bohrcbnhþl `s davhd. I` cbl`rb shchebr,

h l n eusd s h ul bu tdr n dcul hs t b ` s t ba e ` n h ` s ` n e b r bc `l t ` qu` «i `cd nr bn hbprde`tbrhb¶ quh`r` i`nhr «ihntbiurb iè prde`tbrhbid¶, s prdabae` qu`su usd i` e b p b eba r b «i `cd nr bn hb ¶ r` su e t bs ` `l mbòdsb .

Iòhlhnhdl`s r`be`s ; ^hmlho hnbid y thpds.

G`c ds i h ngd qu` e b s i ` o hl h n h dl `s r `b e ` s ` s t âl p `l sbibs p br b hli h n brld ` e s h ml h o hnbid i` ulb pb e barb , s h ld e b lb turb e ` zb i` ulb nd s b’pb rbhi`lthohnbr eds rbsmds i` ed qu` stâ iòhlhid’. (^hmuh`lid b Qdahlsdl,

eb pbebarb ndsb s ` usb b quã ,. cuy Eb t b ` hc pr `n h sbc`l t ` , p br b i `s h mlbr ul da k ` t d , ul b ndl t ` n hc h `l t d , ul prd n` s d , ulb nb rb n t ` r ãs t h nb , ulb h l s -t h tun h þl d nub equh ` r d t rb nd s b qu` p uìb s ` r s hc ad e h zbib pd r ulb pb e b -arb.) @l eb r`behibi, s` ndlshi`rb qu` ul nh`rtd lûc`rd i` iho`r`lt`s

n e bs ` s i ` bn t h v hibi n dl s t h tuy`l ulb i` o hl h n hþl r `b e , y ` s hc pdr t bl t ` i h s -thlmuhr ltr` eebs6 bemulbs ròe`kbl p`lsbch`ltd s`rhbc`lt` ndlousd d

`rrþl`d .^þnrb t ` s y Z eb t þl ausnbabl i` o hl h n h dl `s r `b e ` s nublid s ` p ebl t `ba bl

pr `mul t bs i ` e t h p d i ` « ´Ruè ` s e b kus t hn h b4 ¶. Q` h o hn bab l ulb ba s t r bn n hþly , `l t dln` s , aus nbabl ulb i` o h l hn h þl pb rb e b nd s b ndl nr ` t b . ^ ` b sucãbqu` eb kusthnhb y dtrds cungds ndln`ptds t`lãbl ulb s lnhb d odrcbpr`vhb qu` eds gdcar`s s` sodrzbabl l i`snuarhr. Ed qu` `stbab hc-peãnhtd rb qu` ulb v`z qu` s` ndldnh`s`l eb kusthnhb y ebs dtrbs vhrtu-i`s , e d s gdc ar `s ` s t br ã bl `l s h tubn hþl i` ` s t ba e ` n ` r ulb sdn h ìbi v ` rib -i` rbc`l t ` a u`lb . @s câs , e b ldn h þl i` qu` `x hs t ã bl ` s `ln h b s d o d rcb shi `b e ` s b e `l t babl ` e p `l s bc h`l t d i ` qu` p ` r sdlbs qu` b e n blzbs`l ` e i ` -a hid n dldn hchl t d s ` `l nbr mbr ãbl i` qu` ou`s` r `b ec`l t ` n r `bib e b au`lbsdnhìbi y i` i`st`rrbr è cbe. Bemulds gbl p`lsbid qu` ulb ihntb-

iurb r `p r` s hv b y sblm r h `l t b ` s t bab kus t h o hn bib s h ` r b l `n ` sb r h b p br b r `b -ehzbr eb v`ribi`rb kusthnhb y gbn`r trhulobr ebs dtrbs vhrtui`s. Z`rd lb-ih` gb edmrbid lulnb gbn`r vâehid e supu`std i` qu` xhst`l s`lnhbs`l ` e s `l t h id pr ` t `li hid . E b nd ln eus h þl i` Qda hls dl ` s qu` ` s `ln h b « ` sshcpe`c`lt` ulb è`nnhþl gucblb sdar` què shmlhohnbr cìhblt` ulldc ar` , o b es bc `l t ` h l t ` rpr ` tbib ndc d r ` b e h ibi c ` t b o ãs h nb ¶ 7. @l dtrbspb eba r bs ; qu h`l `s p `l sba bl qu` ` s t bab l i` o hl h`lid ulb n dsb ` s t bab l ,pdr ` e n dl t r br hd , s hcp e`c `l t ` ` s t hpu eblid ` e s h ml h o hn bid i` ulb pb eba r b .

DAHL^DL Iòhlhthdl pâm. 2==. Hahi., pâm. 200;



79h`lnhb pdeãt hnb; ul blâehshs ohedsþohnd

Eb s`lnhb i` eb kusthnhb rb ed qu` ulb p`rsdlb ndlnr`tb iòhlãb quòu` s ` . E b ndl ous h þl s dar ` ` s t ` pultd gb nd s t bid h lluc `rba e ` s bòds i`trbabkd hltè`ntube p`rihid. Câs s`rhbc`lt` bûl ; gb bet`rbid, hliuib-a e `c`l t ` , ` e nurs d i` e d s b ndl t ` n hc h `l t d s pd e ãt h nd s , pu` s e b s m`l t ` s pb -r ` n`l câs nbpbn ` s i` `l t r ` mb r s ` td t b ec`l t ` b ulb ` s `ln h b pr ì` t ` rc h -lbib qu` b ul s h ml h o h n bid ` e badr bid pdr e d s gdc ar `s . @ e s `l t hc h`l t d i `qu` stâl eungblid l e ablid i e `òdr e`s ib vbedr y ou`rzb. Bûl` s c âs ; eb l dn hþl i` ' ` s `l n hbs r ` ou`r zb ` sp ` n hb ec`l t ` b e bu t drh t b r hsc d,pdrqu` hcp e h n b qu` e b _`ribi `x hs t ` hli`p `li h`l t `c `l t ` i ` e b vd eul t bi

i` e b c bydr ã b e d .Plb iòhlhnhþl r`be ld s, cungbs v`n`s, câs qu` ulb r`ndc`lib-

nhþl r`sp`ntd b vbedr`s. Ed qu` dst`lshae`c`lt` s ulb iòhlhnhþl i`s-nrhpthvb `s, `l r`behibi, ulb bpèbnhþl ldrcbthvb. Plb iòhlhnhþl r`bei` st` thpd «`s ulb eebcbib cdrbe d vbedrbthvb, hlt`rpr`tbib rrþl`b-c`lt` ndcd ulb bohrcbnhþl i` g`ngd, qu` mblb ou`rzb b nbusb i` sunbrânt`r sùidn h`l t ã o hnd¶ 22 . Bsã, e ihntbidr puì` iòhlhr eb kusthnhbndcd ed qu` eb e`y `stbae`n`. Bquèeds qu` i`s`bl nbcahbr eb e`y, s`bpdr c ì h d s pb n ã o h nd s d v h d e `l t d s , i` o hl h râl p rdaba e `c `l t ` e b kus t h n hb i`tbe cbl`rb qu` eb iòhlhnhþl hlndrpdr` sus prò`r`lnhbs. Eb bohrcbnhþli` qu` eb pdeãthnb s «è brt` i` edmrbr qu` eds gdcar`s ndlvhvbl y nd-dp`r`l l bsultds i` hlt`rès ndcûl¶ s ulb `xgdrtbnhþl r`be, bulqu`ds t `l s ha e `c`l t ` s`b ulb iòhlhnhþl, y ed chscd puì` i`nhrs` i` eb

bohrcbnhþl i` qu` «è `stbid `s ulb ndculhibi i` gdcar`s qu` th`l-i`l be lrhqu`nhch`ltd i` eb vhib ndcûl¶. Ebs prò`r`lnhbs i` vbedr ièb p`rsdlb nebrbc`lt` bpbr`n`l l eb iòhlhnhþl i` eb «o` i`cdnrâthnb¶y iè «i`cþnrbtb¶, hcpeãnhtbs `l eb shmuh`lt` i`nebrbnhþl ;

Eb o i`cdnrâthnb ld `stâ ehmbib b lhlmûl shst`cb pdeãthnd d sdnhbe. Bo ntb b tdidseds shst`cbs (hlneuy`lid eb «i`cdnrbnhb¶) ndcd hlstruc`ltd pbrb eb r`behzbnhþl ndc-pe tb i` eb lbturbe zb gucblb6 y sh ebs hlsthtunhdl`s r`pr`s`ltbthvbs pbr`n`l ld nuc-pehr yb ûthec`lt` st` ohl, ltdln`s, e i`cþnrbtb ià` ausnbr, bpbrt` i` eebs, dtrdshlstruc`ltds y c`kdr`s hlsthtunhdl`s ': .

@st ` p `l sbch`l t d l d s ` râ bn `p t bid pdr cungbs p ` r sdlbs qu` s ` n dl -s h i` rbl i`cþnrb t b s 6 ld das t bl t ` , s ` o d rcueþ ndcd ulb i` o h l hn h þl d g` -ngd . E b s h mu h `l t ` b o hrcbn h þl ndl t h `l` e b c h sc b n e b s ` i` `lmbòd ;

@e nbrânt`r i`cdnrâthnd d blthi cdnrâthnd i` eb vhib i` ul @stbid, i` eb pdeãthnbi` ul Mdah`rld, stâ i`t`rchlbid ld pdr e lûc`rd i` pbrthids, shld pdr eb suastbl-nhb i` eb pdeãthnb i` `st` @stbid, i` `stds pbrthids, i`p`lih lid i` sh `stb d bqu eebpdeãthnb s` k`nutb ndlodrc` b eds hlt`r`s`s iè puàed, l hlt`rès i` eb cbydrãb ba.sdeutb, d l hlt`rès i` eb chldrãb ¶.

2: No. ]@EIDL,Yg` _dnbauebry do Zdehthns, pâsshc6 ZDZZ@Q, Yg` Dp`l ^d-nh`ty bli Hts @l`ch`s, ù `sp. pbrt` prhc`rb.

y QDAHL^DL,Iòhlhthdl, pâm. 2?=.Q. G. . NQD^ÎHBL, nht. pdr QDAHL^DL, Iòhlhthdl, pâm. 2?=.

M@DQMH BE@F^BLIQD_,Yg` Zbtt`rl do ^dvh`t I`cdnrbny (]bsghlmtdl6 Zu•aehn Boobhrs, 2897), pâm. 1>.

Ndln`ptds 70

@stb bohrcbnhþl rò`r`lt` b eb lbturbe`zb i` eb i`cdnrbnhb s darb

i` ul ndcul hs t b . Eds n dc ul hs t bs p h `l sbl , l b tur b ec`l t ` , qu` sþ ed ` e e d spuì`l i`t`rchlbr eds «v`ribi`rds hlt`r`s`s¶ iè puàed, y, pdr tbltd,eb xhst`lnhb i` eb i`cdnrbnhb vh`l` b s`r hmube, pdr iòhlhnhþl, qu` emda h`rld i` eds e ãi`r`s i` e Zbr t hid Ndc ulhstb. Ndcd ihn` Qda hlsdl, dor`-n`r tbe iòhlhnhþl s, «`l e c`kdr i` eds nbsds, ul rrdr y l e p`drulb c`lthrb, pdrqu` ndlshst` l edmrbr qu` bemuh`l nbcah` su vbedrb-nhþl, abkd e obesd pr`t`xtd i` qu` stâ ndrrhmh`lid su ndldnhch`ltd i`

eds g`ngds¶ 29.

@st` ehard r`ndch`lib ulb ndln`pnhþl nh`ltãohnb shmlhohnbthvb y i `-s`bae`, y, b v`n`s, s` bn`rnb pèhmrdsbc`lt` be rrdr nhtbid. @std `s, sd

bp r dx hcb b t r b t br ulb r ` n dc`lib n hþl r` o ` r `l t ` b vb ed r ` s n dcd, s hcp e` -c` l t ` , ulb nu`s t hþl i` g`ngd . Z`r d e b r ` n dc` libn hþl ` s t â n dl t `l hib `lthlb iòhlhnhþl (d shmlhohnbnhþl) qu` `s ldchlbe y `sthpuebthvb `l v`zid r`b e .

Eb iòhlhnhþl r`be ndlshst`, b v`n`s, shcpe`c`lt` l ul blâehshs ièb ndsb iòhlhib. @std s, l ulb hi`lthohnbnhþl i ebs pbrt`s, y quhzâ`l ulb i`nebrbnhþl bn`rnb i` ebs hlt`rrèbnhdl`s `ltr` ebs pbrt`s qu`kultbs ndcpdl`l e tdid. Bsã, e ndln`ptd `stbid gb s h id i` o h l h id pb rbi`shmlbr ul mrupd gucbld, ednbehzbid l ul t`rrhtdrhd ibid, abkd ebkur h si hn n hþl i` ul Mda h ` rld qu` ` s hli`p `li h`l t ` d sda ` r bl d .

Ydcb id n dc d ul g`ngd qu` n h ` r t d lûc` rd i` p r dpþs h tds d p r dn ` sds

i h o ` r`l t ` s ` s t âl bsdn hbids n dl ulb i` o hl h n hþl r `b e , . y ibid qu` b e muldsi` ` s t ds p r dpþs h t ds r ` o e ` kbl ulb n dl ous hþl i` p ` l sbc h`l t d n dl s hi ` r ba e ` ,`s iuidsd sh s` puì` cblt`l`r è tèrchld @s nebrd qu` ed qu` s` gbbvblzbid n d cd ulb i` o hl h n hþl l d ` s s h `c pr ` i ` o hl h td r h d . Ndliun h r ãbl bc`l dr n dl ous hþl e d s t è rchlds qu` i`sn r ha `l n dl c bydr p r `n h s hþl e d qu`lds prdpdl`cds i` s h m lb r.

Be gbaebr i` ndln`ptds y i` sus iòhlhnhdl`s g`cds supu`std quùl ndln` p t d ` s ulb pb e barb h li h v h iub e . B v` n` s , ` e t èrc hld s ` usb pb rbi`shmlbr ulb ldnhþl m`l`rbe d `squ`cb, `l nuyd nbsd, ndln`ptd, ndl-

n`pnhþl y squ`cb ndln`ptube e e ` m bl b s ` r s hlþl hcd s . Ebs l dn hdl `s m ` -l`rb e`s d `squ`cb s sdl, b c`l uid, t`dr ãbs , y ebs trb tbr`c ds i`spuès câs`l r ` e b n h þl ndl e b s t ` d r ãb s qu` ndl e b s p b e barb s .

@l r ` suc`l ; e d s n dl n `p t ds `xp r `sbl n dld n hch`l t d , r ` o e` k bl p ` r n `p -nhdl`s i` eb r`behibi. Be chscd . h`cpd, th`l`l vbedr pbrb i`snuarhr,b e ` r t blid b e d s n h `l t ão h n ds , y b e b i `câs m ` l t ` , s da r ` e b `x h s t `l n hb y s h m -lhohnbnhþl i` ebs ndsbs ldcarbibs. @e usd e`s prdpdrnhdlb shmlhohnbidsqu` sdl e`xhndeþmhnds y eds nh`ltãohnds e`s ià`l btrhauhr shmlhohnbnhdl`squ` s`bl sthpuebthvbs. Ld s au`l trbabkd nh`ltãohnd hlt`ltbr hlnuenbrvb edr` s p r ` s `l t blid i` o hl hn h dl `s qu` pbr `n `l s ` r b o h rcbn hdl `s i ` g`ngd .

QDAHL^DL, Iòhlhthdl, pâm. 2=:.



NBZÃYPED ÈZYHCD

Nebshohnbnhþl M`l`rbehzbnhþl Ghpþt`shs

Q`mebs y Zrhlnhphds

Eb ihsnushþl sdar` è lhvè i` m`l`rbehibi i` ebs nu`sthdl`s, bpbr`-

nhib `l è nbpãtued s`mulid, hlneuyþ l`n`sbrhbc`lt` bemulbs bohrcbnhd-

l`s bn`rnb i` eb nebshohnbnhþl y eb m`l`rbehzbnhþl, pbebarbs qu` s` gblc`lnhdlbid tbcahèl l dtrds pultds. Plb ihsnushþl câs i`tbeebib y nd-g`r`lt` puì` s`r ûthe. Bi`câs, `l `st` nbpãtued eb ldnhþl i` nebshohnb-

nhþl s`râ ndcpe`tbib ndl eb i` dri`lbnhþl6 s` ihsnuthrâl, bshchscd, tr`s

nebs`s i` m`l`rbehzbnhdl s ; ghpþt`shs, r`mebs y prhlnhphds.

NEB^HOHNBNHÞL X DQI@LBNHÞL I@ O@LÞC @LD^

Eb nebshohnbnhþl ndlshst` `l eb bmrupbnhþl i` ebs ulhibi`s d o`lþ-

c`lds `l abs` b ebs nbrbnt`rãsthnbs pdr èeds ndcpbrthibs. ^` ldcar` d

ld ulb nebs` i` `lt`s (d s`b, prdpdrnhdl`l d ld eds chscds abs` pbrbodrcuebr ul ndln`ptd), è prdn`sd i` nebshohnbnhþl `s i` câxhcb hcpdr-

tblnhb. «@stb nbpbnhibi pbrb dri`lbr ebs ndsbs `l s`c`kblt`s y i s`c`-

kblt`s `s, nr`d, è oulibc`ltd iè p`lsbch`ltd gucbld¶ 2 .

@e prdpþshtd `s`lnhbe i` eb nebshohnbnhþl `s shcpehohnbr è cbl`kd i` ul mrbl lû-c`rd i` è`c`ltds bmrupâlideds `l ul lûc`rd c`ldr i` mrupds, nbib uld i` edsnube`s ndlshst` i` è`c`ltds qu` bntûbl i` cbl`rb câs d c`lds shchebr `l rèbnhþl

ndl è prdae cb qu` s` `stâ `stuihblid'.

• KBNDA AQDLDwFH, Yg` Ndccdl `ls` do nh`ln` (Nbcarhim`6 Gbrvbri Plh-v`rshty Zr`ss, 280> ), pâm. 12.

ZBPE O. EB[BQ O@EI y BEE@LG. ABQYDL, ( (Rub e h t b t hv` C` bsur `c` lt h l tg`^dnhbe nh`ln`s; Nebshohnbthdl, Yypdedmh`s bli Hlihn`s¶, l Iblhè E`rl`r y GbrdeiI. Ebsswèe, is., Yg` Zdehny ^nh`ln`s, Q`n`lt I`vèdpc`lts hl ^ndp` bli C`tgdi

(^tbliodri Plhv`rshty Zr`ss, 2802), pâm. 20=. Eb ndlshi`rbnhþl i` eb nebsho hnbnhþl




Eb n e b s h o h n b n h þl puì` ndcp r`li` r ulb s ` r h ` i` ` t bpb s . Zb rb i` t ` r -chlbids p r dpþs ht ds ` s su o hn h `l t ` i hvhi hr e d s ` e `c `l t ds `l n b t `mdr ãbs cuybc p e h bs y m `l `r b e ` s , n dcd nublid i hv hi hcd s e d s bn t dr ` s p d e ã t hn ds `l mu -a `rlbc `l t b e ` s y l d mua`rlbc`l t b e ` s . Zbr b d t r ds p rdpþs h t ds sdl i`s`b -ae`s iho`r`lnhbnhdl s câs bmuibs, l nuyd nbsd, pdr k`cped, eds suk`-t d s mua`rlbc `l t b e ` s puì`l s uai hv hi h r s ` `l o ì `r b e ` s , ` s t b t b e ` s y edn b -e ` s . Zb rb d t r d s prdpþs h t d s e b s i h o ` r`ln h b n h dl` s ià` l s ` r bûl câs b mu-ibs , `l nuyd n bs d e b s t r ` s n b t `mdr ã bs ( o ì ` r b e , s t b t b e y e dn b e ) puì`l s ` rsuaihvhihibs b su v`z. @e pultd i` ee`mbib s nublid nbib suk`td s

ulb nbt`mdrãb l sã chscd. B ul pebl i` nebsho hnbnhþl qu` ndcpr`liùlb s ` r h ` i ` ` t bpb s s ` i h n ` ` s t â br th nu ebid .

Eb nebshohnbnhþl hcpehnb tbcahèl eb eþmhnb. Pl pebl d squ`cb i`n e bs h o hn bn hþl s ` n dl s hi ` r b qu` sb t h s o bn ` e d s r `quhs h td s i ` e b eþm h n b nublid`l n bib ulb i` e b s ` t bpb s br t h nuebibs e b s n b t `mdr ã bs p r dpdr n hdlbibs sdl`xgbus t h vbs y s ` `x n euy`l c utubc `l t ` . ^dl `xgbus t h v bs nublid `x h s t ùl eumbr p br b n bib ` e `c `l t d 6 s dl c utubc` l t ` `x n euy`l t ` s nublid n bibè`c`ltd ld lnbkb câs qu` l ulb i` eebs.

Ndl tdtbe hli`p`li`lnhb i` ebs nu`sthdl`s6 i` . odrcb y `strunturb,eds squ`cbs i` nebshohnbnhþl ià`l nucpehr r`quhshtds vbmds p`rd hc-pdrtblt`s6 ià`l s`r bptds. I` ul ebid, std shmlhohnb qu` ià`l bibp-t b r s ` b e d s p r dpþs h t ds i ` e n h `l t ão h n d `l r ` e bn hþl n dl ` e p r da e `c b qu` è s t db t b nb . @ e n h ` l t ão h n d ià` a us nb r ` h i`l t h o hn b r e b s n e b s ` s ndl nr ` t b s i` nb -

rbnt`rãsthnbs ndcpbrthibs qu` sdl shmlhohnbthvbs pbrb sus prdpþshtds, yià` ` s t ba e ` n ` r n b t `mdrã bs `l n dl s` nu`ln hb . Ebs n br bn t ` r ãs t h n bs i ` e d s ib .t ds i à `l s ` r , `l ` s t ` s `l t hid , p r dp h n h b s p br b o bn h e h t b r e d s i `snuar hch`l -tds, sumhrh`lid nbt`mdrãbs bprdphbibs. B eb v`z, e p`lsbch`ltd bn`rnbi` eb nu`sthþl d prdae`cb qu` s` ndlshi`rb ià` be`rtbr 'be nh`ltãohndbn`rnb i` eds t hpds d nbt`md r ãbs i` ibtds qu` puì`l s `r ût h e` s . Bs ã , e dsib t d s ` s t hcue bl ` e p `ls bc h `l t d `l ` e i` s b r rd ee d i` ul ` squ`cb i` n e b -s h o hn b n h þl y ` e p `l s bc h `l t d ` s t hcue b e b a ûsquìb i` ib t d s . ^ h d nurr h` s `qu` ld xhsth`rb lhlmûl ibtd pbrb ulb nbt`mdrãb sum`rhib pdr è p`l-sbch`ltd, st` g`ngd th`l` tbltd shmlhohnbid ndcd sh eds ibtds pbrb ebnbt`mdrãb ou`s`l baulibl t`s .

Eb n ebs h o h nbn hþl bpbr`n` , v h r tub ec`lt` , `l tdib bnt hv hibi hlt` e `ntub equ` ndlshi`r`cds. @st` ehard s ul ròe`kd i` st` g`ngd. Eb ihvhshþl

iè t`cb `l pbrt`s `s `l sã chscd ul `squ`cb i` nebshohnbnhþl i` edsibt ds y i ` e b s n dl s hi ` r bn hdl `s n dc pr `li hibs . N ebs h o h n bn h dl `s p ds t ` r h d r` sbpbr `n `l ` l n bib p br t ` . @l e b p br t ` s `mulib , n dl s hi ` r bn hdl `s r ` e bn h dlb -ibs ndl «g`ngds¶ ndlsthtuy`l e prhc`r nbpãtued. @e nbpãtued s`mulids` rèbnhdlb ndl ndln`ptds. @e t`rn`r nbpãtued, e pr`s`lt`, stâ rèb-n h dlbid n dl e b n e b s h o h n bn hþl chsc b . E ` s s `mu h râl n b t `mdr ãbs bi h n h dl b e ` s .@e ` squ`cb i` n e b s h o hn b n h þl `cp e ` bid ld ou` `l b as d eut d dav h d nublid

qu` shmu `st â absbib `l è trbabkd i` Ebzbrsoèi y Abrtdl, l sp`nhbe pâms. 20?.?0.No. YBENDYY ZBQ DL^y@I]BQIB. ^GHE , ìs., Ydwbris b M`l`rbe Yg`dry do Bn.thdl (Nbcarhim 6 Gbrvbri Plhv`rshty Zr`ss, 2802), pâm. 98.

Nebshohnbnhþl, m`l`rbehzbnhþl, ghpþt`shs, r`mebs y prhlnhphds 78

s` ndc`lzþ e trbabkd l e ehard6 i` g`ngd, s` xpedrbrdl ihv`rsds s-qu`cbs y s cuy pdshae` qu` bemuh`l stbae`znb ul `squ`cb i` nebsh-ohnbnhþl’d ulb odrcb i` nebshohnbnhþl’c`kdr qu` e bquã cpe`bid.Ed hcpdrtblt` s qu` è i`sbrrdeed i` ul squ`cb i` nebshohnbnhþl i`-s ` ba e ` r `quh ` r` b v` n` s p`l` t r b n h þl y nbpbn hibi i` p` r n`pn h þl , p`ls b -ch`l t d n r `bidr ` hcb m hl b t h v d , hl n eusd puì` s ` r c uy vb e hd sd ` s t è th n b -c`lt`.

Eds ibtds ld sh`cpr` s` ihvhi`l l nebshohnbnhdl`s nebrbs. B v`n s,e b s n e b s h o hn b n h dl` s s dl s hcp e ` s vb r h b n h dl` s i` mrbid c âs a h `l qu` i h o ` -r`lnhbs i` nebs`. Zdirãbcds, pdr k`cped, ihvhihr b eds s`r`s gucblds`l ids nb t ` md r ã b s `l ab s ` b su ìbi6 t dids ed s c` ldr` s i` v` h l t ` bòdsp`rt`l n`rãbl b ulb nbt`mdrãb y eds cbydr`s i` v`hlt` b eb dtrb. Z`rd`stb nebshohnbnhþl s`rãb cuy brahtrbrhb d ld byuibrãb cungd. Zbrb cu-ngds o hl ` s s ` r ãb c âs p rân th n d n d e dn br b e b s p ` r sdlbs n dl odrc` b ulb ` s -nbeb, std s, dnupbrs` l ul prdn`sd i` dri`lbnhþl i` eds ibtds, câsqu` i` n ebs h o h nbn hþl. Ebssw` e e y Fbpebl sumh`r`l qu` eb ih o` r`lnhb `ltr`nebshohnbr y dri`lbr quhvbe` b eb iho`r`lnhb ltr` «ulb nh`lnhb qu`t r b t b i ` e b s ` sp `n h ` s y ulb , n h `l n hb i ` n dr r ` e bn h dl `s ouln hdlb e ` s . ¶. , y s ` -òbebl qu` «ulb v`z qu` eds ndln`ptds s` odrcuebl l tèrchlds i` tu.-i`l , i` vb r h b n h þl `l mrbid , puì`l i` s b r rd e eb r s ` ` s nb e b s y c è t dids i`cì h n h þl pb rb s ` rv hr e b s l` n` s h ibi` s i` prda e `c bs p b r t hnu e b r ` s ¶ > .

M@L@QBEH[BNHÞL

G`cds yb ldtbid qu` ul ndln`ptd s ulb m`l`rbehzbnhþl, yb qu`bohrcb eb xhst`lnhb i` nbrbnt rãsthnbs ndcpbrthibs pdr iho`r`lt`s e`-c`ltds. Câs bièblt` i`nhcds qu` ulb m`l`rbehzbnhþl s «thlb prdpd-s hn hþl qu` i`snr ha` b emulds b t r hautds ndc ul`s b ids d c âs dak`tds¶ . @std`qu hvb e ` b i ` n h r qu` ` e p r dn ` sd i ` m `l `r b e h z bn hþl ` s ` e p bsd i ` ulb b o h r-cb n hþl i` s nr hp t h vb i` ul ` k `cp e d das ` rvbid b ulb b o h rcbn h þl i` s nr h p -thvb i` câs i` ul `k`cped i` ulb nh`rtb nebs`. Ndg`l y Lbmè sdl cu-ngd câs rbihnbe`s, pu`s iòhl`l ne prdn`sd i` m`l`rbehzbnhþl ndcd «èpbsd i` ulb b o h rcbn hþl v ` ribi`r b i` b e mulds ` k `cp eds da s` r vbids b ulbbohrcbnhþl v`ribi`rb i` tdids eds pdshae`s k`cpeds i` ulb nebs`¶'.Psbr`cds ulb iòhlhnhþl c`lds `xtr`cbib. B c`lds qu` s` hlihqu`

d t r b n dsb , l ds d nupbr `cds i` m `l `r b e h zbn h dl `s qu` sdl câs i`sn r hp t hv bsqu` ldrcbt hvbs d p r`snr hp t hvbs .Nublid n h t bcds ul ` k `cp ed d i `n hcds qu` b e m d ` s r `b e , s t bc ds m ` -

l`rbehzblid. Plb mrbl prdpdrnhþl i` lu`strbs orbs`s, hlneuhib eb pr`-s `l t ` , `cp e`bl n dl n `p t ds qu` sdl m `l `r b e h zbn h dl `s y ul`l e d s n dl n `p t ds`l t r ` s ã , i` cbl` rb qu` ` s t ba e ` n`l d t r b m`l` rb e hz b n h þl . ^ ` puì` i` n h rqu` e dak`td iè stuihd i` eb pdeãthnb s e i`sbrrdeed i` «m`l rbehzb.

• GBQDEII. EB^ ]@EEy BAQBGBC F.B2'EBL, Zdw`r bli ^dnh`ty; B Orbc`-

wdrf td Zdehthnbe elqu`ry (L`w gbv`l6 Xbe` Plhv`rshty Zr`ss, 280:), pâms. 2?-2=.

• CDQQH Q. NdsH,L y @QL@^Y LBN@r., Bl Hltrdiunthdl td Edmhn bli ^nh`lthohn

C`tgdi (Lu`vb Xdrf6 HNbr`durt, Arbnd Nd., 28>9), pâm. 1==.

8: Nh`lnhb pdeãthnb; ul b lâehshs ohedsþohnd



nhdl`s qu` s`bl b eb v`z s`murbs y vâehibs pbrb `lt`li`r eb ndliuntbpdeãthnb¶ > .

@l ` e n bp ã tu ed s `mulid g`c ds da s` r vbid qu` e b s nu`s t hdl `s b e b s qu`ndlt`stbl eds nh`ltãohnds qu` s` dnupbl i` eb pdeãthnb vbrãbl l su lh-v` e i` m`l` rb e h ibi . Be mulds s ` d nupb l i` e b h i`l t ho h n b n h þl i` e b s nb rb n -t `r ãs t hnbs ndc pbr t hibs pdr ulds 'pdnds ` e`c `ltds, ch`l trbs qu` dt rbs t rb-t bl i` ibr dri`l , ` s t run turb y s h ml h o h n bid b cb sbs n dl s hi ` r ba e ` s i ` ` e ` -c`ltds pbrthnuebr`s. Dtrb cbl`rb i` i`nhr ed chscd s qu` lu`strbsm`l`rbe hzbn hdl`s s` `lnu`ltrbl `l i h o`r`l t`s l hv` e`s i` m`l` rbe hibi6 b emu-

lbs s ` bp e h nbl b ulds pdnd s ` e `c `l t d s y d t rb s b c ungds ._brhbs pbebarbs s` bsdnhbl ndl eb pbebarb «m`l`rbehzbnhþl¶. Plb m`-l` rb e hz b n h þl ` s t bca h èl ulb i` n e b rb n h þl d ulb p rdpds h n h þl . Nublid s ``cp e`bl i`sn r hp t hv bc`l t ` , ` s t bs t r` s p b eba r bs i `s h mlbl ku hn h d s qu` sdl ,`l pr hln hp hd, v`ribi`rds d ob esds . Zdstuebids, supu`stds, pr`chsb s y pr hl -n hp hds puì`l s `r m`l`rbe hzbn hdl`s . Ghpþt`s hs , e`y`s i`snr hp t hvbs y t `dr ãbssdl m`l`rbehzbnhdl`s. @e shmuh`lt` pârrbod i` Ibvhi @bstdl shrv` tbltdpbr b h eus tr br ` e usd i` ` s t bs y d t rbs p b eba r bs n dcd pbr b bvblzbr ul p `l -s bc h `l t d qu` ` s hcpdr t bl t ` `l ` e p r ` s `l t ` ndl t `x td .

@l y pdr sã chscds eds g`ngds ld lds p`rcht`l xpehnbr d lt`li`r ul bndlt -nhch ltd. Eds g`ngds t h l`l qu` s`r dri`lbids i` bemulb cbl rb pbrb qu` pdibcdsp`rnhahr sus ndl`xhdl`s. Nubltd cbydr s`b e lhvè i` m`l`rbehibi be dri`lbr tbe`sbntds y be nebshohnbr sus rèbnhdl`s, câs bcpehb s râ eb snbeb i` eb xpehnbnhþl y iè`lt`lihch ltd. Plb s`rh i` m`l`rbehzbnhdl`s qu` dri`l` tdibs ebs nebs`s i` g`ngds.qu` i`ldchlbcds pdehthnds s`rãb, davhbc`lt`, câs ûthe pbrb e lt`lihch`ltd i` ebbnthvhibi pdehthnb qu` ulb sdeb m`l rbehzbnhþl qu` rèbnhdlbs` tbl sþed ids i` tbe`sg`ngds. Zdr stb rbzþl, ltr` dtrbs qu` s` ihsnuthrâl câs bièblt`, eb aûsquìb i`ndldnhch`ltd s`murd bn`rnb i` o`lþc`lds pdeãthnds cpãrhnds xhm`, l ûethcb hls-tblnhb, eb ndlstrunnhþl i` ulb t`drãb shst`câthnb, ldcar` abkd e nube s` i`ldchlbe câxhcd uri`l i` m`l`rbehzbnhþl'.

@e tèrchld m`l`rbehzbnhþl ` s , pu` s , e d su o hn h ` l t `c`l t ` b cp e hd pb rbnuar h r e r ` s t bl t ` t `cb i` e b p b r t ` s `mulib , e d nub e s h ml h oh n b qu` e b s i h -vhshdl`s suashmuh`lt`s ròe`kbl prò`r`lnhbs i` `sthed y i` èlobshs, câsqu` i` eþm hnb. @xbchlbr`cds t r`s n ebs`s i`T m`l`rbe hzbn hdl`s’ghpþt`s hs ,r`mebs y prhlnhphds’`l ed qu` r`stb i` st` nbpãtued y iìhnbr`cds nb-pã tueds s`pb rbids b ebs d trbs ids n ebs`s i` m`l`rb e hzbn hdl`s , e`y`s y t`dr ãbs .

GHZÞY@ H

Iòhlhnhdl`s i` ghpþt`shs.

E b s p b e b a r b s ghpþt`shs ` ghpdtèthnd r ` n ha `l i h o ` r`l t ` s s `l t hids y c b-t hn`s i` s`l t hid.

º KBC@ ]. ZQDYG QD , «Yg` Ldls`ls` Ohmtg Dv`r nh`lthohn C`tgdi; B Ze`bodrZmbn`l, Kdurlbe do Zdehthns, 27 (bmdstd 280?), 0=:. B_HI @;t YDL, Yg` Zdehthnbe yst`c (Lu`vb Xdrf6 Beorì B. Fldpo, 280>),pâmhlb 9.

Nebshohnbnhþl m`l`rbehzbnhþl ghpþt`shs r`mebs y prhlnhphds 2Ebs bohrcbnhdl`s y pr`multbs qu` s` absbl l eb ndlthlm`lnhb sdli`ldc hlbibs m `l` rb ec`l t ` ghpdtèthnbs. Zdr k`cped, «^h mblb l Lu vbXdrf, mblbrâ eb. pr`shi`lnhb¶, s ulb bohrcbnhþl ghpdtèthnb. @l st`chscd s`lt hid, ebs m`l`rbe hzbn hdl`s `cpãr hnbs y i`snr hp t hvbs sdl ghpdtè -thnbs, pdrqu` e ndldnhch`ltd m`l`rbe qu` s hliunthvd s ndlthlm`ltì` eb pdshahehibi i` qu` ebs das`rvbnhdl`s l e outurd ndhlnhibl ndlebs i` e pbsbid.

Lu`s t rd h l t ` rès ld r ` s h i` t bl t d ndl e b s g h pþ t` s h s qu` hcp e h nbl n dl -t h lm`ln h b ndc d ndl bqu` ee b s qu` hcp e h nbl ndl k ` turb . Bs ã , «e b s p rdpds h -

nhdl`s qu` bohrcbl eb `xhst`lnhb i` rèbnhdl`s ltr` o`lþc lds...¶ dpr dpds h n h dl `s qu` ` s t ba e ` n `l ulb r ` spu`s t b b ulb p r `mul t b , d ulb sd -e un hþl b ul prda e `c b , s dl g h pþ t` s h s , s h s dl , `l b e mûl s `l t h id , ndl k ` tu-rbe`s . ` bi` ebl t bl pbr b qu` s ` t dc `l `l n dl s hi ` r bn hþl , susp `li h`lidè kuhnhd r`sp`ntd b su v`rbnhibi d obesìbi gbstb qu` s` ndcpe`t` ebndlshi`rbnhþl 7.`l`rbec`lt`, s` odrcuebl l orbs`s bohrcbthvbs, p`rdpuì`l ` s t b r ndc pr`li hibs `l e b p r ` multb qu` gby qu` ndl t ` s t b r . Zd r` k`cped , pdirãbcds i`nh r , «Eb ihs tr haunhþl i` hl o eu`lnhb sdar` ebs i`nh -s h dl `s qu` b o ` n t bl b e s h s t `c b n dl s t h tun hdlb e i ` e b sdn h ìbi t h `li` b n d -rr`spdli rs` ndl eb ihstrhaunhþl iè ndltrde iè pdi`r chehtbr¶. D pd-ir ãbc ds p r `mul t br ; «Ý h`li` b n d r r` spdl i`r s` e b i h s t rhaun hþl i` e b hl -oeu`lnhb sdar` ebs i`nhshdl`s qu` bo`ntbl be shst`cb ndlsthtunhdlbe ièb sdnhìbi ndl eb ihstrhaunhþl iè ndltrde iè pdi`r chehtbr4¶. Eb chs-

cb i`n eb r bn hþl d p r `mul t b p dir ãb `xp r `sbr s ` `l ulb o r bs ` n dli hn h dlb e ;«^h bndlt`n` ul nbcahd l eb ihstrhaunhþl iè ndltrde iè pdi`r cheh-t b r , `l t dl n `s `x h s th r â ulb t `li`ln hb gbn hb ul nbc a hd qu` s ` n dr r ` spdl -ib l eb ihstrhaunhþl i` eb hloeu`lnhb sdar` ebs i`nhshdl`s qu` bo`ntblb e s h s t `cb ndls t h tun hdlb e i` ulb s d n h ìbi¶. @xp e ãn h t b d hc p e ãn h t bc`l t ` ,nbib ulb i` stbs odrcuebnhdl`s xpr`sb ulb ghpþt`shs. ` ehchlb ebghpþt`s h s s h s ` ` e hchlb eb prdp ds hn hþl, `s td `s , s h eb orbs` ld sum h`r` pdrs ã c hsc b ulb r ` spu`s t b p r dv hs h dl b e . Zdr ` k`c p ed , «^ h bn dl t ` n ` ul nbc -ahd `l eb ihs tr haunhþl i` e ndl trd e i` e pdi`r c h e h tbr , ´què dnurr` , s h dnu-r r` b e m d , b e b i h s t r haun hþl i` e b hl o eu`l n hb s da r ` e b s i `n h s h dl `s qu` b o ` n -tbl be shst`cb ndlsthtunhdlbe i` ulb sdnhìbi4¶. .

Ndcd ulb vbr h bn hþl i` e d bl t ` r hd r ; e b s g hpþ t ` s h s s dl , b v`n`s, `xpr`-sbibs `l o d rcb i` cdi` eds d t hp ds ` sp `n hb e ` s’ul hl s t ruc`l t d b e qu` l ds

r` o`r hr`cds câs bi` eblt` .

Dnbshdl`s pbrb è usd i` ebs ghpþt`shs.

Eb p r `mul t b b n bib nu`s t hþl i` g`ngd ià` o d rcu ebr s ` p r hc`r bc`l t `ndc d ulb g h pþ t ` s h s y s ` r eu` md s dc ` t h ib b pruàb , aus nblid e b n dl o h r-

^dnhbe ^nh`ln` Q`s`brng Ndulnhe, Ndcchtt`` dl eehstdrhdmrbpgy, Auee`thl ?9,Yg` ^dnhbe ^nh`ln`s hl Ghstdrhnbe ^tuiy (Lu`vb Xdrf6 ^^QN, 2809), pâm. 8>.

• No. LDQCBL Q. NBCZA@EE, «Yg truntur do Yg`drh sl, `l G`ra`rt O hmey Cby Ardia`nf, ìs., Q`bihlms hl t g` Zghedsdpgy do ^nh`ln` (Lu`vb Xdrf6 Bppe tdl.N`ltury-Nrdots, 280>), pâm. 18:.

h`lnhb pdeãt hnb; ul blâehshs ohedsþohnd Nebshohnbnhþl, m`l`rbehzbnhþl, ghpþt`shs, r`mebs y p rhlnhphds 8>



81lbnhþl d eb obetb i` ndl o h rcb n hþl . Eb i `s`ba h e hi bi i` ` s t ` p r dn ì hch`l -t d vbr ãb . Nublid s ` i h spdl ` i` ulb r ` spu`s t b ul hv ` rsb ec`l t ` bn `p t bib ,quhzâ l ul ehard i` rò`r`lnhb, ed câs shcpe` s bn`ptbreb shl cde`s-t brs` `l `stba e`n`r ulb ghpþt`s hs 6 `stb s h tubn hþl b v`n`s pr`vbe`n` `l r`-e bn hþl n dl nus t h dl `s cuy ndl n r ` t bs’nu`s t h dl `s i ` ul l hv ` e i ` m `l `r b -ehibi cuy abkd’. @s câs, nublid eb r`spu`stb s` puì` dat`l`r shliuib cìhblt` ul prdnìhch`ltd r`ndldnhid, nbr`n` i` hlt`rès trbtbri` blthnhpbr eb r`spu`stb odrcueblid ulb ghpþt`shs. Zdr k`cped, sh ebnu`s t hþl s ` r ` o h` r ` b e b `x t `l s hþl i` e b n d r r` e bn hþl `l t r ` e b b o h eh b n hþl r ` -

ehmhdsb y eb pbrthnhpbnhþl `l ulb è`nnhþl `l ul ihstrhtd i`t`rchlbid,ld s ` da t `lirâ p r daba e `c `l t ` a `l ` o h n h d b e muld bvblzblid ulb g hpþ t` -s h s 6 eb r ` spu`s t b s ` puì` da t `l `r cì hbl t ` i ` t ` rchlbibs n e b s ` s i ` dp ` -rbn hdl`s ndld n hibs, hln eusd pdr ulb `l nu`stb i` pu`r tb b pu`r tb. @s câsprdabae` qu` ebs ghpþt`shs s`bl ûthe`s nublid eb pruàb y è rrdr sdlcâs p r daba e ` s’nublid `x hs t ` ul ` e `c `l t d i ` hl n ` r t hiucar ` d i ` n dl k ` -turb hl`vhtbae`’6 quhzâ xhstb iuib bn`rnb i` eb nebs` i` cètdid v ebn e bs ` i ` ib t ds qu` n dliuznbl b ulb r ` spu`s t b i hmlb i` nrèihtd. ^h , pdr` k `cp ed , p r `mul t bcd s , l d bn ` r n b i ` e b s r ` e bn h dl `s ` l t r ` e b b o h eh b n hþl r ` -ehmhdsb y eb pbrthnhpbnhþl l e`nnhdl`s, shld bn`rnb i` eds obntdr`s qu`h l o euy`l `l e b i `n h s hþl i` p br t h n hp br d ba s t `l `r s ` , n r `bcd s e b l ` n ` s hibii` ulb s ` r h ` i ` g hpþt ` s h s’qu` , s hl iuib , hl n euh râl e b c `ln hdlbib câsbrr hab’. Nbib ghpþt`s hs `l ebs s`r h`s pdir ãb, `l tdln`s, s`r pu`stb b pru`-

ab y n b e h o h n bib i` v ` ribi`r b d o b e s b , d i ` p r daba e `c`l t ` v ` ribi`r b d o b e -s b , y s ` p d ir ãb da t `l `r ulb m `l ` r b e h zbn hþl sucb r hb .

Eb pruàb i` ebs ghpþt`shs.

Ndc d eb b o h rcb n hþl qu` bnbab cd s i` gbn ` r hli hn b , p br b qu` s `b hl -cìh b t bc `l t ` ût h e pb rb mu h b r e b h lv` s t h mb n h þl n h `l t ã o hn b , s ` s updl` qu`s ` puì`l p dl` r b pruàb e b s g h pþ t` s h s 6 ed qu` ` s d t r b cb l` rb i` i`n hrqu` e b s p r `mul t bs qu` e b s d r h m hl bl s ` supdl ` sdl n d l t ` s t ba e ` s . @s t ` r ` -qu hs h t d i à ` hl t ` r p r` t br s ` i ` ulb cb l`r b ` s t r h n t b y `x t r`c b, s h ml h o hn bl -id ` s t d qu` l hlmulb nu` s t h þl ià` ndls hi` rb r s ` , b e c`l ds qu` ulb g h -pþt ` s h s s h ml h oh n b t hv b puìb n dl o h rcb r s` d l d n dl o h rcbr s` n dl n ` r t`zb n bs htdtbe. D puì` hlt`rpr`tbrs` i` cbl rb câs vbmb pbrb p`rchthr tdcbr`l ndlshi`rbnhþl nu`sthdl`s ghpþt`shs i` ebs nube`s xhst` suohnh`lt`

pruàb pb r b bv `l turbr i `n eb r bn h dl `s i ` p r daba h e hi bi 6 p dr ` k `cp ed , qu``x hst `l bemulbs rbzdl` s pbrb p` lsb r qu` eb g hpþt`s hs `s v`ribi`rb ( d ob e -s b ) . Cungbs nu`s t h dl `s p d e ã th n bs hc pdr t bl t ` s s ` r ã bl `x n eu hibs i ` n d l s h -i` rbn h þl p d r e b p r hc` rb i` ` s t b s h l t ` rpr ` t b n h dl` s 6 pd nb s , s h b e mulb , s ` -r ãbl ` x n euhibs p dr e b s `mulib . Ndc d ` s eþm h n d , ed s r `qu hs h td s i ` p ruàb`xn euy`l e b s g hpþ t` s h s qu` sdl ldrcbt hv bs , p r ` sn r hp th v bs d r bn h dlb e h s t bs ,pu`s , p dr su chsc b lb tur b e `zb , l d puì`l s ` r sdc` t hibs b p ruàb . Ebsghpþ t` s h s p r ` s nr h p t hvb s , ld da s t bl t ` , puì`l s ` r t r biun hib s `l sus ` e ` -c`ltds ldrcbthvds y i`snrhpthvds, y, ltdln`s, e è`c`ltd i`snrhpthvdpuì` s`r sdc`thid b pruàb. I` cbl`rb shchebr, e r`quhshtd i` nbpb-

n h ibi i` s ` r s dc ` t h id b pruàb `xn euy` ebs bca hmõìbi` s y vbmuìbi`s

h ll `n `sb r h bs 6 ` s i `s `ba e ` e b p r `n h s hþl , s h `cp r ` qu` puìb da t `l `r s ` s hl`x n euh r i ` e b n dl s hi ` r bn hþl hc pdr t bl t ` s nu`s t h dl `s .

B r h ` smd i ` hl s h s t h r hlià hibc`l t ` , i h m bcds qu` e b s g hpþt ` s h s l d bpb -r ` n `l chs t ` r h d sbc`l t ` yb n dl s t ruhibs 6 l h t bcp dnd ` s p r daba e ` qu` s `blodrcuebibs pdr è nh`ltãohnd qu` ndch`lzb pdr chrbr b eds «g`ngds¶. @epul t d i` br r blqu` ` s ul bn t d qu` n dl o r ` nu`ln hb `x hm ` n dl s hi ` r ba e ` p ` -l`trbnhþl ; ibrs` nu`ltb i` ulb nu`sthþl d prdae`cb. Plb v`z qu` s`nda r b n dl sn h `l n hb i ` è e s ` râl l `n `sbr h bs bûl p `l ` t r bn hþl ` hc bm hl bn hþl

pbrb o d rcue b r nd r r` n t bc`l t ` e b nu` s t h þl d ` e p rda e `c b . @l cungds nb -sds , « e b i h o h nue t bi r ` s hi ` `l o d rcu ebr e b nu`s t hþl n dr r `n t bc`l t ` , ulb v `zqu` s ` gb e d mrbid puì` nbsh ndl t ` s t br s ` p dr s ã c hsc b¶ 7. h ld s ` ndl -

t ` s t b b s ã c h scb , `l t r b râ `l ku` md e b h l tu hn h þl , y ` s i` i` s ` b r qu` ulbng h spb i` m `l hb e hibi , p br b sum`r h r ulb d câs g hpþ t ` s h s qu` c`r `n `l s ` rn dc prdabibs . Plb v `z qu` ` e p `l sb ch`l t d y e b hcbm hl b n hþl gbl mu hbidebs t b r `bs i ` r ` n dm ` r p ruàbs , puì` s ` r qu` `l c ungds n bsds ` e t r bab k ds ` p r d s h m b i ` u l b c bl ` r b n b r ` l t ` i ` hcbm h l b n h þl y c ` n âl hn bc`l t ` 6 l ddas t bl t ` , hl n eusd s h ` s t d ` s p ds ha e ` , ` e p `l sbch`l t d c âs d c `lds r h murdsd`s l `n ` s br h d , ulb v `z qu` eb s p ruàbs gb l s hid bm rupbibs , bl t ` s i ` p d -i`r benblzbr ul kuhnhd sdar` e mrbid i` prdabahehibi ndl qu` ulb gh-

pþt ` s h s gb s hid n dl o hrcbib d i `l ` mbib .Zuì` s ` r dpdr tulb ` s t b n h t b r ` suchib ;

Pl trbabkd i` hlv`sthmbnhþl ah`l p`lsbid ià` ndc`lzbr pdr ulb i`nebnhþl x-peãnhtb i` ebs pr`multbs prhlnhpbe`s qu` s` trbtb i` ndlt`stbr. @stbs pr`multbs puì`l

’y `l eb r`behibi suè`l s`r’bet`rbibs b cìhib qu` eb hlv`sthmbnhþl • prdmr`s`6 p`rd

sh ebs prdpdshnhdl`s n`ltrbe`s (ghpþt`shs) sdl làuedsbs `l nubequh`r `stbihd, d `stâlhcpeãnhtbs, eb bpehnbnhþl d i`sbrrdeed i` ebs tènlhnbs hlv`sthmbidrbs s`râl hcpr`nhsbsy eb hlv`sthmbnhþl qu` s` i`rhvb s`râ ul i`rrdng` y ld benblzbrâ ndlneushdl`s. Zdrè ndltrbrhd, ulb v`z qu` ebs prdpdshnhdl`s i` abs` (ghpþt`shs) gbl shid odrcuebibs,

`s pdshae` i`sbrrdeebrebs nbsh hliòhlhibc`lt` 2: .

Q@MEB^

@l e nbpãtued t`rn`rd i`snrhahcds b eds bntdr`s i` eb vhib pdeãthnbp`rs hmuh`lid prdpþshtds y s hmuh`lid r`m ebs . Ld `s l`n` sbr hd i`n hr lbib `l`s t ` cdc `l t d sda r ` e d s i`s `ds d p r dpþs h t ds p ` r s `mu hids , p ` rd i à `c dsc`ln hdlbr e b r`meb, b p `sb r i ` qu` e d s t r b t bi h s tbs l d gbl p r ` s t bid m r bl

b t `l n hþl b ` s t ` t è rchld .@e suastblthvd r`meb r`nha` iho`r`lt`s shmlhohnbids. @l ed qu` lds

hlt`r`sb r`meb s ul nrht`rhd qu` shmu` ul bntdr be tdcbr i`nhshdl s yqu`, sh `s s`muhid, e` ndliun` b gbn`r eb chscb nebs` i` ndsb `l eb

chsc b n e bs ` i ` dnbs hþl 22 . Zuì` d ld s ` r ndc p e ` t bc`l t ` ndl s n h `l t ` i`

º AQDxd]sht, Yg` Ndcc dl ^`ls` do ^nh`ln`, pâm. 0?.«Q`s`brng hl Zdehthnbe A`gbvhdr ; Yg` Hcpehnbthdls do Q`s`brng hl Zdehthnbe

A`gbv h d r s , Bc`rhnbl Zdehthnbe ^nh`ln` Q`vh`w, 9? (ihnh`car` 2801), pâm. 2::=.

Z@Y@Q ]HLNG,Yg` Hi`b do b ^dnhbe ^nh`ln` (Lu`vb Xdrf6 Gucblhth`s Zr`ss,

2807), `l `sp`n hb e , pâms. 08-?2.

80Nh`lnhb pdeãthnb; ul blâehshs ohedsþohnd Nebshohnbnhþl, m`l`rbehzbnhþl, ghpþt`shs, r`mebs y prhlnhphds89



eb r`meb, d i` ibre `xpr`shþl v`rabe. Z`rd `s ul rbsmd i` `st ndln`ptdqu` e bntdr, y dtrds, ià`l s`r nbpbn s, be c`lds l cungds nbsds, i`ndldn`r sh gb bpehnbid eb r`meb ndrr`ntbc`lt` d sh gb ndc`thid ul `rrdr.Ebs r`mebs sdl pr`snrhpthvbs d ldrcbthvbs, i` prò`r`lnhb b i`snrhpthvbs.

Abkd stb iòhlhnhþl s` lnu`ltrbl cungbs r`mebs qu` muãbl eb ndl.iuntb gucblb. Plb iòhlhnhþl `s `l sã chscb ulb r`meb pbrb è usdi eb pbebarb i ohlhib. Gby r mebs i mrbcâthnb, i eþmhnb, i s`murhibi,i` cdrbe y èthnb, i` thqu`tb, i` prui`lnhb, i ohnh lnhb, i drmblhzb.nhþl, i` ihr`nnhþl, i` `strbt`mhb, `tn. Gby r`mebs i` i`r`ngd, `stbtu-

tbrhd y ndcûl. Eds vdtblt`s y eds pbrthids pdeãthnds shmu`l r`mebs be ldc-arbr b sus nblihibtds, eds nblihibtds shmu`l r`mebs l su nbcpbòb, edsoulnhdlbrhds shmu`l r`mebs pbrb e nucpehch`ltd i` sus ià`r`s, eds Md-ah`rlds s` bth`l`l b r`mebs `l sus r ebnhdl`s `ltr` sã, e s`nr`tbrhd m`-l`rbe i` ebs Lbnhdl`s Plhibs shmu` r`mebs l su `sou`rzd i` edmrbr quèds @stbids ch`cards nucpebl ebs daehmbnhdl`s i` eb Nbrtb, tn. Ydidsshmu`l k`rbrquãbs i` r`mebs, ebs r`mebs câs m`l`rbe`s s` bpehnbl nublidgb i` o ntubrs` ulb e nnhþl ltr` ebs qu` sdl câs `sp nãohnbs. Ndld-nhch`ltd i` ebs r`mebs m`l`rbe`s. qu` s` shmu`l, d bûl s câs, ndldnh-ch`ltd i` . ebs r`mebs ndlnr`tbs qu` ' gbl shid bidptbibs prdpdrnhdlbrâlulb abs` pbrb xpehnbr d prì`nhr eb bnnhþl pdeãthnb.

Ebs r`mebs ku`mbl ul pbp e hcpdrtblt` l eb pdeãthnb. I` g ngd, sè`s gb ldcarbid ndcd ulb i` eds ids ndcpdl`lt`s i` eb pdeãthnb, sh`lidè dtrd eb bnnhþl. Ebs r`mebs sdl ebs muãbs pbrb eb bnnhþl. Zuì`l sp`-nhohnbr «eb suastblnhb i` eb r`spu`stb b bemulb shtubnhþl outurb¶, pdr`k`cped, eb r pr`sbehb iè chscd thpd b ul btbqu` lune`br. D puì`l`sp nhohnbr. «eb dnbshþl i` ulb r`spu`stb d ebs ndlihnhdl`s l ebs nube st`lirâ eumbr ulb r`spu`stb ndlnr`tb¶, pdr `k cped, byuib b eds Mdah`r.lds iè Drh`lt` C ihd, nublid stâl bc`lbzbids pdr e ndculhscd hl-t`rlbnhdlbe, sh cpr qu eb byuib s`b pìhib. D ebs r mebs puì`l `sp -nhohnbr ulb «hlt`rpr`tbnhþl i` bndlt`nhch`ltds y nhrnulstblnhbs outurds¶,pdr `k cped, ndlshi`rbr nubequh`r r`vdeunhþl ndculhstb ndcd, `s`lnhbe-c`lt , eb darb i` Cdsnû 21

Ebs r`mebs `stâl câs ãlthcbc`lt ehmbibs b ebs rbzdl`s pbrb eb bn-nhþl qu` b ebs nbusbs i` eb bnnhþl, pu`s stâl ehmbibs ndl eds prdpþshtdsy eb e`nnhþl. Eb ndliuntb qu` s` bibptb b ulb r`meb i` cbl`rb ndl-mru`lt` puì` pbr`n`r ròe`kbr ulb e`y i`snrhpthvb (i`snrhtb l e nbpã-

tued shmuh`lt`), p`rd eds è c`ltds i` è nnhþl y prdpþshtd s` r`ndldn`lc`kdr sh ebs r`mebs sdl trbtbibs ndcd r`mebs pr`snrhpthvbs, y eb ndliuntbndcd bibptâlids b eb r meb >. ^h `s ul prdpþshtd i` eb bnthvhibi nh`l-tãohnb xpehnbr y prì`nhr, s` shmu` qu` ià` s`r ul prdpþshtd hi`lthohnbrebs r`mebs cìhblt` ebs nube`s eds bntdr`s pdeãthnds muãbl su ndliuntb. Be.

QHNGBQI N. ^LXI@Q, HH. ]. AQPNF y APQYDL BZHL, I`nhshdl-Cbfhlm bsBl Bpprdbng td tg` ^tuiy do Hlt`rlbthdlbe Zdehthns (Zrhln tdl6 Zrhln`tdl Plhv`r-shty, Drmblhzbthdlbe A`gbvhdr ^`nthdl, 2809), pâm. 01.

Q. ^. Z@Y@Q^, Yg` Ndln`pt do Cdthvbthdl (Lu`vb Xdrf6 Gucblhth`s Zr`ss,2807), l sp., pâm. 0.

mulbs r`mebs sdl tbl ndrrh`lt`s qu` pu i`l supdl`rs`. Z`rd ld sh`cprèd sdl. Eb hi`lthohnbnhþl, nebrb y s`murb, i` ebs r`mebs ihsthlthvbs i` eb

ndliuntb s ulb ndlquhstb hcpdrtblt` i` eb bnthvhibi nh`ltãohnb2?.

ZQHLNHZHD^

Eb pbebarb prhlnhphd s` usb b c`luid ndcd shlþlhcd i` r`meb 20. Câ s

brrhab, l v`z i` rò`rhrlds b ebs r`mebs i` eb mrbcâthnb, i` eb eþmhnb,i` s`murhibi, i` cdrbehibi, `tn., guahès`cds pdihid rò`rhrlds b prhl-nhphds. @e usd i `st tèrchld s heustrb `l eb Nbrtb i ebs Lbnhdl`s Plh-ibs, l eb qu` eds ch`cards s` daehmbl b sã chscds b bntubr i` bnu`r-id ndl ulb s`rh` i` prhlnhphds, pdr k`cped, e prhlnhphd i` eb hmubeibisda`rblb i` eds ch`cards y e prhlnhphd i` qu` ebs ihsputbs hlt`rlbnhd-lbe s ià`l s`r r`su etbs pdr cìhds pbnãohnds. Cungds prhlnhphds s` hl-t`mrbl `l è Mdah`rld i`cdnrâthnd y ndlsthtunhdlbe i` eds @stbids Plh-ids ; qu` nbib gdcar` ià` ndltbr pdr uld y lhlmûl gdcar` pdr câsi` uld, qu` e Zdi`r ià` stbr ndcpbrthid xt`lsbc`lt`, qu` eds þr-mblds iè Mdah`rld ld puì`l ihschluhr eb eha`rtbi i` `xpr`shþl, qu`lhlmûl @stbid puì` i`l`mbr b ulb • p`rsdlb eb prdt`nnhþl i` eb e`ysdar` eb abs` i` eb hmubeibi b eb chscb, tn.

I` xhsthr ulb iho`r`lnhb ltr` prhlnhphds y r`mebs, pbr`n` r shihr lè benbln` i` ebs i`nebrbnhdl`s6 eb pbebarb «prhlnhphds¶ s` bpehnb b eb;i`nebrbnhdl`s câs bcpehbs y m`l`rbe s, eb pbebarb «r`mebs¶ b ebs câs

ehchtbibs y ndlnr`tbs muãbs i` eb ndliuntb6 l dtrbs pbebarbs ; ebs r`-mebs câs m`l rbe s puì`l s`r i`ldchlbibs prhlnhphds.

Nublid eds prhlnhphds `stbae n`l r`mebs, èstbs sdl ldrcbthvbs d pr`s.nrhpthvbs. Lbturbec`lt`, e g`ngd qu` eds prhlnhphds s`bl bidptbids pu`-i` s`r lbrrbid i`snrhpthvbc`lt`. Bsã, puì` gba`r i`nebrbnhdl`s i`s-nrhpthvbs hlihnblid qu` eds @stbids shmu`l ulb r`meb d prhlnhphd qu` hc-pehnb e quheharhd i` pdi r.

B v`n s, eds prhlnhphds `stbae`n`l rèbnhdl`s nbusbe`s y sdl bsã câsn`rnblds b ebs e`y`s i`snrhpthvbs qu` b ebs r`mebs pr`snrhpthvbs. @stdsprhlnhphds s` lnu`ltrbl, sp`nhbec`lt`, l ebs nh`lnhbs lbturbe`s. Zdr`k`cped, ul t`rcdstbtd oulnhdlb l abs` be prhlnhphd i` nbcahds l ebt`cp`rbturb qu` i`t`rchlb qu` e c`tbe s` ihebt` d ndltrbhmb stbae`-nh`lid d ndrtblid è ndltbntd èèntrhnd `ltr` ids pultds ibids. Gbl `xhs-

thid hlt`ltds i` i`sbrrdeebr prhlnhphds i` st` thpd l eb nh`lnhb pdeã-

LBYGBL E@HY@ , Yg` Dp`rbthdlbe Ndi` do tg` Zdehtaur`bu (Lu`vb Xdrf6

CnMrbw-Ghee, 2802), B tuiy do Adesg`vhsc (Me`lnd`6 Or`` Zr`ss, 280>).uZbrb eb ndlshi`rbnhþl iè tèrchld prhlnhphd, v`r G@Q CBLL OHL@Q, «Zrhlnhph`s

bs b Muhi` td Cblbm`c`lt¶, Zuaehn Cblbm`c`lt, 2= (dntuar` 28>0), pâms. 17=-786

I]HMGY ]BEID, Yg` Bichlhstrbthv` tbt` (Lu`vb, Xdrf, Qdlbei, 2897), pâm. 2?86

E@DLBQII. ]GHY@, «Yg` C`blhlm do Zrhlnhph`s hl Zuaehn Bichlhstrbthdls, `lKdgl C. Mbus, E`dlbri I. ]ght` y Cbrsgbee @. Ihcdnf, Yg` Ordlth`rs do Zuaehn

Bichlhstrbthdl (Nghnbmd6 Plhv`rshty do Nghnbmd Zr`ss, 28>?), `l `sp., pâms. 27-28

y G@QA@QY B. HCDL, Bichlhstrbthv` A`gbvhdr (1 ì.6 Lu vb Xdrf, Cbncheebl,

280=), pâms. 1:-12, >8.

NBZÃYPEDD N Y B _ D: ? Nh`lnhb pdeãthnb; ul blâehshs ohedsþohnd



E`y`st h nb , s dar ` t did `l ` e nbc pd i` e b bic hl h s tr b n h þl . Bs ã , s ` gb o d rcue bidè prhlnhphd i` qu` beb ohnbnhb bichlhstrbthvb s` buc`ltb drmblhzblide d s c h`cards i ` ul m rupd n dl odrc` b ulb i` t ` rchlbib k ` r brqu ãb i ` bu -tdr hibi¶ 27.b i h s nus hþl i` p r hl n hp h ds i ` ` s t ` t h p d , qu` supdl`l ` s t ba e ` -n`r e`y`s i`snr hp t hvbs, s` `ln dltrbrâ `l ` e nbp ã tued s hmuh`l t` .

Eds prhlnhphds s` i`rhvbl i` vbrhbs ou`lt`s, i`p`lih`lid i` sus th-pds. Eb pdshnhþl pdshthvhstb s, ndcd s eþmhnd, qu` eds prhlnhphds ldr-cb t hvds `stâl pdstuebids. Eds pr hln hp hds i`snr hp t hvds sdl `c pãr hnds, sur-mh`lid i` eb das`rvbnhþl. Ebs r`mebs d prhlnhphds pr`snrhpthvds sdl ulb

ndca hlbn hþl i` bc ads 6 n dca hlbl ul o hl p ds tu ebid n dl ul supu`s t d qu`s` r ` o h ` r` b ulb c bl`r b i` e dm r br su n dl s`nun hþl . ^`bl l drcbt hv ds , i `s -nr hpt hvds d pr`snr hpt hvds , e ds pr hlnhp hds puì`l s`r tbcahèl i` o hl h tdr hdsd i`n eb r bn h dl `s eþm hn bs . B e p ds tu ebr e b i `s `ba h e hi bi i` e b i `cdnr bn h . . p dr` k `cp e d , t bca h èl pd s tu e bcds n h ` r td s p r hln h p h d s ld rcb t h vd s qu` o h murbl`l eb iòhlhnhþl i` eb i`cdnrbnhb. I` cbl`rb blâedmb, sh pdstuebcdse b i` s ` ba h e h ibi i` pr ` s ` rvb r e b h li`p`li`ln h b i` e @s t bid s ` hcp e h nb e þ -m h nbc`l t ` e b big` s h þl b n h ` r t d s pr h ln h p hd s .

HCPL,Bichlhstrbthv` A`gbvhdr, pâms. 1:.12.Nublid ` s tâabc ds i h s nut h `lid e b ` xp e h nb n h þl `l ` e nbp ã tu ed t ` r n` rd

lds rò`rhcds ar`v`c`lt` be pbpè i` ebs e`y`s. Bohrcbcds qu` ebs x-p e h n bn hdl `s `l t è rchlds i ` n busb s ` ab sbl ldrcb ec`l t ` `l ulb d vbr h bse`y`s m`l rbe`s, cungbs i` eebs tbl shcpe`s y davhbs qu` s basurid

n h t b r eb s . G hn hcds l d t br ulb e `y i ` e b p d e ã t h n b hl t ` rlbn hdlb e ; qu` e d s b t b -qu`s che h t br`s i` e ha` rbids pdr pb r t ` i` ul @stbid nd ltrb ` e t `rrh t dr hd i`dtrd ndliun`, m`l rbec`lt , b eb mu`rrb. Z`rd eb rò`r`lnhb b eb e`y `lè nbpãtued t`rn`rd ld hlneuãb ulb iòhlhnhþl iè tèrchld6 lh tbcpdndbyuibab cungd b nebrhohnbr e pbpè i` eb e`y l e stuihd i` eb pd-

e ãt hnb.

@e prdae`cb i` eb iòhlhnhþl s nrunhbe. @e i`snuarhch`ltd d i`s-brrdeed i` ebs e`y`s i` eb pdeãthnb puì` ndlshi`rbrs`, d ah`l ndcd ulda k ` t h vd ` s `l n hb e d n dc d uld c br m hl b e , i`p `li h`lid i` e b i ` o hl hn hþl qu`s ` bidp t ` . Nublid e d s t r b t bi h s t b s i` n h `ln h b p d e ãt h nb i h o h` r `l b n` r nb i` epbp` e i` e b e ` y , eb c bydr ãb i` e b s v` n` s ` e i` s b nu` rid r ` o e` k b s d e bc `l t `qu` bn`ptbl i` o hl hn hdl`s ih o `r`lt`s .

Bquã lds dnupbcds sdebc`lt` i` eb e`y i`snrhpthvb. Zbrb i`nhred i`cbl` rb l` m b t h vb ; ld ld s d nupbc ds i` e b pu` s t b `l v h md r , i` s nuar hc h `l tdd h l t ` rpr ` tb n h þl i` e b e ` y pr ` s nr hp t h vb 6 ` s td ` s ; ld ld s d nupbc ds i` e bn ebs` i` e `y , eeâc`s` kurãihnb , èt h nb d r` e h m hdsb , qu` vb bndc pbòb ib pdrulb b e ` m bib da e h m bn hþl i` da ì h `l n hb 2 .

Z`rd ´què `s ulb e `y i`snr hpt hvb4

E@]H ]GHY@ A@NF, Zghedsdpghn Hlquhry (Lu`vb Xdrf6 Zr`lthn`-Gbee, 2801),pâmhlbs 21:-12.

=

2 Nh`lnhb pdeãthnb; ul blâehshs ohedsþo hnd



nhþl rbnhbe. Dtrb e`y pdirãb `stbae`n`r eb ndrrèbnhþl `ltr`, pdr ulb pbr-t` 6 eds hlmr`sds y, r`sp`nthvbc`lt`, eds hcpu`stds sdar` eb r`ltb y ebs v`l-

tbs. @l prhlnhphd, s` puì`l i snuarhr cungbs e`y`s stbiãsthnbs qu` s`

ròh`r`l b cungbs nebs`s i` ndrrèbnhdl`s6 quhzâ s` puih`rbl i`sbrrdeebr

pbrb nuarhr d barbzbr eb cbydrãb i` ebs ndrrèbnhdl`s qu` s` nhtbl câsbab kd .

Ebs s`nu`lnhbs `cpãrhnbs, ndcd e`y`s.

Ebs bohrcbnhdl`s qu` i`snrha`l s`nu`lnhbs `cpãrhnbs `stâl `str`ngb-

c`lt` cpbr`ltbibs ndl ebs e`y`s stbiãsthnbs. Zuì`l ibrs` oânhec`lt`

`k`cpeds i` eebs. Nublid ul @stbid ròu`rzb su pdi`r chehtbr, m`l`rbe.

c`lt`, uld d vbrhds @stbids gbn`l ed chscd. Nublid dnurr` h eb i`.

pr`shþl `l ul @stbid i`cdnrâthnd `s prdabae` qu` è pbrthid `l è Zd-i`r ph`rib eb prþxhcb è`nnhþl. @l nubequh`r shst`cb pdeãthnd nbcahdshcpdrtblt`s l eb ihstrhaunhþl iè pdi`r chehtbr sdl, cuy prdabae`c`l-

t`, s`muhids pdr nbcahds ndrr`spdlih`lt`s `l eb ihstrhaunhþl iè pdi`r

pdeãthnd. Plb vhntdrhb è`ntdrbe buc`ltb ebs pdshahehibi`s i` ul gdcar`

i` s`r è`mhid i` lu`vd y, pdr è ndltrbrhd, eb i`rrdtb rìun` sus pdsh-ahehibi`s. @stbs e`y`s s` odrcuebl câs ah`l vbmbc`lt`6 sh è ndldnh-ch`ltd ou`s` câs pr`nhsd y s`murd, su `xpr`shþl `l eb e`y vbrhbrãb, `lndls`nu`lnh b .

Eds g`ngds m`l`rbe`s ndcd e`y`s.

«Nbib g`ngd m`l`rbe qu` puìb s`r but`lthohnbid puì` s`r ndlsh-

i`rbid ndcd ulb e`y¶ º. Ndrrdadrblid ed blt`rhdr, ulb m`l`rbehzbnhþl`cpãrhnb puì` ndlsthtuhr ulb e`y 2:. @ltr` eds `k`cpeds shmlhohnbthvdsyb nhtbids s` `lnu`ltrb è qu` s` ròh`r` b eb rèbnhþl nutr` ul btbqu`

chehtbr y è ndch`lzd i` ulb mu`rrb. @s ldrcbec`lt` ulb e`y i` ebpdeãthnb bc`rhnblb qu`, m`l`rbec`lt`, eds pbrthids pdeãthnds ldcarbl nbl-

ihibtds b eb pr`shi`lnhb nuyds ldcar`s sdl ah`l ndldnhids, y qu` ulb

v`z qu` è nblihibtd gb nucpehid ul p`rãdid ndcd pr`shi`lt` `s ldc-

arbid pbrb eb r`è`nnhþl. Zrdabae`c`lt`, `s ulb e`y i` eb vhib aurdnrâ-

thnb qu` eds oulnhdlbrhds nhvhe`s, b eds nube`s gbl lndc libid nh`rtds

ià`r`s y nh`rtds pdi`r`s, trbtbl i` `vhtbr qu` s` r`nurrb b ulb butd-

rhibi sup`rhdr, ed nube r`p`rnuthrãb l su shtubnhþl d ndcp`t`lnhb. @s-tbs e`y`s puì`l, bet`rlbthvbc`lt`, s`r eebcbibs r`mebs. Zdpp`r `stb-

8 CDQQH Q. NDG@L, Q`bsdl bli Lbtur`; Bl @ssby dl tg` C`blhlm do ^nh`l-thohn C`tgdi (Lu`vb Xdrf6 Gbrndurt, Arbn`, 28>2), pâms. >0=.>07. No. DEBO G@EC@Qy LHNGDEB Q@^NG@Q, «Dl tg` @phst`cdedmy do tg` Hl`xbnt ^nh`ln`s¶, Cblbm`c`lt^nh`ln`, 2 (dntuar` 2808), pâms. 1=.>:.

2: «ûm`rhcds qu` è tèrchld «e`y¶ s` r`s`rv` pbrb m`l`rbehzbnhdl`s tbe`s n dcdeb e`y i` Zbr`td d eb i` Mr`sgbc d eb e`y iè r`lihch`ltd i`nr`nh`lt` d i` eb uth-ehibi cbrmhlbe i`nr`nh`lt`. ^dl ebs e`y`s ndcd èstbs ed qu` ndlsthtuy` è da k` t hvdn`ltrbe b i`snuarhr pc.; eb nh.lnhb.¶ Y. ]. GHurnGH DL,Yg` ^hmlhohnbln` bli tgÀbshn Zdstuebt`s do @ndldchn Yg`dry (Edlir`s6 Cbncheebl, 28>7), pâm. ?>.

E`y`s 2: 2

ae`n` qu` eb e`y qu` trbtb i` prdiunhr ulb ròdrcb pdeãthnb drhmhlb, ldr-

cbec`lt`, dpdshnhþl6 eb hlt`lshibi i` eb dpdshnhþl nr`nh`lid bprdxhcb-

ibc`lt` l rèbnhþl ndl eb hcpdrtblnhb i` eb ròdrcb6 y s` ròh`r` be

ndrdebrhd i` qu` eds hlt`r`s`s nr`bids s` i`sbrrdeebl ldrcbec`lt` `l t`r-

ld be stbtu qud y i`s`bl pr`s`rvbred. Odrcueb eb e`y i` eb ndrrupnhþl

i` edri Bntdl i` eb shmuh`lt` cbl`rb ; «Ld s` puì` dtdrmbr b ul gdc-

ar` pdi`r sdar` dtrds gdcar`s shl t`ltbred i` qu` ed us` hcprdphbc`lt`,

ulb t`ltbnhþl qu` buc`ltbrâ bprdxhcbibc`lt` `l rèbnhþl b eb nblth-

ibi i` pdi`r dtdrmbid, y qu` pdnds s`râl nbpbn`s i` r`shsthr¶ 2=. Ebbohrcbnhþl i` qu` l @stbids Plhids xhst`l e`nnhdl`s s ul g`ngd m`-

l`rbe6 ndcd tbe, `s ulb e`y i`snrhpthvb y, be chscd th`cpd, eb e`y i`s-nrhpthvb s` rèbnhdlb cuy `str`ngbc lt` ndl eb e`y pr`snrhpthvb. @l dtrbs

pbebarbs ; ed qu` dnurr` ldrcbec`lt`, d sh`cpr`, puì` dnurrhr `l abs`

b r`muebnhdl`s pr`snrhpthvbs6 p`rd e g`ngd qu` dnurr` puì` prdpdr-nhdlbr ulb abs` pbrb eb odrcuebnhþl i` ulb e`y i`snrhpthvb.

EB NDLN@ZNHÞL I@ A@MCCBLL I@ EB E@X

E`y i prdn`sd.

Mustbv A`rmcbll gb g`ngd cungd pbrb nebrhohnbr è ndln`ptd i`

e`y 21. Bulqu` s` dnupb i` eb e`y prhlnhpbec`lt` `l rèbnhþl ndl eb psh-

ndedmãb, y bulqu` bemulds i` eds thpds i` e`y qu` èe i`snrha` s`rãbl ih-oãnhec`lt` bpehnbae`s b eb pdeãthnb, puì`, ld dastblt`, s`r ûthe pr`stbr

bt`lnhþl b bemulbs i` ebs ihsthlnhdl`s qu` èe `stbae`n`. Abkd eb `thqu`tb

te` ndldnhch`ltd p`ro`ntd i`snrha` ed qu` i`ldchlb «e`y`s i` prdn`sd¶.

@stbs e`y`s s` rèbnhdlbl ndl shst`cbs ihlâchnds d nbcahblt`s, qu` s`

i`sbrrdeebl b trbvès i` ulb s`nu`lnhb i` obs`s d stbids. Nbib stbid s

eb ndls`nu`lnhb iè pr`nì`lt` y, be chscd th`cpd, `s eb ndlihnhþl l`-

n`sbrhb y suohnh`lt` iè shmuh`lt`. Plb e`y i` prdn`sd `s, pu`s, ulb qu`

puì` ndcahlbrs` ndl ndldnhch`ltd i` ul stbid ibid pbrb prdpdr-

nhdlbr ibtds i` ul stbid pr`nì`lt` d ndlshmuh`lt`. @l dtrbs pbebarbs;

ndldnh`lid ebs nbrbnt`rãsthnbs iè `stbid A y ndldnh`lid eb e`y i` prd-n`sd ndrr`spdlih`lt`, s` pdirãb, `l ò`ntd, i`t`rchlbr eb nbrbnt`rãsthnb

iè stbid B y prì nhr ebs nbrbnt`rãsthnbs iè stbid N. Lbturbec`lt`, e

shst`cb ià` s`r n`rrbid6 `std `s, ebs vbrhbae`s rè`vblt`s ià`l p`rcb-l`n`r ld bo`ntbibs pdr i`sbrrdeeds ou`rb iè shst`cb. @e prdn`sd `s c`-

nblhnhstb d i`t`rchlhstb `l è s`lthid i` qu` lhlmûl è`c`ltd `l è shs-

t`cb puì` gbn`r lbib pbrb bet`rbred6 eb s`nu`lnhb i` eds `stbids `s

hlcutbae`. @s davhd qu` ebs e`y`s i` prdn`sd th`l`l qu` s`r rbrbs `l

eb nh`lnhb pdeãthnb, sh s qu` puì`l s`r i`sbrrdeebibs l eeb. @l e

H(BEEQ. ZDZZ@Q, Yg` Zdv`rty do Ghstdrhnhsc (Edlir`s6 Qduteìm` & F`mblZbue), pâms. ?1.?0. No. M@DQM@@. M. NBYEHL, B ^tuiy do tg` Zrhlnhpe`s do Zd-

ehthns (Edlir`s6 Bee`l & Plwhl, 28>:), nbpãtued HHH, «Yg` Ebws do Zdehthns; Btt`cpsbt Odrcuebthdl¶, pâms. 2::.2>9.vZghedsdpgy do ^nh`ln`, `l nsp., pâms. 82 y shms.

2:1Nh`lnhb pdeãthnb; ul blâehshs o hedsþohnd E`y`s 2:>



âcahtd i` eb pdeãthnb pdnds shst`cbs sdl n`rrbids `l è s`lthid i` A`rm-cbll, y s pr`suchae` qu` ebs e nnhdl`s gucblbs hloeuy`l d i`t`rch-lbl l mrbl cìhib e prþxhcd stbid d stbihd iè shst`cb.

E`y`s i` `strunturb.

A`rmcbll trbtb i` dtrds vbrhds thpds iho`r`lt`s i` e y`s abkd è pã-mrbo i` ndldnhch`ltd hcp`ro`ntd. ^dl hcp`ro`ntbs l e s`lthid i` qu`ld prdpdrnhdlbl ulb abs` lt rbc lt` s`murb pbrb prì`nhr, ndlihnhd-

lâlids` b « l m`l`rbe¶ d b «`l nhrnulstblnhbs ldrcbe`s¶. @ltr` ebs e`-y s qu` xpr sbl ndldnhch`ltd hcp`ro`ntd s` lnu`ltrbl ebs qu` A`rm-cbll i`ldchlb e`y`s stbiãsthnbs, e`y`s i` strunturb, e`y`s i` i`sbrrdeedy e`y`s ghstþrhnbs. G`cds c`lnhdlbid yb ebs e`y`s stbiãsthnbs, nhtblid ebiòhlhnhþl i` A rmcbll, bsã qu` lds ehchtbr`cds bgdrb b eds dtrds thpds.

Ebs e`y`s i` strunturb s` rèbnhdlbl ndl nubequh`r stbid i` prd-n`sd6 stbae`n l «ndl`xhdl`s oulnhdlbe s qu` s` dath`l`l ltr` eds vb-edr`s qu` vbrhbs vbrhbae`s pds``l be chscd th`cpd¶. Ndcd ul k`cpedi` e`y i` strunturb nhtb A`rmlbll ul 6thpd be qu` lds g`cds rò`rhibcâs brrhab l dtrd s`lthid. «Ruh`lquh`rb qu` pds`` e rbsmd i` p`rsd-lbehibi B, pds`` tbcahèl è rbsmd i` p`rsdlbehibi A.¶ Zbrb usbr ul`k cped câs sp`nãohnd iè âcahtd l eb pdeãthnb s` pdirãb i`nhr qu`quhzâ s`b ulb e`y qu` eb eha`rtbi i` xpr`shþl l`n`sbrhbc lt` bndc-

pbòb b e nnhdl`s ehar`s6 d, r`nãprdnbc lt`, qu` ld s` lnu`ltrbl kultbseb eha`rtbi i` xpr`shþl y eb ihntbiurb.

E`y`s i i`sbrrdeed.

A`rmcbll i`snrha` eb e`y i` i`sbrrdeed ndcd «ul sadzd ruihc`l-tbrhd i` ulb e`y i` prdn`sd¶. «^h ul shst`cb i` ulb nh`rtb nebs` pds` ,`l ul cdc`ltd ibid, e nbrânt`r B, l ndlihnhdl`s ldrcbe s, `l cd-c`ltds pdst`rhdr`s t`lirâ, sun`shvbc lt`, eds nbrbnt r`s (pbsbrâ b trbvèsi` eds stbids) A, N, I, @, O.¶ @l prhlnhphd, tbe e y stbae`n` eds s-tbihds b trbvès i` eds nube`s pbsb ulb sdnhìbi. A`rmcbll hlihnb qu`Ndct` y p`ln r prdpush`rdl e`y`s i` st` thpd. Ebs e`y`s i` tbehl (dCbrx, d E`lhl) iè i`sbrrdeed sdnhbe p`rt`l`n`l prdabae`c`lt` b stb

nbt mdrãb. Ydyla`` gb ausnbid e y`s i` i`sbrrdeed ndl rò r`lnhb b ebsnhvhehzbnhdl`s.

E`y`s ghstþrhnbs.

Zbrb benblzbr e shmlhohnbid iè tèrchld «e`y ghstþrhnb¶, A`rmcbllusb ul k`cped. Nhtb e prdae`cb i` i t`rchlbr pdr què ebs pebltbs qu`nr`n`l i` eb s`cheeb i` ulb adesb sdl c kdr`s qu` ebs qu` lbn`l i` ebss`cheebs i` dtrb adesb. ^` ee`mb b ulb sdeunhþl ndlshi`rblid eds drãm`-l`s y ndlihnhdl`s i` eb s`cheeb. ` ee`mb b sba`r qu` eb s`cheeb câspdar` prdvh`l` i` ulb r`mhþl `l qu` ebs pebltbs iè thpd `l nu`sthþl

`stâl m`l rbec`lt` lo`rcbs, ch`ltrbs qu` eb au`lb s`cheeb prdvh`lì` dtrb r`mhþl `l eb qu` eb lo`rcìbi rb i sndldnhib. ` ee`mb bsã bulb `xpehnbnhþl ghstþrhnb. @xp`rh`lnhbs i` `st` thpd gbl i`cdstrbid ybeb e`y ; h pebltbs i` ulb nh`rtb vbrhìbi `stâl `lo`rcbs, ebs s`cheebs

i` eebs prdiunhrâl ulb cbeb nds`ngb.

@l eb ndln`pnhþl i` A`rmcbll ulb e`y ghstþrhnb ihoh`r` i` ulb e`y

i` i`sbrrdeed. Plb e`y ghstþrhnb prdpdrnhdlb ulb abs` i` prìhnnhþl nubl-

id s` ihspdl` i` ndldnhch`ltd dat`lhid i` ids stbids ihsthltds l e

th`cpd, ch`ltrbs qu` ulb e`y i` i`sbrrdeed prdpdrnhdlb ulb abs` i`

prìhnnhþl uthehzblid ndldnhch`ltd i` ul sded `stbid. @l rèbnhþl ndlè k`cped ibid câs brrhab, sh pruàbs chnrdahdeþmhnbs i` eb s`cheeb

cbeb i`cdstrbs`l guèebs i` `lo`rcìbi, è ndldnhch`ltd iè `stbid d

ndlihnhþl i eb s`cheeb pdirãb ndcahlbrs` ndl ulb e`y i` i`sbrrdeed pbrb

p`rchthr ulb prìhnnhþl. @l st` nbsd, eb e`y ghstþrhnb stâ i` câs. Ruhzâ

`k`cpeds blâedmds qu` s` ròh`r`l câs ihr`ntbc`lt` b eb nh`lnhb pdeãthnb

s`bl i` uthehibi. ûpdlmbcds qu` ulb è`nnhþl s` r`suèv` cuy iho`-r`lt`c`lt` l ids ihstrhtds qu` l cungds bsp`ntds sdl cuy shchebr`s.

Eb p`rsdlb qu` pr`multb pdr.. què hlv`sthmb eds drãm`l`s y bcah`lt`s i`

eds vdtblt`s, y gbeeb qu` eds vdtblt`s i` ul ih •i` bsn`li`lnhb be`cblb, ch`ltrbs qu` eds iè dtrd ihstrhtd sdl `l sucbydrãb i` bsn`li lnhb arhtâlhnb. Ed qu` s câs, lnu`ltrb qu` ul shs-t`cb hcpdrtblt` i` eb e`nnhþl s` rèbnhdlb ndl ebs bohlhibi`s ghstþrhnbs

i` eds ids mrupds ètlhnds. Bsã, i`s`cadnb `l ulb `xpehnbnhþl ghstþrhnb.Eb e`y ghstþrhnb shmlhohnbthvb s` n`ltrb `l è ò`ntd m`l`rbe i` qu`, `l-or`ltbids ndl nh`rtds t`cbs, eds vdtblt`s i` bsn`li`lnhb be`cblb th`l-

i`l b r`bnnhdlbr i` i`t`rchlbib cbl`rb, ch`ltrbs qu` eds vdtblt`s i`

bsn`li`lnhb hlme`sb s` hlnehlbl b r`bnnhdlbr i` dtrb. Bsã, i` lu`vd, e

ndldnhch`ltd i` ulb shtubnhþl xhst`lt` puì` ndcahlbrs` ndl e ndld-

nhch`ltd iè pbsbid pbrb `stbae`n`r ulb abs` pbrb prì`nhr è outurd.@l prhlnhphd, tbe e`y ghstþrhnb, ed chscd qu` eb qu` s` ròh`r` b eb

s`cheeb, pdirãb s`r i`spebzbib pdr ulb e`y i` i`sbrrdeed. @s pr`suchae`

qu` eds blt`nì`lt`s ètlhnds i`kbl guèebs sdar` eds hlihvhiuds ed chs-

cd qu` eb `lo`rcìbi sdar` ebs s`cheebs. Ebs bnthtui`s y rbsmds i` p`r-

sdlbehibi i` ids mrupds ètlhnds th`li`l b iho`rhr. upu`stds cìhds s`-

murbs i` hi`lthohnbr ebs bnthtui`s y eds rbsmds shmlhohnbthvds, e ndldnh-

ch`ltd i` eeds pdirãb ndcahlbrs` ndl ulb e`y i` i`sbrrdeed pbrb p`r-

chthr eb prìhnnhþl. Pl `k`cped i` `st` thpd i` blâehshs s` `lndltrbrâ

`l è `stuihd i` Eb pdeãthnb x t`rhdr i` eb Q`pûaehnb O i`rbe B e`cblb,

i` Fbre ]. Iùtsng y E`whs K. @ihlmnr 27. @l v`z i` chrbr b eb ghs-

tdrhb be`cblb pbrb v`r què euz puì` brrdkbr `l eb ndliuntb be cblbprdabae , pr`s`lt` d outurb, ndlshi`rbl eds r`suetbids i` eds sdli`ds i`dphlhþl pûaehnb, l eds nube s `s prdabae` qu` s` r`vè`l guèebs i` eb`xp rh`lnhb ghstþrhnb y ndldnhch`ltd i` eeb.

2: @l Qdy N.C..n shbhs, ni., Odr`hml Zdehny hl ]drei Zdehthns (@lme`wddi Neh oos6Zr`lthn`-Hebee, 2807), pâms. =7-89.

2: 9 h`lnhb pdeãthnb; ul blâehshs o hedsþohndNBZÃYPED LD_@LD



EB «LDQCBEHIBI¶ I@ EB NDLIPNYB ZDEÃYHNB

Ndcd quhzâ s`b yb nebrd, `xhst` pdnd bnu`rid ltr` quh`l`s trbtbli` hi lthohnbr thpds i` e`y s i`snrhpthvbs, y eds stuihdsds iè t`cb ldgbl g` ngd gb s t b ` e p r ` s `l t ` prân t hnbc `l t ` l hlmûl ` s ou` rz d pb rb n e b s h -ohnbr ebs e`y`s i`snrhpthvbs qu` sdl i` sp`nhbe rè`vblnhb pbrb eb nh`l-n h b p d e ã th n b . Ybcpdnd gb s hid ` e p r dpþs h t d i ` ` s t bs p âm hl bs p r dpdr n hdlbrulb n ebs h o h nbn hþl ndc pe` tb . @ e prdpþs h td gb s hid, câs ah`l, ihsnut h r tblsþ e d ` e ndln`p t d i` e ` y y cds t r b r qu` , `l ab s ` b ul s h ml h o hnbid ndc p e ` -t bc` l t ` bn `p t ba e ` , ed s nh`ltãohnds pd e ãt h n d s b suc`l ld rcb ec`l t ` e b bibp -t b n h þl b e ` y ` s i` mrbl pb r t ` i` e b ndliunt b pd e ã t hnb y qu` `xpr` s bl o r ` -nu`lt`c`lt` ndldnhch`ltd i` eb pdeãthnb l odrcb i` e`y. @l r`behibi,eb e`y s ldrcbec`lt` xpeãnhtb d hcpeãnhtb l ebs xpehnbnhdl`s nbusb-e`s. Eb chscb iòhlhnhþl i` eb xpehnbnhþl nbusbe xhm` stbae`n`r rèb-nhdl`s `ltr` ed qu` s` `xpehnb y ulb e`y m`l`rbe. Ndcd s` gb hlihnbidblt`s, ebs e`y`s sdl 'b c`luid tbl davhbs d tbl trhvhbe`s qu` lbih` s`dnupb r `b ec `l t ` `l n h t b r e b s , p ` r d b v `n ` s l d sd l l h dav hbs l h t r h vh b e ` s 29 .

Ebs `xp e h n bn h dl `s c âs sb t h s o bn t drh b s i ` cungds o `lþc`l ds p d e ã t hn ds ` s -p`rbl ` e i`sbrrd e e d i` e`y`s s hmlh o h nb t hvbs .

Ebs e y`s xpehnbl lu`strb xp`rh lnhb pdrqu` eb dri`lbl ròhrh lid k cpeds pbr-thnuebr`s b prhlnhphds m`l`rbe`s6 eb xpehnbnhþl s`râ câs sbthsobntdrhb nubltd câsm`l`rbe s`b e prhlnhphd, y cbydr e lûc`rd i` k cpeds qu` puì`l rò`rhrs` b èe b.

- A`rmcbll xpr`sb st` p`lsbch`ltd i` cbl`rb bemd iho`r`lt` be i`-n h r ; «I` spuès i` t did , ` e ndldn hc h `l t d i` e b s nbusbs y ` e ndldn hc h `l t di` ebs e`y`s sdl vhrtubec`lt` ed chscd¶ eb.

u No. ^YBLE@X G. GDOOCBLL,«Hlt`rlbthdlbe Qèbthdls, Yg` Edlm Qdbi td Y g`d-ry¶, ]drei Zdehthns, 22 (barhe 2808 ), pâms. >0=-07.

NBCZA@EE, ]gbt hs ^nh`ln`4, pâm. =8. No. N. M. G@CZ@Ey ZBPE DZZ@LG@HC,« tuih`s hl tg` Edmhn do @xpeblbthdl¶, l G`ra`rt O`hme y Cby Ardia`nf, is., Q`b-ihlms hl tg` Zghedsdpgy do ^nh`ln` (Lu`vb Xdrf6 Bpe`tdl-N`ltury-Nrdots, 280>),pâmhlbs >12.116 FBQEQ. ZDZZ@Q, Yg` Dp`l ^dnh`ty bli Hts @l`ch`s (Zrhln`tdlPlhv rshty Zr`ss, 280: ), pâms. 900-0=.

Zghedsdpgy do nh`ln`, pâm.

Y`drãbs

Eb p b e barb « t ` d r ãb ¶ ` s tâ r ` p e` t b i` b ca h mõìbi . B c`luid , quh`l` seb cpe`bl ld pbr`n`l sba r què shmlhohnbid i`s`bl trblschthr6 y ndlmrbl or`nu`ln hb quh`l`s e` bt r hauy`l ul s hml h o hnbid `stâl `l i`sbnu`rid`l t r ` ` e ed s . Zb r ` n` , pu` s , ndlv`l h `l t ` pb s b r r ` v h s tb’ndc d g h n hcds ndle b e `y’b sus vbr h ds s h ml h o h n bids .

Y@DQÃB I@OHLHIB NDCD Z@L^BCH@LYD , NDLK@YPQB D HI@B^

Y`drãb s` cpe`b b c`luid ndcd shlþlhcd i` p`lsbch`ltds, ndl-k`turbs d hi`bs. Bsã, t`drãb pdeãthnb quhvbe` b p`lsbch`ltd pdeãthnd d` sp `nu ebn hþl pd e ã t hn b , y e d s t r ` s t è rchlds hc p e h n bl e b ` xp r `s hþl i` hi `b spd e ã t h nbs d « o he dsd obr bn`rnb i` e Mdah`rld¶ 2 . @s t` s`lt hid m`l` rb e y vbmdi` e b p b eba r b b pbr `n ` `l vbr h ds n dl t `x tds .

@l e b prân t h nb i h b rh b dpdl`c ds b v` n` s t ` d r ã b y prân t h nb 1. `n hcds ,pdr k`cped, qu` l t`drãb e i`sbrc` s ulb au`lb ndsb, p`rd qu` t`-l`cds iuibs i` sh l eb prânthnb s`rãb i`s`bae`... @l st` thpd i` ndl-t`xtd t`drãb pbr`n` i ldtbr ndlk`turb d p`lsbch`ltd, y eb prânthnb i`-ldt b bn n hþl 6 y ulb hcp e h n bn hþl n dl s hmu h`l t ` ` s qu` ` s t ` p `l sbc h`l t d s `pr`s`ltbrãb ndcd obesd d hlbi`nubid, d ndcd ndliun`lt` b rrdr, ulbv`z prdabid l eb bnnhþl @l rèbnhþl ndl xpr`shdl`s i` st` thpd i`-

nhcds b v`n`s «`l prhlnhphd¶, c`kdr qu` «`l t`drãb¶.Cìhblt` ulb e`v` vbrhbnhþl i` ed blt`rhdr ndltrbpdl`cds t`drãb y

g`ngdI`n hcds qu` `l t ` d r ã b i`cdnrâ t hnb s ` ` s p` rb qu` e d s n huibiblds

• QDA@QYM. CNNED^F@X, «Bc`rhnbl Zdehthnbe Ygdumgt bli tg` ^tuiy. do Zd-ehthns¶, Bc`rhnbl Zdehthnbe ^nh`ln` Q`vh`w, 02 (cbrzd 280= ), pâms 220-18.

• LDQCBLB. NBCZA@EE, «Yg` truntur` do Yg`drh`s b, l G`ra`rt O`hme y CbyArdia`nf, is., Q`bihlms hl tg` Zghedsdpgy do ^nh`ln` (Lu`vb Xdrf6 Bppe`tdl-N`l-tury-Nrdots, 280>), pâm. 177. No. MP^YB_ A@QNCBLL,Zghedsdpgy do ^nh`ln` (Cbih-sdl6 Plhv`rshty do ]hsndlshl Zr`ss, 280= ), pâm. >9.

2 ?Nh`lnhb pdeãthnb; ul blâehshs ohedsþohnd :=



`stâl ou`rt`c`lt` hlnehlbids b pbrthnhpbr `l eb vhib pdeãthnb, b `stbrh l o d rcb ids , s ` r r bn h dlb e ` s , p ` r d qu` , i ` g`ngd , p dnds n huibiblds nuc-p e `l `stbs `sp`rblzbs .I`n hcds qu` `l e d s pb ã s ` s n dc ul h s t b s ` e Mda h ` rld«`k`nutb shcpe`c`lt` eb vdeultbi iè pbrthid, tbltd i` g`ngd ndcd lt`drãbv`

B v`n `s bc p e h bcds e d s usds n h t bids câs b r rha b r ` o h rh èlidlds b nub e -quh`r prdpdshnhþl, câs ah`l, ndcpehnbib d iuidsb ndcd ulb t`drãb yt r b tblid ulb p r dpds h n hþl da v hb n dcd ul g`ngd d ulb da s` r vbn hþl p rân -thnb. Zdr k`cped, pdirãbcds nhtbr eb nu`sthþl i` eb rèbnhþl ltr` ebhloeu`lnhb iè pr`shi`lt` i` eds @stbids Plhids sdar` ebs bnnhdl`s ièNdlmr `sd y ` e lûc` rd i` pu`s t ds dnupbids p dr su pbr t hid . h s ` o d rcu-ebs` eb prdpdshnhþl i` qu` e pr`shi`lt` p`ri râ hloeu`lnhb nublid supbrthid pbsb i` ulb cbydrãb iè 00 pdr 2:: b ulb cbydrãb i` 7: pdr2:: , s ` n dl s hi ` r br ãb ` s t b p r dpds h n hþl n dcd ulb t `dr ãb , c h`l t r bs qu` e bprdpds hn hþl i` qu` ` e pr`s hi`lt` mblb hl o eu`ln hb nub lid su pbr t hid sbe t bi` ulb pdshnhþl chldrhtbrhb b ulb cbydrhtbrhb s` ndlshi`rbrâ prdaba e`-c`lt` ndcd ulb das`rvbnhþl ldrcbe @l dtrbs pbebarbs eb t`drãb s`r ` e bn h dlb n dl ulb l `n `s hibi p r ` suchib ` e ` . cbydr p `l sbc h`l t d y p ru` -abs , y iuib

B v`n`s, eb pbebarb «t`drãb¶ `s `cpe`bib pbrb i`shmlbr ul p`lsb-ch`l t d d hi `b bn ` r n b i ` nþc d r ` sd ev ` r ul p r da e `cb . Bs ã, b e mulds bn tûbl`l abs` b eb t`drãb i` qu` ul cìhd pbrb ròdrzbr eb i`cdnrbnhb s hl-

iun h r b cbydr lûc `rd i` vd t bl t ` s b pb r t h n hpb r `l e b ` e ` nn h þl , s h l t `l` r l nu`l t b e b `x t `l s hþl i` su h ml dr bl n hb9

Ndcd s ` su p dl ` c âs b r rh a b , e d s p ` l s bc h ` l t d s p u ì `l s ` r e ebc b - e d st ` d r ãb s nublid s dl ld rcb t h vd s d i` s nr h p t hvd s . Zb rb h eus tr b r s t ` p . 9l t d`xp e ãn h t bc`l t ` p dir ã bcds r ` n dribr e b t ` dr ãb i ` qu` n bib l b n hþl ià`r ã bs ` r e h a r` pb rb ndls t h tu hr s ` ndcd ul @s t bid h li`p`li h `l t ` 6 y pdir ãbc dsldtbr e usd s`muhid nublid i`nhcds qu` ebs rèbnhdl`s ndl e pbãs B,pdnd bc hs t dsd n dl ` e lu`s t r d , s dl n dliun hibs sda r ` e b a bs` i ` e b t ` dr ãbi` qu` th`l` ulb behblzb s`nr`tb ndl è pbãs A, qu` lds `s pdnd bchmd.

Ndcd t bc a hèl s ` supdl ` câs br r ha b , b v `n ` s usbcds e b p b eba r b « t` d -r ãb ¶ p br b i `s h mlbr ulb n dl k ` turb b n ` r n b i ` r ` e bn h dl `s n b usb e ` s d b n ` r n bi` eds cìhds câs ohnbn`s i` benblzbr ul ohl ibid. Zbrb xpehnbr st`pultd n h t br ãbcds eb t `d r ãb i` qu` eb r`pr`s`ltbn hþl prdpdrn hdlb e ou` ulb

i` ebs nbusbs i` eb iàhehibi i` eb Q`pûaehnb i` ]`hcbr6 y pdirãbcdss`òbebr eb t`drãb i` qu`, ndl e ohl i` hcpìhr ul btbqu` sdvhèthnd, ec`kdr cì hd ` s bc`lb zbr n dl r `p r ` sb e hb s c bs hvbs .

B o hrcbn hdl `s i ` e d qu` i`ldchlbc ds t `dr ã bs puì`l `x t `li`rs ` i `s -i` ul lhvè cuy abkd b ul lhvè cuy betd i` m`l`rbehibi. Ruh`l`s i`-

▫ No. nbpãtued 29, «I`cdnrbthn Zrbnthn` bli I`cdnrbthn Yg`dry¶, `l A`rlbriQ. A`rèsdl, Zbue O. Ebzbrsoèi y ]heehbc CnZg`r`, _dthlm (Nghnbmd6 Plhv`rshtydo Nghnbmd Zr`ss, 2809).

• No. Q. IPLNBL Eun@ y BQLDEIB. Qdndw, bB Mbc` Yg`dr`thn Blbeyshs doNdlmr`sshdlbe Zdw`r Ihstrhauthdl odr b tbahe . Ywd-Zbrty ^yst`cs, A`gbvhdrbe ^nh-•ln`, 2 (barhe 280?), pâms. 7>-80.

Y`drãbs s`bl edmrbr qu` chtg s`b e`mhid benbei` puì l bntubr l abs` b eb

t`drãb i` qu` e bpdyd i` eds ch`cards câs hloeuy`lt`s i` eb èeht` i` epdi`r, b snbeb ednbe, abstbrâ pbrb eed. @l ul lhvè câs betd i` m`l -rbehibi s` lnu ltrb eb t`drãb i` qu` l tdids d bemulds shst`cbs pd-

eãthnds `s eb èeht` iè pdi`r eb qu` ndltrdeb r`bec`lt` e prdn`sd i` md-

ah`rld .@s pr ` sucha e ` qu` s ` bl ulds ndc d e d s b r r h ab h li h nbids e d s qu` e e ` -

vbl b Y 1.c m.Z. K`fhl b gbn`r ldtbr qu` ;

ndsb `s ulb m`l`rbehzbnhþl iìunhib. Ndcd tbe,eb c`lt`, câs qu` i` g`ngds.g`ngds, ld hcpdrtb ed `str`ngbc`lt` qu` `stèlpbrb s`r muhbids pdr èeds. Ebs t`drãbs sdl, câsgbn` è pbpè i` eds g`ngds j,o -

Y . ]. Gut ng hl sdl ` s t ba e ` n ` ulb i h s t hl n hþl b lâ edmb b. baeb i` «prd-pdshnhdl`s i` t`drãb purb¶ y i` «prdpdshnhdl`s i` t`drãb bpehnbib¶. Ebsids sdl t`drãbs `l e s`lthid i` qu` ròe`kbl p`lsbch`ltd. «Y`drãb pu-

rb¶ , s` ihn` , 6 ndls hs t` . `l 'prdpds hn hdl`s i` e t hpd «s h p, 6 `l t dl n `s q¶, y .

«t`drãb 'bpehnbib¶ s` heustrb pdr «yb qu` `xhst` p, pdr ndlshmuh`lt` q ¶.

@l st` pultd xhst` ulb ihohnuetbi pdt`lnhbe `l qu` eb pbebarb «sh¶t h ` l` i h o ` r`l t ` s s h ml h o h nbids . B v` n` s ndll d t b nublid d hlneusd yb qu`,

`l nuyd nbsd eb ihsthlnhþl i` Gutnghlsdl orbnbsb. B v`n`s, shl cabr-

md, ld s` gbn` lhlmulb bohrcbnhþl i` thpd oânthnd6 y èst` s e s`lthidi` sh qu` ausnb Gutnghlsdl. @l st` shmlhohnbid, eb odrcuebnhþl «sh p

`l t dl n `s q¶, ld hcpehnb «lhlmulb bohrcbnhþl `cpãrhnb `l nubltd b eb

v` ribi i` p d q¶. @s vhi`lt` qu` l ebs dtrbs odrcuebnhdl`s («yb qu`

(`xhst`) p, pdr n dl s hmu h `l t ` q¶) s ` i` n e b rb qu` e b p r `ch s b ` s `c p ã r hnb -c`l t ` v` ribi` rb . Zb rb h eus t rb r e b i h o ` r `ln h b’y e b bc a h mõìbi hc p e h nb -ib’nhtbr`cds eb i`nebrbnhþl i` qu` «ul mrupd t`lirâ ulb cbydr prd-pdrn hþl i` vdtbn hþl s h sus hl t `r`s`s `stâl c âs bo`n tbids p dr ebs pde ã t hnbsi` e Mda h ` rld¶ . upu`stb ulb hl t `rpr`tbn hþl purbc` lt` ndl k`turbe ` g h-p d t è t h n b i ` e b n eâusu eb n dli hn h dlb e sh), shl bohrcbr qu` puì`l `xhsthr

mrupds bo`ntbids i` cbl`rb iho`r`lt`, eb bohrcbnhþl s`rãb i` «t`drãbpurb¶ l e s`lthid i` Gutnghlsdl. Zdirãb s`r i`ldchlbib ul bxhdcb

d t `dr`cb 7.`rd quh`l`s ndlst ruy`l sh s h ml h o h n blid nublid ià`l n dl -

n eu h r qu` e b b o h rcb n hþl `xp r `sb ulb « t`dr ã b bp e h n bib¶ .@l e b cbydr ã b i` e d s usd s c âs b r rh ab c `ln h dlbids , s h ld `l t dids ,ed qu` s` eebcb ulb t`drãb pdirãb i`ldchlbrs` ulb ghpþt`shs. B v`n`s,

• YlcCBs Z. KQLFHL, Yg` tuiy do Zdehthnbe Yg`dry (Nbri`l Nhty6 Iduaeìby,2800), pâms. ?-=.

• Y. ]. GPYNltsdL, Yg` ^hmlhohnbln` bli Abshn Zdstuebt`s do @ndldchn Yg`dry

(Edlir`s6 Cbncheebl, 28>7), pâm. 1>.@XCDPQC. EHZ^@Y,- «Yg` Zsyngdedmy do _dthlm; Bl Blbeyshs do Zdehthnbe

A`gbvhdr¶, l Mrbihl`r Ehlir`y, iht., Gbliaddf do ^dnhbe Zsyngdedmy (Nbcarhim 6Biihsdl-]`se y, 2809 ), HH, 2217.

d BLBYDEQBZDZDQY «_brhdus C`blhlms do jYg`dry's, Bc`rhnbl Zdehthnbe ^nh`ln`

Q`vh`w, 01 (ihnh car 2807 ), pâm 8=8.

`...ulb t`drãb bn`rnb i` nubequh`r`s prhcbrhb ` hlhnhbec`lt` bsultd i`

Ybe`s hltè`ntubehzbnhdl`s ld sdlrèbnhdlbids pbrb muhbr eds g`ngds dah`l, ulb `sp`nh` i` tbquhmrboãb qu`

Nh`lnhb pdeãthnb; ul blâehshs ohedsþohndY`drãbs 2: 8

2: 7



eb e`nnhþl ltr` ebs ids pbebarbs s` absb l lbib câs s`rhd qu` l ebiho r`lnhb i` sãebabs qu` b nbib ulb ndcpr`li . B v`n`s, ld dastblt ,ghpþt`shs pbr n` ndlldtbr ul cbydr mrbid i` iuib qu` t drãb6 bsã, nubl-id ulb ghpþt`shs pbr`n` abstblt` ah`l ndlohrcbib s` eb eebcb t drãb, ynublid s` eb ndlshi`rb ndcpe`tbc`lt` ndlohrcbib s` eb i ldchlb ulg`ngd d ulb e`y 8.K`lfhl r`ndch`lib ndl hlshst`lnhb ld `cpe`br tbeusd `l eb bohrcbnhþl nhtbib câs brrhab.

EB Y@DQÃB ZDEÃYHNB I@OHLH IB NDCD PL NBCZD I@LYQD I@ EB NH@LNHB

Z D E Ã Y H N

Eds stuihdsds i` eb pdeãthnb gbl, lbturbec`lt`, i`si` gbn` cungd`cpe bid eb pbebarb «t drãb¶ i` ulb cbl`rb `sp`nhbe, trbtblid b bemdi`ldchlbid «t`drãb pdeãthnb¶ ndcd ulb suaihvhshþl i` eb nh lnhb pdeh-thnb. ` snrha`l t`xtds y s` prdo`sbl nursds i` t drãb pdeãthnb, ed chscdqu` i` dtrbs suaihvhshdl`s, ndcd i` stuihd ndcpbrbthvd i` ebs odrcbsi` mdah`rld d i` pdeãthnb hlt`rlbnhdlbe. @stb prânthnb pr`s`ltb ul bs-p`ntd nrhthnbae`, yb qu` pbr`n` sum`rhr qu` tdibs ebs bohrcbnhdl`s .qu``xpr`sbl t`drãb p`rt`l`n`l b eb suaihvhshþl rdtuebib t`drãb pdeãthnb6 y,r`nãprdnbc`lt`, pbr`n` hcpehnbr qu` eds ehards y nursds i` dtrbs suaih-vhshdl`s ràbsbl sus prdphds eãcht`s sh s` hlneuy` nubequh`r t`drãb. ^h s`tdrlb t`drãb ndcd shlþlhcd i` p`lsbch`ltd, stb bnthtui puì` ee`mbr

b s`r i`sbstrdsb pbrb ebs dtrbs suaihvhshdl`s.Ndlshi`rbib ndcd ulb suaihvhshþl i` eb nh lnhb pdeãthnb s eb t`drãbpdeãthnb ld s oânhe i` iòhlhr. Bquã s` sumh`r` qu` stâ rèbnhdlbib ndlids nebs`s i` ndldnhch`ltd iho`r`lt`s. @l prhc`r eumbr, s` ndl`nt ndleds shst`cbs i` nr` lnhbs pdeãthnbs i` ul nbrânt`r m`l rbe y ndcpr`g l-shvd6 qu` puì l i`ldchlbrs` rbnhdlbehzbnhdl`s d hi`dedmãbs. @l s`mul-id eumbr, s` rèbnhdlb ndl eb ohedsdoãb pdeãthnb’p lsbch`ltd bn rnb ièp`lsbch`ltd pdeãthnd’. Ihsnuthr`cds pdr s`pbrbid `stbs ids nebs`s i`«t`drãb pdeãthnb¶

Eb t`drãb ndcd ndldnhch`ltd i` eds shst`cbs m`l`rbe`s i` nr``lnhbs.

*Eds t`þrhnds pdeãthnds s` dnupbl nebrbc`lt` i` ed ldrcbthvd’i` nu`s-thdl`s cdrbe`s y èthnbs’. Klv`sthmbl ebs nr` lnhbs bn`rnb i` ebs c`tbs

d vbedr`s. @xbchlbl ebs ndln`pnhdl`s i` ed au`ld y i` ed eãnhtd' 2: . Bi -

8 ]HE DL M@@,^dnhbe ^nh`ln` Q`s`brng C`tgdis (Lu`vb Xdrf, Bppe`tdl-N r-tury-Nrdots, 280:), pâm. 280.

28 K@LFHL,Yg` ^tuiy do Zdehthnbe Yg`dry, pâms. 2.>6 B. I. EHLI^BX, Yg` C d-i`lt I`cdnrbthn ^tbt` (Lu`vb Xdrf6 Dxodri Plhv`rshty Zr`ss, 289>), pâms. 1=-026BQLDEI . FBPOCBL, «Yg` Lbtur` bli Oulnthdls do Zdehthnbe Yg`dryl, Kdurlbe doZghedsdpgy, 02 (= i l rd 2809), pâms. 0.116 BEOQ@I NDAQBL, «Yg I`nehl doZdehthnbe Yg dryl, Zdehthnbe ^nh`ln` Rubrt`rey, ?7 (s`pth`car` 280>), pâm. >>06 GBQQX@^F@^Y@HL, pdl`lt`, «Zdehthnbe Yg`dry bli tg` ^tuiy do Zdehthns; B Q`pdrt do bNdlo`r`ln`s, Bc`rhnbl Zdehthnbe ^nh`ln` Q`vh`w, 0: (kulhd 280?), pâms. 97:.726 GB-QDEI I. EB^^__@EE y BAQBGBC FBZEBL, Zdw`r bli ^dnh`ty; B Orbc`wdrf odrZdehthnbe Hlquhry (L`w Gbv`l6 Xbe` Plhv`rshty Zr`ss, 280:), `l `sp., pâms. 22-2>.

câs, ebs nr``lnhbs ldrcbthvbs i` qu` s` dnupbl sdl, oulibc`ltbec`lt`,i` nbrânt`r m`l`rbe. h hlv`sthmbl sdar` eds cìhds hlcìhbtds, d r`-ebthvbc`lt cìhbtds, `s prdabae qu` ed gbmbl ndl e prdpþshtd i` i`-t`rchlbr nþcd .s` rèbnhdlbl ndl ohl`s câs bcpehds qu` s` ndlshi`rbl«ûethcds¶, d pdnd c`lds6 Ruhzâ e prdpþshtd s`b nebrhohnbr d i`sbrrdeebri` bemulb cbl`rb ebs ndln`pnhdl`s i` «ûethcds¶ ohl`s, d, tbe v`z, v`rsh eds ohl`s hlcìhbtds d rèbthvbc`lt` c ihbtds puì`l s`r nebrhohnbidsd bibptbids b eb euz i` eds «ûethcds¶.

ûpdlmbcds, pdr k cped, qu` e t`þrhnd pdeãthnd s` dnupb i` eb prd-pdshnhþl ldrcbthvb i` qu` `s au`ld y ndrr`ntd t`l`r ul shst`cb pdeãthnd`l e nube eb ihmlhibi y eds ah`l s s` ndlnì`l be hlihvhiud shcpe c`lt`pdrqu` s ul s`r gucbld. @s cuy pdshae` qu` èe bsdnh` stb prdpdsh-nhþl ndl eb xhst`lnhb i` eb i cdnrbnhb, y qu` bsdnh` eb i`cdnrbnhb ndlulb pbrthnhpbnhþl xt`lsb l eb odrcbnhþl i` ebs i`nhshdl`s. Ed nube, bsu v`z, puì` ndliunhre` b pr`multbrs` bn`rnb i` eb `xt`lshþl ndl qu`

s` prdiun` eb pbrthnhpbnhþl `l ulb i`cdnrbnhb y ebs ndlihnhdl`s qu` ebbo`ntbl. Zuì` i`s br ndldn`r bemd tbl ndlnr`td ndcd s pdr què ul

vdtblt` i`t`rchlbid pbrthnhpb d i`kb i` pbrthnhpbr `l ulb è`nnhþl, d

qu` hloeuy` `l è vdtblt` ehbrb qu` bpdy` b ul nblihibtd .`l v`z i` b

dtrd. @std puì` pbr`n`r sbnbre` ou`rb i` eb suaihvhshþl i` eb nh`lnhbpdeãthnb i`ldchlbib t`drãb pdeãthnb pbrb trbsebibre` b dtrb, pdr `k`cped,

pbrthids pdeãthnds, prdpbmblib, ndliuntb e`ntdrbe6 y, `l nh`rtd s`lthid,

`s bsã. Z`rd su pr`dnupbnhþl `s lnhbe ld `s eb ndliuntb e`ntdrbe l r` -

ebnhþl ndl e i`sthld i` eds pbrthids pdeãthnds d, hlneusd l rèbnhþl ndlè oulnhdlbch`ltd i` ul Mdah`rld ibid6 su pr`dnupbnhþl `s`lnhbe `s eb

prdpdshnhþl ldrcbthvb m`l`rbe nhtbib câs brrhab, qu` s` ròh`r` be r`s-

p`td pdr eb ihmlhibi y ah`l`s iè hlihvhiud. I` cbl`rb s`c`kblt`, ul

t`þrhnd pdeãthnd puì` dnupbrs` iè shst`cb i` eds ihr`ntdr`s i` ndls`-

kds `l eb bichlhstrbnhþl ednbe, ld pbrb `sthcbr su òhnh`lnhb d sus pdsh-

ahehibi`s i` sup`rvhv`lnhb, shld, câs ah`l, pbrb i`t`rchlbr nþcd s` r`-

ebnhdlb ndl eb prdpdshnhþl m`l`rbe i` qu` eb i`cdnrbnhb `s au`lb.Eds t`þrhnds pdeãthnds dtdrmbl, b v`n`s, su bpdyd p`rsdlbe b ndln`p-

nhdl`s ldrcbthvbs, r`ndc`liblid eb prdcdnhþl i` vbedr`s. B v`n`s, shc-

pe`c`lt` i snrha`l ebs ndln`pnhdl`s ldrcbthvbs i` dtrds/ @l bcads nb-

sds, pbsbl b `xbchlbr i` cbl rb i`snrhpthvb ebs ndlihnhdl s y prânthnbs

qu` `stâl bsdnhbibs ndl eds vbedr`s qu` s` `xbchlbl. Eb ldnhþl i` i`cd-

nrbnhb, pdr `k`cped, ndlldtb ld sdebc`lt` vbedr`s qu` ià`l s`r prd-cdvhids, shld, tbcahèl, eds cìhds i` prdcdv`reds) Pl t`þrhnd qu` r`-ndch`lib eb kusthnhb d qu` shcpe`c`lt` hlodrcb i` qu` eb kusthnhb s

ldrcbec`lt` pdstuebib ndcd ul vbedr, `s prdabae` qu` pbs` b i`snrhahr

ebs ndlihnhdl`s d nbusbs qu` ndliun`l b qu` eb kusthnhb s`b cblt`lhib

d i`l`m bib , Ed hcpdrtblt` s qu`, sh ah`l eb t`drãb pdeãthnb s` dnupb i`

ed ldrcbthvd, `s ul `rrdr p`lsbr qu` `stâ ehchtbib b ed ldrcbthvd. Hl-neuy` tbcahèl hcpdrtblt`s nblthibi`s i` i`snrhpnhþl y i` `xpehnbnhþl.

@e g`ngd i` qu` eb t`drãb pdeãthnb, bsã iòhlhib, s` `ltr`c`zne` ndlnbib ulb i` ebs dtrbs suaihvhshdl`s i` eb nh`lnhb pdeãthnb `s ulb pdshae`

Nh`lnhb pdeãthnb; ul blâehshs ohedsþo hnd Y`drãbs22 222:



ou`lt` i` ndloushþl y ihohnuetbi`s ltr` eds iho`r lt`s nh`ltãohnds pdeã-thnds. @e t`þrhnd qu` p`l`trb `l dtrbs suaihvhshdl`s puì` pbr`n`r babl-idlbr su `p`nhbe nbcpd pdr dtrd. Eb p`rsdlb qu` s` iìhnb b dtrb sua-ihvhshþl y qu` i`s`b dat`l`r ebs nr``lnhbs qu` e` p`rt`l`n`l rèbnhdlb-ibs ndl shst`cbs i` nr``lnhbs câs bcpehds y m`l`rbe`s puì`, iè chs-cd c did, p`l`trbr `l t`rr`ld qu` dst`lshae`c`lt` p`rt`l`n` b dtrds.

Eb ndloushþl y ihohnuetbi`s i` `stds thpds s` gbl rì unhid b ul cã-lhcd gbstb bgdrb pdr eb t`li`lnhb cuy prdlulnhbib i` eds t`þrhnds pd-eãthnds i` ehchtbrs` b eds shst`cbs m`l`rbe`s i` nr``lnhbs, tbe ndcd ou`rdl`xpr`sbids pdr eds mrbli`s butdr`s iè pbsbid. Bsã, eds nursds y t`xtds

i` eb t`drãb pdeãthnb sdl, m`l`rbec`lt`, ghstdrhbs iè p`lsbch`ltd pdeã-thnd6 `std `s, blâehshs iè p`lsbch`ltd pdeãthnd i` ulb s`rh` i` p` rsdlbsndlshi`rbibs `l dri`l nrdldeþmhnd’ihmbcds, i` Zebtþl b E`lhl’. @l`stb prânthnb, eb «t`drãb¶ s` ihsthlmu` i` dtrbs suaihvhshdl`s ld sdebc`lt``l abs` b eb lbturbe`zb m`l`rbe y ndcpr`g`lshvb i` eds shst`cbs i` nr``l-nhbs `xbchlbid s, shld, tbcahèl, `l abs` b sh ebs nr``lnhbs gbl shid odr-cuebibs `l `snrhtds qu` s` ndlshi`rbl neâshnds.

Z`rd `s davhd qu` eds shst`cbs i` nr``lnhbs `xbchlbi ds ld l`n`shtbls`r eds i` eds `snrhtdr`s neâshnds. Zuì`l s r eds i` p rsdlbs vhvh`lt`s,s`bl ihrhm`lt`s pdeãthnds u gdcar`s i` eb nbee . @s câs ; ld gby rbzþlpbrb qu` è n`ltrd i` eb bt`ln hþl ld s`b eds shst`cbs i` nr``l nhbs `l sã(pdr `k`cped, è eha`rbehscd d ndculhscd), câs qu` è p`lsbch`ltd ièds `snrhtdr`s neâshnds'". Hlneusd quh`l`s pbsbl sus vhibs `l i`t`rchlbr

ndl pr`nhshþl ed qu` ihk`rdl Brhstþtè`s, ^bltd Ydcâs i` Bquhld d Cb-quhbvèd, d quhsh`rdl i`nhr, ndlnì`râl, prdabae`c`lt`, qu` pbrb c ungdsprdpþshtds `s c`lds hcpdrtblt` sba`r ed qu` ihkd ul `snrhtdr neâshnd qu`sba`r nþcd s` hlt`rrèbnhdlbl ebs nr``lnhbs. Pl cbydr èlobshs `l eds shs-t`cbs i` nr``lnhbs m`l` rbe`s puì`l gbn`r c âs ihoãnhe ihsthlmuhr eb t`d-rãb i` dtrbs suaihvhshdl`s i` eb nh`lnhb pdeãthnb, p`rd eb ihohnuetbi puì`t`l`r sus ndcp`lsbnhdl`s ".

Eb t`drãb ndcd ohedsdoãb; Z`lsbch`ltd bn`rnb i` p`lsbch`ltd.

Eb s`mulib nebs` i` ndldnhch`ltd barbzbib pdr eb suaihvhshþl i ebnh`lnhb pdeãthnb i`ldchlbib t`drãb pdehthnb s` i`ldchlb b v`n`s ohedsdoãbpdeãthnb.

@st ehard s` eebcb

ul blâehshs ohedsþohnd. G`cds ihsnuthid è s`lth-id i` ohedsdoãb `l èpròbnhd. Eb bohrcbnhþl g`ngb`l e pròbnhd `slZdr k`cped, vhi. NGBQE@^ OQBLF@E, Yg` Nbs` odr Cdi`rl Cbl (Lu`vbXdrf6 Gbrp`r, 2800).

Gbl shid `xpr`sbibs iuibs bn rnb i` eb uthehibi iè `stuihd iè p`lsbch`ltdi` eds t`þrhnds pdehthnds iè pbsbid, pdr QDA@Q Y B. IBGE, bZdehthnbe Yg`dry; Yrutgbli Ndls`qu`ln`s¶, ]drei Zdehthns, 22 (dntuar` 2807), pâm. 78, y pdr GBL^ CDQ.N@LYGBP, bZdw`r bs b Zdehthnbe Ndln`pts, l Qdebli Xdulm, i., Bpprdbng`s tdtg` tuiy do Zdehthns (@vblstdl6 Ldrtgw`st`rl Plhv rshty Zr`ss, 2807), pâm. =2. Zbrbulb ndlshi`rbnhþl câs xt`lsbi eb nu`sthþl, vhi. NGBQE@^ ^. GXL@CBL, Y g`^tuiy do Zdehthns (Prablb6 Plhv`rshty do He ehldhs Zr`ss, 2808), pâms. 28>-12:.

qu` ohedsdoãb, `l e s`lthid qu` eb usbcds bquã , i`ldtb ndln`pn hdl`s m` -

l`r b e ` s i` prdpþshtds y cètdids, ohl`s y cìh d s , `l ul nbcp d i` b n t h -

vhibi nh`ltãohnb, std s, l ulb hlv`sthmbnhþl pdeãthnb. Eb t`drãb `l e

s`lthid i` ohedsdoãb s` ihrhm` b nu`sthdl`s ndcd ebs s hmuh`l t`s ; ´Ruè s

ed qu` eds nh`ltãohnds pdeãthnds ià`l hlt ltbr benblzbr4 Ruè nrht`rhdsi` kuhnhd ià`l muhbre`s be sndm`r ed qu` gbn`l4 Ruè nrht`rhds ià`l

`cpe`brs` pbrb i`nhihr què snrhahr d `ls òbr, y pbrb bpr`nhbr ed qu`

dt rds `ls`òbl d `s nr ha`l4 ´Ruè t hpds i` `lnu`stb ià`l nd lshi`rbrs` vb-ehdsds y què nebs`s i` edmrds sbthsobntdrhds4 Bsã, pu`s- eb ohedsdoãb ndl-s h s t ` `l p `l sb ch`l t d sda r ` p `l sbc h`l t d . Zds tu ebids l drcbt hv ds , eþm h n b

y blâ e h s hs s ` n dc a hlbl ` l ul ` s ou`r zd p br b i `sbr r d e eb r ul r bzdlbch`l t dndg`r`l t` qu` s h rvb i` muãb b e n h `lt ã o h ndy

@l tèrchlds i` m`l`rbehibi bemd c`ldr, eb ohedsdoãb gb shid iòh-lhib ndcd mh'stuihd i` eb Lbturbe`zb hcpehnbnhdl`s iè p`lsbch ltd

rbnhdlbe,') 2>. @xhm` eb nebrhohnbnhþl iè p`lsbch`ltd, eb ndlnr`nhþl ièshmlhohnbid, eb rìunnhþl y ehchlbnhþl i` eb ndloushþl qu` cblb i ee `lmubk` . Psbib `l `s t` s`lt hid, e b `xpr`s hþl o h e dsd o ãb pd e ã t h nb i`ldtb ` eblâehshs eþmhnd iè p`lsbch`ltd bn`rnb i` eb pdeãthnb. xpr`sbid (hcpeã-nhtb d `xpeãnhtbc`lt`) pdr eds bntdr`s pdeãthnds d pdr eds ndc`ltbrhstbsiè prdn`sd pdeãthnd. Eb xpr`shþl blâehshs eþmhnd i`ldtb ul hlt`ltd i`hi`lthohnbr eds e`c`ltds ndcpdl`lt`s i` ed qu` s` xbchlb, bsã ndcdeb i`t`rchlbnhþl i` sh sds e`c`ltds lnbkbl kultds i` eb odrcb qu`

pr`suc` l eds bn tdr`s d ndc`ltbr hs tbs 'x h .

Ldt`cds qu` ohedsdoãb, l ` s t ` s `l t hid , ` s , b v`n ` s , i `ldc hlbib t`drãb. Bsã, e ehard Y`drãb pdeãthnb i` Brldei Ar`ngt lnbkb l stb iòh-

lhnhþl i` ohedsdoãb. @s câs ; pdirãbcds ldtbr qu` t`drãb `l e s`lthid

i` blâ e hs h s i ` e d s s h s t `cbs i` n r ` `l n hbs ` s i `ldchlbib , b v `n ` s , ohedsdoãb.

@l st` s`lthid, B. Q. C. Currby ihn` «Ebs ohedsdoãbs pdeãthnbs... pu`-i`l prdvhshdlbec lt` ihvhihrs` l t`drãbs cdrb e ` s d lb turb e ãs t h nb s i` e@st bid¶ . Z` r d , bulqu` e d s t è rchld s sdl b v `n ` s usbids hl t ` r n bc a hbids ,

`s e ãn h tb e b ihs t hln hþl.

EB Y@DQÃB I@OHLHIB NDCD @^RP@CB NDLN@ZYPBE

Iòhlhr eb t`drãb ndcd nubequh`r ndlk`turb, p`lsbch`ltd d hi`b sbs h mlbr b e b p b eba r b ul s `l t hid `l `x t r`cd b cp e h d ` hcpr `n h sd’tbl bc -

p e h d ` hcpr` n h s d qu` e b pb e ba rb ` s i` pd nb ut he hibi pb rb t r blsch t h r ulbshmlhohnbnhþl ndlnr`tb’. Iòhlhreb ndcd ulb suaihvhshþl i` eb nh`lnhbpdeãthnb eebcbib t`drãb pdeãthnb `s bemd câs ûthe, p`rd bûl `s l`n sbrhdausnbr ulb i` o hl hn hþl câs `s tr`ngb. Lu`strb aûsquìb ià` r` ebn hdlb rs` ,sda r ` t did , s h l d `x n eus hvbc` l t ` , n dl e b t ` dr ãb i `sn r hp t h v b .

B.Q. C. CPQQBX, Bl Hltrdiunthdl td Zdehthnbe Zghedsdpgy (Edlir`s6 Ndg`l &]`st, 280>), pâm. 11.

Haãi.,pâms. 2-1>. No. G. C. CBNHI, nBl Bpprdbng td tg` Lbtur` do ZdehthnbeZghedsdpgy¶, Kdurlbe do Zghedsdpgy, 01 (1: l`rd i` 2800), 18-916 E@D YQBP^^^

`]gbt Hs Zdehthnbe Zghedsdpgy4, Kdurlbe do Zdehthns, 28 (bmdstd 280=), pâms. >9>-?7.



229h`lnhb pdeãthnb; ul blâehshs ohedsþohnd d b

20



i` su hmldrblnhb, orbnbsbl, y b v`n`s sdl uthehzbids d i`spebzbids pdr shlh`strds ndls-phrbidr`s, y `ltdln`s dnurr` eb mu`rrb. @ltdln`s, eb bnnhþl pdeãthnb s` susthtuy` pdreb bnnhþl chehtbr, eds ihpedcâthnds sdl susthtuhids pdr eds m`l`rbe`s, gbstb qu`, i` be-mulb c bl`rb, s` r`stbae`n` eb pbz.

@l `s t ` ` squ`cb ndl n `p tub e `l nb k bl cungds g`ngds y n dl n `p t ds , ybemulds ed gbl nd lshi`rbid sbt hs obn tdr hd. Z`rd dt rds v`l ul lûc` rd suas-t bl n hb e i ` g`ngds y n dl n `p t ds qu` l d `l nb k bl , y bablidlbl ` e ` squ`cbpdr d t r d qu` r `zb , câs d c` lds , n dc d s h mu` ;

@e ndloehntd s eb s`lnhb i` eb pdeãthnb, hlneuhib eb pdeãthnb hlt`rlbnhdlbe, hlneusdpdr `lnhcb i` eds tèrchlds `l qu` dnurr` eb nddp`rbnhþl. I`ltrd i` ulb vbrhìbii` ehcht`s, eds pbrthnhpblt`s `l è ndloehntd `sndm`l eds ohl`s qu` p`rshmu`l y edscìhds qu` `cpe`bl. I`p`lih`lid i` ebs è`nnhdl`s qu` gbmbl, è ndloehntd s` `x-t`li râ i`si` e subv` y v`rabe gbstb e vhde`ltd. @l ul pultd i` stb snbeb, `snd-mhid i` ulb cbl`rb câs ah`l brahtrbrhb, è ndloehntd `s i`snrhtd ndcd mu`rrb, y ldndcd pbz. Plb ndcpbrbnhþl iè shst`cb i` eb pdeãthnb hlt`rlbnhdlbe ndl è shst`cbqu` pr`vbe`n` `l eds pbãs`s câs bvblzbids sumh`r` qu` eb mu`rrb hlt`rlbnhdlbe dnurr`

ndl cbydr or`nu`lnhb qu` eb mu`rrb nhvhe, shl i`p`li`lnhb i` eb `xt`lshþl i` ebvhrtui y iè ndldnhch`ltd i` eas qu` tdcbl ebs, i`nhshdl`s. @l tdid nbsd, eds qu`darbl `l ldcar` iè @stbid ld s` ndlvh`rt`l l`n`sbrhhhcittt`;.`l _hrtudsds d `l nrh-chlbe`s pdr eb lbturbe`zb iè pu`std qu` dnupbl.

@st ` t hp d i ` ` squ`cb ndl n `p tub e gb sus t h tuhid suas t bl n hb ec` l t ` b eprhc`r thpd, pu`s ndcpr`g`li` cungds câs g`ngds y ndln`ptds i` ebpdeãthnb hlt`rlbnhdlbe. Zdshae`c`lt , ul t`rn`r thpd i` squ`cb puì

i` s b r rd ee b r s ` qu` nucp e b su ouln h þl bûl c âs ût h ec`l t ` .

EB Y@DQÃB NDCD HLY@QZQ@YBNHÞL D ZPLYD I@ _H YB

Fbre Zdpp`r dor`n` ulb iòhlhnhþl i` t`drãb qu` s, l nh`rtd cdid,s hc h e b r b e b ldn h þl i` .qu` ` s ul ` s qu`cb ndl n`p tub e . ^ ` r ` oh ` r ` b t ` d -rãb d b nubsh-t`drãb ndcd hlt`rpr`tbnhþl d «nrhstbehzbnhþl i` ul pultdi` vhstb¶.

Zdpp`r absb `stb ndln`pnhþl i` eb t`drãb `l ul g`ngd qu` i hsnut h-c ds `l ` e n b p ã tued t ` r n ` rd ; qu` cungds n dl kul tds , câs a h `l n dc p e` k ds ,i` ndli h n h dl` s dp` rbl ld rc b ec`l t ` pb rb prdiun hr e d s b ndl t ` n hc h `l t d ssdnhb e `s y pd e ã t h nds qu` ndls hi`rbc ds s hmlh o h nb t hvds , y qu` ih o` r`lt`s t h -pds i` `xp e h n bn hþl puì`l ausnbr s ` sda r ` e b a b s` i ` vbr h bs v ã bs i ` bn ` r -

n bc h`l t d `l i h o ` r `l t ` s l hv ` e` s i ` e r bzdlbc h`l t d . Eb i `sn r hp n hþl y e b `x -pe hnbn hþl, i`n ãbc ds, sdl pdnbs v`n`s ndc pe` tbs 6 ià`l s` r s` e`n t hvbs . Z`rd´`l abs` b què ` sndm `cd s e d s ib t ds qu` g`c ds i` n dl s hi ` r br4 Plb ` e ` n -nhþl be bzbr ld s prdabae` qu` prdiuznb ul r`suetbid sbthsobntdrhd,pu` s ` s prdab a e ` qu` ndliuznb b n h ` r t d lûc`rd i` i` n e b rb n h dl` s h lnd -l`xbs. Eb bet`rlbthvb b eb è`nnhþl be bzbr, `l dphlhþl i` Zdpp`r, `seb bidpnhþl, s`b i` ul pultd i` vhstb, s`b i` ulb hlt`rpr`tbnhþl. I`prò`r`lnhb, e bntd ià` s`r ndlsnh`lt` y xpeãnhtd, pbrb chlhchzbr ebpdshahehibi i` butd`lmbòd y cbxhchzbr eb pdshahehibi i` qu` eds nrht`-r hds i` s` e`nn hþl snbl bp e hnbids nr ã t hnbc`lt` ` hl t ` e hm`l t`c`lt`; Bidptbr

ul pul t d i` vhstb ` s s `c ` k bl t ` b ` s n dm ` r ul pul t d ` e `vbid i`si` ` e nub en dl t `c p ebr ul pb h sb k ` . Z` rch t ` ` s t ba e ` n ` r hl od rc`s v ` ribi`r ds , t `l h `l -id l nu`ltb qu` eb sn`lb bpbr`n`râ ihsthltb sh s` das`rvb i`si` dtrdâlmued6 `l dtrbs pbebarbs; iho`r`lt`s hlodrc`s qu` ròe`kbl iho`r`lt`spultds i` vhstb puì`l s`r tdids ndrr`ntds, l ed qu` b nbib uld be-nblzb. Pl pultd i` vhstb puì`, ld dastblt`, i`sbrrdeebrs l ulb hl-t`rpr`tbnhþl6 std s, puì` gba`r «ulb nrhstbehzbnhþl i` ul pultd i`

vhstb¶.s@l e squ`cb i` Zdpp`r ul pultd i` vhstb nrhstbehzbid d ulbhlt`rpr`tbnhþl quhvbe`l vhrtubec`lt` b ulb xpehnbnhþl6 eb iho`r`lnhbr`s hi` `l qu` ebs `xpe hnbn hdl`s puì` l s`r r` outbibs d `s tb ae`n hibs , ch`l-t r bs qu` e b s hl t ` r p r` t bn h dl `s s dl s h `c pr ` , `l n h ` r t d cdid , n dl k ` turb e ` s .@l su dphlhþl, bulqu` eb xpehnbnhþl s pdshae` l ebs nh`lnhbs lbtu-rbe`s idli` eb r`pehnbnhþl puì` bndlt`n`r (`s i`nhr, eb r`p`thnhþl ièchsc d `xp `r hc`l t d , quhzâ pdr i ho ` r `l t ` s p ` r sdlb s ) 6 eb hl t ` r p r ` t bn hþl ` sldrcbec`lt` e pultd ohlbe i` eds i`sbrrdeeds sdnhbe`s. Ebs hlt`rpr`tb-n h dl `s sdl b n `p t ba e ` s `l i h s t hl t ds m rbids . Zbr b qu` s `bl câs bn ` p t ba e ` sià`l s ` r n dl s h s t `l t ` s hl t ` rlbc`l t ` y n dl s h s t `l t ` s n dl ` e n dldn hc h`l t di` e d s g` ngds 6 ` s , e lâs , ià`l prdv` ` r ` e .câx hcb l ' bc` rd i` g` n gds y .

ndln`p t d s ` l ulb r ` e b n h þl ndl s `l t h id . E b s h l t ` rpr ` tb n h dl` s qu` ld r ` -s h s t bl e b n dc p` t h n hþl n dl d t r bs i à `l s ` r ba blidlbibs . D t r bs r ` ebn h dl `sià`l s ` r c bl t `l hib s s dar` ulb a b s ` purbc`l t ` iè `lsb yd , r` n dldn h `lidqu` d t r bs hl t ` rp r ` t bn h dl `s c âs bn `p t ba e ` s puì`l i`sbr r d e eb r s ` .

Ndcd hli hn b ` e c hscd Zdpp`r , nublid i` o hl ` e b t ` dr ãb n dc d pul t d i`v hstb d hl t `rpr`tbn hþl , `stâ i hn h`lid qu` `quhvbe` b ulb ghpþt`s hs i` t rb-abkd 7

Qda`rt F. C`rtdl s` ròh`r` b ulb ndln`pnhþl shchebr i` eb t`drãbnublid i h n ` ;

Cungd i` ed qu` s` i`snrha` `l eds ehards i` t`xtd ndcd t`drãb sdnhdeþmhnb ndl-shst` `l drh`ltbnhdl`s m`l`rbe`s bn`rnb i` cbt`rhbs suastblthvbs." Ybe`s drh`ltbnhdl`s

hcpehnbl pdstuebids cuy bcpehds qu` hlihnbl thpds i` vbrhbae`s qu`, i` bemulb cb-l`rb, ià`l s`r tdcbids `l nu`ltb, câs qu` `sp`nhohnbr rèbnhdl`s i`t`rchlbibs `l-

trd vbrhbae`s pbrthnuebr`s w.

Y`drãb l st` s`lthid s e quhvbe`lt` bprdxhcbid i` ed qu` b v`-n`s s` eebcb ul «nubird i` rò`r`lnhb¶ 1:.

eb Q.ZDZZ@Q, Yg` Dp`l ^dnh`ty bli Hts @l`ch`s (Zrhln`tdl6 Zrhln`tdlPlhv rshty Zr`ss, 280:), pâms . 999 .0> 6 FBQE Q. ZDZZ@Q,Yg` Zdv`rty do Ghstdrhnhsc

(Edlir`s6 Qduteìm` & F`mbl Zbue, 280=), pâm. 202. No. FEBP FLDQQ, « Yg`drh`sdo Hcp`rhbehsc¶, ]drei Zdehthns, 9 (barhe 2801), pâms. 9:1.>.

l C@QYDL,^dnhbe Yg`dry bli ^dnhbe ^truntur`, pâms . 7= .77 .\ : No. QHNGBQI N. ^LXI@Q, G. ]. AQPNFy APQYDL ^BZHL, I`nhsdl-Cbethlm

bs bl Bpprdbng td tg` tuiy do Hlt`rlbthdlbe Zdehthns (Zrhln`tdl6 Zrhln`tdl Plhv`r-

shty, Drmblhzbthdlbe A`gbvhdr `nthdl, 2809), pâms. =-2>6 ]HEEHBC B. MEB^@Q, «Yg`

Yyp`s bli Ps`s do Zdehthnbe Yg`dry¶, ^dnhbe Q`s`brng, 11 (dtdòd 2800), pâm. 17=.

22? h`lnhb pdeãthnb; ul blâehshs ohedsþohnd db

2=



EB Y@DQÃB NDCD EB NDL PCBNHÞL I@ EB @WZEHNBNHÞL

G`cds stbid trbtblid, sdar` tdid, i` eb t drãb i`snrhpthvb. Nublidlds dnupâabcds i` eb i`snrhpnhþl l eb pbrt` prhc`rb gbnãbcds ldtbrqu` shrv` pbrb ulb s`rh` i` prdpþshtds. B v`n`s ed qu` s` i`ldchlb i`s-nrhpnhþl lds prdpdrnhdlb sdebc`lt` bohrcbnhdl`s bhsebibs i` hlodrcbnhþlnh`rtb6 b v n`s prdpdrnhdlb ul nubird i` eds blt`nì lt`s d ulb lbrrb-nhþl shmlhohnbthvb6 `l dnbshdl`s, i`nhcds, lds suchlhstrb hlodrcbnhþl r`-o`r`lt` b eb drmblhzbnhþl, `strunturb y c`nâlhnb i` ul shst`cb6 y, `l

dtrds nbsds, prdpdrnhdlb ulb xpehnbnhþl.Nubltd câs ndcpe`tb s eb i`snrhpnhþl, s tbltd câs prdabae` qu`hlneuyb ulb `xpehnbnhþl6 `s i`nhr, `s câs prdabae` qu` hlneuyb i`neb-rbnhdl`s i`snrhah`lid ebs ndl`xhdl`s hlt`rrèbnhdl`s ltr` eds o`lþc -lds pbrb suchlhstrbr ndldnhch`ltd i` ebs rbzdl`s d nbusbs i` bnnhdl`sy ndlihnhdl`s. @l dtrbs pbebarbs ; nubltd câs ndcpe`tb s ulb i snrhp-nhþl tbltd câs usbrâ ld sdebc`lt` eb xpr`shþl «què¶, shld tbcahèl«nþcd¶ y «pdr què¶ 12.

@vhi`lt`c`lt`, `std shmlhohnb qu` eb t`drãb i`snrhpthvb `s `xpehnb-thvb. Plb r`ndlshi`rbnhþl i` eds usds y s`lthids i` eb t drãb qu` bnbab-cds i` ndlshi`rbr cu`strb hlcìhbtbc`lt` qu` eb hi`b i` xpehnbnhþl’m`l`rbec`lt `l tèrchlds i rbzdl`s d nbusbs’`s `l eebs prdchl`l-t . Eb prhc`rb t`drãb qu g`cds c`lnhdlbid’qu e i`sbrc puì s`rndlv`lh`lt`’r oe`kb eb supdshnhþl i` qu` e brcbc`ltd puì` nbusbr

(d nddp`rbr l nbusbr) ulb shtubnhþl hli`s`bae y qu` e i`sbrc` puì`s`r ul cìhd pbrb prdcdv`r ulb shtubnhþl câs i`s`bae`. I` dtrb cb-l`rb ; eb supdshnhþl `s qu` nbib shtubnhþl s` xpehnb, l tdid d `l pbrt ,pdr e lhvè i` eds brcbc`ltds. Blâedmbc`lt`, eb cbydrãb i` ebs r`s-tblt`s ndlk`turbs, p`lsbch`ltds d hi`bs qu` g`cds c`lnhdlbid câs brrh-ab th l`l bemulb r ebnhþl ndl eb `xpehnbnhþl. Eds `squ`cbs ndln`ptub-e s nhtbids, qu` rèbnhdlbl eds cdthvds i` eds gdcar`s i` @stbid ndl ebsnbusbs i` eb mu rrb, sdl tbcahèl, hcpeãnhtbc lt`, xpehnbthvbs ; Zdpp`rhi`lthohnb `xpeãnhtbc`lt` ed qu` i`ldchlb «nrhstbehzbnhþl i` ul pultdi` vhstb¶ ndl eb xpehnbnhþl.

@std sumh`r` qu` eb t`drãb pdirãb s`r iòhlhib `l tèrchlds i` `xpeh-nbnhþl6 y, i` - g`ngd, cungds ndlnha`l eb t`drãb `l `st` s`lthid. Bsã,Cèvhl Cbrx ihn` qu` «tdibs ebs t`drãbs s` ihrhm`l b ulb `xpehnbnhþl,

ed qu` shmlhohnb è `stbae`nhch`ltd i` rèbnhdl`s oulnhdlbe`s `ltr` vb-rhbae`s¶ 11.^hl dor`n`r ulb iòhlhnhþl xpeãnhtb, @nfst`hl bsuc` shcpe`. @QA@QY B. HCDL y BEE@L L@]@EE, «Cdi es; Yg hr Ps s bli Ehchtbthdls,,

`l E`dlbri I. ]ght , ìht., Yg` tbt ` do tg` dnhbe nh`ln`s (Nghnbmd6 Pl hv`rshtydo Nghnbmd Zr`ss 280?), pâms. ?=-?8.

C@E_HL G. CBQW, «Yg` M`l`rbe Lbtur` do Yg`dry Ndlstrunthdls, `l CèvhlG. C brx, ìht., Zsyndedmhnbe Yg`dry (Lu`vb Xdrf6 Cbncheebl, 2802), pâm. ?. No. OQBL FB. EDMBL y beuclds, A`gbvhdr Yg`dry bli ^dnhbe ^nh`ln` (L`w Gbv`l6 Xbe Plh-v`rshty Zr`ss, 2800 ), y Z. I. CBQNHHBLY, «Yg dry bli Zrbnthn` hl tg` tuiy doHlt`rlbthdlbe Qèbthdls,, Hlt`rlbthdlbe Qèbthdls, 2 (barhe 2800), 2:2.1.

c`lt` qu` uld i` eds s`lthids i` eb t`drãb ndlshst` l xpehnbnhþl `l es`lthid i` dri`lbr ebs xp`rh`lnhbs6 l stb ndln`pnhþl, ebs t`drãbs vb-rãbl i`si` ebs pbrnhbe s b e b s n dc pr `g`l s hvbs , i `p `li h`lid i` e b n bi`lbi` `xp`rh`lnhbs pdeãthnbs qu` dri`lbl . Kbc`s ]. Zrdtgrd ndc`ltbqu` «nbib trbtbihstb i` nh`lnhb pdeãthnb qu` nucpe` ndl su ià`r t`d-rhzb, l e s`lthid i` qu` trbtb i` ee`vbr b m`l`rbehzbnhdl`s pbrb xpeh-nbr , b e c`lds, b emulbs ndliuntbs pde ã t hnbs¶ 19. A``r y Pebc `xpr`sbl ebdphl hþl i` qu` ` e t rb tbihs tb i` n h `lnhb pd e ã t hnb ià ` «ausnbr ebs ulh odr-chibi`s i ` n dliun t b y e b s r ` e bn h dl `s r ` nurr `l t ` s y t r b t br i ` m `l `r b e h zbr

i`si` ` s t b ab s` `c p ã rh n b ¶ . X , gba h `lid ` s t ba e ` n hid m `l `r b e h zbn h dl `s `c -p ãr hnbs d e`y`s, ià`l ib r ul pbsd c âs ` hl t rdiunhr t `dr ãbs qu` `xp e hnbl .Eb odrcuebnhþl i` A``r y Pebc s qu` «eb e`y d m`l`rbehzbnhþl cpã-rhnb stbae`n` ed qu` sunì`6 eb t`drãb xpehnb pdr què¶ 10. A`rmcblldphlb ed chscd ; «bohrcbnhdl`s i` g`ngds hlihvhiube`s s` xpehnbl pdre b s e `y` s 6 e b s e `y` s s ` `xp e h n bl p dr t ` dr ãbs ¶ 1?.

H.. Plb t drãb s ul mrupd i` e y`s ndl`ntbibs iìunthvbc`lt . Câs xbntbc lt ,ulb t`drãb s ul mrupd i` e y`s, ldrcbec lt` pdnbs, i` ebs qu` dtrbs ’ldrcbec`lt``l lûc`rd sup`rhdr’ gbl shid iìunhibs r`bec`lt`, y i` ebs nube`s s` `sp`rb iìunhrbûl câ.

Zdirãbcds r`ndribr eb i`nebrbnhþl e` A rmcbll i` qu` e ndldnh-ch`l t d i` nbusbs y ` e ndl dn hc h `l t d i` e ` y ` s y t ` d r ãb s s dl v h rtub ec`l t `

ed chscd. Zbrb @rl`st Lbm e eb pbebarb t`drãb i` s h mlb «ulb od rcue b -nhþl xpeãnhtb i` rèbnhdl`s i`t rchlbibs ltr` ul ndlkultd i` vbrhb-ae`s, `l tèrchlds i` ebs nube`s ulb nebs` `xt`lsb i` r`muebrhibi`s (de`y`s) ndcprdabae`s `cpãrhnbc`lt` puì s`r xpehnbib¶ 17. Lbm eihn` ; «@l nh`lnhb eb r`spu`stb b eb pr`multb «pdr què¶ ` s s h `cpr ` ulbt`drãb. Ld hcpdrtb gbstb què pultd s` ee`vb eb pr`multb «pdr què¶’ypuì` p r d edl mbr s ` hli` o hl hibc`l t `’ià` t ` rchlbr `l ulb t `dr ãb ¶ 18.

Zuì` t bca hèl r ` n dldn ` r s ` qu` l hl mulb i` ` s t bs o d rcu ebn hdl `s p r d -pdrn hdlb ulb s`r h` i` nr h t `r hds pr ãs t hlds p brb hi`lt h o hnbr ulb t `dr ãb. Nube-quh`rb iòhlhnhþl qu` s` bidpt` `s prdabae` qu` eb iuib surkb `l nd-l`xhþl ndl eb bohrcbnhþl i` qu` ulb i`nebrbnhþl ibib d ulb s`rh` iì`nebrbnhdl`s ndlsthtuy l ulb t`drãb. @e prdae`cb s` tdrlb câs ihoãnhe

@NF Y@HL, «Zdehthnbe Yg`dry bli tg` ^tuiy do Zdehthns¶, pâm. 972." «Yg` Ldls`ls` Ohmgt Dv`r ^nh`lthohn C`tgdi; B Ze`b odr Z`bn`s, Kdurlbe

do Zdehthnhs, 27 (bmdstd 280? ), pâm. 0?=.1 . A@@Q, BIBC A. PEBC y dtrds, Zbtt`rls do Mdv`rlc`lt (Lu`vb

Xdrf6 Qblidc Gdus`, 2807 ), pâms. >-9." Zghedsdpgy do ^nh`ln`, pâm. =7.' Hahi., pâms. >2->1.

@QL@^Y L BM@E y NB QE N. G@CZ@E , «^ycpdshuc; Zrdae`cs do Ndln`pt bliYg dry Odrcbthdl hl tg` dnhbe nh`ln`s¶, l Bc`rhnbl Zghedsdpghnbe Bssdnhbthdl,@bst`rl Ihvhshdl, vde. H, nh`ln`, Eblmubm` bli Gucbl Qhmgts (Ohebièohb6 Plh-v`rshty do Z`llsyevblhb Zr ss, 2801 ), pâm. 9?.

>I ^dv`r`hml Q`bsdl (Me lnd 6 Or`` Zr`ss, 2809), pâm. 18. No. NBCZA@EE, ]gbths nh`ln`4, pâms. 72, 786 FPQY Z. YBPA@Q, u^nh ln` bli Zdehthns; B Ndcc`ltbry«,]drei Zdehthns, 9 (barhe 2801), pâm. 9>=.

7h`lnhb pdeãthnb; ul blâehshs ohedsþohnd d b

28



pdr eb s`c`kblzb `l t r ` t ` dr ãbs , g hpþ t ` s h s y e `y` s . @l r `b e hibi , `l e b c b-ydrãb i` eds ndlt`xtds, sh ld sdl tdids, ebs pbebarbs «ghpþt`shs¶ y «t`b

r ãb s ¶ s dl h l t ` r nbca h ba e ` s , y e` y ` s y t ` d r ãb s t h ` l`l t bl t d `l nd cûl quùl sou`rzd pbrb `stbae`n`r ulb ihsthlnhþl nebrb ld c`r`n` eb p`lb.Ndcd s` hli h nþ câs br r ha b , A `r mc bll dp hl b qu` e b s t ` dr ãbs hl ndrpdr ble `y`s . Ibib e b vbmuìbi i` e b s i h s t hl n h dl `s , s ` puì` i` o `li`r e b p rân -t h n b , l d p dnd n dcûl , i` `vhtbr d chl hc hzbr ` e `cp e`d i ` ` s t bs p b eba r bs ,gbaebl id `l v`z i` ` e ebs i` m`l`rb e hzbn hdl`s , prdpds hn hdl`s , ndln`pn hdl`sy ldn hdl`s .

E d s LH_@E@^ I@ M@L@QBEHIBI I@ EB^ Y@DQÃB^

G`c ds g`ngd ld t br bl t ` r h d rc`l t ` qu` ed s g`ngds puì`l b e hl `br s ì`si` e d s c uy ndl n r` t ds b e d s c uy m `l `r b e ` s , y qu` s ` puì`l o d rcu ebrm `l `r b e h z bn h dl `s b i h o ` r`l t ` s l hv ` e ` s i ` m `l `r b e hibi . ^ h ulb p r dpds h n hþl`xpehnb sdebc`lt` uld d pdnds bndlt`nhch`ltds s` ihn` qu` s i` abkdl h v` e i` m`l` rb e hibi , c h `l t rb s qu` s h ` xp e hnb ul mrbl lûc `rd i` b ndl -t`nhch`ltds s` ihn` qu` s i` betd lhvè i` m`l`rbehibi. Bgdrb ah`l6 sdav hd qu` e d s g`ngds y e b s p r dpds h n h dl `s s ` n dca hlbl pbr b n r `br t ` dr ãbs ,y qu` e b s t ` d r ãb s puì`l `xpr` s b r s ` `l i h o ` r `l t ` s l h v` e` s . Zdi`cds ` l -ndltrbrlds ndl t`drãbs i` abkd lhvè d «cìhib str`ngb¶, d pdi`cdsgbaèrldsebs ndl t`drãbs i` betd lhvè d m`l`rbe`s (ulb ((t`drãb i` betd

`sthed¶), d ndl t`drãbs cìhbs 8:. Ruhzâ s`b ûthe ndcpbrbr ul shst`cbt `drè t hnd b ul ârad e . Ebs r bc bs c âs p `qu`òbs r `p r` s `l t br ã bl e d s ib t ds’eds g`ngds y eds ndln`ptds’ndl eds qu` s` ndch`lzb. B cìhib qu`pr ds`mu hcds v `cds qu` ` s t bs p r hc`r bs r bcbs s ` ul`l b d t r bs câs m r bl -i` s . Nbib rbcb mrbli` s ` ndl v h ` rt ` `l ulb t ` d r ãb i` a b k d l h v` e qu` `x -p e h n b e b s r ` e bn h dl `s ` l t r ` lu`s t r ds ib t ds i ` i ` t b e e ` . B su v `z , e b s r bc bsblngbs s ` ul`l b d t r bs t dibv ãb c bydr `s 6 ` s t d ` s , ulb t `dr ãb c ì hb bpb -r ` n` . O hlb ec`l t ` , e e` mbc ds b e t r dlnd i` e â rad e , qu` r `pr ` s `l t b ulb t ` d -rãb i` betd lhvè, m`l`rbe. h bemûl stuihdsd i` eb pdeãthnb gb ee`mbidbe t r dl nd’`s t d ` s , s h b e mu h `l gb p r diun hid ulb t `dr ã b m `l `r b e d n dc pr ` -g`lshvb’`s, quhzâ, i hsnut ha e` . X quh`l`s iuibl s h s` gb i`sb rrde ebid ulbt `dr ãb i ` ` s t ` t h p d i à ` l susp `li`r su kuh n h d sda r ` s h puì` e dm r brs ` . ^ hed qu` t`l`cds s bgdrb ul lûc`rd ndlshi`rbae` i` t`drãbs pbrnhbe`s

o d rcue bibs b vb r hd s l h v` e` s i` m`l` rb e h ibi y r ` o e` k blid vb r h d s cè t didsi` bn`rnbch`ltd b eb pdeãthnb, ld pdi`cds bûl stbr s`murds i s h s `puì` b e n blzbr ulb t `dr ã b n dc pr `g`l s hvb , m `l `r b e , i` e b bn n hþl pd e ã th n b .@s davhd qu` `s câs oânhe `xpehnbr pdnd qu` `xpehnbr cungd. @l dtrbspb eba r bs ; eb s t ` dr ã bs i ` p `qu`òb c` i hib sdl c âs oân he ` s i ` i `sbr r d e e b rqu` ebs t`drãbs m`l`rbe`s, y s câs prdabae` qu` s`bl ohrc`s. Bulqu`s`b i h o ã n h e , t`l`c ds eb pd s ha h e hibi i` i`sb rrde ebr ulb t `d r ãb qu` `xp e hqu`

º No. IB_HI @B^YDL, Yg` Zdehthnbe ^yst`c (Lu`vb Xdrf6 Beorì B. Fldpo, 280>),pâmhlbs 00-0=6 K@LFHL, Yg` ^tuiy do Zdehthnbe Yg`dry, pâm. 8>6 C@ QYD L , ^dnhbe Yg`drybli dnhbe ^truntur`, pâms. 8?-2:2.

pdr què ul ch`card iè Ndlmr`sd i`t rchlbid vdtþ l obvdr i` ulbr ` sd eun hþl qu` bu t drh zbab b e p r ` s hi `l t ` bc `r h n bld b `c p e`br b e b s ou`r -zbs b rcbib s `l ` e Z rþx hcd Dr h `l t ` `l i` t ` rc hlbibs n h rnuls t bln h b s . @sdtrb ndsb cuy iho`r`lt` i`sbrrdeebr ulb t`drãb m`l rbe qu` xpehqu` td-

ids eds ndloehntds d orhnnhdl`s hlt`rlbnhdlbe s, shl gbaebr i` ulb t`drãb

bûl câs m`l`rbe qu` xpehnbs` tdibs ebs t`lshdl`s pdeãthnbs i`ltrd y l-

tr` eds pbãs`s. «Eb t`drãb pdeãthnb i` mrbl sthed puì` pdnbs v`n`s’sh

puì` bemulb’sbthsobn`r ul nrht`rhd i` v`ribi rhmurdsd¶ >2.

Lbturbec`lt`, ulb t`drãb qu` vbyb ndltrb eb vhi`lnhb d eb rbzþl

ià` s`r r`ngbzbib. Z`rd, `sp`nhbec`lt` `l eds betds lhvè`s i` m`l`-rbehibi, `s b c`luid tbl ihoãnhe prdabr qu` ulb t`drãb `s obesb tbcdqu` s v`ribi. Nublid lds lndltrbcds blt` uld i` stds nbsds, pdi`-

cds t`l`r ids d câs «mrbli`s¶ t`drãbs pdeãthnbs ndl, bprdxhcbibc`lt`,

è chscd (p`rd sh`cpr` iuidsd) tãtued i` vbehi z. _brhbs t`drãbs qu``xpehnbl eb ndliuntb pdeãthnb sdl rè`vblt`s6 pdr `k`cped, ebs qu` sua-rbybl, r`sp`nthvbc`lt`, è i`s`d i` rhqu`zbs, pdi`r y pr`sthmhd ndcdobntdr`s cdthvbidr`s. Nublid tdibs ebs t`drãbs i` betd lhvè pbr`n`l câs

d c`lds pebushae`s, p`rd s hcpdshae` ndlohrcbr ulb d ròutbr ebs dtrbs

ndl s`murhibi, ulb r`spu`stb pdshae` `s r`ngbzbr tdtbec`lt` ebs t`drãbs

iuidsbs y ndln`ltrbrs` `l ebs t`drãbs i` lhvè`s câs abkds i` m`l`rbeh-

ibi. e)` cbl`rb bet`rlbthvb, ulb u dtrb t`drãb i` ebs t`drãbs i` betdlhvè puì`l s`r bidptbibs, shl t`l`r `l nu`ltb ebs iuibs sdar` èeb.

C`r`n` eb p`lb s`òbebr qu` `l ebs nh`lnhbs lbturbe`s ebs t`drãbs i`betd lhvè sdl `sndmhibs, ndl ld pdnb or`nu`lnhb, `ltr` ids d câs bet`r-

lb t h v b s pd s h a e ` s >1Eds ibtds das`rvbae`s y eb eþmhnb `xneuy`l eb bidp-nhþl i` bemulbs t`drãbs, p`rd `l cungd s n b sd s n dl s hi `r b n hd l `s s up e ` td -rhbs ltrbl l ku`md l ebs e`nnhdl`s qu` s` gbn`l. @xhst`, i` drihlb-

rhd, ulb prò`r`lnhb pdr eb shcpehnhibi y eb `ndldcãb, y ltr` ebs rb-zdl`s i` stb prò`r`lnhb s` lnu`ltrb eb prdabahehibi i` qu` ebs t`drãbs

shcpe`s s`bl nbpbn`s i` prdcdv`r eds i`snuarhch`ltds. Hlthcbc`lt` r`-ebnhdlbib stâ eb prò`r`lnhb pdr bquèebs t`drãbs qu` prdpdrnhdlbl ebs

abs`s câs s`murbs i` prìhnnhþl, s`b pdrqu` p`rcht`l pdl`r b pruàb

ulb t`drãb d pdrqu` ndltrhauy`l b eb `xpblshþl iè ndldnhch`ltd. Ndl-

shi`rbnhdl`s sdnhbe`s hloeuy`l b v`n`s tbcahèl ebs è`nnhdl`s, pdrqu` `xhs-

t` ndcûlc`lt` ulb prò`r lnhb pdr t`drãbs qu` bpdybl ulb bnthtui oh-

edsþohnb y ulb ndln`pnhþl i` eb vhib qu` s` ndlshi`rb i`s`bae`.

Eds `stuihdsds i` eb pdeãthnb ihoh`r`l `l sus hlnehlbnhdl`s i` s`muhr

b eds trbtbihstbs i` ebs nh`lnhbs lbturbe`s `l odrcuebr ndlsnh`lt`c`lt`

y bidptbr t`drãbs i` betd lhvè. Eds nh`ltãohnds ùrdp`ds pbr`n`l, gbstb

bgdrb, câs buibn`s qu` eds i` eds @stbids Plhids, pu`s ulb prdpdrnhþl

è`vbib i` ebs t`drãbs i` betd lhvè, s`bl ldrcbthvbs d i`snrhpthvbs, gbl

" IB2>E, Zdehthnbe Yg`dry; Yrutg bli Ndls`qu`ln`s. pâm. 80.@stb bohrcbnhþl ysu i`sbrrdeed `l è r`std iè pârrbod s` absbl `xt`lsbc`lt`

`l Zhttl`r OQBLF, Zghedsdpgy do ^nh`ln` (@lme`wddi Nehoos6 Zr`lthn` Gbee, 280=),pâmhlbs >97-?:.

21:h`lnhb pdeãt hnb; ul blâehshs ohedsþohnd Y`drãbs 21 2



v`lhid i` @urdpb bb . Ebs rbzdl`s pbrb `st` g`ngd ld sdl ndcpe`tbc`lt`nebrbs. Ruhzâ gbyb `xhsthid `l @stbids Plhids ul cbydr èlobshs `l ègbeebzmd i` beds g`ngds¶ y c`ldr `l eb hlv`sthmbnhþl ròe`xhvb. @s pd-shae` qu` gbyb xhsthid `l st` pbãs ulb cbydr t`li`lnhb b hlshsthr lqu` ebs bohrcbnhdl`s i` eds trbtbihstbs ià`l s`r `xbntbs, s`bl d ld drh-mhlbe s d shmlhohnbthvbs. Ruhzâ gbyb gbahid ulb obetb i` ndcpr`lshþltdtbe i eb lbturbe zb i eb xpehnbnhþl y i e pbp e i eb t`drãb l eb`xpehnbnhþl bj

@l ulb eãl`b iho r`lt , eb r`pumlblnhb i` eds nh`ltãohnds bc`rhnb-

lds i` hlt`ltbr i`sbrrdeebr t`drãb i`snrhpthvb i` betd lhv e puì` ròe -kbr ndcpebn`lnhb bn`rnb i e pr`s`lt` y i e outurd. Ruh`l`s nr``l quèds prhlnhpbe`s prdae`cbs `stâl r`suètds, y qu` , pdr ndlshmuh`lt`, `stâlabstblt` sbthso ngds ndl ebs ndsbs tbe y ndcd sdl y ndcd pbr`n`l s`r,quhzâ ld s` sh`ltbl cpukbids b hlv`sthmbr ed oulibc ltbe l ul s-ou`rzd pbrb bpr`li`r nþcd s` pdirãb ndlohmurbr è outurd câs i` bnu`r-id ndl sus mustds. @l r`behibi, nublid s` ph`lsb qu` ebs ndsbs vbl ah`lpuì` `xhsthr ulb l`mbnhþl, câs d c`lds ièha`rbib y ndlsnh`lt`, i`bi`ltrbr l eds oulibc`ltds pdr chìd i` qu` ed qu` s` bpr`lib pu`-ib r`suetbr hlquh`tblt` y p`rturabidrb Z`rd ndl eds luc`rdsds y prd-oulids nbcahds qu` bndlt`n`l l dtrds idchlhds’`l ebs nh`lnhbs lbtu-rbe`s, l eb tènlhnb y strbt`mhb chehtbr`s, l e âcahtd i` eb bnthvhibi

mua`rlbc`ltbe, ` hlneusd `l è âr`b iè `stuihd y ndlodrcbnhþl i` ebdphlhþl pûaehnb’s` puì` peblt`br eb nu`sthþl i` sh e outurd s tbl

s`murd y sh ld `s i` hcp`rbthvb urm`lnhb `lndltrbr sh y nþcd s` puì`ndlodrcbr i` ulb cbl`rb i`s`bae`. ^h èst` `s è dak`thvd, `s hcpdr-tblt` `ltdln`s i`sbrrdeebr ulb t`drãb i`snrhpthvb, y ee`vbreb b eds cbyd-r`s lhvè`s i` m`l`rbehibi pdshae`s’bn`ptblid qu` ulb t`drãb i` betdlhvè puì` s`r `rrþl`b y trbtblid sh`cpr` i` pdl`reb b pruàb y i`c`kdrbreb.

CRI@ED^

Eb pbebarb cþeèd gb v`lhid b usbrs` bcpehbc`lt`, `l m`l`rbe, shl

ulb hlihnbnhþl nebrb iè s`lthid i`s`bid. I` lu`vd s`râ c`kdr ausnbr

su shmlhohnbid d shmlhohnbids b trbvès i` ul xbc`l i` sus cpe ds.Z`rd s` ià` t`l`r `l nu`ltb i`si` è prhlnhphd è g`ngd qu` eb hchtb-

nhþl, `xpehnbnhþl y pr`snrhpnhþl `stâl tdibs èebs bsdnhbibs ndl eb ld-nhþl i` ul cdièd y qu` i` èed r`suetb ulb nh`rtb ndloushþl.

B c`luid gby rò`r`lnhbs b cdièd s oãshnds i` ndsbs oãshnbs. Bsã,ul brquht`ntd puì` pr`pbrbr e cdièd i` ulb strunturb qu` gb i`

ndlstruhr. Pl ihs`òbidr i` bvhdl`s puì` pr`pbrbr è cdièd i` ul bvhþlprdy`ntbid6 ul hlm`lh`rd qu` `stâ èbadrblid ul prdy`ntd pbrb ndltrdei` hlulibnhdl`s puì` ndlstruhr ul cdièd oãshnd iè t`rr`ld y rãds i`qu` s` trbt`. Pl bm`lt` i` prdphìbi hlcdahehbrhb puì` barhr ul cd-i ed i nbsbpbrb hlsp`nnhþl. Eb hchtbnhþl d iupehnbnhþl, quhzâ b `s-

nbeb iho`r`lt`, pbr`n` s`r è rbsmd `s`lnhbe i` ul cdièd `l `st` s`l-

thid. Zuì` s`r ndcd eb ndsb r`be `l cungds bsp`ntds qu` sdl hcpdr-

tblt`s pbrb è prdpþshtd ndlnr`td. @e cdièd y ed qu` r`pr`s`ltb ià`s`r, l nh`rtd mrbid, hsdcþrohnd6 std s, ià` s`r shchebr l strunturb

d odrcb, d l dtrbs nbrbnt`rãsthnbs hcpdrtblt`s. h xhst` ulb ndrr`spdl-i`lnhb tdtbe `l nbib bsp`ntd `ltr` è cdièd y eb ndsb cdièbib, è hsd-

cdrohscd s` ihn` ndcpe`td y nubequh`rb i` eds ids dak`tds puì` s`r

ndlshi rbid ndcd ul cdièd p`ro`ntd iè dtrd.

Eds cdièds puì`l tbcahèl t`l`r cungb rèbnhþl ndl eb xpehnb-nhþl y eb pr`snrhpnhþl. B c`lds qu` eds cdi eds s`bl ndcpe tbc`lt` hsd-

cþrohnds’b c`lds qu` eb hchtbnhþl s`b p`ro`ntb’s` hltrdiun` bemûl

thpd i` sè`nnhþl. Bsh, ne hlm`lh`rd qu` ndlstruy` ul cdièd pbrb èndltrde i` hlulibnhdl`s hlneuhrâ `l su rèpehnb sdebc`lt` eds rbsmds iè

t`rr`ld qu` e` • pbr`n`l hcpdrtblt`s pbrb eb hlulibnhþl. Ndlstruy` su

cdièd `l abs` b ulb t`drãb bn`rnb i` ebs nbusbs i` ebs hlulibnhdl`s,

y puì` ndcprdabr `stb t`drãb cìhblt` `xp`rhc`ltds. I` cbl`rb sh-chebr, odrcueb ulb t`drãb bn`rnb iè ò`ntd prdabae` i` ndednbr ulb pr`-

sb `l ul pultd

ibid, y ed ndcpruàb cìhblt` `xp`rhc`ltds. Bsã, ndls-truy` ulb `xpehnbnhþl `l su cdièd, y `std r`pr`s`ltb ulb t`drãb. Ar`-

v`c`lt , sh eb hchtbnhþl d e hsdcdrohscd s tdid ed qu` xhst`, e cd-ièd s shcpe`c`lt` ul cdièd. h s` bòbi` ulb xpehnbnhþl d ulb pr`s-

nrhpnhþl, e cdièd s` ndlvh`rt` l e ròe`kd d xpr`shþl i` ulb t`drãb.

B v`n`s `xhst`l rò`r`lnhbs b cdièds oãshnds nhht ebs i`snrhpnhdl`s i`

o`lþc`lds sdnhbe`s. Bsã, ulb phrâchi` prdpdrnhdlb ul cdièd i` eb `s-

trunturb i` nebs`s i` ulb sdnhìbi, y eb abeblzb prdpdrnhdlb ul cdièd

usbid pbrb r`pr`s`ltbr eb bichlhstrbnhþl i` kusthnhb. @st` cpe`d s da-

vhbc`lt` ohmurbthvd y sum`r`lt`6 ld s` trblscht` lhlmulb shmlhohnbnhþl

n e b rb m .

B v`n`s s` i`ldchlb cdièd b ulb hcbm`l c`ltbe, s`b i` ul o`lþ-c`ld r`be d ohnnhþl. ` puì` i`nhr qu` e prdn`sd i` bastrbnnhþl, i`s-

nrhtd `l è nbpãtued s`xtd, ndcpr`g`li` i`sbrrdeed i` cdièds i` `st`

thpd. «Eb bastrbnnhþl ndlshst` l eb susthtunhþl i` eb pbrt` iè ulhv`rsdqu` s` ndlshi`rb pdr ul cdièd i` `strunturb shchebr, p`rd câs shcpe` ^` .

Zbrb cpe br e chscd `k`cped qu` `l è nbpãtued s`xtd, ibrs` nu`ltb

i` eb odrcb «vbnbl, `l ndltrbst` ndl eb odrcb «tdrd¶, d eb odrcb «dv`-

bNo. FBQE ]. I@PY NGH, «Hehmg`r @iunbthdl bli tg` Plhty do ^nh`ln`s, `lNdlo`r`ln` dl nh`ln`, Zghedsdpgy bli Qèhmhdl, Lhltg ycpdshuc, Ndbes odr Bc`-

rhnbl @iunbthdl (Lu`vb Xdrf6 Gbrp`rs, 280:), pâms. 2:9 y shms.BQYPQD QD^@LAEP@YHH yLdr ]H@L@Q, «Yg` Qde` do Cdiès hl nh`ln`s,

Zghedsdpgy do nh`ln`, 21 (dntuar` 2890), pâm. >2?6 ZBPE C@BID] , «Cdi` e s , ys -t`c bli nh`ln`s, Bc`rhnbl dnhdedmhnbe Q`vh`w, 11 (oàr`rd 289=), pâms. >-8.

be No. FLDQQ, Yg`drh`s do Hcp`rhbehsc, pâm. 9:1. Zbrb ulb ndlshi`rbnhþl i`bemulbs t`drãbs i` betd lhvè, sp`nhbec`lt` i` ebs t`drãbs cbrxhstb y `vd eun hdl hs tbròe`kbibs `l è ibrwhlhscd sdnhbe, vhi. Z. I. CBQNGBLY, «I` t ` rchl h s t Yg`d r h ` shl Hlt`rlbthdlbe Qèbthdls¶, Hlt`rlbthdlbe Qèbthdls, 2 (dntuar` 280?), pâms. 102-07.

rB No. A@QLBQI NQHNF, Yg` Bc`rhnbl ^nh`ln` do Zdehthns, Hts Drhmhls bli Ndl.ihthdls (A`rfè`y y eds Blmè`s6 Plhv`rshty do Nb ehodrlhb Zr`ss, 2808).

211Nh`lnhb pdeãthnb; ul blâehshs ohedsþohndY`drãbs 21>



k b ¶, ` s i `sbr r d e e b r ul c di` ed 6 ` s t d ` s , hcâm`l ` s qu` ` s t âl s hcp e h o h n bibsy v`rshdl`s ndcpu`stbs i` ul lûc`rd i` vbnbs, tdrds u dv`kbs hlihvh-iub e ` s . @l ` s t ` `cp e ` d , ul c di` e d ` s ulb hcbm`l bas t r b n t b’ulb v` r -s h þl s hcp e ho h n bib y ndcpu`s t b’i` ulb n e b s ` i` o `lþc `lds . Yb e cdi` -ed `s, `s`lnhbec lt`, hchtbthvd d hsdcþrohnd, bulqu` e hsdcdrohscd `shlndcpe` td .

Nublid s` xpdl` eb ldnhþl i` ul «gdcar` ndlþchnd¶ y s` ed i `-ldchlb cdi` ed s ` b eui` , p r daba e `c`l t ` , b ulb hcb m`l c `l t b e ba s t r bn tb 6ed chscd puì` i nhrs` l rèbnhþl ndl eb ldnhþl i` ul «gdcar` pdeã-

thnd¶ d « th p d p d e ã t hn d ¶ . (Pl «gdcar ` ` n dlþchnd ¶ s h `c pr ` ` s n dm ` e b s dpd r -tulhibi s pbrb eb mblblnhb l tdib shtubnhþl y ul «gdcar` pdeãthnd¶s h `cpr ` ` s n dm ` e b s dpdr tul hibi`s i ` p di`r , n dl p r ` o ` r `l n hb b d t r bs dpdr -tulhibi`s >=.) Z`rd, l st` nbsd, s iuidsd sh e e`c`ltd hchtbthvd sidchlb l t ` . @ e p `l sb ch`l t d l d ` s qu` ` e c di` ed s `b h s dc þr oh n d n dl ulbp`rsdlb d hln eusd ndl ulb v`rs hþl ndcp u`stb i` ih o `r`lt`s p`rsdlbs . L eâsa h `l , cdi` eds i ` ` s t ` t h p d s ` `xpdl `l `l r ` e bn hþl n dl a ûsquìbs i` `x -pehnbnhþl. Plb s`pbrbnhþl ndcpe`tb i` eb r`behibi `s bn`ptbib ndl eb`sp`rblzb i` qu` prdy`nt` euz sdar` eb r`behibi. Bquã eb ldnhþl i` ulcdièd pbr`n` ndhlnhihr str`ngbc`lt` ndl eb ldnhþl i`, «t`drãb purb¶,i`sn r h t b câs br r ha b . @s t d ` s , p br `n ` p r dpdr n hdlbr eb a b s` p br b p r dpds h -nhdl`s i` eb nebs` «sh... `ltdln`s¶. @l dtrbs pbebarbs ; p`rcht` eb bohr-cbnhþl i` qu`, sh ulb p`rsdlb ibib bntûb ndcd ul gdcar` pdeãthnd,` o`n tubrâ tb e`s y tb e`s ` e`nn hdl`s ` l ulb s h tubn hþl i`snr h t b . Ybe`s bo hrcb-n h dl `s puì`l s ` r p r dv`ngdsbs p br b sum`r h r ulb `l nu`s t b `c p ã rh n b , p ` r d`l sã chscbs ld bòbi`l lbib be ndldnhch`ltd cpãrhnd.

@s davhd qu` eds cdièds oãshnds, ebs hcâm`l`s c`ltbe`s y ebs ndl-n `p n hdl `s ba s t rbn t bs d o h n n h dl `s b e b s qu` l ds g`c ds r ` o ` r hid puì`l s ` ri`snr h tds . @l dtrbs 6pb eba r bs ; e d s cdi` eds puì`l s ` r v ` r ab e ` s . Eds cd -ièds v`rabe`s qu` sdl xpehnbthvds ee`mbl d ld pdi`r s`r ihsthlmuhidsi` ebs t `dr ãbs .

@s câs ; pdi`cds n dc`l zb r ndl ul cdi` e d v` rab e . Pl nþi h md e` mb ed ul ehard d ulb orbs` puì`l s`r ul cdièd pbrb dtrds. Plb r`meb dulb e `y i`snr hpt hvb puì` s` rvh r i` c di` ed pb rb d trb r`meb , e`y i`snr hp-thvb d t`drãb. Bsã, «sh e b s e `y` s i ` ulb t `dr ãb t h `l `l e b chsc b o d rcb què b s e ` y ` s i` d t r b t ` d r ãb , s ` puì` i` n h r qu` s dl ul cd i` e d pb rb ` e e b ¶ >h.

Bquã bpbr `n ` i ` lu`vd ` e h s dc dr o hsc d . ^` ` sp `n h o h n b ulb n dr r ` spdli`l -

n h b `l t r ` e d s b t r haut d s i` e c di` e d y i` e d qu` ` s cdi` e bid . Ld h l t ` rvh ` -l`l l h xp e h nb n h þl l h i` s nr h pn h þl .

Ydibs ebs rò`r`lnhbs blt`rhdr`s sdl b cdièds shcpe`c`lt` hchtb-t h vds d i`snr hpt hvds ( `xpe hnb t hvds ) . Z`rd g`cds i` l dtbr qu` eds cdi` edsb v `n ` s r `p r` s `l t bl ulb n dl n `p n hþl i` e d qu` ` s i `s`ba e ` , n dl s t htuy`lidpbtt`rls d thpds hi`be s, y ndarblid bsã ulb nbehibi ldrcbthvb d pr`s-

" No. GBQDEI I. EB^^]@EE, Zdw`r bli Z`rsdlbehty (Lu`vb Xdrf6 Ldrtdl, 2897),pâmhlb 12.

CBX AQDIA@NF, «Cdiès, C`blhlms bli Yg`drh`s¶, `l Ee`wèeyl Nrdss, iht.,^ycpdshuc dl ^dnhdedmhnbe Yg`dry (@vblstdl6 Qdw, Z`t`rsdl, 2808), pâm. >=8.

nr hp t hvb. Bsã, uld i` eds p`rsdl bk`s i` Eds phrbtbs i` Z`lzbln` `xnebcb;

«Xd sdy è cdièd chscd i` ul cbydr m`l`rbe¶. @l `st` s`lthid `xhs-t `l cd i` eds i ` p r d o ` sdr ` s , i ` ` spdsbs y cdi` eds i ` ` s tui hbl t ` s . @x hs t `lcdièds qu` pr`s`ltbl eds trbk`s l ebs th`libs i` eds cdihstds y cd-i` e d s qu` «pd s bl ¶ pb rb e d s b r t h s t b s . Ldcarb r e d s ndcd c di` e d s ` s pr ` s -nr ha hr . ` r `ndch` lib eb hchtbn hþl . Bquè eds qu` i`s`b l i`stbnb rs` ndcdcb ydr `s m `l `r b e ` s , p rd o ` sdr ` s , ` spdsbs d ` s tui hbl t ` s , y qu h l `s i `s` blbenblzbr eb aèe`zb i` eb cdièd i` cdibs d i` eb cdièd i` brthstbsausnb râl ulb nd r r` spdli`l n h b h s dcþr o hnb i` e t h pd t d t b e ndl ` e c di` e d .Bgdrb a h `l 6 ul cd i` ed p r ` sn r hp t hv d ` s , `v hi `l t `c`l t ` , ulb t `dr ãb p r ` s -nrhpthvb.

@l r ` suc`l ; s ` ibl i h o ` r `l t ` s i ` o hl hn h dl `s i ` c di` ed , i `p `li h`lidi` s h ` e n `l t rd i ` e b b t `l n hþl s ` p dl ` `l e d s bs p `n t ds hc h t b t h v ds i ` e cd-ièd d l eds bsp`ntds xpehnbthvds d pr`snrhpthvds. Cby Ardia nf x-pr` s b e b p r hc` rb i` o h l hn h þl suarbyblid ` e h s dcdr o h scd y ndl s hi` rblid«hll`n`sbrhd¶ ibr be tèrchld ul shmlhohnbid tbl bcpehd qu` s` ndlvh`r-

t b `l s hlþl hcd i` t `dr ãb ^ 8 . G`ra`rt B. ^hcdl `lnu`ltrb qu` cdi ` e d

`s, i` g`ngd , ul s hlþl hcd i` t`drãb y pbr`n` prò`rhr e ûethcd tèrchld.Gbahèlids ` e` pìhid qu` pr`s`ltbs` ul trbabkd sda r` «Cdi` eds ; ûs usdsy ehchtbnhdl`s¶, iòhlhþ su t`cb `l ids orbs`s hlhnhbe`s ; «@e `cpe`dndlt`cpdrâl`d iè tèrchld 'cdièd' `s, nr`d, ul shcpe` shlþlhcd i`' t `dr ãb '. Gba eb rè , pu`s, i` 'Y`dr ãbs ; ûs usds y sus e hc htbn hdl `s ' ¶ 9: . @l

` o ` n t d , `l ndl t r bab e b p b eba r b «cd i` ed ¶ hll `n `s br h b .

Y@DQÃB, BNNHÞL X IDNYQHLB

@l ndl kul t d , g`c ds t r b t bid eb t`drãb (ndcd è g`ngd, è ndln`ptd ,`tnèt`rb) ndcd ulb `xpehnbnhþl iè ndldnhch`ltd. Nubequh`rb qu` s` b

è lhvè i` m`l`rbe hibi, ulb t `dr ãb ` s ulb b o h rcbn hþl sucbr hb i` ed qu`p`lsbcds b n ` r nb i` eb `xp e hnbn hþl i` o `lþc`ld s .

I` e b s pâm hl bs p r `n ì`l t ` s , shl `cabrmd, bpbr`n` qu` eb t`drãb l d`s ulb c`rb xpr`shþl iè ndldn hch`l td h 2 . Zuì` tbcahèl bpultbr è

cìhd i` biquhr hr lu`vd nd ldn hc h `l t d . updlmbc ds , pd r k `c p e d , qu`lu`st rds `s ou`rzds pbrb `xp e hnbr ebs r`m ebs iè i`r`ngd hl t `rlbn hdlbe ld s

Hahi., pâm. >72.G@A@QY B. ^HCCdL y BEE@L L@]@EE, «Cdi e ; Yg`hr Ps`s bli Ehchtbthdls¶,

`l ]GHY@, Yg` ^tbt` do tg` ^dnhbe ^nh`ln`s, pâm. ??. No. @QL@^Y Q. GHENBQI yIBLH@E E@QL@Q, «Yg` Z`rsdl; ûak`nt bli Dak`nt do ^nh`ln` bli Zdehny ¶, `l Ib-lhè E`rl`r y Gbrdei I. Ebsswèe, ìht., Yg` Zdehny ^nh`ln`s, Q`n`lt I`vèdpc`lts

hl ^ndp` bli C`tgdi (^tblodri6 tbliodri Plhv rshty Zr`ss, 2802), pâms. 17-186FBQE ]. I@PY^NG, «C`ngblhsc, Yè dedmy, bli Chlis, Zghedsdpgy bli Zg`ld-

c`ldedmhnbe Q`s`brng, 21 (ihnh`car` 2802), pâm 27?. Zbrbulb odrcuebnhþl câs `xt lsb i` ebs oulnhdl`s i eb t`drãb, vhi. ^dnhbe

^nh`ln` Q s`brng Ndulnhe, Ndcchtt`` dl Ghstdrhdmrbpgy, Aue e`thl ?9, Yg` dnhbe nh-

`ln`s hl Ghstdrhnbe tuiy, pâm. 1?6 Ybendtt Zbrsdls y @iwbri B. ghes, is., Y d wb ri

b M`l`rbe Yg`dry do Bnthdl (Nbcarhim`6 Gbrvbri Plhv`rshty Zr`ss, 2802), pâm. >6]heehbc K. Mddi` y Zbue F. Gbl, C`tgdi hl ^dnhbe Q`s`brng (Lu`vb Xdrf, CnMrbw-Ghee, 2801), pâms. 8-216 @bstdl, Yg` Zdehthnbe ^yst`c, `sp., pâms. 0=-?:.

h`lnhb pdeãthnb; ul blâehshs ohedsþohndY`drãbs 10



219ndliun`l b eb t drãb i` qu`, l m`l`rbe, eb hloeu`lnhb i` ul @stbid`l e i`sbrrdeed iè i`r`ngd l nubequh`r cbt`rhb i p`li` i` ids obn-tdr`s ; 2) û nbpbnhibi r`be d supu`stb i` hcpdl`r sus i`s ds cìhblt`nd`rnhthvbs, y 1) u vdeultbi r`be d supu`stb i` cpe`br tbe`s cìhibs.Ihngd i` dtrb odrcb, qu` e i`r`ngd hlt`rlbnhdlbe stâ l oulnhþl ièpdi`r hlt`r s`s i` eds @stbids bo`ntbids. Eb c`rb lulnhbnhþl i` ebt drãb lds peblt b nu`sthdl`s rò r`lt s b ebs nhrnulstblnhbs `l ebs nub-e s s` cblhoh`stb d ld ndcd v`ribi rb, y stbs nu`sthdl`s puì`l r`sue-

tbr `l ulb bcpehbnhþl iè ndldnhch`ltd. Ed qu` `s câs, tbe t`drãb r`-o`r lt` be i`r`ngd hlt`rlbnhdlbe sumh`r` nu`sthdl`s ghpþt`shs rò r``,

t`s b eds obntdr`s qu` ndlohmurbl eb e y l e âcahtd i` eds pbãs`s. hè i`r ngd hlt`rlbnhdlbe ròe`kb ulb ndcahlbnhþl i` pdi`r hlt`r s`s,´què pdi`cds i`nhr i` ebs supdshnhdl`s i` qu` è i`r`ngd hlt`rld r`-pr`s`ltb e ah`l ndcûl, e hlt`rès pûaehnd d eb kusthnhb4 X què i` ebsupdshnhþl i` qu` è Mdah`rld y è @stbid ndlsthtuy`l ulb `sp`nh` i`ârahtrd hcpbrnhbe qu` shrv` d «bibptb¶ eds i`r`ngds `l ndloehntd4 @s `vh-i`lt qu` eb t drãb bpultb b hlv`sthmbnhdl`s ou`rb i e nbcpd `l eb quòu` i`sbrrdeebib. Ndlblt pdl` sp`nhbe èlobshs `l stb nbrbnt`rãsthnb.Bulqu` èe pbr`n` iòhlhr eb nh`lnhb câs qu` eb t`drãb l è pârrbod sh-muh`lt`, tbltd `l èe ndcd `l dtrbs pbrt`s trbtb ebs ids pbebarbs ndcdshlþlhcbs.

C` btr`vd b iòhlhr eb nh`lnhb ndcd ulb s`rh` i` ndln`ptds y `squ`cbs ndln`p-tube`s hlt`rndl`ntbids qu` surm`l i` eds xp`rhc`ltds y i` eb das`rvbnhþl y qu` so è r th e `l pd s t ` r h d r ` s `xp` r hc`ltd s y das ` r vbn h dl`s . E b p ruàb i ` ulb t ` d r ã b n h `l t ã o hn b`s, sumh`rd, su o`rthehibi (su nbpbnhibi) i` sum`rhr, `sthcuebr y ihrhmhr eds `xp`rh-c`ltds... Plb t`drãb nh`ltãohnb `s... ulb pdeãthnb6 ulb muãb `ndlþchnb y prdv`ngdsbpbrb eb bnnhþl i` eds hlv`sthmbidr`s nh`ltãohnds º.

@l dtrd bsp`ntd, tbcahèl eb t`drãb s bemd câs qu` eb xpr`shþl i `ndldnhch`ltd. Q ndri`cds qu` l e nbpãtued nubrtd ldtâabcds qu` eb`xpehnbnhþl stâ ãlthcbc lt` ulhib b eb prìhnnhþl ; qu` sh pdi`cds x-pehnbr ul bndlt`nhch`ltd i`spuès i` qu` gb sunìhid, ltdln`s, supu`s-td e ndldnhch`ltd i` eds è c`ltds i` eb xpehnbnhþl, s`r cds nbpbn`si` prì`nhred, be c`lds `l tèrchlds i` eb prdabahehibi i` qu` dnurrb.^h std s v`ribi, y sh eb t`drãb s eb ndlsucbnhþl i` eb xpehnbnhþl, s`shmu` qu` eb t`drãb s`râ ûthe pbrb eb prìhnnhþl. Ibib ulb t`drãb, s`rãb-cds nbpbn`s i` gbn r iìunnhdl`s i` eeb r sp`ntd b bndlt`nhch`ltdsouturds, d rò r`lt`s b ebs prdabae s ndls`nu`lnhbs i` stb u dtrb bnnhþl.Zdirãbcds prì nhr, pdr k`cped, qu` ul buc ltd iè pdi`r rèbthvd i `Nghlb trb râ ndlshmd p`thnhdl`s hlshst`lt`s i` bet`rbnhþl i` bemulds bs-p`ntds i` su stbtu qud kurhihndhlt`rlbnhdlbe. D, supu`stb eb t`drãb i` quèds puàeds sbthso`ngds y s`murds th`li`l b i s`br eb pbz y vhtbr e rh`s-md, pdirãbcds prì`nhr qu` eb prdcdnhþl iè i`sbrrdeed `ndlþchnd ièb Plhþl dvhèthnb y eb rìunnhþl p`rn`pthae i` ebs bnthvhibi s dnnhi`l-

u KBC@ @. NDLBLY, Cdi`rl ^n h `ln` bli Cdi`rl Cbl (Lu`vb Xdrf6 Ndeuc.a hb Pl hv `r s h ty Zr `ss , 2801) , p hm s . 09 , 0= .

tbe s qu pbr n`l bc`lbzbr e pultd i vhstb i Cdsnû, puì`l buc`l-tbr ebs prdabahehibi s i` pbz. Zdr e ndltrbrhd, sh bn`ptbcds eb t drãb i`qu` eds ihrhm`lt`s sdvhèthnds `stâl bo`rrbids b su i`nhshþl i` xt`li`rè ndculhscd `l nubequh`r pbrt` qu` e`s s`b pdshae`, pdir`cds biunhrqu` è i`sbrrdeed `ndlþchnd i` eb Plhþl ^dvhèthnb prdpdrnhdlbrâ sdeb-c`lt` ulb abs` pbrb ulb pumlb c âs òhnbz ndltrb è Dnnhi`lt`, y tbcahèlqu` nubequh`r bpbr lt` rìunnhþl iè pdi`r d i`t rchlbnhþl iè Dnnh-i`lt` be`ltbrâ ulb pdeãthnb sdvhèthnb câs buibz y bmr`shvb. D ah`l,ibib eb t drãb i` qu` l ebs e nnhdl`s ebs m`lt s vdtbl i` bnu`rid ndl

sus prdphds hlt`r`s`s `ndlþchnds, pdi`cds prì`nhr ebs r`bnnhdl`s iìho`r`lt`s mrupds i` bnu`rid ndl sus hlmr`sds r`sp ntd b ebs iho`r`lt sbnthtui`s i` eds nblihibtds l nu`sthdl`s ndlþchnbs6 y pdi`cds bvbl-zbr câs y prì`nhr qu` ulb sdnhìbi suastblnhbec`lt` hmubehtbrhb s er`suetbid prdabae i` eb i`cdnrbnhb y iè suorbmhd ulhv`rsbe.

@l e nbpãtued nubrtd ihkhcds qu` prì nhcds, `l pbrt`, pbrb ndl-trhauhr b eb rbnhdlbehibi i` eb ebadrbnhþl i` ebs i`nhshdl`s. Bgdrb pd-i`cds i`nhr qu` sh xpdl`cds t`drãbs s, l pbrt`, pdr eb chscb rbzþl.@e prdpþshtd nh`ltãohnd i` t`drhzbr puì` s`r tbl sþed `xpr`sbr ndldnh-ch`ltd y ndebadrbr b su xpblshþl. @e prdpþshtd sdnhbe s suchlhstrbrulb abs pbrb pr ihnnhdl`s câs s`murbs, `l abs b ebs nube s s puìblgbn`r e`nnhdl`s rbnhdlbe s.

@l st` ndlt`xtd puì` s`r ûthe ldtbr ebs rèbnhdl`s ltr` ed qu` s`

i`ldchlb t`drãb y ed qu` s` eebcb idntrhlb. @l eb cìhib `l qu` è`cpe`d ròe`kb ulb ihsthlnhþl ld pbr`n` r`shihr `l iho`r`lnhbs i` ndl-t`lhid suastblthvd. Câs ah`l pbr`n` r shihr `l bnthtui`s r`sp`ntd b prd-pdshnhdl`s y be pbpè qu` s` e`s bshmlb. Nublid ebs prdpdshnhdl`s s` ndl-shi`rbl shcpe`c lt` ndcd e orutd y eds hlstruc`ltds i` eb bnthvhibinh`ltãohnb’nublid s` rèbnhdlbl sdebc`lt` ndl eb bnthvhibi hltè`ntube’puì` i nhrs` qu` ndlsthtuy`l ulb t drãb. Nublid s` ndlvh`rt`l l ulbmuãb pbrb eb bnnhþl ià`l eebcbrs` câs ah`l ulb idntrhlb. @stb ihsthl-nhþl th`l` ul ndrdebrhd. Ebs prdpdshnhdl`s qu` muãbl eb bnnhþl sdl, pbrb`st` prdpþshtd, bn`ptbibs ndcd v`ribi6 y puì`l s`r nr`ãibs r`bec`lt`,quhzâ ndcd ul bntd i` o` y quhzâ oblâthnbc`lt`. Nublid s` hcpehnbl ebo y e o rvdr, ulb t`drãb qu muãb b eb bnnhþl ià i`ldchlbrs ulb idn-trhlb bb.

b K@LFHL, Yg` ^tuiy do Zde h t hnbe Yg`dry pâms. ?1-?9.



ZBQY@ Y@QN@QB

pdeãthnb

Hltrdiunnhþl



Ebs pbrt`s prhc`rb y s`mulib s` dnupbabl i` eds prdpþshtds iè `s-

tuihd i` eb pdeãthnb y i` ebs odrcbs `l qu` s` `xpr`sb è ndldnhch`ltd.Bgdrb, è dak`td `s hi`lthohnbr, nebrhohnbr y vbedrbr eds ihsthltds `lodqu`s

`cpe`bids l e stuihd i` eb pdeãthnb, bsã ndcd, l c`ldr cìhib, pr`s-tbr bt`lnhþl b ebs ldnhdl`s i` cètdid y tènlhnb.

Ndcd tbltds tèrchlds i` eds qu` g`cds `xbchlbid, «`lodqu`s¶(bpprdbng), cètdid y tènlhnb, r`nha`l ihsthltds shmlhohnbids, d sdl `c-pe`bids ndl sdebc`lt` eb sum`r`lnhb câs r`cdtb i` eb shmlhohnbnhþl qu`

s` pr`t`li . Hlneusd ul ehard tbl bichrbae` ndcd Bpprdbng`s td tg`

^tuiy do Zdehthns ld ndlth`l` lbib’be c`lds lbib `xpeãnhtd’qu` hl-ihqu` què nbrbnt`rãsthnbs i` su ndlt`lhid ee`vbrdl b usbr eb pbebarbbpprdbng `l e tãtued 2 . Nhlnd i` sh`t` tãtueds i` nbpãtueds i` dtrd ehard

s` n `l t r bl `l bpprdbng`s, hi`l t h o h nbids ndc d iìunt hvd , i`snr hp t hvd , nubl-thtbthvd, sdnhdeþmhnd, pshndeþmhnd y prânthnd6 p`rd tbcpdnd l èe lndl-

trbcds eb iòhlhnhþl i` eb pbebarb bpprdbng lh rbzdl`s bpbr`lt`s i` pdr

què ld s` hlneuy`l `l èe ihsnushdl`s i` eds bpprdbng`s hliunthvd, ldr-

cbthvd, nubehtbthvd, ghstþrhnd y ndlþchnd, bsã ndcd dtrds, lh tbcpdnd

`lndltrbcds lhlmûl ndc`ltbrhd i` eb nu`sthþl sh y `l què s`lthid eds

eebcbids bpprdbng`s pds``l bemûl nbrânt`r ndcûl suohnh`lt` qu` kusth-

ohqu` eb `thqu`tb ndcûl 1 . Or`nu`lt`c`lt`, `lodqu` y cètdid sdl trb-

tbids - ndcd shlþlhcds, y ed chscd dnurr` ndl «cètdid¶ y «tènlhnb¶.

@xhst`l rò`r`lnhbs b eds `lodqu`s c`tdideþmhnds, p`rd shl hlt`ltd iìhsthlmuhr tbe`s cdids i` dtrds qu` pr`suchae`c`lt` ld sdl c`tdideþ-

mhnds.Eb `xpr`shþl `lodqu` `s usbib tbltd l rèbnhþl ndl eb pdeãthnb (d

ndl è `stuihd i` eb pdeãthnb) `l ul s`lthid medabe ndcd `l rèbnhþlndl st` d e dtrd bsp`ntd i` eb pdeãthnb. Zdr k`cped, s` puì` gbaebr

s`b i` ul `lodqu` cbrxhstb b eb pdeãthnb d i` ul cdid i` bn`rnbch`ltd

cbrxhstb be prdae`cb i` eb mu`rrb. @e shmlhohnbid bshmlbid b eb `xpr`-

• Qdebli Xdulm, ìht., Bprdbng`s td tg` ^tuiy do Zdehthns (@vblstdl6 Ldrtg-w`st`rl Plhv`rshty Zr`ss, 2807).

• I. @. APYE@Q, Yg` ^tuiy do Zdehthnbe A`gbvhdr (Edlir`s6 Heutnghlsdl, 2807).



h`lnhb pdeãthnb; ul blâehshs ohedsþohnd Ebs ihsnhpehlbs bnbiècnbs ndcd lodqus2>0



2>9@s vhi`lt` qu` eb ghstdrhb ndcd bntubehibi babrnb b ulb cuethtuii` thpds iho`r`lt`s i` bnthvhibi. Eb ghstdrhb ndcd darb `snrhtb puì`,pdr tbltd, vbrhbr `l sus t`cbs. Zuì` gba`r ghstdrhbs iè brt`, i` ebnh`lnhb i` eb rèhmhþl, i` eb vhib pdeãthnb, tn., y puì` gba r ghstdrhbqu s dnup i ebs hlt`rr ebnhdl`s `ltr vbrhbs nebs`s i bnthvhibi`s. @lsu cbydr pbrt`, eb ghstdrhb ndcd darb snrhtb s e trbabkd i` eds ch`c-ards i` ebs Obnuetbi s i` Ghstdrhb6 p`rd tbcahèl s snrhtb pdr dtrbsp`rsdlbs. Eb pbebarb ghstdrhbidr puì` i shmlbr ed chscd, pdr tbltd, bul ch`card i` ulb Obnuetbi i` Ghstdrhb ndcd b nubequh`rb qu` `s-

nrhab ghstdrhb6 bsã, ul trbtbihstb i` nh`lnhb pdeãthnb puì` s`r tbcahèlghstdrhbidr, sh `snrha` ghstdrhb pdeãthnb. (Zbrb qu` std ld pbr`znb quh-tbr hcpdrtblnhb y ihsthlnhþl b eds ch`cards i` eds i`pbrtbc ltds i`ghstdrhb, bòbibcds qu` eeds th`l l eb dpdrtulhibi i` snrhahr i` tbeodrcb qu` s`bl ndlshi`rbids trbtbihstbs i` nh`lnhb pdeãthnb.)

Eb bohrcbnhþl pr`nì`lt` hcpehnb qu`, shl t`l`r l nu`ltb eb ohehb-nhþl bnbièchnb iè butdr, eb ghstdrhb th`l` nbrbnt`rãsthnbs ihsthlthvbs. (Lþ-t s` qu` `l bi eblt ghstdrhb `quhvbeirâ b ghstdrhb snrhtb, y eb pbebarbghstþrhnd s` rò`rhrâ b eb ghstdrhb l st` s`lthid.) Eb nu`sthþl s bgdrbnuâe`s sdl ebs nbrbnt`rãsthnbs ihsthlthvbs i` eb ghstdrhb l st` s`lthid.@l dtrbs pbebarbs ; eb nu`sthþl s` ròh`r` b ebs nbrbnt`rãsthnbs i` eds `l-odqu`s g hstþrhnds.

Zdirãbcds ndc`lzbr r ndriblid qu` l e nbpãtued s`mulid ihsnu-

thcds è trbtbch`ltd i` nu`sthdl`s qu` `xhm`l drh`ltbnhþl d blt`nì`lt`s.Ndcpbrbcds eb pdeãthnb b ul irbcb ndl e culid pdr t`btrd, ` ghnhcdsldtbr qu` s` `ltrb `l e t btrd ulb v`z e irbcb ndc`lzbid. Das`rvb-cds qu` eb l`n shibi i` drh`ltbnhþl d blt`nì`lt s puì` s r sbthso`-ngb i` vbrhbs cbl`rbs6 std s, cìhblt` ulb nrþlhnb i` eds bndlt`nh-ch`ltds pr`vhds, cìhblt` lbrrbnhdl`s shmlhohnbthvbs iè pbsbid d c`-ihblt` ulb xpehnbnhþl ghstþrhnb d m`lèthnb. Ydid eed prdpdrnhdlbab be-mulb hlihnbnhþl pbrb ihsthlmuhr ebs nbrbnt`rãsthnbs i` eb ghstdrhb, p`rd`xhm qu s`b i`sbrrdeebid.

Bpbrt` i` eb g t`rdm`l`hibi i` eb cbt rhb i` qu` s` trbtb, e prhl-nhpbe rbsmd nbrbnt`rãsthnd i` eb ghstdrhb s qu` eb bt`lnhþl s` n`ltrb lè pbsbid. Câs ndlnr`tbc`lt`, eb bt`lnhþl s` n`ltrb `l ul p`rãdid i`th`cpd sè`nnhdlbid (qu` puì` d ld ee`mbr be pr`s`lt`) y l ulb s`-

nu`lnhb i` bndlt`nhch`ltds sè`nnhdlbids l e p`rãdid. «Plb oulnhþlnbrbnt`rãsthnb qu` s`pbrb be ghstdrhbidr i` eb cbydrãb iè r`std i` edsprdo`shdlbe`s bnbièchnds s qu` ph`lsb l eb ghstdrhb ndcd ul prdn`sdm`lèthnd, ndcd e stuihd i` nþcd e gdcar` ee`mþ b s r e gdcar` quùlb v`z ou` y bgdrb s¶ z. dirãbcds nbsh i`nhr qu` ulb ihsthlnhþl l-tr` eb ghstdrhb y dtrbs cbt`rhbs s` lnu`ltrb l eds th`cpds i` eds v`r-ads `cpe`bids. ^h pr`multbcds què pdi`r`s e` ou`rdl bshmlbids `l èdrhm`l be pr`shi`lt` i` eds @stbids Plhids y nþcd gbl nr`nhid stds pd-

Eduts MDYY^NGBEF, bB Zrdo`ssdr do Ghstdry hl b Rublibry", Bc`rhnbl ghs-

tdrhnbe Q`vh`w, 08 (`l`rd 2809), pâm . 1=8.

i`r s, stbcds peblt`blid ulb nu`sthþl qu` hcpehnb ulb hlv`sthmbnhþlghstþrhnb. ^h eb hlv`sthmbnhþl brrdkb euz sdar` eds pdi`r`s bntube`s iènbrmd, ndcd eþmhnbc`lt` gb i` brrdkbr, ed gbrâ i` cbl`rb hlihr`ntb btrbvès iè xbc`l iè pbsbid.

Plb pr`multb bn`rnb iè pr`s`lt` d iè outurd ld `s ghstþrhnb. Zdr`k cped, sh pr`multbcds ; «Ńuâe`s sdl eds pdi`r s iè pr`shi`lt`4¶, d«Ńuâe`s sdl ebs ndls`nu`lnhbs prdabae`s i` eb ndln`shþl iè v`td bepr`shi`lt`4¶, ld stbcds peblt`blid eb l`n`shibi i` ulb xpdshnhþl ghs-tþrhnb. Ebs pruàbs qu` bpdybl bemulds bsp`ntds i` eb r`spu`stb s`râl,

shl iuib, xtrbãibs i` eb ghstdrhb ( l nubequh`rb, d l tdids, i` eds s`l-thids i` eb pbebarb), p`rd eb r`spu`stb tdcbrãb eb odrcb i` ulb s`rhì` prdpdshnhdl`s m`l`rbe`s d t`shs odrcuebibs l th`cpd pr`s lt` d ou-turd. Nublid eb r`spu`stb tdcb stb odrcb, eb lnu`stb s câs ah`l i` `strunturb qu` i` i`sbrrdeed y s` nebshohnb câs ndrr`ntbc lt` ndcd ulb`lnu`stb i` nh`lnhb pdeãthnb qu` ghstþrhnb.

Eds ghstdrhbidr`s ld sdebc`lt` n`ltrbl su bt`lnhþl `l è pbsbid,shld qu` th`l`l ulb t`li`lnhb prdlulnhbib y m`l`rbe b usbr eb nrdld-edmãb ndcd ul hlstruc`ltd dri`lbidr. I`spuès i` tdid, eb ghstdrhb ndcdbntubehibi ndlshst` `l bnthvhibi`s `l dri`l i` s`nu`lnhb d `l s`nu`lnhbs

i` bndlt`nhch`ltds. Ld s, pu`s, sdrpr`li`lt` qu` ds gh s tdr h bidr`s i`s-nrhabl ldrcbec`lt` eds bndlt`nhch`ltds `l, be c`lds, è dri`l bprdxh-

cbid i` su bpbrhnhþl.Câs beeâ i` st` pultd, ebs nbrbnt`rãsthnbs i` eds cdids ghstþrhnds i`

`lodqu`s ihoh`r`l ndlshi`rbae`c`lt`. Plb i` ebs ou`lt`s i` iho`r`lnhbs

s` rèbnhdlb ndl eb ndln`pnhþl qu` iè prdpþshtd t`lmb è ghstdrhbidr.Bquèeds qu` n`ltrbl su bt`lnhþl `l è pbsbid, nþcd bquèeds qu` eb

n`ltrbl `l è pr`s`lt` d `l è outurd, ià`l `sndm`r è lhvè i` m`l`-rbehibi be qu` i`s bl trbabkbr, y ebs nbrbnt`rãsthnbs i` sus snrhtds vb-

rãbl i` bnu`rid ndl eb è`nnhþl qu` gbybl g`ngd. Cungds i` eds qu``snrha`l ghstdrhb s` gbl ehchtbid b lhvè`s cuy abkds i` m`l`rbehibi,p r `mul t blid sd e bc`l t ` p r `mul tb s nuyb s r Òpu`s t b s sdl o ân hec`l t ` b e n bl -zbae`s. Gbl ee`lbid sus `snrhtds ndl i`nebrbnhdl`s i` g`ngds pbrthnuebr`s,

i` prò`r`lnhb b eds m`l`rbe s. ûs g`ngds pbrthnuebr`s, bi`câs, sdl pr`-

s`ltbids ndcd hlodrcbnhþl v`ribi`rb câs ah`l qu` ndcd `vhi`lnhb `l

bpdyd i` m`l`rbehzbnhdl`s. Nbib i`tbee` i` hlodrcbnhþl v`ribi`rb `s bpr`-

nhbib, `s i` pr`suchr, `l abs` b sus prdphds tãtueds, shl qu` s` iè hlih-

nbnhþl bemulb i` eds ohl`s qu` shrv` e ndldnhch`ltd i` eds chscds. Ld`xhst`l lh t`shs lh ndlneushdl`s’ld s` i`rhvbl e`nnhdl`s lh s` sumh`r`l

shmlhohnbids’. Câs beeâ i` eb ndls`nunhþl iè g ngd i` abkd lhvè ebghstdrhb i` st` thpd ld th`l` dak`td. @s ndcpbrbae` ndl ebs ndcphebnhd-

l`s qu` s` `lnu`ltrbl `l è ]drei Becblbn6d, sp`nhbec`lt`, l vhstb

i` eb t`li`lnhb i` cungds ghstdrhbidr`s i` ndln`ltrbrs` l eds i`tbee`s

pbrthnuebr`s qu` s` rèbnhdlbl i` bemulb cbl`rb ndl ebs nrhshs pdeãthnbs,

r`vdeunhdl`s y mu`rrbs, s` puì` i nhr qu` eb ghstdrhb i` st` thpd s ulb

`sp`nh` i` nu`ltd «ee`ld i` ruhid y ourhb, qu` ld shmlhohnb lbibl.

Eb bohrcbnhþl pr`nì`lt` ld s` bpehnb, i`si` eu`md, b tdib eb ghstd-

2>?Nh`lnhb pdeãthnb; ul blâehshs ohedsþohnd Ebs ihsnhpehlbs bnbièchnbs ndcd `lodqu s >=



r h b . Cungds g h s t d rh bidr `s gbl r `bn n hdlbid n d l t r b t b e ` s n dl n `p n hdl `s e h -chtbibs i` eds ohl`s i` su trbabkd nh`ltãohnd, y gbl hlshsthid l eb hc-pdr t bln h b i` ba d rib r e b s nu` s t hdl` s m` l` rb e ` s qu` r `quh ` r`l ulb d ri` -lbnhþl y pr`pbrbnhþl i` ndlshi rbae`s s`rh`s i` ibtds. Eb shmuh`ltì`n ebrbn hþl h eust rb `st ` p`lsb ch`l td ;

Eb ghstdrhb, b eb euz i` ebs c`kdr`s prânthnbs cdi`rlbs, ià` s`r ihsthlmuhib neb-rbc`lt` i` ebs blthmõìbi`s d i` eb r`nde`nnhþl i` ibtds pdr sã chscds, y ià` s`riòhlhib câs ah`l ndcd ul stuihd i` prdae`cbs y nbusbs eb hlt`rpr`tbnhþl i` o`li.c` lds , ld b nucue blid s hcp e `c `lt ` p ruàbs , s h ld r ` eb n h dlâlid e b s , iâlid e` s o d rcb ,s`lthid y strunturb .

@l d t r bs p b eba r bs ; n dl e d s c` k dr ` s cè t dids c di`rlds , e d s g hs t d r h b -idr`s pr`multbl ld sdebc`lt` quhèl ghzd tbe ndsb y nuâlid, shld pdrquè s ` g hzd , nþcd ulb i` t ` rchlb ib s h tubn hþl bndl t `n hþ y nuâ e` s ou`r dlebs ndls`nu`l n hbs i` ebs bnn hdl`s d s h tubn hdl`s . @s câs ; puì`l, hln eusd,h r câs b e e â , p r ` multâlids ` pd r e b pd s h a e ` ` x h s t `ln h b i` t `li`ln h b s d r ` -mu e b rh ibi` s d e ` y ` s . Zuì`l pr ` multb r b n` r nb i` r ` e b n h dl` s nbusb e ` s , ypuì`l ausnbr t`drãbs. Mdttsngbef xpr`sb ul p`lsbch`ltd shchebr iùlb cbl`rb bemd câs odrcbe, hlihnblid qu` eb sdnhìbi phi be ghstd-r h bidr «qu` hl t `l t ` ` s t ba e ` n ` r e d s n dl t r bs t ` s y n dcpb r bn hdl `s i ` e d s ` p h -sdihds g hstþr hnds, s h tubn hdl`s ` hlst h tun hdl`s p brb ndls t ruhr nbt `mdr ãbs `s-trhntbs i` ebs xp`rh`lnhbs r`nurr`lt`s gucblbs, y qu` prdpdlmb m`l`

r b e h zbn h dl `s qu` puìbl t `l `r vb e hi `z p br b b e mulbs i` e b s m `l `r b e h z bn h d -l `s i ` e b s `xp `r h `l n hbs p bsbib s ¶ .

Eds g h s t d rh bidr `s qu` hl t `l t bl s `mu h r n ` e b s c ` k dr` s p rân t h n bs c di`r -lbs¶, tbe ndcd gbl shid i`snrhtbs, ihoh`r`l, lbturbec`lt`, `l è mrbidi` nbutèb d bablidld qu` cu`strbl l su sou`rzd i` i`sbrrdeebr m`-l`rbehzbnhdl`s. Yrbihnhdlbec`lt`, lbturbec`lt`, gb xhsthid ul èlo bshsndlshi`rbae` l eb ldnhþl i` qu` eb ghstdrhb trbtb ndl bquèed qu` sûl hnd 6 l d ` s p dnd o r ` nu`l t ` v ` r eb g h s t d r h b `l n dl t r bpds h n hþl b e b s « n h`l -n h bs m `l `r b e h z bidr bs ¶. H l n eusd qu h`l `s p ` r s h mu`l i`sb r rd e e b r m `l `r b e h z b -nhdl`s ghstþrhnbs stâl câs d c`lds hloeuhids pdr `stb trbihnhþl. Bsã,Mdttsngb ef ihn` qu` ` e ghs tdr hbidr «s` ihs t hlmu` i` d trds n h `lt ã o h nds , sd-ar` tdid, pdr è èlobshs qu` pdl` `l è pbpè i` eds cdthvds, bnnhdl`sy edmrds hlihvhiube`s, orbnbsds y ndlthlm`lnhbs l ndlthluhibi y nbc-

ahds g hstþrhnds¶ ?.

X Byièdt t ` , bulqu` p hi h`lid m`l`rbe hzbn hdl` s, cbl t h`-l` qu` eb ghstdrhb trbabkþ l ndltrb i` eebs. @s ulb i` ebs tbr`bs ièds ghstdrhbidr`s (`std s, i` eds ch`cards i` ebs Obnuetbi`s i` Ghs-t d r hb ) , i hn ` , n dc prdabr e b s m `l `r b e h zbn h dl `s i `sb r rd e e bibs l n h `l n hbs sd -n h b e ` s câs ` sp` n h b e h zbibs , p rdpd rn h dlblid «ulb p h ìrb i` t dqu` ndl t rbe b nub e ` s t b s m`l` rb e h zb n h dl` s puìbl s ` r prdabibs y ` v hi`ln h bids sus

]HEEHBCD. BXI@EDYY@, «Ghstdry hl b Eha`rbe @iunbthdls, Kdurlbe do M`l`rbe@iunbthdl, > (dntuar` 2897), pâm. 2.

• MdYY^NHHBEF, Zrdo`ssdr do ghstdry hl b Rublibry, pâm. 1=8.º Hahi.

pul t ds ièa h e ` s ¶ º . Dtrds ghstdrhbidr`s (pdr k`cped, Ydyla``) ld gbl

hls hs t hid `l eb l`n`s hibi i` tbl tb nbut` eb.Eds `lodqu`s ghs tþr hnds b ebs nu`s t hdl`s pd e ã t h nbs ih o h ` r`l `l ihs t hl-

t b s c bl`r bs , bpb r t ` i ` e l hv ` e i ` m `l `r b e hibi hcp e ã n ht d . I`spuès i` t did ,e b i `n h s hþl i` n `l t r br e b b t `l n hþl `l ` e p b sbid `x hm ` d t r b i `n h s hþl ; ulbè`nn hþl `ltr` eds pds ha e`s `l odqu`s be pbsbid. @l r`be hibi, tdids eds i`-c âs `l odqu`s qu` g`cd s i` `stuihbr `l `st ` nbp ã tued puì`l suasuc hr -s` `l è ghstþrhnd6 `std `s, ulb v`z qu` s` gb tdcbid eb i`nhshþl i``x hm hr ulb `xp e h n bn hþl m `lè t hn b , ` s t d t b ec `l t ` p ds ha e ` ausnbr e b t dc blid

`l n dl s hi ` rbn hþl ib t ds ` n dlþc hnds d p s h n d eþm h n ds , d bidp t blid d t r ds n r h-t`rhds i` sè`nnhþl. Bsã, `l ul s`lthid, eb cbydr pbrt` i` ed qu` r`stbi` ` s t ` n bp ã tu ed s ` râ tbl t d bp e h n bid b e ` s tui hd g hs t þrh n d n dc d b d t r ds ` s -

tuihds i` eb pd e ã t h nb .Zuì` s r ûthe hlshsthr l bemd yb lulnhbid ; qu` eds ch`cards i`

e b s Obnu e t bi`s i ` N h`l n hb p d e ãt h n b b c `luid ` sn r ha `l g h s t d r h b . Plb p r d -pdr n hþl n dl s hi ` r ba e ` i ` e t r bab k d ` o ` n tubid pdr e d s t r b t bi h s t bs i ` n h `l n hbpd e ã t hn b `l ` e n bc pd i` e b s r ` e bn h dl `s hl t ` rlbn hdlb e ` s n dl s h s t ` `l e b `x -pds h n hþl i` e b g h s t d r hb i hp edcât h n b r ` n h `l t ` i ` vbr h ds p b ã s ` s’b c `luid ,b ul abkd lhvè i` m`l`rbehibi’. Eb suaihvhshþl i` eb nh`lnhb pdeãthnbeebcbib t`drãb pdeãthnb s ldrcbec`lt` badribib ghstþrhnbc`lt`. Plbi hs t hl mu hib p ` r sdlb e hibi i` e n bc pd i` e b bic hl h s t rbn hþl pûa e h n b , ` e i h -oultd E`dlbri ]ght`, mblþ ul pr`chd Ablnrdot i` ghstdrhb pdr su `s-

tuihd i` Yg` Kbnfsdlhbls y ul pr`chd Zuehtz`r pbrb ghstdrhb pdrYg`

Q`puaehnbl @rb 27?8-28:2. X eb ghstdrhb, ndl or`nu`lnhb, buc`ltb l

e d s t r bab k d s i` t r b t bi h s t b s i` n h `ln h b pd e ã th nb `l d t r b s suai h v hs h dl` s iè b i h s n hp ehl b = . Bsã, ed qu` s` ihn` câs brrhab bn`rnb i` ebs nbrbnt`rãs-

thnbs ihsthlthvbs i` eb ghstdrhb th`l` rèbnhþl ihr`ntb ndl e trbabkd i`cungds i` e d s qu` s ` n dl s hi ` r bl b s ã c hsc ds n dc d t r b t bi hs t bs i ` n h `l n hb

pdeã thnb.Ià`l bòbihrs` ids bihnhdl`s b eb ihsnushþl pr`nì`lt` i` eds `l-

, odqu`s ghstþrhnds, ulb rò`r`lt` b eb t`li`lnhb, sp`nhbec`lt` ltr` edscbrxhstbs, i` p`rsdlhohnbr d r`hohnbr eb ghstdrhb y eb dtrb rò`r`lt` b ebndl n `p n hþl i` e ` s tui hd i ` e b p d e ã t h n b i ` Chngb` e Dbf`sgd t t .

@sp`nhbec`lt`, ltr` eds cbrxhstbs `s ndcûl gbaebr i` eb ghstdrhbndcd sh ou`rb ul s`r ndl prdpþshtds, d ul s`r ndl prdn`sds vhtbe`s qu``stâl r`muebids pdr e`y`s câs beeâ iè ndltrde gucbld. @stb prânthnb`s ndcpbrbae` b eb i` r`hohnbr d ndshohnbr è @stbid, c`lnhdlbib `l ènbp ã tued s `x t d . @l ` s t b n dl n `p n hþl , e d s gdcar `s sdl r `p r ` s `l tbids n dc dnr hb tur bs r ` e b t h vbc `l t ` hcp d t `l t ` s qu` puì`l gbn ` r p dnd c âs qu` r` -t rbsbr d bn` e` rbr ul nursd i` i`sb rrde ed prì`s t hlbid. ^h eb g hstdr hb `stâp`rsdlhohnbib l ul s`lthid strhntbc`lt` ohmurbid, quhzâ ld s` nbus`

p`rkuhnhd. Z`rd b v`n`s i`nebrbnhdl`s iè thpd hlihnbid pbr`n`l i`s br

d BXI@EDYY@, Ghstdry hl b Eha `rbe @iunbthdl, pâm. >.

• No. HeBbvt;X N. CBLsrHt;EI, «Yg` Ps`s do ghstdry¶, Zuaehn Bichlhstrbthdl

Q`vh`w, 22 (hlvh`rld, 2802), pâms. 02.0=.



h`lnhb pdeãthnb; ul blâehshs ohedsþohndEbs ihsnhpehlbs bnbièchnbs ndcd `lodqu`s 92



29:cb, l tèrchlds tbltd i` cètdid ndcd i` suastblnhb. Ybltd eds nh`l-tãohnds pdeãthnds ndcd eds `ndldchstbs badribl nu`sthdl`s bn`rnb i` eds

bsultds ohsnbe`s mua`rlbc`ltbe s y bn`rnb i` ebs rèbnhdl`s ltr` mdah`r-

ld y ndldcãb. Eds sdnhþedmds s` gbl ulhid’` hlneusd gbl dasnur`nhid’b eds trbtbihstbs i` nh`lnhb pdeãthnb l e stuihd iè ndcpdrtbch`ltd

è`ntdrbe. Eds pshnþedmds, ed chscd qu` eds nh`ltãohnds pdeãthnds, s` hlt`-

r`sbl l eds hcpuesds d cdthvbnhdl`s qu` bo`ntbl b eb ndliuntb pdeã-thnb. Eds trbtbihstbs i` nh`lnhb pdeãthnb y eds m`þmrbods s` pr`dnupbl i`

eb hloeu`lnhb i` eds r`nursds y dtrds rbsmds iè cìhd `l è pdi`r y

pdeãthnb i` eds @stbids. @st` hlt`ltd i` gbn`r ul blâehshs ohedsþohnd iè`stuihd i` eb pdeãthnb s tbl sþed uld i` cungds k`cpeds i` eb str`ngb

rèbnhþl `ltr` nh`lnhb pdeãthnb y ohedsdoãb. @l ndl`xhþl ndl dtrbs vbrhbsihsnhpehlbs s` gbl i`sbrrdeebid ghpþt`shs xpehnbthvbs (t`drãbs nbusbe`s)

qu` gbl shid `cpe`bibs ndl eha`rbehibi `l è `stuihd i` eb pdeãthnb’pdr

`k`cped, ebs t`drãbs cbrxhstbs y orùihblbs’, ebs nube`s s` ihsnuthrâl câs

babkd. @l `stbs dtrbs ihsnhpehlbs, lbturbec`lt`, `xhst`l iho`r`lt`s hlt`-

r`s`s y iho`r`lt`s snuèbs i` dphlhþl6 ià`cds pr`stbr bt`lnhþl b stbs

iho`r`lnhbs sdebc`lt` nublid hlt`r`s`l câs ah`l be `stuihd i` eb pd-eãthnb.

@lodqu` ndlþchnd.

@e pultd n`ltrbe l eb ndldcãb, pbrb xpr`sbred i` ulb cbl`rbtbutdeþmhnb, r`shi` `l eds bnu`rids abkd eds nube`s bndlt`n` eb bnthvhibi

`ndlþchnb y oulnhdlb è shst`cb `ndlþchnd. @std shmlhohnb qu` è odndi` eb bt`lnhþl s` n`ltrb `l ebs odrcbs abkd ebs nube`s s` ,i`sbrrdeeb ebprdiunnhþl y eb ihstrhaunhþl i` ah`l`s y s`rvhnhds. Plb prdpdrnhþl ndl-

shi`rbae` i` `stbs odrcbs `stâ ohkbib, d sup`rvhsbib i` bemulb cbl`rb,

pdr eds Mdah`rlds, y i` `stb odrcb s` hcpehnb `l è prdn`sd pdeãthnd.Ebs nu`sthdl`s pûaehnbs `l rèbnhþl b ebs nube`s eds bntdr`s p`rshmu`li`s`ds ndltrbpu`stds sdl or`nu`lt`c`lt` nu`sthdl`s `ndlþchnbs6 `l dtrbs

pbebarbs ; eds i`s`ds qu` prdiun`l bnthvhibi pdeãthnb s` ròh`r`l ndl or`-

nu`lnhb b odrcbs qu` s` rèbnhdlbl ndl eb prdiunnhþl y ihstrhaunhþl iàh`l`s y s`rvhnhds.

Ruh`l`s bidptbl ul bn`rnbch`ltd `ndlþchnd b eb pdeãthnb `stbrâl,pdr tbltd, `sp`nhbec`lt` hlnehlbids b peblt`br nu`sthdl`s bn`rnb i` ebs

hlt`rrèbnhdl`s `ltr` eb vhib `ndlþchnb y eb vhib pdeãthnb. I` ebs vbrhbsbnthvhibi`s i` mdah`rld `stbrâl hlnehlbids b `xbchlbr pbrthnuebrc`lt`

bquèebs qu` p`rt`l`n`l b ebs rèbnhdl`s `ndlþchnbs6 pdr `k`, ebs pdeã-

thnbs cdl`tbrhb y o hsnbe, eb e`mhsebnhþl rò`r`lt` b ebs rèbnhdl`s ltr`

eds pbtrdl`s y eb cbld i` darb, b eds pbpè`s rèbthvds i` eds oulnhdlb-

rhds iè Mdah`rld y p`rsdlbs prhvbibs be tdcbr ebs i`nhshdl`s nrunhbe`s.

Ed qu` s câs, i` eds vbrhds obntdr`s qu` cdthvbl e ndcpdrtbch`ltdi` p`rsdlbs y mrupds, y qu` prdpdrnhdlbl ulb abs` pbrb `xpehnbr y pr`-

i`nhr bquè ndcpdrtbch`ltd, quh`l`s bidptbl ul cdid `ndlþchnd i`

bn`rnbch`ltd `stbrâl hlnehlbids b `xbchlbr è i`s`d i` rhqu`zb, y i`

ndltrde i` eb prdiunnhþl y i` eb ihstrhaunhþl i` ebs ndcdihibi`s y eukds

i` eb vhib.Eb pbebarb hlt`r`s`s ohmurb pr``chl`lt`c`lt` l ndl`xhþl ndl ul

`lodqu` `ndlþchnd iè `stuihd i` eb pdeãthnb. B p`sbr i` qu` tdid èculid `stâ i` bnu`rid `l qu` bemulds hlt`r`s`s ld sdl `ndlþchnds,

`xhst` ulb t`li`lnhb prdlulnhbib i` bòbihr ulb ndlldtbnhþl `ndlþchnb

b eb pbebarb. Bsã,T quh`l`s trbtbl eds i`sbrrde eds pde ãt hnds ndcd ` e r`sue-

tbid iè ndloehntd i` hlt`r`s`s i` nebs`s th`l`l t`li lnhb b iòhlhr eb

nebs` `lhbchldsTT.i`T stbtus `ndlþchnd W bTseòhlhrj -Hþs hlt`r`s`s l t`r-

cueds i` v`lttbbb

ndl þchnb. _hrtubec`lt , s` puì` i`nhr ed chscd

i` quh` ’s bbbl i` ndloehntds i` hlt`r`s`s i` s`ntdr`s. Ebs ihsnushd-

l`s i` eb nu`sthþl i` sh `xhst` brcdlãb i` hlt`r`s`s, s`b `l ul pbãs d

`ltr` vbrhds, th`li`l b bsuchr qu` s` `stâ ròhrh`lid b v`ltbkbs `ndlþ-chnbs cutubs. Blâedmbc`lt`, eb ndln`pnhþl i` eb pdeãthnb absbib l eds

hlt`r`s`s d hlt`r`s`s i` mrupd `stâ `str`ngbc`lt` vhlnuebib be bn`rnb-ch`ltd `ndlþchnd, y è ndcpdrtbch`ltd è`ntdrbe’s`b `l è`nnhdl`s m`-

l`rbe s d `l eds nu`rpds r`mhsebthvds’s` xpehnb or`nu`lt`c`lt` d s`

prìhn` l tèrchlds ndlþchnds. Ruh`l`s bidptbl lodqu` ndlþchndth`l`l t`li`lnhb b rèbnhdlbr eds hlt`r`s`s ndlþchnds ndl tdibs ebs pd-eãthnbs hcpdrtblt`s y ndl eds bndlt`nhch`ltds, pr`multâlids`, pdr `k`c-

ped, sh ul prdmrbcb bc`rhnbld i` brcbc`ltds ià` s`r p`lsbid tbltdi` cbl`rb b cblt`l r e oulnhdlbch`ltd iè shst`cb l betd lhvè ndcd

pbrb prdcdv`r eb pbz y eb s`murhibi. @s prdabae` qu` bidpt`l è pultd

i` vhstb qu` eb ndg`r`lnhb `l è s`ld i` eds pbrthids pdeãthnds y eb eu-ngb `ltr` èeds ròe`kbl pr`dnupbnhdl`s `ndlþchnbs ndcul`s d `l ndl-

oehntd. Pl bn`rnbch`ltd `ndlþchnd bidptb ndl or`nu`lnhb ulb ndedrb-nhþl pshndeþmhnb, pdrqu`, or`nu`lt`c lt`, s` absb l ul supu`std bn`rnb

i` eb cdthvbnhþl gucblb ; qu` eb m`lt` bntûb ldrcbec`lt` i` tbe cb-

l`rb qu` prdcu`vb su mblblnhb `ndlþchnb.

@lodqu`s sdnhdeþmhnds.

Eds sdnhþedmds stuihbl e ndcpdrtbch`ltd gucbld, hlneuhid e ndc-

pdrtbch`ltd pdeãthnd, `l è ndlt`xtd iè cìhd sdnhbe. @stbae`n`l è su-

pu`std, davhd y s`murd, i` qu` è hlihvhiud, b trbvès i` su p`rt`l`lnhb

b eb obchehb y b dtrds mrupds, s` hcpehnb l`n`sbrhbc`lt` `l ul prdn`sd

i` bpr`lihzbk` y ndlihnhdlbch`ltd qu` hloeuy` mrbli`c`lt` `l sus `s-qu`cbs i` ndcpdrtbch`ltd. @e dak`td m`l`rbe iè sdnhþedmd `s, `ltdl-n`s, `lndltrbr ebs r`muebrhibi`s i` ndcpdrtbch`ltd lbnhibs pdr hlt`r-

bnnhþl `ltr` eds hlihvhiuds, `s i`nhr, lbnhibs i` eb hlt`rbnnhþl sdnhbe 20.

Plb hi b i` bemulds i` eds ndln`ptds n`ltrbe`s cpe`bids pdr è sd-

nhþedmd prdpdrnhdlbrâl ulb bpr`nhbnhþl iè thpd i` ibtds qu` èeds ndl-

shi`rbl shmlhohnbthvds.

No. M@DQM@ hhe sdL Cbl hl dnh`ty, Zròbn` td ^dnhdedmy bli tg` dnhbe

^nh`ln`s (Lu`vb Xdrf6 Iduaeìby, 2802), pâm. 27 y pâss hc.

291h`lnhb pdeãthnb; ul blâehshs ohedsþohnd Ebs ihsnhpehlbs bnbièchnbs ndrld lodqu s 29>



Nueturb `s uld i` `sds ndln`ptds. I`ldtb `squ`cbs i` ndcpdrtb-ch`ltd bpr`lihid ndcpbrthids pdr nh`rtd lûc`rd i` hlihvhiuds. «Ebnueturb s` ròh`r` b eb tdtbehibi i` ed qu` bpr`li` e hlihvhiud ndcdch`caod i` eb sdnhìbi6 `s su `sthed i` vhib, su cdid i` p`lsbch`ltd,i` bnnhþl y i` s`lthch`ltd¶ 2?.

^dnhìbi `s dtrd ndln`ptd n`ltrbe i` eb sdnhdedmãb. @l su s`lthid câsbcpehd i`ldtb nubequh`r nebs` i` bsdnhbnhþl `ltr` s`r`s gucblds. I` cb-l`rb câs `sp`nãohnb, eb sdnhìbi puì` s`r ndlshi`rbib i` tr`s cbl`rbs`str`ngbc`lt` rèbnhdlbibs ; 2) ndcd ul ndlkultd i` rèbnhdl`s sdnhb-

e`s6 `std `s, ndcd ul ndlkul td i` `xp`ntbthvbs r`nãprdnbs qu` eds hlihvh-iuds d mrupds th`l`l r`sp`ntd b eds ndcpdrtbch`ltds i` ulds y dtrds61) ndcd bul bcpehd mrupd `l è qu` bndlt`n`l ebs rèbnhdl`s¶, y >) ndcdbul ndlkultd i` hlsthtunhdl`s qu` prdpdrnhdlbl ul c brnd pbrb eb vhibsdnhbe¶. @stbs hlsthtunhdl`s puì`l s`r pd e ã t hnbs , `ndlþchnbs , r` e hm hdsbs ,obc he hbr`s, pìbmþm hnbs, i` r`nr`d, ` t n . Nublid eds s dn hþedmds ndlshi`rblb eb sdnhìbi l st` t`rn`r s`lthid, blbehzbl stbs hlsthtunhdl`s y ebsrèbnhdl`s ltr` eebs. @s davhd qu` eb pbebarb «sdnhìbi¶ s` bpehnb bbsdn hbn h dl ` s gucbl bs i` i hv ` r sâs n e b s ` s . @l n h ` r td s `l t hid , `x hs t ` ulbsdn hìbi culihbe 6 `x hs t `l sdn hìbi`s lbn hdlbe`s , y gby, pdr ` k`cped, sd-n h ìbi` s o `c`l hlb s i` s d n d r rd s .

I`lt rd i` ulb s d n h ìbi e d s h li h vh iuds pd s ` `l stbtus y i` s `cp`òblpbpè`s6 i` ulb cb l`rb o hmurbib eds mrupds y ebs suasdn hìbi`s sd l p`l-

sbids `l t è rchlds i ` stbtus y oulnhdl`s. ^tbtus i`s h mlb e b s h tubn hþl y ,b e c hscd t h `cpd , n dlld t b e b hi `b i ` r ` e bn hþl `l t r ` ulb s h tubn hþl y d t r b 6e b s r ` e bn h dl `s i ` stbtus t h`l`l r` ebn hþl ndl b t r hautds i` i h o`r`l t`s s h tub-n h dl `s , t b e ` s n dc d bu t dr hibi , rblmd , p r ` s t h m h d y p di`r . Zbpè i` s h m lb ` e` squ`cb i` n dcpdr t bch`l t d l drcb ec`l t ` bsdn hbid n dl ul stbtus ibid.

Zbrb eds sdnhþedmds, ul mrupd sdnhbe `s bul nh`rtd lûc`rd i` p`r-\sdlbs ulhibs l ulb rì d shst`cb i` r ebnhdl`s sdnhbe`s¶. Eds hlihv h-

iuds i` ulb sdn hìbi puì`l ihv hihrs` `l ihv`rsbs bs dn hbn hdl`s (pdr ` k `c-ped, eb Bc`rhnbl Zdehthnbe nh`ln` Bssdnhbthdl)6 y s` bmrupbl l ihv`r-s b s nbt`mdrãbs ( p dr k `cp ed , p r d o ` sdr ` s , t r bab k bidr `s , hlius t r hb e ` s , o h ` e ` si` ebs hm e`s hbs ) .

Nublid s ` n dl s hi ` rb b e b s sdn h ìbi`s n dcd s h s t `cb s dp `r bl t ` s câsd c `lds hl t `m r bids , bpbr `n ` ` e n dl n `p t d i ` oulnhþl. Ed g`c ds i hsnut hidar`v`c lt` l e nbpãtued t`rn`rd l ndl`xhþl ndl eb `xpehnbnhþl oul-nhdlbe. Oulnhþl i`ld t b e b s « n dl s`nu`ln hbs da k ` t h vbs d a s` r vba e ` s ¶ i ` e d s

) o `lþc`lds s dn h b e ` s . ^` i h n ` qu` ulb b n t h vhibi ` s ouln hdlb e nublid n dl -t r hauy` b eb sup`rvhv`lnhb , p`rs h s t`lnhb , hlt`mrbnhþl d `s tb ah e hibi i` ebsdn h ìbi `l nu`s t hþl . Ndrld g`cd s v h s t d `l ` e n bp ã tu ed t ` r n ` r d , e b s oul -n h dl `s puì`l s ` r c bl h o h ` s t bs ( « qu`r hibs y r ` n dld n hibs ¶ ) d e b t `l t ` s ( «l hqu`r hibs l h r`ndl dn hibs ¶ ).

stb iòhlhnhþl y ebs qu` shmu`l `stâl tdcbibs i` @EX NHHHLDX ^dnhdedmhnbeZ`rsp`nthv`; Abshn Ndln`pts bli Yg`hr Bppehnbthdl (Mbri`l Nhty6 Iduaeìby, 2809),vhi. pâms. 2:-22, 1:-1>, >7, 02.

L`n`sbr h bc`l t ` , ed s sdn hþ edmds o d rcu ebl e b p r dpds h n hþl oulibc `l t b ei ` qu` «e d s hli hv hiuds qu` pds``l ulds bl t ` n ì`l t ` s sdn h b e ` s s hc h e b r ` ss ` n dc pdr t brâl , bp r dxhcbibc `l t ` , i ` eb c hscb c bl`r b `l n h r nuls t bl -n h b s s hc h e b r ` s ¶. E b s c h scbs l dn h dl` s i` nu e turb y s d n h ìbi hcp e h nbl e b`x hs t `l n hb i ` b e mulds ` squ`cb s i` n dc pdr t bch`l t ds n dcul`s .

Eb tbr`b i` eds sdnhþedmds s hi`lthohnbr rèbnhdl`s ltr` eds squ`-cb s i` n dcp dr t bch`l t d y e b s n dli hn hdl `s sdn h b e ` s’`l t r` , i ` ulb pbr t ` ,e d s ` squ`cbs i` n dcp dr t bch`l t d y , i ` d t rb , ` e stbtus y `xp`n tb t hvbs r`s -

p`ntd b eb oulnhþl qu` s` i`s`cp`òb’. û tbr`b `s hi`lthohnbr mrupds,

bsdnhbnhdl`s y nbt`mdrãbs i` p`rsdlbs bn`rnb i` ebs nube`s’d bn`rnb i`nuybs rèbnhdl`s’puì`l odrcuebrs` m`l`rbehzbnhdl`s shmlhohnbthvbs. @s`v hi `l t ` qu` ulb v `z qu` ` s sb a hid qu` n h ` r tds t hp ds i ` n d li hn h dl `s sd -n h b e ` s p r diun`l n h ` r tds t hp ds i ` n d cpd r t bch`l t ds sur m ` e b p ds ha h e hi bi i`hloeuhr e b n dl o h murbn hþl i` e n dc pdr t bch`l t d cb l hpu eblid e b s • n dli hn h d -l ` s sdn h b e ` s .

@e ndcpdrtbch`ltd pdeãthnd, ebs rèbnhdl`s pdeãthnbs y ebs hlsthtunhd-

l`s pdeãthnbs nb`l i`ltrd iè idchlhd i` eb sdnhdedmãb, kultbc`lt` ndldtrbs nebs`s i` ndcpdrtbch`ltds, rèbnhdl`s hlsthtunhdl`s. Eb nh`lnhb

pdeãthnb s` `ltr`c`zneb bsã ndl eb sdnhdedmãb, i` eb chscb cbl`rb qu`s` `ltr`c`zneb ndl eb ghstdrhb y ndl eb `ndldcãb. Ruh`l`s bidptbl `st`

`lodqu` be `stuihd i` eb pdeãthnb pr`stbl bt`lnhþl b eds thpds i` pr`mul-

tbs sum`rhids pdr eds ndln`ptds c`lnhdlbids câs brrhab. ^` hlnehlbl b

pr`multbr, pdr `k`cped, pdr ebs rèbnhdl`s `ltr` è stbtus sdnhbe d è c`-2ihd sdnhbe, i` ul ebid, y ebs bnthtui`s pdeãthnbs y è ndcpdrtbch`ltd è`n-

tdrbe6 ed nube ndlsthtuy` ul nbcpd i` lnu`stb cuy bcpehd y shmlhohnb-

thvd. Eds cdvhch`ltds pdeãthnds i` tdibs nebs`s puì`l s`r stuihbids l

abs` b ul cdid i` bn`rnbch`ltd sdnhdeþmhnd. ^` `cpe`` .d ld ulb vãb

sdnhdeþmhnb b eb pdeãthnb, cungbs lnu stbs sdnhdeþmhnbs gbl prdpdrnhd-

lbid gbeebzmds shmlhohnbthvds pbrb eb bnnhþl e`mhsebthvb ; pdr `k`cped, `l-nu`stbs sdar` è cbtrhcdlhd, ihvdrnhd, nrhc`l, eb ièhlnu`lnhb hloblthe,

suaurahd y nbcahd urabld, tn. X ebs hlv`sthmbnhdl`s sdnhdeþmhnbs y bl-

trdpdeþmhnbs i` ebs nueturbs `xtrblk`rbs prdpdrnhdlbl ndldnhch`ltd hc-

pdrtblt` pbrb eb ihr`nnhþl i` ebs rèbnhdl`s hlt`rlbnhdlbe`s.

@lodqu`s pshndeþmhnds.

Ybcahèl eds pshnþedmds `stuihbl eb ndliuntb gucblb, hlneuhib ebndliuntb pdeãthnb. @l ndltrbst` ndl è sdnhþedmd, qu` `l sus `xpehnbnhd-

l`s suarbyb eb hloeu`lnhb iè cìhd sdnhbe, è pshnþedmd pr`stb prhcbrhb-

c`lt` su bt`lnhþl be chscd hlihvhiud. Nghldy heustrb eb iho`r`lnhb nh-

tblid è nbsd i` eb cuk`r ndl ul barhmd i` vhsþl6 è sdnhþedmd ndlshi`rb

è barhmd ndcd ulb ou`lt` i` stbtus sdnhbe pbrb su pdrtbidrb, ch`ltrbs

qu` è pshnþedmd ed ndlshi`rbrâ ndcd ulb ou`lt` i` sbthsobnnhþl iè `md.

@l r`behibi, eb ihsthlnhþl `ltr` sdnhdedmãb y pshndedmãb ld ` s s h `cp r `n e b rb . Yrb t bi h s t b s i` nbib nbc pd s ` `x t rbv ã bl `l ` e d t r d . Nublid ` e h l -

29 9 h lnhb pdeãthnb; ul blâehshs ohedsþohnd Ebs ihsnhpehlbs bnbièchnbs ndcd lodqu`s 290



trusd ee`mb i`cbshbid e`kds, `s prdabae` qu` s` e` pdlmb eb thqu`tb i`pshnþedmd sdnhbe.

Bulqu` eds pshnþedmds `stâl i` bnu`rid l qu` e n`ltrd i` su bt l-nhþl `s è hlihvhiud, ld stâl i` bnu`rid l qu` e hlihvhiud c`r znbs` pdlmb e èlobshs l èe. Bemulds pdl`l e n`ltrd i` su bt`lnhþl leb cbl`rb l qu` e gdcar` p`rnha` su cìhd, bemulds l e prdn`sdi` bpr`lihzbk , dtrds `l ebs cdnhdl`s y cdthvbnhdl s, dtrds `l eb bnthvh-ibi cdtdrb y bemulds `l dtrds bsp ntds iho`r lt`s iè hlihvhiud d i`su `xp`rh`lnhb. @l rèbnhþl ndl nbib n`ltrd i` bt`lnhþl `xhst`l iho`-

r`lnhbs suashmuh`lt`s’pdr k`cped, iho`r lnhbs nublthtbthvbs iè èlob-shs ibid b eds o`lþc lds oãshnds y e`y s 2=.

Zrdabae c`lt`, tdids eds `lodqu`s `cpe bids pdr eds pshnþedmds th`-l`l hcpehnbnhdl`s pbrb eb bnthvhibi pdeãthnb. Eb p rn`pnhþl `s, vhi`l-t`c`lt`, shmlhohnbthvb pbrb eb bnthvhibi pdeãthnb. Nþcd p`rnhabl e vd-tblt` d e gdcar` i` @stbid su cìhd hloeuy l, shl iuib, su r`bnnhþlor`lt` be chscd. Eb hcbm`l qu` ul hlihvhiud s` gbn` i` eb r`behibipdeãthnb, ndcd su hcbm`l i` dtrds bsp`ntds i` eb r`behibi, th`l` ndls`-nu`lnhbs pbrb su ndcpdrtbch`ltd6 y è, prdae cb i` ebadrbrr y trbls-chthr ulb hcbm`l `xbntb `s, be c`lds, tbl ihohnhe `l pdeãthnb; ndcd '`ldtrds nbcpds. Eb cdnhþl y eb cdthvbnhþl sdl, vhi`lt`c`lt`, i` hc-pdrtblnhb prhcdrihbe l eb vhib pdeãthnb, pdrqu` eb bnthvhibi pdeãthnb s`muãb sh`cpr` pdr prdpþshtds. @e stuihd i` eb bnthvhibi cdtdrb’iè s-

tãcued y i` eb r`spu`stb’`s pr`suchae c`lt tbl r e vblt pbrb eb `s-o rb pdeãthnb ndcd pbrb dtrbs `so rbs i` bnnhþl 27.

Gbstb e pr`s`lt` eds supu`stds pshndeþmhnds bichthids pdr quh`l`s`stuihbl eb pdeãthnb s` gbl m`l rbec lt` rèbnhdlbid ndl rbzdl s pbrbeb bnnhþl’ndl eb `cdnhþl y eb cdthvbnhþl’. Cbquhbvèd y Gdaa`s sua-rbybrdl ndcd cdthvds eb s`murhibi i` eb vhib y i` eds ah`l s y sdstu-vh rdl qu` e i`s`d i` eb chscb rb hls`pbrbae i e i`s`d i` pdi`r. Ebbohrcbnhþl i` Gdaa`s ou` ; «Ndlshi`rd ndcd ulb hlnehlbnhþl m`l rbe i`tdib eb gucblhibi ul p`rp tud hln`sblt i`s`d i pdi`r y pdi`r, qu`n`sb sdebc lt` ndl eb cu`rt`¶. A`ltgbc bsucãb qu` tdids eds gdcar`sausnbl eb oèhnhibi. Ybe`s bsulnhdl`s rèbthvbs b eds i`s`ds d prdpþsh-tds gucblds stâl l eb abs` i` tdibs ebs hlt`rpr`tbnhdl`s m`l`rbe siè ndcpdrtbch`ltd pdeãthnd. B v`n`s s` ndlshi`rb eb pdeãthnb sdebc`lt`ndcd dtrb cblho`stbnhþl i` eb eungb i` nebs`s, ndlshi`rblid ndcd eb prhl-nhpbe cdthvbnhþl e i`s`d i` rhqu`zbs. Ruh`l s stâl hloeuhids pdr hm-culi Orùi be bidptbr ul cdid i` bn`rnbch ltd pshndblbeãthnd pbrb e`stuihd i` eb ndliuntb gucb lb trbtbl ndl m`l`rdshibi i` ebs cd thvbnhdl`s.@s tbcahèl pdshae iòhlhr eb pdeãthnb ndcd ulb pumlb ltr` bntdr`s qu`

" QDA@QY .]:::wDAYG, Ndlt`cpdrbry ^ngddes do Zsyndedmy (Lu`vb Xdrf6Qdlbei, 2897), pâms. 9-0 y pâsshc.

Zbrbul `lodqu` be `stuihd i` eb bnthvhibi pdeãthnb i` eds hlihvhiuds absbid `lsu p`rn`pnhþl i` eds `stãcueds iè cìhd y n`ltrbid `l eds ndln`ptds i` `stãcued,drmblhscd y r`spu`stb, v`r QDA@QY @. EBL@, Zdehthnbe Ehe`; ]gy Z`dpe` M`t Hl-vdevì hl Zdehthns (Me`lnd`6 Or`` Zr`ss, 2808).

p`rshmu`l i`s`ds ndltrbpu`stds `l nu`sthdl`s pûaehnbs. @stb iòhlhnhþlbtrb` eb bt lnhþl gbnhb eds i`s ds y, pdr tbltd, gbnhb ebs rbzdl`s y cd-thvds pbrb eb bnnhþl, shl sp`nhohnbr lhlmulb nebs` i` i s`ds ndcd idch-lblt`.

Ibid è nbrânt`r i` ndls`nunhþl i` ohl`s iè ndcpdrtbch`ltd pdeã-thnd, `s p`ro`ntbc`lt` ndcpr`lshae qu` eds cdids i` bn`rnbch`ltd psh-ndblbeãthnd pbrb e stuihd i` eb ndliuntb gucblb trbtbl n dl m `l` r d s h ibii` ebs cdthvbnhdl`s. @s tbcahèl pdshae` iòhlhr eb pdeãthnb ndcd ulbpumlb `ltr` bntdr`s qu` p`rshmu`l i`s`ds ndltrbpu`stds `l nu`sthdl`s

pûaehnbs. @stb iòhlhnhþl btrb` eb bt`lnhþl gbnhb eds i`s`ds y, pdr tbltd,gbnhb ebs rbzdl`s y cdthvds pbrb eb bnnhþl, shl `sp`nhohnbr lhlmulb nebs`

i` i`s`ds ndcd idchlblt`.Ibid è nbrânt`r i` ndls`nunhþl i` ohl`s iè ndcpdrtbch`ltd pdeã-

thnd, s p`ro`ntbc`lt` ndcpr`lshae` qu` eds cdids i` bn`rnbch`ltd psh-ndeþmhnds s` abs`l prìdchlblt`c`lt` `l ebs cdthvbnhdl`s. Z`rd dtrbs

nebs`s i` ibtds pshndeþmhnds c`r`n`l s`r, be c`lds, xpedrbids. Zbr`n`

`sp`nhbec`lt` prdabae` qu` eds `stuihds i` eb p`rn`pnhþl’d i` eds mrb-

ids i` s`lshahehibi b .iho`r`lt`s nebs`s . i` ,bndlt`nhch`ltds’puìbl s`r

cuy heustrbthvds. Eds stuihblt`s i` ebj ghstdrhb pdeãthnb gbl vhi`lnhbid

mrbl s`lshahehibi be t`rrdr qu` bndcpbòþ b eb Q`vdeunhþl orbln`sb, p`rd ,

pdnb r`sp`ntd b ebs k`nunhdl`s l cbsb qu` bndcpbòbrdl b eb supr`-

shþl i` eb Ndculb pbrhsh`ls`. ´Zdr què4 ¡Nuâltds ndltrbst`s s`c`kbl-

t`s `xhst`l4 ´^dl eds ch`cards i` eb èeht` i` nubequh`r sdnhìbi tbl

s`lshae`s b eds bntds hlcdrbe`s d he`mbe`s i` dtrbs p`rsdlbs i` eb chscb

èeht`, ndcd ed sdl b eds bntds hlcdrbe`s d he`mbe`s i` eds è`c`ltds sua-

v`rshvds4 Eds bc`rhnblds sdl s`lshae`s b ebs c`lthrbs prdo`rhibs pdr è

Mdah`rld sdvhèthnd y b sus vhdebnhdl`s i` ebs daehmbnhdl`s. ^dcds hmube-c`lt` s`lshae`s b ebs c`lthrbs y vhdebnhdl`s i` eds Mdah`rlds behbids4,

í` lu`strd prdphd Mdah rld4 Zdr què4 X nuâe `s eb hcpdrtblnhb ièb iho`r lnhb4

@lodqu`s m`dmrâohnds.

Pl cdid i` bn rnbch`ltd m`dmrâohnd b eb pdeãthnb hcpehnb ul hl-t`ltd i` gbn`r ndrr`spdli`r bndlt`nhch`ltds y t`li`lnhbs ndl nbsh tdid

ed qu` puì` r`pr`s`ltbrs` l ul cbpb. Eb shtubnhþl i` cdltbòbs, rãds

y cbr`s th`l`, shl iuib, ulb r`p`rnushþl `l eds prdn`sds pdeãthnds ièculid. Ed chscd puì` i`nhrs` i` eb ihstrhaunhþl i` eds r`nursds lb-

turbe`s i` tdibs nebs`s, i` eb ihstrhaunhþl i` eb eeuvhb, i` ebs iho`r`lnhbs

i` t`cp`rbturb, i` eb `xhst`lnhb y ndlihnhdl`s i` ebs rutbs y cìhds i`

trblspdrt` y ndculhnbnhþl, tn. Eb ihstrhaunhþl i` eds mrupds ètlhnds d

rbnhbe`s gb t`lhid y ndlthlûb t`lh`lid ulb prdoulib hloeu`lnhb `l ebdrmblhzbnhþl pdeãthnb iè culid. Bemulds i` eds qu` gbl bidptbid ulbn`rnbch`ltd m`dmrâohnd be `stuihd i` eb pdeãthnb gbl hlnurrhid `l `xb-

m`rbnhþl, pr`t`lih`lid qu` nh`rtds g`ngds m`dmrâohnds gbl ndlsthtuhid eb

ûlhnb nbusb i` prdn`sds i` mrbl benbln` ` hlneusd odrcueblid prìhnnhd-

2 :

29 ? h`lnhb pdeãthnb; ul blâehshs ohedsþohnd Ebs ihsnhpehlbs bnbièchnbs ndcd l odqu s 29 =



l`s sd rp r `li`l t ` s sda r ` ulb t bl e hc h t bib . Zdr ` k c p ed , s h r Gb e od ri Cbn -fhli`r i`nebrþ ulb v`z ;

Ruh`l idchlb @urdpb drh`ltbe idchlb è Ndrbzþl Ndlthl`ltbe;Ruh`l idchlb è Ndrbzþl Ndlthl`ltbe idchlb è Culid-Hseb;Ruh`l idchlb è Culid-Hseb idchlb è Culid .

(@e Ndrbzþl ndlthl`ltbe i` Cbnfhli`r ndcpr`li` eb bntube Plhþl^dvhèthnb y bemulds t`rrhtdrhds bihnhdlbe`s be d`st` y be sur i` eb chs-cb. û Culid-Hseb ndcpr`li` @urdpb, Bshb y Borhnb.) Eb hlm`luhibi

i` oþrcuebs ndcd èstb ld ià` i`sbnrìhtbr eds bn`rnbch`ltds m`dmrâ-ohnds b eb pdeãthnb. Eds g`ngds i` eb m`dmrboãb s` lnu ltrbl, vhi lt`-c`lt`, ltr` eds qu` hloeuy`l l cungds thpds i` i`nhshdl`s pdeãthnbs.ûpu`s t d s ndldn hc h `l t d s i` vb r h d s d t r d s t h pd s b n` r nb i` e b n t d r pd e h t hn d( p dr ` k`c p ed , n dldn hch`l t d i ` e d s p r dpþs h tds i ` e d s ` s t bi h s t bs , `l e b s r ` -e b n h dl` s h l t ` rlbn h dlb e ` s ) , e n dldn hc h `l t d i` e b m ` dmrb o ãb p uì` byuibrb biquh r hr ulb ab s ` pb rb pr ì` n h r i` n hs h dl` s qu` s ` gbl i` t dc br y e d sprdabae`s r`suetbids i` tb e`s i`n hs hdl`s .

@lodqu`s ohedsþohnds.

Y`lh`lid `l nu`ltb è tãtued i` `st` ehard `s p`rthl`lt` i`nhr bemu-lbs p b e barb s r ` sp` n t d b e b o h e d s d o ãb y e d s cd ids i` b n` r nbc h `l t d o he d s þ -ohnds i` eb pdeãthnb. Nþcd eb pbebarb ohedsþohnd s` usb l e tãtued s

`l rèbnhþl ndl e p`lsbch`ltd bn`rnb i` p`lsbch`ltd6 ul blâehshs o h-edsþohnd s ul hlt`ltd i` nebrhohnbr e p`lsbch`ltd bn`rnb i` eb lbturb-e`zb iè t`cb y bn`rnb i` eds ohl`s y cìhds i` su stuihd. @xpr`sbidi` cb l` rb c âs m`l` rb e ; ulb p ` r s dlb qu` ` e h m ` ul b n` r nbch `l t d o h e d s þ-ohnd b ul t`rlb trbtb i` edmrbr nebrhibi ehlmõãsthnb y rìunhr eb ndlou-s hþl e hlm h h ãs t hnb6 bsuc ` qu` ` e e`lmubk` `c pe`bid `l i` snr hpn hdl`s r` o e` kbn dl n `p n hdl ` s i ` e b r `b e hibi , y qu h` r ` ` s t ba e ` n ` r n dl n `p n hdl `s i ` e b r `b -ehibi tbl nebrbs6 ndlshst`lt`s, ndg`r`lt`s y ûthe`s ndcd s`bl pdshae`s.Yrbtb i` hloeuhr y muhbr e p`lsbch`ltd y eb `xpr`shþl iè p`lsbch`ltdpbrb cbxhchzbr eb pdshahehibi i` qu` eds bsp`ntds e`mhids i eb r`b-ehibi (pbrb ldsdtrds, è bsp`ntd e`mhid s eb pdeãthnb) s`b g`ngd hlt`-

e h m ha e `@l ` e nbp ã tued ldv`ld, nublid i hsnut hcd s eb t `dr ãb pde ã thnb ndc d sua-

ihvhshþl i` eb nh`lnhb pdeãthnb ghnhcds ldtbr qu` eb pbebarb ohedsdoãb s `

usb tbcahèl l dtrds s`lthids. Zuì` i`ldtbr ul hlt`ltd pbrb ee`mbr b

eb v`ribi cìhblt` è usd i` eb rbzþl. Eb v`ribi qu` s` ausnb puì`s`r ldrcbthvb, i`snrhpthvb d pr`snrhpthvb. @e dak`td i` eb hlv`sthmbnhþlohedsþohnb l st` s`lthid s stbae`n`r eds nrht`rhds i` ed qu` s au`ld,bi`nubid y kustd y vbedrbr d pr`snrhahr hlsthtunhdl s y prânthnbs pdeãth-

" HQ GBEODQI CBNFHLI@Hs, I`cdnrbthn Hi`bes bli Q`behty (Lu`vb Xdrf6 Gdet,2891), pâm. 20:.

Z@Y@Q ]HLNHE, Yg` Hi`b do b ^dnhbe nh`ln` (Lu`vb Xdrf6 Gucblhth`s Zr`ss,2807), pâms. 0, 20.

nbs b e b euz i` i h ngds n r h t` r h d s . @s t b n dl n `p n hþl s ` r ` o e` k b `l e b i `sn r hp -nhþl i` ^t`pg`l F. Abhe`y, iè `lodqu` ohedsþohnd. Ihn` qu` è dak`td`s i`t`rchlbr ed qu` s`b i` hlt`rès pbrb e pûaehnd6 hi`lthohnb hlt`-rès câs ndl e d s o h l ` s qu` ndl e d s c ì h d s 12 .

@e l dcar ` i` ulb i h s n hp e hl b bnb ièchnb i` k b hliuiba e `c `l t ` cungdqu` i`s`br `l tèrchlds i` n eb r hibi i` eds nr ht `r hds qu` prdpdrn hdlb pb rbs ` e ` nn h dlb r e b s nu` s t h dl` s y e d s ib t d s . Pl t r b t bi h s tb i` n h `ln h b pd e ã t hnbqu` u t he h zb ul `l o dqu` g h s t þrh n d t h `l ` , bi`c âs , qu` gbn ` r c ungbs ` e ` n -nhdl`s , ndcd e `s dnurr` b eds c hsc ds ghs tdr hbidr`s 6 `l r`b e hibi, ` e tèr-

chld «`lodqu` ghstþrhnd¶ s, prdabae`c`lt`, ou`lt` i` ndloushþl, pu`s`x h s t `l c ungds `l o dqu`s g h s t þr hn ds . ^ h ul t r b t bi h s t b i ` n h `l n hb p d e ãt h n bs` i`nhi` b sndm`r ul bn`rnbch`ltd ghstþrhnd dat`lirâ tbltb muãb i`` s t b ` t h qu` t b ndc d ul g h s t d r h bid r qu` ` s ndm h ` s ` ul b n` r nbch `l t d p d e ã-thnd b eb ghstdrhb. Pl thpd m`l`rbe i` hlv`sthmbnhþl s sum`rhid, i` ulbcbl`rb vbmb, shl iuib, p`rd sd s tdid. Ld s` hlihnb lhlmûl nrht`rhd` sp` n ã o hnd i` s ` e ` nn h þl . E d s p rda e `cbs v` ribi` rbc `l t ` b riuds quìbls hl r`sdev`r .

Ed c hscd puì` i`n h r s ` i ` e d s bn ` r n bch`l t ds ` n dlþc hnds , s dn h d eþm h -nds, ps hndeþm hnds, m`dmrâo hnds y o h edsþo hnds . Nbib tèrchld sum h`r` vbmbc `l-t ` ul t hp d i ` hl v `s t h m bn hþl , p ` r d p r ` s t b p d nb byuib pb r b e b o d rcu ebn hþli` e b s nu`s t h dl `s b p ebl t `br y e d s ib t ds b s ` e ` n n h dlbr .

^ h quh`l `s b idp t bl ul b n ` r nbc h`l t d hi `l t h oh n bid n dl ulb i h s n hp e hl bbnbièchnb ld gbn`l lbib câs pbrb hi`lthohnbr sus nrht`rhds i` sè`n-nhþl, s cuy prdabae` qu` t`rchl`l pdr pr`s`ltbr ulb ndcphebnhþl i`h l o d rcb n hþl vbr hb `l sus ` s n r h t d s y `l e b s ` xp e hn bn h dl `s i ` sus nâ t ìrbs .Zds`` râl t bl sþ ed e d s hl s t ruc`l t ds c âs `ca dt bids ` hl ` o h n bn ` s p br b b t b -nbr eds prdae`cbs hltè`ntube`s ndl eds qu` s` lor`ltb e culid. Hl-n eusd puì`l `l ndl t r br s ` hl nbpbn `s i ` s ` r n dl sn h `l t` s i ` e d s p r da e `cbs 6y sh ed sdl, ul g`ngd puì` pbr`n`re s tbl hrrè`vblt` ndcd dtrd sh sg hs t þr h n d d ` n d lþchnd d sd n h d eþm hn d , d i ` d t r b n b t `mdr ã b nub equ h` r b . ^ h e bhlv`sthmbnhþl pdeãthnb gb i` s`r i`s`bae`, shmlhohnbthvb y ndltrhauhr b ebrbnhdlbehibi i` eb tdcb i` i`nhshdl`s, eds bn`rnbch`ltds ià l ièh-l`br s` n dl c bydr l h thi `z i ` e d qu` e d sdl l dca rblid s hcp e`c `l t ` ulbihsn hp e hlb bnbièchnb .

" ^Y@ZG@L F. ABHE@X

«L`w Q`s`brng Ordlth`rs do Hlt`r`st td E`mhsebtdrs bliBichlhstrbtdrs)), `l Q`s`brng Ordlth`rs hl Zdehthns bli Mdv`rlc`lt (]bsghlmtdl6Arddfhlms, 2800), pâm. 1:;

NBZÃYPED PLIÈNHCD



Cdids i` `lodqu`s hi`lthohnbids ndl eds rbs-mds câs sbeh`lt`s i` eb vhib pdeãthnb

Eds `stuihdsds i` eb pdeãthnb b v`n`s bidptbl `lodqu`s qu` s` hi`l-

thohnbl ndl eds rbsmds n`ltrbe`s d sdar`sbeh`lt`s i` eb vhib pdeãthnb. B c`-luid std quhvbe` b hi`lthohnbr ul bn`rnbch`ltd ndl ulb iòhlhnhþl,pdrqu` ebs iòhlhnhdl`s s` n`ltrbl ldrcbec`lt` `l ed sdar`sbeh`lt` y prd-

pdrnhdlbl nrht`rhds pbrb sè`nnhdlbr ebs nu`sthdl`s y eds ibtds. Bsã, `l

`st` nbpãtued, bemulds i` eds lodqu`s qu` s` xbchlbl sdl tbcahèl i -o hl hn hdl`s.

Eb prhc`rb s`nnhþl i` `st` nbpãtued s` iìhnb b s`rh`s i` iòhlhnhdl`s

qu` ihaukbl b eb pdeãthnb ndcd ulb pumlb `ltr` bntdr`s qu` p`rshmu`li`s`ds `lndltrbids `l nu`sthdl`s pûaehnbs. ^h s` gbl i` `cpe`br iòh-

lhnhdl`s ndcd `lodqu`s, bemulbs s` r`ndc`librâl ndl prò`r`lnhb b dtrbs

`l rèbnhþl ndl eb byuib d muãb qu` pr`st`l pbrb eb sè`nnhþl i` ebsnu`s t h dl `s y e d s ib t d s .

Ebs shmuh`lt`s s`nnhdl`s iè nbpãtued trbtbrâl iè bn`rnbch`ltd hls-

thtunhdlbe (hi`lthohnbid ndl iòhlhnhdl`s, `l ebs nube`s è `stuihd i` eb

pdeãthnb `s è `stuihd iè @stbid d iè Mdah`rld), è bn`rnbch`ltd kurã-

ihnd, è bn`rnbch`ltd qu` `stuihb è pdi`r, è bn`rnbch`ltd absbid `leds mrupds i` hlt`r`s`s, bn`rnbch`ltds n`ltrbids `l eb bnnhþl i` tdcbr

i`nhshdl`s y è bn`rnbch`ltd qu` s` n`ltrb `l ebs chscbs i`nhshdl`s6

`std s, l eds ohl`s y cìhds sè`nnhdlbids.

EB ZPMLB @LYQ@ BNYDQ@^ Z@Q^HMPH@LID I@^@D^ @LNDLYQBID^ @LNP@^YHDL@^ ZÛAEHNB^

Zrdabae`c`lt` e câs ûthe i` eds lodqu`s absbids `l iòhlhnhdl`s`s bquè qu` n`ltrb eb bt`lnhþl l eds s`r`s gucblds qu` ph`lsbl y

bntûbl y qu` s` `ltr`mbl b eb nddp`rbnhþl d be ndloehntd sdar` nu`sthd-

Cdids i` `lodqu`s hi`lthohnbids ndl eds rbsmds... 020: h`lnhb pdeãthnb; ul blâehshs ohedsþo hnd



l`s qu` s` ròh`r`l b eb pdeãthnb i` ul mrupd d b ebs hlt`rrèbnhdl`s i`mrupds. Plb iò hl hn hþl i` `st ` t hpd, d ulb ar`v` i`snr hpn hþl , lds eb d or`-n` N. K. Orhìrhng.

Eb nh`lnhb pdeãthnb cdi`rlb `s `l mrbl pbrt` ul `xbc`l nrãthnd i` ebs ldnhd-l`s i` s`lthid ndcûl qu` s` ròh`r`l be oulnhdlbch`ltd i` ebs hlsthtunhdl`s y prd-nìhch`ltds. @l su abs` ybn`l tr`s v`ribi`s bxhdcâthnbs rò`r`lt`s b eb lbturbe`zbiè pdi`r. B sba`r, qu` è pdi`r ldrcbec`lt` pr`supdl` ul mrupd i` s`r`s gu-cbl ds qu` n dcp br t `l da k ` t h vd s , hl t ` r ` s ` s , vb e d r` s 6 `l d t r b s pb e bar b s , ulb n dculhibi 6s `mulid , qu` , p d r n dls h mu h `l t ` , ` e p di `r p r ` supdl` d a k ` t h vd s , h l t ` r ` s ` s , vb e d r ` s , o h l` squ` i h ngds s ` r ` s gucb lds p uì`l n dc pbr t h r, e ungbr pd r ` e ed s d h l t ` r n bca h b r 6 t ` r n ` rd ,qu` tdibs ebs shtubnhdl`s i` pdi`r ndcpr`g`li`l b eb v`z ndls`lthch`ltd (dak`thvdsndcpbrthids) y cdi`rbnhþl (dak`thvds dpu`stds)... Eb nh`lnhb cdi`rlb... s` dnupbi` eds hlstruc`ltds b tènlhnbs i` eb bnnhþl pdeãthnb l tèrchlds i` eds dak`thvds qu`s` supdl` s` p`rshmu`l'. eh

I` c bl`r b s hc h e b r , e b rd ei Ebssw` e e , r` n dc` liblid s ` n `l t r ` e b b t `l -n hþl `l e d s p r dn ` sds i ` e 'b s i `n h s h dl `s , `xpdl ã b ulb n dl n `p n hþl i` e b p d -eãthnb iè chscd thpd m`l`rbe.

^`b qu` ndlshi`r`cds ul nu`rpd pdeãthnd ndcd ;ul 6tdid d ndlshi`r`cds shtub-n h dl`s n dln r ` t b s , ` s t bcd s p `lsb lid `l pb e ` s t r b s `l qu` e d s «p b r t h n hp blt ` s ¶ `s tâl pum-lblid pbrb nucpehr sus prdpþshtds hloeuy`lid `l eds r`suetbids. Eds prdpþshtds sìhrhm`l b «bndlt`nhch`ltds prò`rhids¶ («vbedr`s¶ ` «hlt`rpr`tbnhdl`s¶ i` vbedr`s `l

tèrchlds i` «prânthnbs hlsthtunhdlbe`s¶). Eds pbrthnhpblt`s trbtbl i` cbxhchzbr èpdi`r y dtrds vbedr`s hloeuy`lid l eds r`suetbids. Psbl eds vbedr`s b su ihspdshnhþl

«ndcd vbedr`s abs`s¶ i` bnu`rid ndl eb «`strbt`mhb¶.

X Ebsswèe r`suc` `stb ndln`pnhþl ihnh`lid qu` `l è prdn`sd i`

i`nhshþl

eds pbrthnhpblt`s (ndl ihsthltbs p`rsp`nthvbs i` vbedr`s) `cpe`bl vbedr`s cìhblt`vbrhbs `strbt`mhbs d hlt`rbntûbl `l eb pbe`strb pbrb hloeuhr `l eds r`suetbids y `l

eds ò`ntds'.

Pl ghstdr hbidr sum h`r` qu`

i` ulb cbl`rb u dtrb, ihr`ntb d hlihr`ntbc`lt`, eb hlv`sthmbnhþl pdeãthnb s` rèbnhdlb

ndl eds i`t`rchlblt`s i` eb pdeãthnb pûaehnb. Ià` cdstrbr nþcd y pdr què ebs bn-t h v hi bi `s , h ls t h tun hdl`s y ` s t run turb i ` ulb sd n h ìbi ibl eumb r b ulb p d e ã th n b i ` p r ` -

o`r`lnhb b dtrb. Nbib nbcpd i` hlv`sthmbnhþl l eb nh`lnhb pdeãthnb trbtb i` i`snu-

2 NBQQEK. OQH@IQHNG, Ndlsthtuthdlbe Mdv`rlc`lt bli I`cdnrbny (Ad s t dl 6 E h t -te`, Ardwl bli Nd., 2892), pâms. 08>-089. No. KdGL G. GBEED]@EE, «Zdehthns bli

@tghns¶, Bc`rhnbl Zdehthnbe nh`ln` Q`vh`w, >7 (bmdstd 2899), pâm. ?0>6 EuIwtn

OQ@PLI, «Zdw`r bli tg` I`cdnrbthn Zrdn`ss¶, ^dnhbe Q`s`brng, 20 (s`pt h `car` 2897),pâmhlbs >1=-996 @. @. ^NGBYY^NL@HI@Q,«Hlt`lshty, _hshahehty, Ihr`n t hdl bli ^ndp`s,Bc`rhnbl Zdehthnbe nh`ln` Q`vh`w, 02 (ihnh`car` 280=), pâms. 8>>-91.

«Nurr`lt tuih`s do tg` I`nhshdl Zrdn`ss ; Butdcbthdl v`rsus Nr`bthvhty¶, ]`s-

t`rl Zdehthnbe Rubrt`rey, 7 ( s `p t h `c ar ` 2800 ) , pâms . >72 -71 . N o . GBQDEII. EB ^]@EE

yBAQBGBC FBZEBL, Zdw`r bli ^dnh`ty. B Orbc`wdrf ebr Zdehthnbe Hlquh`ry (L`w

Gbv`l6 Xbe` Plhv`rshty Zr`ss, 280:), pâms. 21-29.

arhr eds i`t`rchlblt`s hcpdrtblt`s `l eb odrcuebnhþl y `k`nunhþl i` ulb pdeãthnbpûaehnb'.

Ibv hi @bs t dl , gba eblid câs a h `l i` ul s h s t `cb p d e h t hn d qu` s hcp e` -c`l t ` i` pd e ã t hnb , i h n ` ;

Ebs ordlt`rbs i` ul shst`cb pdeãthnd `stâl iòhlhibs pdr tdibs ebs bnnhdl`s câsd c`lds rèbnhdlbibs ndl eb èbadrbnhþl i` i`nhshdl`s vhlnueblt`s i` ulb sdnhìbi6nbib bnnhþl sdnhbe qu` ld pbrthnhpb i` `stb nbrbnt`rãsthnb s`râ `xneuhib y s`râ butd-câthnbc`lt` ndcd ulb vbrhbae` xt`rlb l e cìhd'.

I` bnu`rid n dl ulb i` o hl hn hþl câs bl t h mub ;

^hl hcpdrtbr nþcd eb nu`sthþl stâ ihshcuebib, sh`cpr` qu` th`lib b hcpehnbreb uthehzbnhþl i` eb cbquhlbrhb i` mdah`rld s` ndlvh`rt` l ulb «nu`sthþl pdeãthnb¶6quh`l`s s` dnup`l i` eeb stâl hcpehnbids l ulb «bnthvhibi pdeãthnb¶, y è o `lþ-c`ld s` ndlvh`rt` l uld i` bquèeds nuyb das`rvbnhþl ndrr`spdli` b eds nh`ltãohndspde h t h nds ' .

Ohlbec`lt`, ulb iòhlhnhþl sunhltb i` Ruhln`y ]rhmgt c`r`n` s-p`nhb e b t`lnhþl. ]rhmgt i` o hl` eb pd e ã t h nb ndcd . «è brt` i` hloeuhr¶, cb-lhpuebr d ndltrdebr (mrupds)6 pbrb 'c`kdrbr' eds prdpþshtds i` bemuldsor`lt` b eb dpdshnhþl i` dtrds¶ «.

Bulqu` ebs pbebarbs i` `stbs iò hl hn hdl`s i h o h`r`l ndlshi`rba e`c `lt`,e d s s h ml h o h n bids t rbl sc h t hids t h `l `l c ungd `l n dc ûl . ^ h e b s i `sbr r d e eâ -s `cd s y e b s vb r h â s `cds e h m ` r bc`l t ` surm h r ãb ulb ndln`pn h þl i` e b pd e ã -thnb ndcd eb qu` shmu`.

Eb pdeãthnb surm` i` ebs l`n`shibi`s y iòhnh`lnhbs gucblbs, d iì`s`ds y p r dpþs h t ds bsdn hbids . Eds i `s`ds n dc pbr t hids p rdpdr n hdlbl e babs` i` eb `xhst`lnhb i` eds mrupds, y i` eds mrupds i`ltrd i` eds mru-pds . ^dl m rupds p d e ãt h n ds bqu` e ed s qu` ` s t âl dr mbl hzbids i` t b e c bl`r bqu` s` puì`l tdrlbr i`nhshdl`s y r`behzbr bnnhdl`s l su ldcar`. Ebpdaebnhþl i` ul @stbid s ul mrupd, bntublid e Mdah`rld l ldcarìè mrupd.

Eds ohl`s y i`s`ds ndliun`l b eb bnthvhibi, y pbrt` i` eb bnthvhibi`s pdeãthnb. Eb bnthvhibi s pdeãthnb nublid s` rèbnhdlb ndl ulb nu`s-thþl pûaehnb, y s` rèbnhdlb ndl ulb nu`sthþl pûaehnb nublid s` nuc-pe`l ids ndlihnhdl`s. Zrhc`rbc`lt`, ià` rèbnhdlbrs` ndl eb tdcb iì`nhshdl`s iè mrupd6 `std `s, ià` bo`ntbr b eb pdeãthnb iè mrupd, eb

drmblhzbnhþl iè mrupd, eb ihr`nnhþl iè chscd, d ià` bo`ntbr b eb r`-mu ebn hþl i` e b s hl t ` r r ` ebn h dl `s `l t r ` e d s m rupds . @l s `mulid eumbr , i à `

• ^dnhbe Q`s`brng Ndulnhe, Ndcchtt`` dl Ghstdrhdmrbpgy, Yg` dnhbe nh`ln`shl ghstdrhnbe ^tuiy, Auee`thl ?9 (Lu`vb Xdrf6 ^QN, 2809), pâm. ?8.

• «Bl Bpprdbng td tg` Blbeyshs do Zdehthnbe yst`cs¶, ]drei Zdehthns, 8 (barhe280=), pâm. >70.

• B. MDQIDL I@]@X, «Dl C`tgdis hl tg` ^tuiy do Zdehthns¶, Zdehthnbe ^nh`ln`Rubrt`rey, >7 (ihnh`car` 281>), pâm. ?>7.ºYg` tuiy do Hlt`rlbthdlbe Qèbthdls (Lu`vb Xdrf6 Bpe`tdl-N`ltury-Nrdots,

2800), pâms. 2>:.>0, «Zdehthnbe ^nh`ln` bl i tg` ]drei tbahehzbthdl¶,Bc`rhnbl Zd-ehthnbe ^nh`ln` Q`vh`w, 99 (cbrzd 280:), pâms. 2-2>.

Cdids i` `lodqu`s hi`lthohnbids ndl eds rbsmds... 0>01 h`lnhb pdeãthnb; ul blâehshs ohedsþo hnd



nb`r i`ltrd iè nbcpd i` ed ihsnuthid. «Eb pdeãthnb `xhst` sdebc`lt`nublid eds ohl`s y eds cìhds sdl ihsnuthae`s¶ =.b cbydrãb i` ebs v`-n`s eb bnthvhibi i a` lor`ltbrs` ndl dpdshnhþl, sh gb i` nebshohnbrs`ndcd pdeãthnb. @std `stâ sum`rhid pdr eb ldnhþl i` qu` eb pdeãthnb iàì`t`l`rs` l eb drheeb, ed qu` quh`r` i`nhr qu` è i`sbnu`rid ià` n`sbrbeeã y qu` ul or`lt` ulhid ià` rhmhrs` be l`chmd xtrblk`rd. Ybcahèl

`stâ sum`rhid pdr è i`s`d qu` xhst` b v`n`s i` cblt`l r ulb nu`s-thþl be`kbib i` eb pdeãthnb6 std s, ul i`s`d i` cblt`l reb ou`rb ièidchl hd i ` e b i h s nus hþl nublid o bn n h dl `s b e h s t bibs `l pd s h n h dl `s n dl t r b -

ih n t d rh b s s ` ` s ou` rzbl pd r b s ` murb r e b b n `p t b n h þl i` sus pultds i` v hs tby , l n bc a hd , cbl t `l `r e b `l ul nbcp d idli` e b hl v `s t h m bn hþl r bzdlbibsurm` i` m`lt` ld behstbib qu` ausnb ulb sdeunhþl pbntbib. Hlneusd ebbn t h v hibi mua`rlbc `l t b e ` s n dl s hi ` r bib bpd e ã t hn b nublid t dids e d s p br -thnhpblt`s eb bn`ptbl ndcd ruthlb. Bsã, eb ìhnhþl i` eb cbydrãb i` eb spua e hn bn h dl `s mua`rlbc `l t b e ` s ` s b pd e ãt h n b’b c`ld s qu` b e mu h `l i`n hibpeblt`br ulb nu`sthþl bn`rnb i` tbe puaehnbnhþl y eb ebln` be nbcpd ièb ndltrdv`rs hb.

H eba eblid e h t `rbec`l t`, sþed eds hlihv hiuds puì`l t `l` r i`s`ds d prd-pþs h t ds y b e h s t b rs ` `l bn t h v hibi`s p d e ã t h nbs . Z` r d nublid bn tûbl `l l dc -ar` i` ul mrupd ` s b c`l uid ndlv`l h `l t ` gba e b r `l s `l t h id o hmurbid yrò`rhrs` b eds i`s`ds d prdpþshtds iè mrupd. Bsã, eds hlihvhiuds y, ls `l t hid o h murbid , e d s m rupds , puì`l s ` r bn t dr ` s p d e ãt h n ds . Ru h`l `s aus -

nbl hloeuhr d ndltrdebr eds Mdah`rlds y quh`l`s bntûbl `l ldcar` ièMdah`rld puì`l, tdids ` e eds , s`r bn tdr`s pde ã t hnds .

Zbrb r`suchr, eb pdeãthnb puì` iòhlhrs` ndcd ; 2) bnthvhibi qu`dnur r` `l y `l t r ` e d s m rupds , 1 ) qu` dp `r b `l abs ` b e d s i `s ` ds qu` sdl ,gbstb nh`rtd pultd, ndcpbrthids, >) sh`lid ul rbsmd oulibc`ltbe i` ebchscb eb pumlb `ltr` eds bntdr`s, 9) pbrb r`behzbr sus i`s`ds, 0) `lnu`s t hdl` s i` pd e ã t h nbs i` mrupd, i` eb drmblhzbnhþl i` mrupd, i` ih r`n-n hþl i` e mrupd d i` r`muebn hþl i` ebs r` ebn hdl `s `l tr` eds mrupds, ?) ndl-trb eb dpdshnhþl e` dtrds nuyds i`s ds sdl dpu`stds. I` ulb cbl rbcâs ar`v`, eb pdeãthnb puì` s`r iòhlhib ndcd ulb pumlb `ltr` bntd-r`s qu` p`rs hmu`l i`s`ds `l ndltrbids `l nu`st hdl`s . pûae hnbs .

@stb iòhlhnhþl s` bn`rnb be nbrânt`r e`xhndeþmhnd6 s i`nhr, b ròe`kbr

eb prânthnb. ` bpehnb b ebs pumlbs pdeãthnbs l y `ltr` tdibs ebs nebs`si` mrupds . E d s n h `l t ão h n d s pd e ã th nd s , lb turb ec`l t ` , ` s ndm`l m` l` rb ec`l -t` ul t`rr`ld c âs r`s tr hlmhid, y bidptbl b s ã ulb i` o hl hn hþl `s t hpueb t hvbcâs ` s t r ` ngb qu` ` sp `n h o h n b qu` su p r hc dri hb e p r`dnupbn hþl sdl e d s bn -t d r ` s y eb s nu` s t h dl` s r ` e b n h dlbibs i` b e mulb od rcb ndl e d s b sultd s n ã -v h n ds , mua`rlbc `l t b e ` s d hl t ` r mua`rlbc `l t b e ` s . Bs ã ` s tui hbl ` e e d s b e d shlihvhiuds y b eds mrupds nuybs bnnhdl`s stâl nbenuebibs pbrb bo`ntbr

RPHLNY ]QHNHHY, «Zdehthnbe ^nh`ln` bli ]drei ^tbahehzbthdl¶, Bc`rhnbl Zd-

ehthn e ^nh`ln` Q`vh`w, 99 (cbrzd 280:), pâm. 7.

be Mda h` rld 6 y ` s tui hbl e b s bn n h dl `s i ` e d s Mda h ` rlds , b e c`lds nublidebs nu`s t h dl `s pûa e h n bs ` s t âl r `b e d p d t `l n hb ec`l t ` hc p e h n bibs s .

@l ` sp` n h b e , ` l e b v` r s h þl câs a r ` v` i` ` s t b i` o h l h n hþl `x h s t ` cbydrèlobshs l eb pumlb qu` e qu` s` puì` lndltrbr l ebs dtrbs iòhlh-n hdl`s n h tbibs .

@e èlobshs s ièha`rbid, p`rd ld ià` s r hlt`rpr`tbid ndcd sumh-r h`lid qu` eb nddp`rbn hþl ld `s ul rbsmd hc pdr tblt` i` eb pde ã t hnb. Ruh`-l` s ` s tâl `l ` e c h sc d e bid `l ulb pumlb prdaba e `c`l t ` nddp` rbl `l -tr` sã6 ldrcbec`lt` i`spuès i` ulb pumlb `ltr` èeds chscds sdar`

e d s t è rchld s `l qu` gb i` r `b e h zbr s ` e b n dd p `r bn hþl .@v hi`l t `c`l t ` , ` s t bs vbr h bs i ` o hl hn h dl `s r ` o e ` k bl y p r dpdr n hdlbl n r h -

t ` r hds pbrb eb s` e `nn hþl i` ebs nu`s t hdl`s y ibtds i` eb vhib pd e ã t h nb . @leb cìhib l qu` ulb iòhlhnhþl pu i` prdpdrnhdlbr tbe`s nrht`rhds, ebibib c âs br r ha b’i`r hvbib i` e b s d t r bs n h t bibs’pbr `n ` s ` r câs p r `n h s b`l nubl td i`snr hpn hþl ar`v`, y, pdr tbl td, câs i hmlb i` n rèihtd `l nubl-td muãb pbrb eb ls`òblzb hlv`sthmbnhþl. Ebs v`ltbkbs qu` puìb pd-s ` ` r s ` `v hi `l n hb râl c ì hbl t ` n dcpb r bn hdl `s n dl d t r bs i ` o hl h n hdl `s . Zd -ir ãbc ds gbn` r l d t b r , s hl `c abrmd , qu` e b nb e h ibi i` s nuar hid rb i` ulbi` o hl hn hþl t`lirâ sus e ãc h t`s . B e hi`lt h o h nbr eds rbsmds sda r`sb e h `lt`s ièb pd e ã t h nb sumh`r` ul n`l trd `l ` e qu` o h kbr eb b t`l nhþl, sumh`r` què ch -rbr6 p`rd ld hlihnb què gbn`r ndl ed qu` s` v`. Plb r`ndphebnhþl i`g`ngd i` abkd lhvè i` m`l`rbehibi’hlodrcbnhþl shl sbehib’`s è pd-

s ha e ` r ` su e t bid i` ul `l o dqu` i` o hl h td r h d .

PL @LODRP@ HL^YHYPNHDLBE ; EB ZDEÃYHNB I@OHLHIB NDCD @E @^YPIHDI@E @^YBID D I@E MDAH@QLD

@s ndrrh`lt` e lodqu` hlsthtunhdlbe l eb pdeãthnb. Eb e`nnhþl i``l o dqu`s s ` i ìun` n dc pr `l s ha e `c `l t ` i ` e pul td i ` v hs t b bc p e h bc`l t `bn`ptbid i` qu` e stuihd i` eb pdeãthnb s e `stuihd iè @stbid d ièMda h ` rld ` h l s t htun hdl` s ndl è e ndl` n t bibs . Ruh `l` s i` o h l `l e b pd e ã th nbi` stb cbl`rb pr`multbrâl prdabae`c`lt` nu`sthdl s qu` `xhm`l ul`xbc`l i` uld u dtrd bsp`ntd i` eb bnthvhibi hlsthtunhdlbe, hli`p`l-i h`l t `c`l t ` i ` e b l b tur b e `zb i ` e b s nu`s t h dl `s p r ` s `l t brâl `l sus r ` s -pu`s t bs , eþm hn bc` l t ` , ib t ds r ` e bn h dlbids n dl e b s hl s t h tun hdl `s .

Ruh `l` s bidp t bl ul `l odqu` h l s t h tun h dlb e `lnu`l t rbl p dnb i h o h nu e-tbi l hi`lthohnbr ebs hlsthtunhdl`s i` ebs qu` s` dnupbl. Pl Mdah`rld` s , `l r ` suc`l , ulb hl s t h tun hþl , y l d n ba ` iuib i` qu` ` e l dc ar ` pu` -i` s ` r bp e h n bid n dl p r dp h ìbi b cungds i` e d s þr mblds y suai hv hs h dl `siè Mdah`rld’be Ndlmr`sd , pdr ` k`cp ed’. Eds pbr t hids pde ã t hnds sdl hls-thtunhdl`s. Z`rd sh s oânhe ldcarbr ebs hlsthtunhdl`s, s ihoãnhe iòhlhrè tèrchld. 6Nuâe`s sdl eds btrhautds i` ul Mdah`rld, d i` ul þrmbld,d i` ulb suaihvhshþl iè Mdah`rld, qu` kusthohqu`l e usd i` tbe i`ld-

Zbrb ulb ndlshi`rbnhþl i` ulb pdshae` `xt`lshþl iè nbcpd i` hlv`s t hmbn hþltrbihnhdlbe, vhi. QDA@QY B. IBGE, «Aushl`ss bli Zdehthns; B Nrhthnbe Bpprbhsbe doZdehthnbe ^nh`ln`s, Bc`rhnbl Zdehthnbe ^nh`ln` Q`vh`w, 0> (cbrzd 2808), pâms. 2->9.

209h`lnhb pdeãthnb; ul blâehshs ohedsþo hnd Cdids i lodqu s hi lthohnbids ndl eds rbsmds 20 0



chlbn h þl4 E b nu` s t h þl ld ` s d n h d s b . Ruh `l` s ` s tui h bl e b s h l s t h tun hdl` s`stâl daehmbids b dp`rbr sdar` eb iòhlhnhþl i` ul tèrchld, y è o`lþ-c`l d qu` ndl t `c p e bl vb r h b râ i` b nu` rid ndl e b i` o h l h n h þl .

B v`n`s, eb pruàb vhshae` i` ulb hlsthtunhþl `s è ìhohnhd qu` ebbea`rmb, p`rd ulb ndln`pnhþl qu` hi`lthohqu` ulb hlsthtunhþl ndl sub ea ` r mu` s ` râ , v hi `l t `c`l t ` , ba s urib . Ebs hl s t htun hdl `s sdl n dl n à hibsb v`n`s ndcd dohnhlbs y þrmblds dri`lbids l odrcb k`rârquhnb, nbibd o h n hl b u þr mbld pds`y`lid n h ` r tbs ouln hdl `s y p di`r ` s . @s `v hi `l t ` qu`c bydr lûc`rd i` r bsmd s s h ml h o h n b t h vds i ` ulb hl s t h tun hþl s ` hi `l t h oh n bl

cìhblt` stb ndln`pnhþl qu` ndlshi`rblid eds ihohnhds `l qu` stâl` s t ba e ` n hids , p ` r d t bca hèl `l ` s t ` n bsd gby b e m d hl ndcp e` t d y p dnd r `b -e hstb.

Zbrb qu` xhstb ulb hlsthtunhþl ià` gba`r p`rsdlbs, y ld shcpe`-c`l t ` d o h n hlb s y þ rmblds . E b s p ` r s dlbs ià `l b n tubr y r ` b nn h dlb r . @s -t b s p` r s dlbs d nupbl e b s d o h n hlb s y ndls t h tuy`l e d s þ rmblds , y p e bl t ` blp` t h n hdl` s b e b s d o h n hlb s y b e d s þ rmblds . B e mulbs ` s tâl `lnb rmbibs i` ei`s`cp`òd i` nh`rtbs oulnhdl`s y dtrbs `sp`rbl qu` ebs prhc`rbs ebs •i`s`c p`ò`l . Eds p br t h n hp bl t ` s m dzbl i` ul ` s t b tut d y i `s`cp`òbl oul -nhdl`s . Bs ã , ulb hls t h tunhþl puì` i`n h rs` qu` ndls hs t` `l ebs bn t hv hib-i` s i` p ` r s dlbs `l ulb ` s t run turb h l t ` mrbib ( ` s t d ` s , ul s h s t `cb h l t ` -mrbid i` ndcpdr tbch`ltd ) , `stblid `stbs bn t hv hibi`s r`muebibs `l n h`r tdcdid, d shmuh`lid t`li`lnhbs, d gh`l butdrhzbibs, d ah`l sp`râlids`

qu` bndl t `znbl , y s h `lid câs d c `lds p ` r s h s t `l t ` s 6 b e mulds i` e d s qu`pbr t h n hp bl `l e b s bn t h v hibi`s hl s t h tun hdlb e ` s i `s `c p`òbrâl nbr mds , p ` r dld tdids eeds. Eds vdtblt`s qu` ld i`s`cp`òbl nbrmds, pdr k`cped,sdl p br t h nhp bl t ` s i ` e b s bn t h v hibi`s hl s t h tun hdlb e ` s i ` e b m da `rlbn hþl ièb sdnhìbi º. Hlneusd stb iòhlhnhþl, bulqu` s bcpehb, ld ròe`kb eshmlhohnbid qu` s` i`s`b nublid s` i`ldchlb hlsthtunhþl b eb mu`rrb db eb obchehb, d nublid lds rò`rhcds b ulb hlsthtunhþl pbrb lo`rcdsc`l tb e ` s . @s prdaba e ` qu` l hlmulb i` o h l hn h þl r ` oe ` k` t dids e d s usd s i` etèrchld. h s` i`s`b ulb iòhlhnhþl bcpehb y ar`v`, quhzâ eb qu` shmu`s ` b t bl au`lb n dcd nub equh ` r d tr b ; ulb h l s t htun h þl ` s ul s h s t `cb p` r -shst`lt` i` bnthvhibi`s y xp`ntbthvbs, d nubequh`r squ`cb `stbae` i`ndcpdr t bch`l t d i ` m rupd .

Ndcd s` sumh`r` câs brrhab, è shmlhohnbid i` ul lodqu` hlsthtu-

nhdlbe vbrãb ndl eb iòhlhnhþl i` hlsthtunhþl. Ruh`l`s gbl ndln ahide b s h l s t h tun h dl` s i` mda h ` rld ndc d d o h n h lb s y þ rmblds s ` gbl h ln e h lbidb ` sn r ha h r y `l s`òbr sda r ` ` e Mda h ` rld 6 `l n d l s`nu`ln hb , e d s d r mbl hm r b -cb s ibl hi `b i` c ungd i` e d qu` gbl g`ngd . @l ` s t b n dl n ` p n hþl , e ` s -tuihd i` eb pdeãt hnb s` ndlvh`rt`, l e xtr`cd, l e stuihd `sp`nã-o h n d y e hc h t bid i` ul g`ngd t rbs d t r d . ^` hi `l t ho h n b s `l n h e e bc`l t ` ` e l hv ` eiè Mdah`rld qu` hlt`r`sb (oì`rbe, `stbtbe, ednbe) y è pdi`r d oulnhþl

_hi. NGBQE@A. GBMBL,bYg` Mrdup hl b Zdehthnbe nh`ln`¶, l QdebliXdulm, iht., Bpprdbng`s td tg` ^tuiy do Zdehthns (@vblstdl6 Ldr tgw`st`rl Plhv`rs h tyZr`ss, 2807), pâm. 9?.

(`k`nuthvd, e`mhsebthvd, kuihnhbe). @l abs` b stbs e`nnhdl`s, s` prdnì`b hi `l t h o hn b r e d s n br mds y þr mblds n dl e d s qu` s ` t r b t b , y `l t dl n `s s ` gb -aeb i` eb ndcpdshnhþl y ià`r`s, d oulnhdl`s, i` nbib ulb, quhzâ ndl-kultbc`lt`, ndl bohrcbnhdl`s bn`rnb i` ebs hrrèbnhdl`s ltr` eds chs-cds . Ndls hi ` rbn hdl `s n dl s t h tun hdlb e ` s y e ` m b e ` s o h mur brâl , p r daba e `c `l -t ` , ` l t b e ` s i` s nr h pn h dl` s . I` cbl ` rb blâ e d mb , e d s ` s tui hd s d s i` e b pd -e ãt h n b hl t ` rlbn hdlb e qu` n dl> hi`r bl e b s hl s t h tun hdl `s n dc d d o h n hl bs y þr -mblds gbl cblho`stbid hlnehlbnhþl b suarbybr bquèeds bsp`ntds i` ebpdeãthnb hlt`rlbnhdlbe l eds qu` s` puì`l usbr drmblhmrbcbs y nhtbr

` e i` r ` ngd . ^ ` suarbyb e b d r mbl h z b n hþl i` e b s Lbn h dl` s Pl hibs y i` e b sbm `l n hbs n dl ` e e b s n dl ` x hdlbibs , bn dc pbòâlids` , qu hzâ , i ` ul ` s tui hdi` t b e e bid i` e b Nbr t b .

Eb ndln`pnhþl str`ngb i` ulb hlsthtunhþl,s` gb ulhid, prdabae`-c`l t ` i ` ulb cb l`r b n busb e , n dl vbr hbs t `li`ln hbs i ` e b n h `l n hb p d e ã t hn bqu` pbr`n`l pdnd bodrtulbibs. Plb i` eebs s eb t`li`lnhb, be c`ldsgbstb gbn` pdnds bòds, i` eds trbtbihstbs i` nh`lnhb pdeãthnb i` devhibrb eds hlihvhiuds. I`spuès i` tdid, stuihbabl hlsthtunhdl`s, ld hlihvh-iuds ; @ e r` su e t bid ` s qu` s ` gb i` k bid , `l m r bl c ì hib , b d t r ds’pr hl -n h pb ec`l t ` b e d s s d n h þ e d md s y ps h nþ e d md s s d n h b e ` s’i`sb r rd ee b r e b s t è nl h -nb s i` s dli`d s , ` s tui h b r ` e ndcpd r t bch `l t d ` e ` n t d rb e , i` s nuar h r eb s r ` -e b n h dl `s ` l t r ` e b b n t h tui pd e ã t hn b y d t r bs bn t h tui`s , ` t n .

Eds nh`ltãohnds pdeãthnds qu` gbl bidptbid ul lodqu` hlsthtunhdlbe

`str`ngd gbl t`lihid tbcahèl b i`si òbr eb pdeãthnb hlt`rlbnhdlbe. Xbqu` iurbl t ` c ungd t h `cpd l d `x h s t h` r dl h l s t h tun h dl` s c ulih b e ` s blâ -edmbs be `stbid d be Mdah`rld, pbr`nãb qu` ld gbaãb lbib l st` id-chl hd i ` e d qu` pui h` s ` gba ebr ` e n h `l t ã o h n d p d e ã th n d . ¡ @s t ` t `cb ià`r ã bs`r i`kbid be ghstdrhbidr d, quhzâ, b eds badmbids Eds ehards qu` pr`-t`li`l suchlhstrbr hltrdiunnhdl`s b eb nh`lnhb pdeãthnb d pbsbr r`vhstbb e d s p r hl n hp b e ` s ` e `c `l t ds i ` e b p d e ã t h n b s ` n dl n `l t r bab l , p dr t bl t d , `leb pdeãthnb hlt`rlb. X Zheblid gbnãbl hlnurshdl`s l e âcahtd hlt`rlb-nhdlbe rb prhlnhpbec`lt` pbrb peblt`brs` ed qu` s` rò`rãb be i`r ngdy b eb drmblhzbnhþl. @l nh`rtd s`lthid, è tèrchld rèbnhdl`s hl t`rlbn hd -lbe`s mblþ nbrtb i` lbturbe`zb, i` prò`r`lnhb b pdeãthnb hl t`rlbn hdlb e ,pdshae`c`lt` b nbusb i` ulb obetb i` nbpbnhibi pbrb p`lsbr l tèrch-lds i` p d e ã th n b , `l bus`l n hb i ` hl s t htun hdl `s i ` m da h ` rl d . B e c hscd t h `c-

pd, ` e `l odqu` hlst h tun hdlbe , ndlnà hid `st r`ngbc `lt`, s` gb ul hid b ulbt`li`lnhb b i`si`òbr eb oulnhþl i` eb vhde`lnhb `l eb pdeãthnb. @vhi`l-t `c`l t ` , e b v hd e `l n hb y eb bc `lbzb i`s`c p`òbl ul pbp ` e i ` hcpdr t bl n hbvhtbe. Plb mrbl prdpdrnhþl i` eds @stbids iè culid gbl lbnhid y th`-l`l o h k bibs sus o r dl t ` rbs c ì hbl t ` e b v h d e `l n hb . I`l t rd i ` e d s p b ã s ` s , e d sMdah`rlds vh`l`l y s` vbl’b v`n`s ndl or`nu`lnhb ndlshi`rbae`’mrb-n h bs b mu`r rbs n h v h e ` s y m d ep ` s i ` @s t bid 6 ` hl n eusd nublid t b e ` s bn dl t ` -nhch`ltds ld bndlt`n`l stâl b v`n`s bc`lbzbids. Chìd i` eb mu`rrby ` sp` rblzbs `l ulb mu` r rb v h n t d rh d s b , y p e bl` s pb rb e b i` o `ls b y b mr ` -shþl, gbl shid i`si` gbn` cungd ulb pr`dnupbnhþl prhcdrihbe i` edsMda h` rlds . Z` r d nublid s ` n dl s hi ` r b b e b s hl s t h tun hdl `s `l t è rchlds i`

20?h`lnhb pdeãthnb; ul blâehshs ohedsþo hnd Cdids i lodqu s hi lthohnbids ndl eds rbsmds 20 =



d o h n hlb s y þ rmblds qu` puì`l s ` r r ` pr ` s `l t bids pd r d r mbl h mrbc bs , ldgby eumbr p br b r `vd eun hdl `s y mu`r rbs . E b mu`r r b n h v h e y e b hl t ` rlbn hdlb es ` supdl `l , i` ` s t b c bl` rb , b k `lb s b e b pd e ã t hnb’ruibs h l t ` r rupn h dl` si` eb vhib pdeãthnb 2º’. X bsã, è trbabkd i` eds nh`ltãohnds pdeãthnds ldib nu`l t b i` ` s t d s b ndl t ` n hc h `l t d s pd e ãt h nd s i` pr hc` r d ri`l .

Pl `l odqu` hl s t h tun hdlb e , d ul `l o dqu` absb id `l ulb i` o hl h n hþl `leb nube eb pdeãthnb `s e stuihd iè Mdah`rld y iè @stbid, ld sh`cpr`s` ndlnha` i` cbl`rb tbl str`ngb, y ld gby l`n`shibi i` qu` bsã s`b.Ndc d s` gb sum`r hid câs br r ha b , i ` o hl h n hdl `s c âs bcp e h b s `c p e`bl , `l

ebs nube`s ulb hlsthtunhþl s` ndlshi`rb ndcd ul squ`cb stbae` i`ndcpdr tbch`ltd ir 6 mrupd. Ndlnà hibs bs ã , ebs hlst h tun hdl`s ndlshst `l `lndcp dr t bch `l t d s ` s t h e hz bids , y byuibl b n r ` b r ed s . Q` o e ` kbl e b ndl od rc h -ibi y eb r`muebrhibi iè ndcpdrtbch`ltd, y su `xhst`lnhb byuib b hl-iunhr b eds hlihvhiuds b bn`ptbr eb ndlodrchibi y eb r`muebrhibi. Chlh-chzbl ed qu` s nbþthnd y `rrâthnd. Plb mrbl prdpdrnhþl i` ebs i`nhshd-l` s qu` t dcbl e d s h li h v hiuds e d s dl ld nd rld ndls ` nu`l n h b i` ul p`l -sbch`ltd ndlsnh`lt` y ièha`rbid, shld câs d c`lds butdcâthnbc`lt`y s hl p`lsbr `l abs ` i` ul ndlihn hdlbtl h`l td hlst h tun hdlbe . Ldrcbec `lt`,bulqu` ld s h `cpr` , ed s ` squ`cbs i` ndc pdr t bch `l t d qu` ndcpr`li`lh l s t h tun hdl `s sdl r bn h dlb e ` s 6 `l t did n bsd , e b s hl s t h tun hdl `s sd l c ì hdsi` s`rvhr ohl s, ed qu` prdpdrnhdlb abs` pbrb nu`sthdl`s rèbthvbs b surbnhdlbehibi rr.

Nr ht ` r hd s c âs r `b e h s t bs i ` s ` e ` n n hþl sdl p r dpdr n hdlbids p d r ulb n dl -n`pn h þl câs bc p e h b i` e b s h l s t htun h dl` s qu` pd r ulb nd ln`pn h þl ` s t r ` -ngb . Hl n eusd bs ã , ` s iuidsd s h s dl t bl û t he ` s n dc d ` s i `s`b a e ` . Plb r ` n d -c`l ibn hþl i` qu` s ` ` s tui h`l e d s ` squ`cb s ` s t ba e ` s i ` n d cpdr t bch`l t di` nbrânt`r pdeãthnd s câs ah`l vbmb. Ld s` hlihnbl nrht`rhds cuy neb-rds pbrb eb hlneushþl d `xneushþl i` nu sthdl`s y ibtds. Eb bohrcbnhþli` qu` e b pd e ãt h nb ` s ulb pumlb `l t r ` b n t d r ` s qu` p` r s hmu`l i` s ` d s `l -ndltrbids `l nu`st hdl`s pûae hnbs `s , prdaba e`c `lt`, câs n ebrb `l nubltdbe nrht`rhd muãb qu` prdpdrnhdlb. @l tdid nbsd, quh`l s sndm`l e l-odqu` hlst h tun hdlbe suè`l sup e`c `ltbr hd ndl b emûl dt rd, hln eusd s h bidp-tbl ulb iòhlhnhþl bcpehb iè tèrchld «hlsthtunhþl¶.

@E @LODRP@ KPQÃIHND

Eds ` l odqu`s d bn` rnbc h`ltds hlst h tun hdlb e y kurãi hnd `stâl, b su v`z,hl t ` rr ` e bn h dlbids . @v hi`l t `c` l t ` , e b s hl s t h tun hdl `s i ` m da h ` rl d ( l drcb e -c`l t ` ndlnà hib s `l ` s t ` ndl t `x td ndc d d o h n hlb s y þ rmblds ) th ` l`l c u -

2: No. eb ndlshi rbnhþl i «Yg Bc rhnbl Bpprdbng td ]brs, `lQDA@QY@. DsnddI,Ehchtì ]br (Nghnbmd6 Yg` Plhv`rshty do Nghnbmd Zr`ss, 280=), pâ-m h lb s 17-90.

No.G@QA@QYB. ^HCdL, Bichlhstrbthv` A`gbvhdr (1.j ì.6 Lu`vb Xdrf6 Cbn-cheebl, 280=), pâms . 2::.2:16 ^Y@ZG@LF. ABHE@X, «L`w Q`s`brng Ordlth`rs doHlt`r`st td E`mhsebtdrs bli Bichlhstrbtdrs¶, `l Q`s`brng Ordlth`rs hl Zdehthns bliMdv`rlc`lt (]bsghlmtdl I. N.6 Arddfhlms, 2800), pâm. 2>.

ngb rèbnhþl ndl eb e`y. @xhst`l i` bnu`rid ndl e i`r`ngd ndlsthtunhd-lb e y sus b n t h v h ibi` s s ` r ` e b n h dlbl ndl e b p rdcue mbn h þl , `lch `lib , h l -t`rpr`tbnhþl y `k`nunhþl i` eb e`y. I` `stb cbl`rb, quh`l`s bidptbl di hs nu t`l ul `l o dqu` hl s t h tun hdlb e puì`l s hcp e`c `l t ` `qu hpbr br ed b ul`l odqu` kurãi hnd 21.

Nubequh`rb qu` s`b eb rèbnhþl `ltr` ebs ids, `stâ `xt`lihid è `l-

odqu` kurãihnd 2b. @l rèbnhþl ndl nbsh nubequh`r nu`sthþl m`l`rbe qu`puìb peblt`brs`, cungds s` hlnehlbl b supdl`r qu` bemulbs d tdibsebs nu`sthdl`s l qu` s` puì` ihvhihr d qu` bemulds d tdids eds ibtds

s hmlh o h nb t hvds puì `l s` r i` nbrânt`r kurãihnd . Bs ã , eb pr`m ultb i` quhèls ` râ ` e p rþxhcd pr ` s h i`l t ` i` e d s @s t bids Pl hids puì` s ` r nd l t ` s t bib`l pbrt` cìhblt` ulb rò`r`lnhb b eds r`quhshtds ndlsthtunhdlbe`s i`qu` ià` gba r lbnhid l e pbãs y ndltbr, be c`lds, tr`hltb y nhlndbòds i` ibi6 y puì` ndlt`stbrs` b eb hlt`rrdmbnhþl sdar` eb prdabae`bnnhþl i` eds @stbids Plhids l e nbsd i` qu` Ebds bòbih`s` Nbcad-i hb cì hbl t ` ulb `xèm `s h s nu hibidsb i` e b Nbr t b i ` e b s Lbn hdl `s Pl hibs .

Ybcp dnd p uì` i`sbn r ì h t b r s ` ` e `l o dqu` kurãi hn d . I`spuès i` t did ,t bl t d e d s p r dn ì hch`l t ds ; n dc d e b ` s `l n hb . i ` Hs ' b n n hþl pd e ãt h n b `l n biblhvè b c`luid sâl ndltrdebids pdr eb e`y. @l e idchlhd i` tbltd ebpdeãthnb hlt`rlb ndcd eb hlt`rlbnhdlbe ndl or`nu`lnhb e i`r`ngd pr`s-n r ha ` e b b n n hþl qu` gb i` t dcb r s` `l n h r nuls t bl n hbs i ` t ` rchlbibs 6 t bc -ahèl è i`r`ngd prdgha` eb bnnhþl d ohkb eds eãcht`s i` eb bnnhþl p`r-

c ht hib. Nublid eds bntdr`s pdeãthnds nucpe`l eb e`y’ed qu` dnurr` ndl

or`nu`lnhb’è ndldnhch`ltd iè i`r`ngd suchlhstrb ulb abs` cuy hc-pdrtblt` pbrb eb prìhnnhþl. uchlhstrb ulb abs` pbrb squ`cbs p`r-s h s t `l t ` s i ` bn t h v hibi y `xp `n t b t hv b’pbrb ` squ`cbs ` s t ba e ` s i ` n dcpdr -t bc h`l t d i ` m rupd .

I`nhr qu` ul lodqu` kurãihnd s cuy hcpdrtblt` ld quhvbe` b i`-n hr qu` `s s h`c pr` ` e câs bprdp hbid . @s `v hi`lt` qu` cungb s nu`st hdl`spd e ã th n bs s ` r ` e bn h dlbl n dl ` e i ` r `ngd sd ebc`l t ` i ` ulb c bl`r b r `cdt b ,sh `s qu` s` rèbnhdlbl i` bemulb cbl`rb. Hlneusd nublid è i`r`ngd`s rè`vblt`, puì pr`stbr b ndloushþl absbrs` l èe tdtbec`lt` pbrbgbeebr eb r`spu`stb b eb nu`sthþl pr`multbib. Zdr k`cped, ebs pr`mul-tbs rò`r`lt`s b eb ednbehzbnhþl iè ndltrde sdar` ebs bnnhdl`s dohnhbe`si` e Mda h ` rld l d puì`l s ` r s h `cpr ` n dl t ` s t bibs abs âlids` s hcp e`c`l t ``l è `xbc`l i` eds bsp`ntds kurãihnds. @e pdi`r i` i`nhshþl qu` `stâ

o d rcb ec`l t ` b t r h au hid b ul þ rmbld i` t ` rc hlbid p uì` s ` r ` k ` r n hid , `le b prân t hnb , pd r p` r s dlbs qu` ld p d s ` `l l hlmûl stbtus e`mbe. Ed qu` `scâs, ià` r`ndribrs` qu` e i`r`ngd ld sh`cpr` s nebrd. Ebs nu`sthd-l`s r ` o ` r `l t ` s b su s h ml h o h n bid y b su bp e h n bn hþl b nu`s t h dl `s n dl n r ` t bs'urm`l sh`cpr`. B v`n`s, tbe`s nu`sthdl`s s` sdc`t`l b eds ku`n`s, qu`’`s i` p r ` suchr’t rb t bl s ` r h bc `l t ` i ` b e n blzbr n dl t ` s t bn h dl `s hcpbr -

bABHE@X, HDN. Nht.

No. OD^Y@Q G . HH@Q]DDI,bYg` Qde` do Zuaehn Ebw hl Zdehthnbe ^nh`ln`s,`l XDPLM,Bpprdbng`s td tg` tuiy do Zdehthns, pâms. 7?-8?.

207Nh`lnhb pdeãthnb; ul blâehshs ohedsþohnd Cdids i` `lodqu`s hilthohnbids ndl eds rbsmds 208



n h b e ` s y i `s hl t ` r ` sbibs . H l n eusd `l t b e ` s n h rnuls t bl n hbs , s hl `c abr md , ` eprdn` s d c ì h bl t ` ` e nub e eb s vbmuìbi` s y bc a h mõìbi` s s dl n e b r ho h n b -ib s ` s t b e qu` e b o d rcbn h þl y e b s p r ì hs pd s h n h dl` s p` r s dlb e ` s i` e h l t è r-pr`t` i` eb e`y gbl i` kumbr ul pbpè. @l dtrbs pbebarbs ; l e nbsdi` cungbs nebs`s i` nu`sthdl`s qu` sdl bpbr`lt`c`lt` kurãihnbs, ib-t d s ld kur ãi h nd s s dl p rdaba e `c `l t ` r ` e ` vbl t ` s . O hlb ec`l t ` , ià` r ` nd r -ibrs` qu` ul lodqu` e`mbe stâ ehchtbid l dtrb ihr`nnhþl ; th`l` pdnbrè`vblnhb, sh bemulb, pbrb ebs nu`sthdl`s qu` s` peblt`bl nþcd ià`s`r eb e`y. Eb i`t`rchlbnhþl iè ndlt`lhid i` eb e`y b trbvès iè pdi`r

e`mhsebthvd `s ul bntd pdeãthnd, `xpehnbae` i` drihlbrhd `l abs` b bemdihsthltd be lodqu` e`mbe.

Gb `xhs t hid ulb t`li` lnhb , i` pbrt` i` quh`l`s ut h e h zbl ul `lodqu`kurãihnd, b r`hohnbr e i`r`ngd d, be c`lds, b trbtbred ndcd bemd qu``xhst`, lbturbec`lt`, câs beeâ iè ndltrde i` eds gdcar`s. @l rèbnhþlndl c ungbs nu` s t h dl` s , t b e p ` r sp` n t hvb ` s pd nd ndc pb t h a e ` ndl ulb h l .v`st hmbn hþl pde ã t hnb r`be hs tb.

@s c âs r ` b e hs t b ndls hi` rb r ` e i` r ` ngd ndc d ul r ` o e ` kd i` e d s i` s ` d si` quh`l s trhulobl l eb pumlb pdeãthnb6 s ul hlstruc`ltd b trbvèsiè nube `xpr`sbl su vdeultbi y e` ibl ò`ntd. I` `stb cbl`rb, è i`-r`ngd ròe`kb e r`suetbid iè ku`md 29.

@E@LODRP@ I@E ZDI@Q

@e pdi`r s, vhi`lt`c`lt , ul rbsmd sdar`sbeh`lt` i` eb vhib pdeã-thnb y e tèrchld s usbid b v`n`s pbrb i`shmlbr ul lodqu`. Zdr eed,s ` sum h ` r ` qu` qu h`l `s t r bab k bl `l ` e n bc pd i` e b n h `l n hb p d e ã th n b i à `l`sndm`r nu`sthdl`s y ibtds qu` s` ròh`rbl be pdi`r y b eb eungb pdr epdi` r , quh zâ i` o h l h`lid ` e nbc pd `l ab s ` b ` s d s t è rc hlds . Zd r ` k `cp e d ,Orì`rhnf ]btfhls ee`mþ, gbn` ulds bòds, b eb ndlneushþl i` qu` ;

@e benbln` ndrr`ntd i` eb nh`lnhb pdeãthnb ld s e stuihd iè @stbid d nubequh`rndcpe`kd hlsthtunhdlbe ndlnr`td, shld eb hlv`sthmbnhþl i` tdibs ebs hlsthtunhdl`s qu`puìbl cdstrbr y k`cpehohnbr e prdae`cb iè pdi`r ' '.

Câs r ` n h `l t `c`l t ` , ]h e eh bc B . Qdas dl gb i` n e b rbid ;

Eb nh lnhb pdeãthnb s` dnupb prhcdrihbec`lt` i e pdi`r `l eb sdnh ibi’su lbtu-rbe`zb, abs`s, prdn`sds, benbln` y r`suetbids...’. @e «`lodqu` iè hlt`rès iè nh`l-tãohnd pdehthnd `s nebrd y ld bcahmud6 s` n`ltrb l eb pumlb pbrb mblbr d r`t`l`rè pdi`r, pbrb k`rn`r e pdi`r d hloeuhr b dtrds, d pbrb r`shsthr tbe k`rnhnhd ¶j.

29 No. _@QLDL _BL IXF@, Hlt`rlbthdlbe Zdehthns (Lu`vb Xdrf6 Bppe`tdl-N`l-tury-Nrdots, 280=), pâms. >::->:0.

2? OQ@I@QHNF C. ]BYFHL^, Yg` ^tbt` bs b Ndln`pt do Zdehthnbe ^nh`ln` (Lu`vbXdrf6 Gbrp`r, 28>9), pâm. 7>. No. M. @. M. NBYEHL, Yg` nh`ln` bli C`tgdi doZdehthns (Lu`vb Xdrf6, Fldpo, 281= ), `l sp., pâms. 2>8-91.

]HEEHBC B. QdbsdL, Yg` Plhv`rshty Y`bnghlm do ^dnhbe ^nh`ln`s; Zdehthnbe^nh`ln` (Zbrãs, Pl snd, 2809 ), pâms. 2=-27.

_br hbs i ` o hl hn h dl `s i ` e p di`r s ` gbl p r ` s `l t bid . Gbls C dr m `l tgbu ,pdr k`cped, cpe`b e tèrchld pbrb i`shmlbr bè ndltrde iè gdcar`sda r ` e b s c `l t ` s y bn n h dl `s i ` e d s d t r ds gdca r `s ¶ . B n dl t hlubn hþl pbsbb ihsthlmuhr ltr` pdi`r pdeãthnd y pdi`r chehtbr. Eb s`lnhb iè pdi`rpdeãthnd, ihn`, s «ulb rèbnhþl pshndeþmhnb ltr` ids c`lt`s¶, ch`ltrbsqu` è pdi`r chehtbr `stâ ulhid b eb vhde`lnhb’ndl «eb rèbnhþl oãshnb`ltr` ids nu`rpds, uld i` eds nube`s s ed suohnh`lt`c`lt` ou`rt` pbrbidchlbr eds cdvhch`ltds iè dtrd¶’. I` bnu`rid ndl Cdrm`ltgbu, ebou ` rzb brcb ib i` ulb lbn hþl puì` n e b s h o h n b r s ` s `b n dc d pdi`r p d e ã t hn d

d pdi`r chehtbr, i`p`lih`lid i` sh `s d ld `cpe`bib r`bec`lt` `l ebvhde`lnhb. «Nublid eb vhde`lnhb ee`mb b s`r ulb r`behibi shmlhohnb eb ba-ihnbn hþl i` e pdi` r pde ã t hnd `l obvdr iè pdi`r chehtbr d sùidchehtbr¶ 2=.=

Eb iòhlhnhþl nhtbib câs brrhab iè pdi`r th`l` bemd câs pbrb s`rr`ndc`libib qu` eb suashmuh`lt` ihsthlnhþl ltr` pdi r pdeãthnd y pd-i`r chehtbr. Eb ihsthlnhþl puì` s`r pu`stb b pruàb hcbmhlblid b ulgdcar ` n dl ulb ` spbib , a e bli hèlid eb i ` ulb c bl`r b bc `lbzbidrb o r `l -t ` b d t r d gdca r ` qu` s ` `l nu`l t r b n dl e b ` spb eib n d l t r b e b p br ì , b p ` -ngd i`snuah`rtd. Ch`ltrbs eb spbib ndrtb shcpe`c`lt` e bhr`, eb rèb-n hþl l t r ` e d s ids gdca r `s s p r ` sucha e `c`l t ` p s h n d eþm h n b . updlmbcds ,ld dastblt`, qu` e qu` th`l` eb `spbib ndch`lzb ndl eeb b phlngbr ebp h ` e i` su dpdl`l t ` . ´@l què cdc `ltd e b r ` e b n h þl «ps h nd e þm h nb ¶ s ` ndl -vh`rt` `l chehtbr4, ´`l nubltd s` i`smbrrb eb phè4, ´sh eb vhib y è vh-mdr ld suor`l ibòds, pdr què s eb rèbnhþl c`lds «pshndeþmhnb¶ qu`blt`s4 I` g`ngd, eds mdep`s i` eb `spbib ià`l hloeuhr `l eds p`lsb-ch`ltds y vdeultbi i` eb vãnthcb (y, pdr tbltd, prdiunhr ul ò`ntd «psh-ndeþmhnd¶) ch`ltrbs ndls`rvb eb ndlnh`lnhb. X eds mdep`s qu` drhmhlbleb pèrihib i` eb ndlnh`lnhb puì`l t`l`r ul ò`ntd pshndeþmhnd ulb v`zr ` n da r bib e b n dl n h `l n hb .

Eb ihsthlnhþl câs brrhab xpu`stb ltr` e pdi`r pdeãthnd y e pdi`rch e h t b r ` s vu el `rba e ` b nu`s t h dl `s i ` i hv ` r sds t hp ds . Bulqu` s `murbc`l -t` ld gb gbahid hlt`lnhþl i` eed, th`li` b ròdrzbr eb dphlhþl, nhtbibcâs brrhab, i` qu` eb vhde`lnhb s bk`lb b eb ,pde ã t hnb’ulb hl t `rpr`tb-nhþl cuy abstb i e prdn`sd pdeãthnd’. Ed qu` s câs, ròu`rzb e su-pu`std pdnd ròe`xhvd, qu` bpbr`n` b v`n`s, i` qu` nublid stbeeb ulbmu`rrb eds ihp edc ât hnds (y quhzâ tdib eb ih r`nn hþl pd e ã t h nb ) ià`r ãbl ba -ihnbr l obvdr i` eds m`l rbe`s. Nebus`whtz gb cblt`lhid ulb dphlhþl

câs prdoulib6 qu` eb «mu`rrb s eb ndlthlubnhþl iè ndc`rnhd pdeãthnd,eb ndls`nunhþl i eb pdeãthnb pdr dtrds cìhds¶. Eb pumlb qu` ndlsth-tuy` eb s`lnhb i` eb pdeãthnb ndlthlûb sh`lid pdeãthnb s` p`rshmb v`rabed vhde`ltbc`lt`. @e pdi`r chehtbr puì` ndlshi`rbrs` ndcd ulb suaih-vhshþl iè pdi`r pdeãthnd, i` prò`r`lnhb b ndcd ul susthtuthvd iè

chscb .Gby vbrhblt`s i` eb iòhlhnhþl nhtbib câs brrhab, `l eb nube pdi`r

cGBLs H. CDQM@LYHHBP, Zdehthns Bcdlm Lbthdls (Lu`vb Xdrf6 Fldpo, 2809),pâmhlbs 1?-1=.

2? : h`lnhb pdeãthnb; ul blâehshs ohedsþohndCdids i` `lodqu` hi`lt hohnbids ndl eds rbsmds... ?2



i`ldtb «è pdi`r i` ul gdcar` sdar` ebs c`lt`s y bnnhdl`s i` dtrdsgdca r` s ¶. B e mulds p r ` o h` r `l qu` pdi` r i`ld t ` e b ` x h s t `ln h b i` ulb gb -a h e hibi d n bpbn hibi i` n dl t r d eb r , câs a h `l qu` e b `x h s t `l n hb i ` ul ndl -trde r`be. ^h iòhlhcds eb pdeãthnb ndcd ulb pumlb `ltr` bntdr`s qu`p`rs hmu`l i`s`ds `l ndltrbids `l nu`st hdl`s pûae hnbs , pdi`cds i`n hr qu``l r ` e b n h þl ndl ulb s ` r h ` i` t ` rc hlbib i` nu` s t h dl` s ul b n t d r t h ` l` pd -i`r `l r` ebn hþl i hr`n tb ndl s u nbpbn hibi i` r`be hzbr sus i`s`ds . Pl pul-td i` vhstb ehm`rbc`lt` iho`r`lt` s qu` « p di`r ` s e b n bpbn hibi i` b o ` n -tbr b dtrds shl s`r bo`ntbid l eb chscb cìhib¶ 27.

Eb i h s nus hþl p r `n ì`l t ` sum h ` r ` qu` ` e p di`r p d e ã th n d puì` s ` r sua -ihvhihid, s h `lid ` e pdi` r ch e h tbr ulb i` sus sua ihvh s hdl`s . Ed qu` s`bl`xbn t bc`l t ` e b s d t r b s suai h v hs h dl` s `l ul ` squ`cb i` n e b s h o h n b n h þl 2 ?mhnd y brt h nuebid `s ih o ãn h e i` pr`n h sb r . @xhs t`l r` o`r`ln hbs b e pdi` r `nd-lþch nd y b e pdi` r qu` s ` ab s b `l e b ìunbn h þl y prdpbmblib . ^ ` gba e bi` pdi`r p`rsubshvd y nd`rnhthvd, r`ndldnh`lid tbe v`z qu` e pdi`r i`nd`rn hþl ndl or`nu`ln hb r` ou`rzb ` e pdi`r i` p`rsubshþl . Ebs i hsnushdl`si` pdeãthnb hlt`rlbnhdlbe hlneuy`l ndl ld pdnb or`nu`lnhb ebrmbs ehstbsi` « ` e`c` l t ds i ` p di`r ¶, bm rupâlids` b v `n ` s e d s ` e `c `l t ds i ` ulb c b-l` rb o d r zbib `l nb t ` md r ãb s i`ldc hlbibs t blm h a e ` ` h l t blm h a e ` .

Zdnd o rut d s ` da t `lirâ s hmu h `lid ` squ`cbs i` n e b s h o hn bn hþl i` e b l b -turb e ` zb i ` e d s b r rha b hli h n bids . Zdir ãbc ds , s hl `c abr md , b t bn br ` e p r d -a e `cb i`si` ul âlmu ed b e m d i h o ` r`l t ` . ûpdlir`c ds ulb s h tubn hþl `l e b

qu` gby ids bn tdr`s pd e ã thnds, uld i`t`l tbid r i` pdi`r y dt rd v ãn t hcb i` echscd. Ldt`cds qu` stb shtubnhþl stâ shcpehohnbib l eb cìhib lqu` sdebc`lt` ul bntdr i`t`ltb pdi`r, ch`ltrbs qu` l eb cbydrãb iè b s s h tubn h dl` s i` g` ngd nb ib b n t d r e d i` t `l t b râ’y, s hcue tâl`bc `l t ` ,nbib uld s`râ vãnthcb iè pdi`r iè dtrd’. Ed `s`lnhbe s qu` eds è`-c`l t ds i ` p di`r qu` ul bn t dr p ds` ` p ` r t `l `n `l b ids n b t `mdr ãbs .

Eb p r hc` r b n b t `mdr ãb hl n euy` ` e`c `l t ds hi `l t h o hn bids p r hcb r hbc`l t `ndl e chscd i`t`ltbidr iè pdi`r. @st` th`l` i`s`ds. Eb r`behzbnhþl ypu` s t b `l ` k ` nun h þl i` ` s t d s i` s ` d s hcp e hnb i` b e mulb cb l` rb b e b v ã n -thcb. Eb xt`lshþl iè pdi`r iè i`t`ltbidr i`p`li` l pbrt` i` eb hl-

t ` ls hibi i` sus i` s ` d s 6 ` s t d ` s , i` su vd eul t bi i` b n`p t b r e d s nd s t ` s yrh`smds pbrb benblzbr ed qu` i`s`b. Câs beeâ i` `std, eb `xt`lshþl ièpdi`r iè i`t`ltbidr i`p`li` tbcahèl l pbrt` i` su nbpbnhibi, b ulndst` y rh`smd rbzdlbae`, pbrb gbn`r ulb d ids ndsbs6 i` ulb pbrt`,ndlohmurbr d hloeuhr eds i`s ds i` eb vãnthcb y, u d, pdr dtrd ebid, prd-pdrnhdlbr, bpbrtbr d sustrb`r bemd i` ed qu` eb vãnthcb i`s b (`l dtrbspbebarbs, ndlnì r hliuem`lnhbs b eb vãnthcb d hloehmhre` prhvbnhdl`s).Ebs p ds ha e ` s hliu em `l n hbs y p r hvbn hdl `s s dl i` c ungds t hp ds i h o` r `l t ` s ,t bl t d c bt ` r h b e ` s n dcd hlcb t ` r hb e ` s . A h `l `s , s ` r v h n hd s i ` i h s t hl t bs n e b s ` si` dpd r tul hibi` s ( pd r ` k`cp e d , dpd r tul hibi` s ` ndlþch nb s ) puì`l su-chl hst rbrs` d sust rb`rs` . Ndldn hch`ltd y tènl hnbs puì`l prdpdrn hdlbrs`

d l`mbrs`. ` puì`l ndlnì`r d l`mbr sbthsobnnhdl`s pshndeþmhnbs. Ebchsc b v hib puì` s ` r sb ev bib d br ràb t bib 6 d , l ` e n bsd i ` e d s m rupds ,s` puì` ndlnì`r su xhst`lnhb, mbrblthzbreb d i`struhreb. Eds cìhdsi` hl o euhr l eds i`s` ds i` ndl nì`r obvdr`s y i` hl o e h m h r pr hvbnhdl`s n u-ar ` ulb mbc b cuy bc p e h b i` si` eb s sum` r `ln h b s câs sut he ` s b e d s cb -ydr `s `x t r`c ds i` v h d e `l n hb .

Eb s`mulib nbt`mdrãb hlneuy` e`c`ltds i` pdi`r hi`lthohnbids ndleb vãnthcb. us gâahtds, prdp`lshdl`s, r`mebs y prhlnhphds’i` cbl rbcâs m`l ` rb e , sus i` s ` d s’byuibl b c`l uid b i` t ` rc hlb r e b ` x t `ls h þliè pdi`r iè qu` ed i`t`ltb. @e pdi`r i` ul Mdah`rld sdar` sus sûa-ih t d s vb r ãb i` b nu` rid ndl e b ` x t `ls h þl ` h l t `ls hibi i` e gâa h t d i` da` -ih`lnhb b eb e`y. @e pdi`r i` ul kò` i` pbrthid pbrb `xtrb`r ndcprbchsds pdr pbrt` i` ul nblihibtd vbrãb ndlodrc` b eb hlt`mrhibi y bc.ahnhþl i` eb vãnthcb. Eds pr`shi`lt`s i` eds Ndchtès `l e `lbid iè d s @s t bids Pl hids t h `l `l pdi`r p drqu` e b s v ãn t hcbs hlc ì hb t bs i ` e p d -i`r cblt h`l `l ` e pr hln hp hd i` eb k rbrquãb abs bib `l eb bl t hmõìbi. Nubl-id Hlmebt`rrb y Orblnhb s` hcpush`rdl ndcd r`meb l e bsultd i` @thd-p ãb ld hcp dl` r s bln h dl` s qu` puih ` s `l ndliun h r b e b mu` r rb , y nublidp`rchth`rdl qu` std s` suph`rb, su r`meb dtdrmþ pdi`r b Cussdehlh, ènube puid i`t`rchlbr eds eãcht`s i`ltrd i` eds nube`s iàãb ehchtbr subnnhþl. Nublid Mgblih ndliukd b eb Hlihb b eb i`sdaìh`lnhb nhvhe, supdi`r s` absþ, gbstb ul pultd ndlshi`rbae`, l ebs r`mebs y prhlnhphds

qu` ehmbabl b Hlmebt`rrb6 sh Hlmebt`rrb s` guah`s` big`rhid b prhlnhphdslbz h s d n dc ul hs t bs , ` e p di`r i ` Mgbli h gua h` s ` su o r hid s hl iuib , `l ` en bsd qu` è e gua h ` s ` sda r `v hvhid . Eds n dc prdchsds i ` e d s @s t bids Pl hidsi` das ` rvb r ` e i` r` ngd h l t ` rlbn h dlb e d t d r mb , b v` n` s , b e câs p `qu`òd yièahe i` eds @stbids e pdi`r i` i`sbohbred. Bodrtulbid s e bntdr pdeã-t h nd qu` i` r h vb ` e pdi` r i` gbn` r e d qu` i` s ` b `l t ` rbc`l t ` i` e d s gâa h -t d s , p r dp `l s hdl `s , r `m e bs d p r hl n hp h ds i ` e d s d t r ds bn t dr ` s .

@e prhlnhpbe cèrhtd iè lodqu` i` pdi r s câs hcpeãnhtd qu` x-peãnhtd. Q`pdsb hcpeãnhtbc`lt` `l eb supdshnhþl i` qu` `l eb vhib pbeãthnb eds bntdr`s (s`bl s`r`s gucbl ds hli hv hiub e ` s d m rupds dr mbl hzb -ids ) s ` ` s ou` rzbl p b rb b e nblzb r r ` su e tbids . Ndcp br t ` ` s t b v`l t b k b ndldtrds `lodqu`s, hlneuhid e c`lnhdlbid câs brrhab, l e nube eb pdeh-thnb s` ndlshi`rb ndcd ulb pumlb ltr` bntdr`s qu` p`rshmu`l i`s`ds

`lndltrbids `l nu`s t hdl`s pûae hnbs .Eb prhlnhpbe iàhehibi iè `lodqu` i` pdi`r `s su obetb i` pr`nh-

s hþl . Ndc d s ` hli h n b câs br r ha b , e b p b eba r b pdi`r nuar ` ulb mbc b ndl -s hi ` r ba e ` i ` s h ml h oh n bids .

^` i h n ` qu` ` e p di`r i `r hv b i ` ou`l t ` s qu` s ` `x t h `li`l i`si` e b p ` -t h n hþl i` qu` s ` p bs` ` e s b e ` r d `l e b c `sb `l t r ` e d s n dc `lsb e ` s gbs t b ulbs h tubn h þl `l qu` e d s @s t bids s ` h l t ` rnbc a h `l md e p` s lun e ` b r ` s i` o h l ht h -vd s . E b nu` s t h þl b o ` n t b ld b e b v` ribi i` t b e ` s b o h rcb n h dl` s , s h ld b sushcp e h nb n h dl` s . Pl ndln`p t d ndl ulb s h ml h o h nb n h þl t bl bc p e h b ld puì`s ` r cuy n e b r d . Nublid nuar ` t bl t bs n e b s ` s i ` bndl t ` n hc h`l t ds y r ` e bn hd -l`s s` hcpdl` ulb iòhnh`lnhb tbltd l e hlihvhiud qu` trbtb i` odr -

u " NGBQE@ Z. HNHLIE@A@QM@Q, `l ]heehbc Q. Odx, ìht., Yg`dr`thnbe Bsp`nts

do Hlt`rlbthdlbe Qèbthdls (Ldtr`-Ibc 6 Plhv`rshty do Ldtr`-Ibc` Zr`ss, 2808), pâ-mhlb =8.



h`lnhb pdeãthnb; ul blâ ehshs ohedsþohndCdids i` `lodqu` hi`lthohnbids ndl eds rbsmds... 2?0

r ` s hli`p `li h`l t ` s d s `c h hli`p `li h`l t ` s `l e b `xp e h n bn hþl i` e b v hib sd -



2?9pds yb n`l `l « ` e nd rbzþl i` e p rd n` s d mua` rlbc `l tb e ¶ , t r b t b i` i` s b r rd -e e b r «ulb n dl n ` p n hþl i` e p r dn ` sd p d e ãt h n d `l e d s @s t bids Pl hids qu` t `l -irâ l nu`l t b bi`nubibc `l t ` ` e p bp ` e i ` e d s m rupds , l ` sp ` n hb e i ` e d smrupds i` hlt`r s`s¶. Iòhl` ul mrupd i` hlt`r`s`s ndcd «ulb bnthtuii` mrupd ndc pbr t h ib qu` pr ` s `l t b n h ` r tb s `x h m`ln h b s b d t r d s m rupds `lulb sdnhìbi¶. ` ndlvh`rt` l pdeãthnd «sh y nublid pr`s`ltb stbs i`-cb libs b t r bvès d sda r ` ulb i` e b s hl s t h tun hdl `s i ` m da h ` rl d ¶. Y rucbllh`mb qu` n`ltrbr eb bt`lnhþl l eds mrupds shmlhohqu` ul devhid i` edshlihvhiuds. Bpultb qu` «nublid eds gdcar`s bntûbl y r`bnnhdlbl `l

`squ`cb s ndlmru`lt`s `s rbzdlba e` `stuihbr `sds `s qu`cbs y i`s hmlbr eds`l tèrchlds nde`nthvds «ndcd mrupd, d pbrthid, d lbnhþl¶. @e stuihd i`m rupds y ` e ` s tui hd i ` hli hv hiuds s ` n dl s hi ` r b qu` sdl «ids `l o dqu`s ièb chscb ndsb¶ =>1

Eb ndl n`pn h þl i` Yrucbl i` e d s `l odqu` s i` mrupds i` h l t ` r ` s ` s e dgbn` ndcpbthae` . ndl dtrds qu` gbl shid i`snrhtds d qu` quìbl pdri`snrhahr. @l pbrthnuebr, s ndcpbthae` ndl e lodqu` i ohlhtdrhd abkdè nube eb pdeãthnb `s ndlshi`rbib ndcd ulb eungb `ltr` bntdr`s qu`p`r s h mu`l i`s`ds n dl t rbpu`s t ds `l bsul t ds pûa e h n ds , y puì` p r dpdr n hd -lbr bi`nubibc`lt` `lodqu`s qu` s` n`ltrbl `l è Mdah`rld, `l eb e`yy `l è pdi`r. I` cbl`rb shchebr, ul `lodqu` i` mrupds i` hlt`rèspuì` s`r «a`gbvhdrhstb¶ y ndcpe`tbc`lt` bk`ld b hi`lthohnbr ul rbsmdsdar`sbeh`lt` i` eb pdeãthnb puì` s`r ndlkumbid ndl ulb i` ebs vbrhbs

t `dr ãbs pds ha e `s pbrb prdpdrnhdlbr `xpe h nbn hþl i` eds i`sbrrd e e ds pd e ã t h -nds. @stds thpds i` lodqu`s gbl i` s`r ihsnuthids câs babkd. Yrucblgb i`cdstrbid qu` ul lodqu` i` mrupd i` hlt`r`s`s puì` ndltrhauhrcuy ` o h nb zc`l t ` b e b p r ì h nn hþl y `xp e hnb n h þl i` b ndl t ` n hc h `l t d s pd e ã -

t hnds.Odrcuebib i` ulb cbl`rb `strhntbc`lt` ohè b A`lte`y, è `lodqu`

i` m rupds i` hl t ` r ` s ` s ` s c `lds sb t h s o bn t drh d’qu hzâ pdrqu` s `b c `ldsnebrd’. A`lte`y r`ndch`lib be `stuihblt` i` eb pdeãthnb qu` s` n`ltr``l eb . bn t hv hibi. @l su dp hl hþl , ul hlihv hiud ld ` s r`bec `lt` ulb ul hibibprdphbib i` stuihd6 eb ulhibi bprdphbib s e bntd iè hlihvhiud. «@e

hli hv hiud `s su bnt hv hibi¶ =s.I` cbl rb blâedmb, ul mrupd ndlshst` l «bnthvhibi i` cbsb¶. Ed

qu` `s câs, ul hlt`rès `s «è `quhvbe`lt` i` ul mrupd¶. «@e mrupd y

` e hlt`rès ld `s tâl s`pbrbids . @xhs t` sd ebc`lt` ulb nd sb , `s td `s , cungdsgdcar`s ulhids l e nbchld i` ulb nh`rtb bnthvhibi¶ 19 @l ndl` x hþl

ndl ` e èl ob s h s `l e b b n t h v hibi , A`l t e ` y ndlv h ` rt ` `l ulb nu` s t h þl c bydr` e pbp` e qu` s` gb i` bs hmlbr b « eds cd t hvds , s`lt hc h`ltds , i`s`ds , `cdn hd-l`s , hls t hltds , hcpuesds d `s tbids c `ltb e`s s hch ebr`s , ` e`c`ltds y nube hib-i`s¶ . Z`lsb ab qu` `rb ndrr h`lt` ndls hi`rbr b tb e`s o `lþc`lds ndc d « obn td-

11 IB_HI A. YQPCBL, Yg` Mdv`rlc`ltbe Zrdn`s (Lu`vb Xdrf6 Fldpo, 2802), `l

`sp`nhbe pâms . 18, >=, 9?." GBMBL, Yg` Mrdup hl b Zdehthnbe ^nh`ln`, pâm. 90.

" BQYGPQ O. A@LYE@X,Yg` Zrdn`ss do Mdv`rlc`lt (Nghnbmd6 Plhv`rshty do

Nghnbmd Zr`ss, 28:7), pâm. 122.

n h b e ¶. Ndcd o bn t dr ` s hli`p `li h`l t ` s d s `c h hli`p `li h`l t ` s , e d s e e bcb i` -r dmb t dr h bc`l t ` « p b k b ¶’`s t d ` s , « p b k b i ` e b ecb ¶’. Z`l sba b qu` n dr r h`l -t`c`lt` `rbl ndshohnbids6 y dak`tbab b eb prânthnb i` nhtbr «pbkb ièb ecb ¶ n ds h oh n bib `l e d s hl t `l t ds i ` `xp e h n br ed s n dc pdr t bch`l t ds y bndl -t`nhch`ltds. «@e cpe`d i` odrcbs sp`nãohnbs i` «pbkb sphrhtube¶ ldlds prdpdrn hdlb l hlmulb b yuib pbrb hl t `rpr`tbr ebs bnn hdl`s i` eds gdc -ar`s sdn hb e`s¶ 10 .

Ed qu` qu h` r b i `n h r r`b ec `l t ` A `l t e `y p r` s `l t b b e mulb iuib . Eb bn -

thvhibi pdeãthnb i` eds gdcar`s hlneuy`, vhi`lt`c`lt , ed qu` gbaebl,` sn r ha `l , ` e i ` sbr r d e e d ` hi `l t h o hn bn hþl i` e b s r `m e bs i ` n dl iun t b , e b p r d -cuembnhþl i` ndlsthtunhdl`s y e`y`s, tn. hl iuib, ld s sdebc`lt` ebn t d e d qu` ` s hcp dr t bl t ` `l n bib n bsd , tbc a hèl nu`l t bl e d s r ` su et bidsi` eb bnnhþl. Ed qu` s` ihn` puì` s`r câs hcpdrtblt` qu` è bntd iì`nhred. @e ndldnhch`ltd i` eb r`meb d iè i`r ngd puì` s`r câs hc-pdr t bl t ` p br b e b ` xp e h n bn hþl y p r ì h n n hþl i` e n dc pdr t bch`l t d qu` ` e n d -ldnhch`ltd i` eb bnthvhibi qu` prdiukd d qu` ròe`kb eb r`meb d e`y. @endldnhch`ltd i` squ`cbs hlsthtunhdlbe`s i` ndcpdrtbch`ltd y e nd-ldnhch`ltd i` ebs cdthvbnhdl`s p`rshst`lt`s i` eds gdcar`s sdl, `vh-i`lt`c`lt` , hcpdrtblt`s .

I`spuès .i` hl t `l tds i`sp r`n hbt hvds i` suchl hst rbr `xp e hnbn hþl `l tèr-chlds i` i`s`ds, cdthvds, hi`bs, s`lthch`ltds, tn., e chscd A`lte`ypbr`n` r`hltrdiunhreds l su squ`cb. Zdr k`cped, ihkd qu`

ebs «hi`bs¶ y eds «s`lthch`ltds, ndednbids ndlnr`tbc`lt` bpbrt`, shrv`l pbrb hlihnbreds vbedr`s i` ebs bnthvhibi`s qu` sdl lu`strb cbt`rhb prhcb. Ld xhst` ulb pdrnhþli` tdib eb bnthvhibi qu` ld s` pr`s`lt` ndcd cbt`rhb i` s`lthch`ltd hltèhm`lnhb.^debc`lt` puì` pr`s`ltbrs` ndcd bnthvhibi ndl s`lthid (tdcblid eb pbebarb «s`l-thid¶ `l ulb bn`pnhþl cuy bcpehb), sh ld `s ndcd ebs bnnhdl`s i` gdcar`s `l .cue-thtui qu` quh`r`l y sba`l. Ià`cds dat`l`r lu`strb cbt`rhb prhcb l eb odrcb i`bnnhþl shmlhohnbthvb, vbedrbib `l tèrchlds i` dtrbs bnnhdl`s ndl prdpþshtd >'.

Ld s nebrd biþli` lds ndliun` std. Zdr ulb pbrt`, s`lthch`ltds,obnuetbi`s, hi`bs hi`be`s ld lds prdpdrnhdlbl «byuib¶, y, pdr dtrb,« s hr v`l pb rb h li h nb r ed s vb e d r ` s i` e b s b n t h v h ibi` s qu` s dl l u` s t r b cb -t`rhb prhcb¶.

Zbrb buc`ltbr eb ndloushþl lds s daehmbid gbn`r ldtbr qu` eb i`-

ohlhnhþl i` A`lte`y i` hlt`rès ` s , pd r e d c`l ds , pd nd nd r r h `l t ` . @l ` s t `thpd i` ndlt`xtd ld s` ndlshi`rb ldrcbec`lt` suohnh`lt` hi`lthohnbr ebpb eba r b n dl e b bn t h v hibi . Eb p b eba r b s ` bsdn hb n dl cb ydr or ` nu`ln hb n dlul ku hn h d d n r ` `l n hb bn ` r n b i ` e b i `s `ba h e hi bi i` p ` r s `mu h r ul o hl i ` t ` r -chlbid d bn`rnb i` eb v`ltbkb i` `cpe`br ul cìhd ibid. Bsã, puì``stbr l e hlt`rès i` ul gdcar` (ndcd c`tb d ohl) trbtbr i` s`r e`-mhid pbrb e `lbid, l nuyþ nbsd puì` s`r tbcahèl su hlt`rès (ndcdul c ì hd ) bidp t br ulb bn t h tui pdpu ebr `l ulb nu`s t hþl p `li h `l t ` 6 pu` -

Hahi., pâms. 22:, 22=.Hahi., pâms. 2==, 2=8.

2??h`lnhb pdeãt hnb; ul blâehshs ohedsþohnd

i` s`r ndltrbrhd b su hlt`rès (`std s, p`rkuihnbr e edmrd i` eb c tb prd-

Cdids i` `lodqu hi`lt hohnbids ndl eds rbsmds... ?=

Eb tdcb i` i`nhshdl`s s` ròh`r`, lbturbec`lt`, be prdn`sd pdr è



pu`stb) tdcbr ulb bnthtui qu` `s hcpdpuebr. Bidptbib `stb ldnhþl i`

hlt`rès, eds hlt`r`s`s-cìhds i` ul gdcar` puì`l s`r i`t`rchlbids ndlcbydr s`murhibi b trbvès i` ulb lnu`stb tdtbec`lt` bnbièchnb qu`cìhblt eb das`rvbnhþl i su bnthvhibi.

Zbrt` i` eb ndloushþl qu` s` i`rhvb iè lodqu` i` A`lte`y puìì`rhvbrs` i` su ndln`pnhþl i` eb xpehnbnhþl. Zbrb èe eb xpehnbnhþl shm-lhohnb ulb hi`lthohnbnhþl i` nbusbs. X ndcd eds s`lthch`ltds, obnuetb-i`s, hi`bs hi`be s ld pbr n`l qu s`bl nbusbs, trbtb i `xpuesbreds i e

nbcpd i` eb lnu`stb’pbrb lndltrbr, b eb pdstr`, qu` ld puì` prd-s`muhr shl eeds’. Zbr`n` cungd câs rbzdlbae ndlnì`r qu` eds s`lth-ch`ltds, obnuetbi`s, hi`bs hi`be`s puì`l byuibr b `xpehnbr eb ndl-iuntb. ^` sumh r` câs brrhab qu` puì`l p`ro ntbc`lt s`r nebshohnbidsndcd rbzdl`s, i` prò`r`lnhb b ndcd nbusbs. Lbturbec`lt`, ndcd tbc-ahèl s` sumh`r` câs brrhab, eb xpehnbnhþl qu` bpèb sdebc lt` b eds obn-tdr`s iè thpd i` eds nhtbids stâ badnbib b s r hlndcpe`tb. Plb v z qu`s` gbl nhtbid ebs rbzdl`s pbrb eb bnnhþl s` puì` i`s`br ndlthlubr nh-tblid rbzdl`s y nbusbs pbrb eb rbzþl y nbusbs i nbusbs 1=

@l r`suc`l ; s kusthohnbib eb ndlneushþl i` Z t`r G. Di`mbri r`s-p`ntd b eb ndln`pnhþl i` A`lte y sdar` e lodqu` i` mrupd d i` mru-pds i` hlt`rès ; «Plb t`drãb i` eb pdeãthnb qu` xneuy`, nublid ld r`-ngbzb bah`rtbc`lt`, eb pr`dnupbnhþl pdr eds vbedr`s, qu` lh`mb qu` ebrbzþl t`lmb ul pbpè hcpdrtblt` qu` kumbr l e prdn`sd i` mdah`rld,yT qu` i`vbeûb be hlihvhiud cìhblt` eb `xbetbnhþl iè mrupd, `s, c`pbr`n`, hlbi`nubib¶ 17.

@LODRP@ N@LYQBID @L EB BNNHÞL I@ YDCBQ I@NH HDL@^

Eb tdcb i` i`nhshdl`s dnupb ul eumbr pr``chl`lt `ltr` eds rbsmdsn`ltrbe s d sdar sbeh lt`s i eb pdeãthnb, b p`sbr qu gbstb r nh lt`c`lt`r`nhahþ ulb bt`lnhþl rèbthvbc`lt` c`ldr qu` ebs hlsthtunhdl`s, e`y`sy e pdi`r ndcd abs` pbrb ul lodqu` sp nhbe. I`spuès i` tdid, nbibbntd ròe kb ulb i nhshþl6 y ed chscd, tânhtbc lt`, dnurr` ndl eb hlbn-nhþl. Nbib bntdr tdcb i`nhshdl`s. Ruh`l`s bntûbl `l ldcar` i` eds pbr-thids pdeãthnds i`nhi`l què nblihibtd s` ià` ldcarbr, eds è ntdr`s i`-nhi`l sh vdtbr y pdr quhèl. Eds e mhsebidr`s i`nhi`l què prdpu`stbs pr`-

s`ltbr d bpdybr. Eds ch`cards iè pdi`r k nuthvd i`nhi`l què e`mhs-ebnhþl ià`l prdpdl`rs` qu` s`b bprdabib, sh ohrcbr d v`tbr bntds e`-mhsebthvds, què pbsds ià`l ibr pbrb `k`nutbr d bichlhstrbr eb e`y yquè pdeãthnb s`muhr nublid, eb bnnhþl quìb b su ihsnr`nhþl.

8= No.MP^YB_ A@QMCBLL, «Hi`dedmy¶, l su Yg` C`tbpgyshns . do Edmhnbe Zdsh-

thvhsc (Lu`vb Xdrf6 Edlmcbl, Mr``l, 2809), pâm. >22." Z@Y@Q G. DI@MBQI,«B Mrdup Abshs odr Zdeht hns; B L`w Lbc` odr bl

Blnh`lt Cytgs, ]`st`rl Zdehthnbe Rubrt`rey, 22 (s`pth`car` 2807), pâm. =:26 YBLE@X

QDYHHCBL, «^yst`cbthn Zdehthnbe Yg dry; Das`rvbthdls dl tg` Mrdup Bpprdbng¶,Bc`rhnbl Zdehthnbe ^nh`ln` Q`vh`w, 09 (cbrzd 28?:), pâms. 20.>>.

nube eds bntdr`s sndm`l ltr` ohl`s y cìhds.Ndlshi`rbr`cds nubtrd thpds i` stuihds qu` s` r oh`r`l b st` prd-

n`sd ; 2) eds qu` s` n`ltrbl l ebs nbrbnt`rãsthnbs i` quh`l`s tdcbl ebsi`nhshdl`s, bidptblid ndcd supu`std qu` `stbs nbrbnt`rãsthnbs `xpehnbld byuibl b `xpehnbr ebs è`nnhdl`s g`ngbs6 1) eds qu` s` n`ltrbl `leds «pbrthibrhds i` nu`sthdl`s¶6 std s, l p`rsdlbs d mrupds qu` nbr -n`l i` nbpbnhibi dohnhbe pbrb tdcbr i`nhshdl`s, p`rd qu` ebs tdcbl d`k rn`l hloeu`lnhb d pdi`r sdar` quh`l`s pds``l tbe butdrhibi6 >) eds

qu` n`ltrbl su bt`lnhþl l i`nhshdl`s ndlnr`tbs, pr`multblid pdr e prd-n`sd hcpeãnhtd l su ndls`nunhþl, y 9) quh`l s xpedrbl d cpe`bl ebt`drãb i` eds ku`mds. @stbs ihvhshdl`s, `l bemulb cìhib, s` `ltr`nru-zbl. Eb ndlshi`rbnhþl i` eds ids prhc`rds thpds s` absb l e stuihd i`Z`t r G. Qdssh, Ndcculhty I`nhshdl-Cbfhlm º .

Ebs nbrbnt`rãsthnbs i` quh`l`s tdcbl ebs i`nhshdl`s.

Eds stuihds i` stb nbt`mdrãb vbrãbl l benbln` y lbturbe`zb. `gbn`l `stuihds ahdmrâohnds’`xbc`l hlt`lshvd i` eds bl t ` n ì`l t ` s , b n t h-tui`s y bnthvhibi s i` hlihvhiuds ndlnr`tds >:’. @l v`z i` ulb ahdmrb-oãb ndcpe`tb puì` gba`r ulb hlv`sthmbnhþl sdar` ul bsp`ntd i` eb bn-tubnhþl i` ulb p`rsdlb6 pdr `k`cped, ul `stuihd pshquhâtrhnd i`sthlbidb trb`r b euz sus cdthvbnhdl`s b .

Bemulds `stuihds s` n`ltrbl `l ul lû-c`rd rèbthvbc`lt` bcpehd i` hlihvhiuds6 pdr `k cped, `l eds ch`cardsi` ulb e mhsebturb, d `l eds ku`n`s qu` gbl i`s`cp`òbid sus oulnhdl`s`l e Yrhaulbe upr`cd b ed ebrmd i` eb ghstdrhb bc`rhnblb, d l nebs`siho`r`lt s i` chldrãbs >1.@l nbsds i` st` thpd, ebs nu`sthdl`s peblt`b-ibs s` dnupbrâl, prdabae`c`lt`, i` nbrbnt`rãsthnbs tbe`s ndcd è drhm`l

ètlhnd y eb nebs`, iunbnhþl, ohehbnhþl rèhmhdsb, blt`nì`lt`s prdo`shdlb-

e`s y vdnbnhdlbe, lhvè i` r`ltb, prìhe`nnhdl`s hi`deþmhnbs y ìbi. B v`-n`s s` ndcpr`li` b tbltds hlihvhiuds (pdr k`cped, l lnu`stbs sdarèbs i`nhshdl`s i` eds vdtblt`s) qu` ià`l `cp e`brs` cètdids i` cu`str`d.

@stuihds i` `stds thpds puì`l s`rvhr uld i` ids ohl`s, d bcads @lprhc`r eumbr, puì l suchlhstrbr qu` cu`str` què thpds i` p`rsdlbs

@lXDPLM,

Bpp rdbng`s td tg` ^tuiy do Zdehthns, pâms. >?>-71. No. Z@Y@QG. Qdssh, «Ndcculhty I`nhshdl Cbfhlms, Bichlhstrbthv` ^nh`ln` Rubrt`rey, 2 (cbr-zd 280=), pâms. 920-9>. º _hi., pdr k`cped, BE@WBLI@QE. M@DQM@y KPH.H@YY@E. M@DQM@, ]ddirdw

]hesdl bli Ndedlè Gdus`; B Z`rsdlbehty ^tuiy (Lu`vb Xdrf6 Kdgl Iby, 280?)." GBQDEII. EB^^]@EE,Zdw`r bli Z`rsdlbehty (Lu`vb Xdrf6 Ldrtdl, 2897),`l `sp., pâms. 08-8>.

ID•BEI Q. CBYY@ws,Yg` ^dnhbe Abnfmrduli do Zdehthnbe I`nhshdl-Cbf`rs

(Mbri`l Nhty6 Iduaeìby, 2809)6 KdGL Q. NK CHIlBP^@Q, «Yg` Kusthn`s do tg`ûpr`c` Ndurt; B Ndee`nthv` Zdrtrbhts,Chiw`st Kdurlbe do Zdehthnbe ^nh`ln`, > (o -ar`rd 2808), pâms. 2.0=6 GB22DEI I. EB^^]@EH., IBLHZH. E@QL ZQ y N. @B^YDLQDYHH ]@EE,

Ndcpbrbt hv` tuih`s do @eht`s; Bl Hltrdiunthdl bli Ahaehdmrbpgy (^tbli-odri6 ^tbliodri Plhv`rshty Zr`ss, 2801).

2?7 h`lnhb pdeãt hnb; ul blâehshs ohedsþohnd Cdids i` lodqu` hi`lt hohnbids ndl eds rbsmds... ?8

pbrthnhpbl câs ndrrh`lt`c lt` l ebs e`nnhdl`s d què thpds dath`l l ihvhi` tbe`s stuihds l tr`s suanbt`mdrãbs ; 2) bquèeds qu` s` n`ltrbl



ndl cbydr or`nu`lnhb pdshnhdl`s i` ihr`nnhþl pdeãthnb d mua`rlbc`ltbe6`l dtrbs pbebarbs ; puì l hi`lthohnbr b eds bnthvhstbs pdehthnds. @l s`-mulid eumbr, `stds thpds i` `stuihds puì`l ndltrhauhr b eb `xpehnbnhþly prìhnnhþl i` eb ndliuntb. @stb s ulb pdshahehibi cuy davhb l ebqu` e n`ltrd i` eb bt`lnhþl s` ohkb l ulb p rsdlb y l eb qu` ulb e`-vbib prdpdrnhþl i` eds ibtds shmlhohnbthvds `s ihspdlhae`. Cìhblt` ul`stuihd hlt`lshvd, eds prdpþshtds i` ulb p`rsdlb y ebs r`mebs pdr ebs qu`bntûb puì l ee`mbr b s`r nebrds. Nublid s` trbtb i` mrbli`s lûc`rds,

ebs ndlshi`rbnhdl`s i` thpd prânthnd hcpdl`l, ldrcbec`lt`, ulb cbydrsè nnhþl l eds ibtds qu` s` ausnbl. Zuì` s r d ld pdshae` hlquhrhr`l eds prdpþshtds y r`mebs qu` sdl p`nuehbr s i` nbib uld i` eds hlih-vhiuds i` ulb cuethtui6 cuy b c`luid, ndcd s` gb sum`rhid l e nb-pãtued pr`n i`lt`, sþed bqu eeds ibtds cpãrhnds qu` s` puì l dat`l roânhec`lt` puì l s`r ndlshi`rbids. Ybe`s ibtds puì`l s`r d ld hmube-c`lt` shmlhohnbthvds pbrb tdibs ebs nebs`s i` i nhshdl`s. h prdpdrnhdlblulb abs` pbrb ulb prìhnnhþl nubequh`rb s prdabae` qu` s`b l tèrch-lds i` prdabahehibi rèbthvb. Bsã, puì` s`r pdshae` prì nhr qu` i` chep`rsdlbs s`hsnh`ltbs tdcbrâl ulb i t`rchlbib i`nhshþl, hlneusd nublids`b hcpdshae` prì`nhr eb i`nhshþl i` ulb sdeb i` stbs p`rsdlbs, ndl-shi`rbib pdr s`pbrbid. Eb obetb i` s`murhibi i` ebs prìhnnhdl`s i` ebndliuntb i` ul sded hlihvhiud s`râ, prdabae`c lt`, cbydr nublid s`ndlshi`rb ul nbcahd l e stbtus y pbp e ld hlneuhid l eds ibtds. Plgdcar` qu` ee`mb b s`r ul e`mhsebidr d. ku`z puì` `stbr hloeuhid d ld`l su lu`vb shtubnhþl pdr xbntbc lt` eds chscds obntdr s qu` e` hl-oeuãbl blt`s, d pdr eds chscds obntdr`s qu` hloeuy`l `l ebs p`rsdlbs qu`sdl suastblnhbec lt` hmube s b èe, xn`ptd l eb pdshnhþl qu` bgdrb dnu-pb6 eb shtubnhþl puì` `xpdl`r b quh`l eb dnupb b lu`vbs pr`shdl`s,lu`vbs xp ntbthvbs y lu`vbs p`rsp`nthvbs, y prdiunhr, i` stb cbl`rb,ulb ndliuntb qu` `s câs tãphnb iè stbtus y pbpè ndlshi`rbid qu` ièds qu` tdcbl i`nhshdl`s pds`y lid ulb s`rh` i` nbrbnt rãsthnbs p`rsd-lbe s. Nublid s` trbtb i` eb ndliuntb e ntdrbe i` ebs cbsbs e ntdrbe s,`stbs ndlshi`rbnhdl`s ld sdl bpehnbae s. @e nbcahd l stbtus y pbp e s,`l tdid nbsd, cãlhcd6 y è dak`thvd ldrcbe ld `s prì`nhr nþcd vdtbrâul hlihvhiud ibid, shld nþcd s prdabae` qu` s` ihvhib eb cbsb i` vd-tblt`s. I`si` `st` pultd i` vhstb s` puì` benblzbr ul èxhtd ndlshi`-

rbae`.

`l «pdt`lnhbehibi`s¶ i` pdi`r hloeu`lnhb6 1) bquèeds qu` s` n`ltrbl`l ebs «r`putbnhdl`s¶ i` pdi`r ` hloeu`lnhb, y >) bquèeds qu` s` n`l-trbl l e pdi`r d hloeu`lnhb «r`be s¶, quhzâ cìhblt` xbc l i` nbsds.

@l eb prhc`rb i` stbs suanbt mdrãbs s` lnu`ltrbl stuihds qu` ed-nbehzbl b p`rsdlbs qu` pds``l, pr`suchae`c`lt`, pdt`lnhbehibi`s i` pd-i`r y i` hloeu`lnhb b trbvès i` eds r`nursds qu` ndltrdebl y cìhbltèbs pdshnhdl`s qu` cblth`l`l. Zdr k cped, quh`l s ndltrdebl eb rhqu`zbi` ebs mrbli`s ndcpbòãbs y eds cìhds i` ndculhnbnhþl puì`l s`r hi`l-

thohnbids, ed chscd qu` quh`l`s i`t`ltbl pdshnhdl`s i` ehi`rbzmd `l dr-mblhzbnhdl`s i` ihsthltbs nebs s6 pdr k`cped, Nâcbrbs i` Ndc`rnhd y^hlihnbtds. Bsuc`l stbr l shtubnhþl i` k rn`r p`rsubshþl d nd`rnhþl,d bcabs ndsbs. Ld gbn obetb `sou`rzd pbrb i`cdstrbr qu k rn`l pdi`rr`bec`lt`, d hloeu`lnhb6 câs ah`l, eb r`behibi i` eed s` hloh`r` i` ebpdt`lnhbehibi. Eb i`nhshþl i` ul oulnhdlbrhd mua`rlbc ltbe puì`, l-tdln`s, s`r btrhauhib pdr hlo`r`lnhb b ulb `lthibi prhvbib qu` s` `l-nu`ltrb l pdshnhþl i` k`rn`r pdi`r d hloeu`lnhb sdar` èe >>

Eds stuihds i` eb s mulib suanbt`mdrãb hlv`sthmbl ebs dphlhdl`s sd-ar` eb ednbehzbnhþl iè pdi`r y i` eb hloeu`lnhb. B p`rsdlbs sè`nnhdlb-ibs’ldrcbec`lt bqu eebs qu , s` ph lsb, `stâl `l shtubnhþl i` t l`rulb hi`b’s` e`s phi` qu` hi`lthohqu`l b bquèeds qu` ndlshi`r l pdi`-rdsds d hloeuy`lt`s l ulb ndculhibi. Ebs p`rsdlbs sdl ltdln`s hi`l-thohnbibs ndcd pdi`rdsbs hloeuy`lt s l abs` b sus r`putbnhdl`s >9

Eds stuihds i` eb t`rn`rb suanbt`mdrãb s` n`ltrbl l e pdi`r r`be` hloeu`lnhb i` eds «pbrthibrhds i` ebs nu`sthdl`s¶. Zuì`l hlneuhr ul`stuihd i` eds mrupds i` pr`shþl qu` hlihqu` nþcd d nuâltd hloeuy`l`l ulb i`nhshþl d `l ulb s`rh` i` i`nhshdl`s >0 . D puì l hlneuhr ul`stuihd i` eb ghstdrhb i` ulb pbrt` i` eb e`mhsebnhþl, hlneuy`lid ul hl-t`ltd i` i`t`rchlbr eb xt`lshþl y cètdids i` k`rn`r e pdi`r ld doh-nhbe y eb hloeu`lnhb > ?.@st` lodqu` i` eb tdcb i` i`nhshdl`s th`l`, vh-i`lt`c`lt`, cungd l ndcûl ndl eb ndln`pnhþl i` eb pdeãthnb absbib leds mrupds i` hlt`r`s`s.

@e prdn`sd i` eb tdcb i` i`nhshdl`s ndlnr`tbs.

@l v`z i` n`ltrbrs` l ebs nbrbnt`rãsthnbs i` quh`l`s tdcbl ebs i`-

nhshdl`s d l eds «pbrthibrhds i` ebs nu`sthdl`s¶, ul t`rn`r lodqu` s`

Eds «pbrthibrhds i nu`sthdl`s ¶

Eb i`ldchlbnhþl s i` Qdssh. Eds stuihds sdar` eb tdcb i` i`nhshd-l`s i` stb nbt`mdrãb s` n ltrbl l eb i`t`ltbnhþl i` pdi`r ld dohnhbey l eb hloeu`lnhb. (I` bnu`rid ndl Qdssh, sh `l e hlt`ltd i` ul bntdri` bo`ntbr eb ndliuntb i` dtrd stâ hcpeãnhtb eb sblnhþl, e prhc`rd stâ`k rnh`lid pdi`r6 l e nbsd ndltrbrhd stâ k`rnh`lid hloeu`lnhb.) Qdssh

l No. N. ]QHMGY CHEE , Yg` Zdw`r @eht` (Lu`vb Xdrf6 Dxodri, 280?).OEDXI GPLY@Q, Ndcculhty Zdw`r ^truntur`6 B tuiy do I`nhshdl-Cbf`rs

(Ngbpè Ghee6 Plhv`rshty do Ldrtg Nbrdehlb Zr`ss, 280>)6 r`n`lshdlbid pdr G@QA@QYFBPOCBL y _HNYDQ KDL@ ^, «Yg` Cyst`ry do Zdw`rs, Zuaehn Bichlhstrbthdl Q`vh`w, 29(v`rbld, 2809), pâms. 1:0.21.

@QBE EBYGBC, Yg Mrdup Abshs do Zdehthns (Htgbnb6 Ndrlèe Plhv`rshtyZr`ss, 2801).

^Y@ZG@L F. ABHE@X, Ndlmr`ss Cbf`s b Ebw (Lu`vb Xdrf6 Ndeucahb Plh-v`rshty Zr`ss, 280:).

2= h`lnhb pdeãt hnb; ul blâehshs ohedsþohnd

n`ltrb `l eds bntdr`s iè prdn`sd i` tdcb i` i`nhshdl`s ndlnr`tbs; Gb

Cdids i lodqu hi`lthohnbids ndl eds rbsmds... 2= 2

absbids `l eb tdcb i` i`nhshdl`s yb ndlshi`rbids puì`l suasuchrs` `l



gbahid vbrhbs bpehnbnhdl`s i` `st` `lodqu`, sus rèbnhdl`s ndl shtubnhd-

l`s i` eb vhib r`be d ndl xp`rhc`ltds i` ebadrbtdrhd. @l nh`rtd s`l-

thid, ulb mrbl prdpdrnhþl i` eds `snrhtds sdar` pdeãthnb y mdah`rld, tbltd

ghstþrhnds ndcd ndlt`cpdrâl`ds, gbl trbtbid ndl r`muebrhibi iè prd-

n`sd i` tdcb i` i`nhshdl`s. Bemulds `stuihds iè ndcpdrtbch`ltd è`n-

tdrbe sdl stuihds i` eb ebadrbnhþl i` i`nhshdl`s ndlnr`tbs 8= .

Eb i`snrhpnhþl y blâehshs câs èbadrbids i` tbe lodqu` s e i`Qhngbri N. ^lyi`r >>. Bulqu` s` dnupþ oulibc`ltbec`lt` i` eb pdeã-thnb hlt`rlbnhdlbe, su trbabkd s bpehnbae` tbcahèl b eb pdeãthnb hlt`rlb.

@e r`suc`l câs sunhltd i` `stb ndln`pnhþl i` eb tdcb i` i`nhshdl`s `s

ed ûlhnd qu` pdi`cds pr`s`ltbr bquã. Eb uthehzbnhþl i` st` lodqu``xhm`, blt`s qu` lbib, eb sè`nnhþl i` eb i`nhshþl qu` s` ndlshi`r`6 su-pdlir`cds qu` s` trbtb i` ulb i`nhshþl qu` s` gb tdcbid, i` prò`-r`lnhb b ulb qu` `stâ p`lih`lt`, y qu` è ohl `s câs `xpehnbr qu` pr`-

i`nhr. Be chscd th`cpd qu` eb sè`nnhþl i` eb i`nhshþl qu` s` gb i``xbchlbr s` prdiun` ulb sè`nnhþl i` eb ulhibi i` i`nhshþl’s`b ul

oulnhdlbrhd hlihvhiube, ul þrmbld d rbcb iè Mdah`rld, d è Mdah`rldndcd ul tdid’. Zbrb `xpehnbr ulb i`nhshþl s` ià` t`l`r l nu`ltb endlt`xtd i` eb drmblhzbnhþl d i` eb nhrnulstblnhb `l qu` s` tdcþ. Qbs-mds shmlhohnbthvds i` eb nhrnulstblnhb th`li l b s`r câs ndcpe`kds y x-

t`lsds6 pdr k`cped, ebs i`nhshdl s hcpdrtblt`s i` pdeãthnb xt`rhdr `xh-

m`l ndl or`nu`lnhb eb ndlshi`rbnhþl i` ulb v`ribi`rb cbsb i` ibtds

pdeãthnds, `ndlþchnds y chehtbr`s rò`r`lt`s b ul nh`rtd lûc`rd i` @s-tbids. ûpdlh`lid qu` è prdn`sd i` tdcb i` i`nhshdl`s hcpehnb dohnhbe-

c`lt` b ul nh`rtd lûc`rd i` p`rsdlbs, s l`n`sbrhd peblt`br nu`sthdl`s

bn`rnb i` sus `so`rbs i` ndcp`t`lnhb, bn`rnb i` eb rì i` ndculhnbnhd-

l`s y eb hlodrcbnhþl i` qu` s` ihspdl` y bn`rnb i` eds cdthvds. @lr`behibi, eds ibtds `xhmhids pdr nbsh nbib uld i` eds dtrds `lodqu`s s`râ

prdabae`c`lt` `xhmhid pdr ul `lodqu` qu` s` n`ltrb `l eds bntdr`s `l

è prdn`sd i` eb tdcb i` i`nhshdl`s. @s - `vhi`lt` qu` puì`l `stbr hl-

oeuhids pdr ebs bnthvhibi`s i` eds «pbrthibrhds i` nu`sthdl`s¶ y sus nb-

rbnt`rãsthnbs prdphbs ndlihnhdlbrâl e r`suetbid6 bsã, eds dtrds lodqu`s

" Zbrb ulb nebshohnbnhþl y `xbc`l i` eds `stuihds i` ebs i`nhshdl`s i` eds v d-tblt`s, vhi. ^BCP@E K. @EI@Q^_@EI, «Yg`dry bli C`tgdi hl _dthlm A`gbvhdr Q`-

s `b ngl, Kdurlbe do Zdehthns, 2> (oàr`rd 2802), pâms. =:-7=.77QHNGBQI N. ^LXI@Q,«BI`nhshdl-Cbfhlm Bpprdbng td tg` ^tuiy do Zdeh-

t h n b e Zg`ldc `lb ¶ , `l XDPLM,Bppr dbng`s td tg` ^tuiy do Zdehthns, pâms. >->76 QHNGBQIN. ^LXI@Q, G. ]. AQPNF y APQYDL BZHL, I`nhshdl-Cbfhlm bs bl Bpprdbng tdtg` ^tuiy do Hlt`rlbthdlbe Zdehthns (Zrhln`tdl6 Zrhln`tdl Plhv`rshty DrmblhzbthdlbeA`gbvhdr ^`nthdl, 2809). No. ]BQI @I]BQI, «Yg` Yg`dry do I`nhshdl-Cbfhlms,Zsyngdedmhnbe Auee`thl, 02 (kuehd 2809), pâms. >>:-92=6 AQPLD E@DLH , «Yg` C`b l h lmdo 'Zdehthnbe' hl Zdehthnbe I`nhshdls¶, Zdehthnbe tuih`s, 0 (dn tuar` 280=), pâms. 110->86KD^@ZG OQBLF@E, «Ydwbris b I`nhshdl-Cbfhlm Cdiè hl Odr`hml Zdehny¶, Zdehthnbe^tuih`s, = (oàr`rd 2808), pâms. 2-226 ZBPE ]B^^@QCBLL, ndl OQ@I . HEBLI@Q,I`nhshdl-Cbfhlm; Bl Blldtbtì Ahaehdmrbpgy (Htgbnb, Lu`vb Xdrf6 Ndrlèe Plhv`r-shty6 Mrbiubt` ngdde do Aushl`ss bli Zuaehn Bichlhstrbt hdl, 2807).

èst`. @s prdabae` qu` e i`s`d i` pdi`r s` lnu`ltr` ltr` ebs cdthvb-

nhdl`s nhtbibs6 y e nubird kurãihnd ` hlsthtunhdlbe l e qu` dnurr` eprdn`sd puì` s`r i` hcpdrtblnhb nrunhbe. Ibtds pshndeþmhnds, sdnhdeþmh-

nds, ndlþchnds ghstþrhnds puì`l s`r tbcahèl hcpdrtblt`s. @s câs ;

uld d câs lodqu`s ndcpr`lihids l ulb t`drãb xpehnbthvb (qu` s` ihs-

nuthrâ câs babkd) puì`l suasuchrs` tbcahèl l e lodqu` i` eb tdcb

i` i `n h s h d l `s .Eb chscb bcpehtui y nbrânt`r ndcpr`g`lshvd iè prdn`sd i` eb tdcb

i` i`nhshdl`s ndlnr`tbs `s su prhlnhpbe iàhehibi. ^h ebs i`nhshdl`s i`-

a`l s`r `stuihbibs ndl è nbrânt`r ndcpr`g`lshvd qu` sumh`r` è blâ-

ehshs i` ^lyi`r, `l eb prânthnb pdnbs i` èebs puì`l s`r `xbchlbibs.û squ`cb pbr`n` xt`li r, câs qu` shcpehohnbr y obnhehtbr, ebs tbr`bs

ndlshmuh`lt`s. Hlihnb qu` ulb cbsb ndlshi`rbae` i` ibtds s pdt`lnhbe-

c`lt` shmlhohnbthvb, shl prdpdrnhdlbr nrht`rhds i` sè`nnhþl.

@l e nbpãtued t`rn`rd `xpr`sbcds eb dphlhþl i` qu`, i si` ul pultd

i` vhstb prânthnd, eb xpehnbnhþl ià` s`r sè`nthvb. @e `squ`cb i` lyi r

sumh`r` ul pultd i` vhstb ndltrbrhd6 qu` e dak`thvd ià`rãb s`r gbn`r

`xgbusthvb eb xpehnbnhþl.Eb dphlhþl i` g `ra`rt ^hcdl ià` s`r t`lhib `l nu`ltb ; eb i`nh-

shþl «`s ulb ulhibi i` blâehshs i`cbshbid mru`sb¶ y qu` «ià` s`r ih-

vhihib l ebs pr`chsbs qu` eb ndcpdl`l¶ >P. @std s` bs`c`kb b eb dph-lhþl i` qu` e n`ltrd i` eb bt`lnhþl pdirãb ohkbrs` l ebs r`mebs qu` rh-

m`l eb ndliuntb i` ebs p`rsdlbs.

Y`drãb i` eds ku`mds.

Eb `sp`rblzb i` eds `stuihblt`s i` eb t`drãb i` eds ku`mds `s qu` pu`-

i`l i`sbrrdeebr ul `squ`cb qu` s`râ ûthe pbrb quh`l`s tdcbl ebs i`-nhshdl`s, eds nube`s ià`l è`mhr ul pebl i` bnnhþl’ulb `strbt`mhb’

`l ulb shtubnhþl qu` pdstueb nh`rtb ndcp`t`lnhb d ndloehntd. ^` `cpe`b

eb shcpehohnbnhþl ndl eb `sp`rblzb i` qu` ndliuznb b hlt`rhdrhibi`s qu`

i` dtrb cbl`rb s ihoãnhe benblzbr. Eb shcpehohnbnhþl s` ròe`kb l su-

pdshnhdl`s tbe`s ndcd ebs shmuh`lt`s ; qu` gby sdebc`lt` cuy pdnbs pbr-

t`s hcpehnbibs l e ndloehntd’ldrcbec`lt` ids d tr`s’6 qu` nbib pbrt`th`l` cuy pdnbs bet`rlbthvbs ltr` ebs qu` sndm`r6 qu` eds nrht`rhds i`

kuhnhd i` tdibs ebs pbrt`s (`std `s, eds ohl`s qu` nbib pbrt` p`rshmu`)sdl ndldnhids i` tdids6 y qu` nbib pbrt` s basdeutbc`lt` rbnhdlbe.

Ndcd nh`rtds ku`mds’pdr `k`cped e pþqu`r’, hcpehnb shtubnhdl`s shc-

pehohnbibs i` tdcb i` i`nhshdl`s, è `stuihd i` eds prdae`cbs gb t`lhid

t`li`lnhb b n`ltrbrs` `l eds ku`mds y e t`rlb gb v`lhid l i`ldchlbrs`

t`drãb i` eds ku`mds.

Cuy pdnds nh`ltãohnds pdeãthnds gbl trbabkbid gbstb bgdrb ndl eb

" HCDL, Bichlhstrbthv` A`gbvhdr, pâm. >:. No. Hlt`r-ulhv`rshty Nbs` Zrdmrbc,HNZ Nbs` ^`rh`s, lûc. 2 (Plhv`rshty, Bebabcb6 Plhv`rshty do Bebabcb Zr`ss, 2802).

2= 1 h`lnhb pdeãthnb; ul blâehshs ohedsþohnd

t`drãb i` eds ku`mds, s`b pbrb i`sbrrdeebreb d pbrb bpehnbreb. @s quhzâbûl i`cbshbid prdltd pbrb i`nhr eb uthehibi qu` puìb `ln`rrbr `st`

Cdids i` lodqu` hi`lthohnbids ndl eds rbsmds...

s `mulid , puì` `x t `li`r s ` i `si` e d cuy ` s t r ` ngd b e d cuy bc p e h d , i` -

2=>



`lodqu` 9:.

@EBLÂEH^H^ I@ OHL@ X C@IHD^

Eb p ` r s `nun hþl i` o hl ` s y ` e c p e `d i ` c` i hds sdl , dav hbc` l t ` , rbs -mds n`ltrbe`s d sdar`sbeh`lt`s i` eb pdeãthnb, i` eb chscb cbl`rb quèd s eb tdcb i` i`nhshdl`s. Pl lodqu` i` eb pdeãthnb cìhblt` e blâ-

ehshs i` ohl`s y cìhds s, pu`s, tdtbec`lt` pdshae`. @e lodqu` s` r`-

ebnhdlb ndl eds i`s`ds y prdpþshtds i` eds bntdr`s pdeãthnds, ndl ebs rb-z dl` s pb rb e b b nn h þl y ndl e d s cè t dids `cp e ` bids . E b t dcb i` i` n h s h d -l` s y e d s `l odqu` s i` o h l ` s y c ì h d s puì` i` n h r s ` qu` s ` `l t r ` nruzbl ,pu`s ebs hi`bs ndln`rlh`lt`s b eds ohl`s y cìhds hloeuy`l eb tdcb iì` n h s h dl` s . Z ` rd ` s pd s h a e ` p`ls b r `l e b s c d t h vb n h dl` s y c èt dids , oh l ` sy cìhds, bpbrt` iè prdn`sd pdr e nube s` benblzbl ebs e`nnhdl`s. @lv`z i` p`lsbr l eeds ndcd è`c`ltds qu` hloeuy`l l e prdn`sd i`` e ` n n h dl `s , puì`l s ` r n dl s hi ` r bids n dc d r ` su e tbids i ` e p r dn ` sd’i` e b schsc bs ` e ` n n h dl `s’. Zuì`l s ` r p `l sb ids `l t è rchlds i ` ulb pd e ã t h n b ,`l v` z i` `l t è rc hlds i` ` e bad rb n h þl i` ulb pd e ã th nb .

Ndlshi`rbcds eds ohl`s y eds cìhds ar`v`c lt` l e nbpãtued s`-mulid . Ld t brlds qu` p r `n hs bc `l t ` ` e c hsc d bndl t `n hc h`l t d d s h tubn hþlpuì` s ` r ndls hi` rbid ndc d ul o hl d ul cì h d , d ndcd bc abs nd s b s b

eb v`z. Pl ohl s i`s`bae` l sã chscd6 s` kusthohnb l sã chscd, s`pds tu eb ndcd au`ld d kustd. Pl c ì hd ` s i `s `b a e ` p dr su ` o ` n t h v hibi `lndltrhauhr be edmrd i` ul ohl6 ld s` kusthohnb l sã chscd. I`nhr quùl bndl t `n hc h`l t d d s h tubn hþl ià` s ` r ul o hl ` s `xp r `sbr • ul ku hn hd i `vbedr. I`nhr qu` ul cìhd ndlnr`td `s ul cìhd ò`nthvd i` p`rs`muhrul ohl ibid s bs`v`rbr ul g`ngd. I`nebrbnhdl`s qu` xpr`sbl kuhnhdsi` vbedr sdl ldrcbthvbs. Ebs i`nebrbnhdl`s i` g`ngd sdl i`snrhpthvbs.Ebs i `n eb r bn hdl `s sd l p r ` sn r hp th v bs , n dcpr `g`li h`lid b e b v `z ` e `c`l t dsldrcb t hvds y i `sn r hp t hv ds , nublid r ` n dc h`libl c ì hds b `c p e`br p br bedm r br ul o hl p ds tu ebid d supu`s t d .

Eds prhlnhpbe`s r`quhshtds l e blâehshs i` ohl`s y cìhds s ulbr`spu`stb nebrb b eb pr`multb i` sh `s ul ohl d ul cìhd ed qu` s` ihs-nut` 6 `l d trbs pb eb arbs ; ` e pr hlnhpb e r`quhs htd `s eb n ebr hibi `l eb nu`s -t h þl i` s h e b s b o h rcb n h dl` s qu` s ` gbn `l s dl ld rcb t h vb s , i` s nr hp t h vb s dpr`snrhpthvbs. @e nbcpd i` ed ldrcbthvd, ndcd s` hlihnb l e nbpãtued

No. K. I. ]HEEHBC , Yg` Ndcpe`bt ^trbt`myst, A`hlm b Zrhc`r dl tg` Yg`drydo Mbc` ^trbtb`my (Lu`vb Xdrf6 Cn-Mrbw-Ghee, 28096 QHNGBQI N ^LXI@Q, «Mbc`Yg`dry bli tg` Blbeyshs do Zdehthnbe A`gbvhdr¶, `l Q`s`brng Ordlth`rs hl Zdehthnsbli Mdv`rlc`lt, pâms. =:-2:>6 YGDCB N. NG@EEHLM, «Yg trbt my do Ndloehnt;Zrdsp`ntus odr b Q`drh`ltbthdl do Mbc` Yg`dry¶, Kdurlbe do Ndloehnt Q`sdeuthdl, 1(s pth car 2807), pâms. 1:>.?96 CDQYDL B. FBZEBL, ^yst`c bli Zrdn`ss hl Hlt`r-lbthdlbe Zdehthns (Lu`vb Xdrf6 ]he y, 280=)6 CBQYHL ^luuHH;, Q`bihlms hl Mbc`Yg`dry bli Zdehthnbe A`gbvhdr (Mbri`l Nhty6 Iduaeìby, 2809).

p`lih`lid i` nubltd s` pdstueb ndcd au`ld d kustd, p`rd ld puì`gba`r cungb i h s nus hþl purbc `l t ` l drcb t hvb . Eb p ` r sdlb qu` n dch`lzbb ndlshi`rbr sus kuhnhds ldrcbthvds l e s`lthid i` iò`li`reds d kus-thohnbreds s` trbsebib be idchlhd, s`b i` ed i snrhpthvd, s`b i` ed pr`s-nrhpthvd. Eb cbydrãb i` ebs bohrcbnhdl`s i` ohl`s y cìhds nb`l i`l-t r d i` ulb i` ` s t b s nb t ` md r ã b s . E d s ` s tui h d s i` cd t h vb n h dl` s gucbl bsy i` eds ohl`s qu` p`rshmu`l ebs p`rsdlbs, bulqu` trbt`l i` eds kuhnhds

i` vbedr i` dtrds, stâl i`sthlbibs b s`r, l ed s`lnhbe, i`snrhpthvbs.

X, lbturbec`lt`, eds stuihds sdar` eb ohnbnhb i` ul cìhd ibid, d iè b s n dl s`nu`ln hbs i ` ul c ì hd , s dl t bca hèl i`sn r hp t hv ds . Eds br muc`l -tds l obvdr i` ul nh`rtd prdnìhch`ltd i` bnnhþl sdl i`snrhpthvds.

@s tb s i h s t hln h dl` s s dl hcpdr t bl t ` s `l t è rc hlds i` e r b z dlbc h `l t d ypruàbs r `qu` r hid s pb rb i` o `li` r vb r hb s n e b s ` s i` b o h rcbn h dl` s . I` siùl pultd i` vhs tb pds h t hv hs tb, ebs bo hrcb n hdl`s ld rcbt hvbs, s h`lid pd stu-ebibs y qu`rhibs, ld puì`l prdabrs` qu` s`bl bn`rtbibs d ndrr`ntbs6tbcpdnd puì`l s`r ròutbibs. Qòe`kbl cdnhþl, vdeultbi, mustd. Ebdb o h rcb n h dl` s i` s nr h p t hvb s , ld da s t bl t ` , puì`l ` s t b r suk ` t b s b e b p ru` -ab y ndcprdabnhþl6 xhm`l rbzþl y pruàb y, `l prhlnhphd, puì`l s`rprdabibs d i`sbprdabibs . Ebs b o h rcbn hdl`s pr`snr hpt hvbs puì`l ihv hihrs``l sus n dc pdl`l t ` s l drcbt hv d y i `sn r hp t h v d , y n bib n dc pdl`l t ` puì`

s`r t rbtbid `l ndls` nu`ln hb.

@x hs t ` ` e r h ` s md i ` n dl ous hþl `l ulb o d rcu ebn hþl b e t ` rl b t h vb , e b nub eld s pdnd ndrrh`lt`’ulb odrcuebnhþl l eb nube eds ohl`s stâl ihvh-ihids l nbt`mdrãbs ndcd hlcìhbtb, hlt`rcìhb y ûethcb. Eb prânthnb

p`rch t ` , p dr e d c`ld s , ids hl t ` rp r ` t bn h dl `s .

@l p r hc`r eumbr , qu h`l `s e b s u t h e hz bl puì`l ld p `l sb r `l t è rc hldsi` ebs i hst hln hdl`s sum`r hibs c âs brr hab, y puì`l `stbr cuy ihspu`stdsb ndlnì`r qu` nubequh`rb i` eds ohl`s qu` èebs i`snrha`l ndcd hlc`-i hb t d d hl t ` rcì hd p dir ãb s ` r n dl s hi ` rbid b e t ` rl b t h vbc` l t ` n dc d ul c ` -ihd6 i` eb chscb cbl`rb, sh usbl eb pbebarb «ûethcb¶ l s`lthid vbmdpuì`l ndlnì`r qu` hlneusd ed qu` i`ldchlbl ûethcds ohl`s pdirãb,b e t ` rlb t hvbc`l t ` , n e b s ho h n b rs ` ndc d c ì h d s . ^ h ` s b s ã , y s h t did ` e cul-id t h `l ` n dl n h `l n hb i ` e usd vbmd `cp e`bid , s ` puì` `v h t b r e b n dl ous hþl .

@l s`mulid eumbr, quh`l`s shmu`l eb prânthnb puì`l bidptbr ulbièha`rbib dphlhþl i` qu` ld gby abs` r`be pbrb eb ihsthlnhþl ltr` oh-l`s y cìhds’qu` ebs ids stâl hliò`nthae`c`lt` ulhibs’. Ndcd s`sumh`r` câs brrhab, s` puì` i`nhr bemd l obvdr i` st` pultd i` vhs-t b , pu`s e b c bydr ãb i ` e d s bn dl t ` n hc h`l t ds y s h tubn hdl `s sdl s hcu e tâl `b -c`l t ` o hl ` s y cì h d s . E d s qu` r `cds pd r s ã c h scds y , b e c h sc d t h `cpd ,e d s qu` r`cd s pd r su nd l t r haun h þl b e b ndl s ` nun h þl i` b e md c âs . I` si`` s t b p ` r sp `n t h v b , l bib ` s s hcp e`c `l t ` ul c ì hd , y , p dr ' tbl t d , l d `x h s t àbs` pbrb ihsthlmuhr ltr` ohl`s y cìhds. Zdr è ndltrbrhd, s` th`li` btrbtbr tdid ndcd ul ohl d ndcd ul vbedr, y eds ohl`s y vbedr`s s` ib-

2= 9 h`lnhb pdeãthnb; ul blâehshs ohedsþohnd Cdids i` `lodqu` hi`lthohnbids ndl eds rbsmds...

p`rs`muhids. @e `lodqu` `s

2=0



shohnbl `ltdln`s `l vbedr`s hlstruc`ltbe`s y, pdr dtrb pbrt`, ndcd vb-edr`s-c`tbs .

Nube`squh`rb qu` s`bl ebs rbzdl`s `l obvdr i` `st` pultd i` vhstb,prhvb be nh`ltãohnd i` ulb abs` pbrb ulb lnu`stb prdoulib, orustrb eds

`sou`rzds pbrb i`sbrrdeebr prdpdshnhdl`s s`murbs6 aedqu`b e `stuihd nh`l-

tãohnd. ^h è dak`td `s i`sbrrdeebr m`l`rbehzbnhdl`s v`rhohnbibs d v`rhohnb-ae`s, `s, `ltdln`s, hcp`rbthvd ihsthlmuhr `ltr` ohl`s y cìhds, `ltr` vb-

edr y g`ngd. X `std `s, `vhi`lt`c`lt`, p`rchshae`. Ndlnì`r qu` è chs-

cd bndlt`nhch`ltd d shtubnhþl puìb s`r ndlshi`rbid ndcd ul ohl d

ndcd ul cìhd ld hcpehnb qu` ebs ids nbt`mdrãbs s`bl hls`pbrbae`s. Zdr

è ndltrbrhd, sdl s`pbrbae`s pbrb prdpþshtds blbeãthnds6 s` puì` è`mhrè bsp`ntd b ndlshi`rbr.

Ruhzâ è prhlnhpbe vbedr iè `lodqu` i` ohl`s y cìhds `s qu` hlrpehnb hlg`r`lt`c`lt` ul èlobshs `l è nbrânt`r i` eb ndliuntb gucblb

ndcd s`muhidrb i` dak`thvds. B p`sbr i` qu` dtrds `lodqu`s p`rcht`l`st` èlobshs, lhlmuld i` èeds ed hcpehnb tbl `xpeãnhtbc`lt`. Gb gbahid

cungbs i`cdstrbnhdl`s i` eb obnhehuebi ndl ;qu` eds .prdpþshtds gucblds

puì`l i svbl`n`rs` l e trbsodlid y quhzâ p`ri`rs` i` vhstb nublid e

n`ltrd i` eb bt`lnhþl s` n`ltrb `l ebs hlsthtunhdl`s, e`y`s d hlneusd `lè pdi`r. Ebs hlsthtunhdl`s sdl trbtbibs, m`l`rbec`lt`, `l sã chscbs,ndcd strunturbs c`nâlhnbs, d ndcd s`r`s drmâlhnds ndl prdpþshtds prd-p hds .

^` th`li` b ndlshi`rbr e i`r`ngd ndrld bemd be nube e gdcar` stâsuk`td pdr eb vdeultbi i` Ihds, i` eb Lbturbe`zb d i` eb Kusthnhb. ^`th`li` b ndlshi`rbr è pdi`r ndcd, shcpe`c`lt`, ohl d cìhd. Eb r`hoh-

nbnhþl y eb heushþl c`ltbe i` stds thpds s` vuèv`l c`lds or`nu`lt`s

cìhblt` ul `lodqu` qu` n`ltrb eb bt`lnhþl `l eds s`r`s gucblds qu`

`cpe`bl cìhds qu` `sndm`l pbrb p`rs`muhr eds ohl`s qu` tbcahèl `s-n dm `l .

Bulqu` eds eãcht`s i` bpehnbnhþl iè `lodqu` i` ohl`s y cìhds ld

gbl shid i`t`rchlbids, pbr`n` prdabae` qu` s` bpehnbrâl sh`cpr` qu`

ebs nu`sthdl`s p`rchtbl n`ltrbrs` l ebs p`rsdlbs bntublid6 pu`s nubl-

id bntûbl p`rshmu`l, l`n`sbrhbc`lt`, ohl`s y uthehzbl cìhds. @e `stu- r

ihblt` qu` cpe`b ul lodqu` i` ohl`s y cìhds ià`, ltdln`s, snd-m`r, pdr `k`cped, hi`lthohnbr b ebs p`rsdlbs nuybs bnnhdl`s sdl shmlhoh-nbthvbs pbrb eb nu`sthþl peblt`bib, hi`lthohnbr eds ohl`s qu` p`rshmu`l

` hi`lthohnbr eds cìhds qu` cpe`bl d qu` ià`rãbl cpe`br. @l dtrbspbebarbs ; puì` i`snrhahr eds ohl`s p`rs`muhids y ebs hlt`rrèbnhdl`s `l-

tr` `stds ohl`s, bn`ptblid ndcd ohl`s bquèeds qu` sdl ndlshi`rbids bsã

pdr eds bntdr`s qu` s` stuihbl6 y puì` ndlthlubr i`snrhah`lid eds cè-

tdids pdr eds nube`s, y ebs ndlihnhdl`s ehchtbidrbs abkd ebs nube`s, eds

ohl`s sdl, d pdirãbl s`r,

vè i` bnthvhibi pdeãthnb, `l nubequh`r idchlhd'bpehnbae` b nbib lh-

No. NGBQE@ . GXL@CBL, Yg` ^tuiy do Zdehthns

Heehldhs Zr`ss, 2808), pâms. 2::.22>, 2?0-=>6 G@QA@QY B.A`gbvhdr, pâms. >2.>1, ??. ^dar` eb iòhlhnhþl iè ndln`ptdAQPNFy ^BYHL I`nhshdl-Cbfhlm bs bl Bpprdbng td tg`

Zdehthns, pâm. 02.

(Prablb6 Plhv`rshty doHCdL,Bichlhstrbthv`

dak`thvd, vhi. ^LHI@Q,

^tuiy do Hlt`rlbthdlbe

No. KDGL I@]@X, Yg`dry do _beubthdl, Hlt`rlbthdlbe @lnynedpìhb do Plhohì^nh`ln`, vde. HH, lûc. 9 (Nghnbmd6 Plhv`rshty do Nghnbmd Zr`ss, 28>8).

NBZÃYPED IPDIÈNHCD



@lodqu`s a`gbvhdrhstb y blbeþmhnd

B v`n`s s` gbn`l rò`r`lnhbs be «`lodqu` a`gbvhdrhstb¶ l e stu-

ihd i` eb pdeãthnb, y ulds nubltds nh`ltãohnds pdeãthnds r`ndch`libl ul`lodqu` qu` s` `lnubirb `l è rþtued i` «t`drãb i` eds shst`cbs m`l`-

rbe`s¶. Ndcd eb r`meb qu` pr`shi` eb pbst` t`rn`rb i` st` ehard s s`-

muhr e usd l eb hi`lthohnbnhþl i` pdshae`s lodqu s, eds ids nhtbids

`xhm`l ul ar`v` ndc`ltbrhd.

@LODRP@^ A@GB_HDQH^YB^

Eds tèrchlds nh`lnhbs a`gbvhdrhstbs, ndliuntb pdeãthnb y lodqu` a`-

gbvhdrhstb s` gbl vuètd pr``chl`lt`s `l eds ûethcds bòds. @e tèrchldnh`lnhbs a`gbvhdrhstbs s` b p e h nb b t dib s bqu` ee b s n h `l n h b s qu` p r `s t bl b t `l -nhþl `sp`nhbe b eb ndliuntb i` eds blhcbe`s, `l `sp`nhbe iè gdcar`. @l

`st` s`lthib, tdibs ebs nh`lnhbs sdnhr.ens, hlneuhibs eb ghstdrhb y eb pshnd-

edmãb, sdl nh`lnhbs a`gbvhdrhstbs. @e tèrchld «ndliuntb pdeãthnb¶, `l su

s`lthid eèxhnd, i`ldtb tdib 'eb bnthvhibi pdeãthnb gucblb. I`si` `st` pul-

td i` vhstb, e stuihd i` eb ndliuntb pdeãthnb s e stuihd i` eb pdeãthnb

y ld è `stuihd i` ulb suaihvhshþl d bsp`ntd i` eb pdeãthnb. B p`sbr i`

qu`, ebs iòhlhnhdl`s sthpuebthvbs i` eb ndliuntb pdeãthnb s` dor`n`l b v`-n`s, ndcd nublid s` ib b ul nursd d b ul ehard st` tãtued, lhlmulb ièebs gb edmrbid bn`ptbnhþl m`l`rbe.

^h ndlohâs`cds `l ebs iòhlhnhdl`s eèxhnbs, è tèrchld `lodqu` a`gb-vhdrhstb pdirãb s`r r`ngbzbid ndcd shl s`lthid. D pdirãb bidptbrs` pbrb

i`ldtbr ul `lodqu` n`ltrbib `l tdib eb bnthvhibi pdeãthnb, ed qu` btrh-auhrãb b su shmlhohnbid ulb `xt`lshþl tbe qu` ld trblschthrãb lhlmûlshmlhohnbid ndlnr`td. Z`rd è tèrchld th`l` ul shmlhohnbid `sthpuebthvd,

bulqu` s`b hcpr`nhsd6 y, `l ndltrbst` ndl ed qu` dnurr` ndl è tèr-chld ndliuntb pdeãthnb, `st` s`lthid m`l`rbe `s bcpehbc`lt` bn`ptbid.

2= 7 - Nlnhb pdeãthnb; ul blâhshs ohedsþhnd

Pl `l odqu` a`gbv h d r hs t b s ` i h s t h lmu` oulibc `ltb ec`l t ` pd r e b lb -

@lodqu s agbvdrhstb yblbeþmhnd 2= 8

H gbs y i ` `cp e`d i ` eþm h n b i ` c `ldr b e n bl n ` 6 e d qu` ` s c âs ; puì` n `l -



turbe`zb i` e prdpþshtd qu` `stâ i`st hlbid b nuc pehr . @e prdpþshtd `s n h`l -tãohnd’tèrchld qu` s` ndlshi rbrâ l e nbpãtued i`nhcdquhltd’. @l`st` ndlt`xtd eb ldnhþl i` prdpþshtd nh`ltãohnd th`l` vbrhbs ndlldtbnhd-l`s. @xhm` ul `sou`rzd pbrb i`sbrrdeebr m`l`rbehzbnhdl`s bn`rnb i` ebndliun t b p d e ã th n b 6 ` s t d ` s , p b r b p r ` s `l t br g hpþ t ` s h s bn ` r n b i ` r ` e bn h dl `s ,pbrb i`snuarhr ulhodrchibi`s d e`y`s i` r`muebrhibi, y pbrb sum`rhrt`drãbs6 nubltd câs betd s`b e lhvè i` m`l rbehzbnhþl, c`kdr. Be chs-cd th`cpd, i`ldtb ulb hlshst`lnhb l qu` ebs m`l`rbehzbnhdl s ià`l

s ` r v ` r h oh n bibs d v ` r h oh n ba e ` s . ^` `x n euy`l e b s p r dpds h n h dl `s l drc bt hv bs 6` e dak` td `s eb i`snr hpn hþl, hln euy`lid eb `xpe h nbn hþl y ebs b o h rcbnhdl `si`snrhpthvbs bn`rnb i` bnthtui`s ldrcbthvbs. h s` gbn`l bohrcbnhdl`s

pr`snrhpthvbs, sus ndcpdl`lt s ldrcbthvds nb`l ou`rb i e idchlhd ièb nh`lnhb. @e r`quhshtd i` qu` ebs m`l`rbehzbnhdl`s s`bl v rhohnbibs dv` r ho h n ba e ` s ` x h m` ` e `c p h r hscd’ ndl o h blzb `l e b das ` rvbn h þl y l` mb n h þli` ndlohbr l v`ribi s be`mbibs d b prhdrh’. @xhm` tbcahèl eb pr`nh-shþl l eb iòhlhnhþl i` eds ndln`ptds, nebrhibi l eb odrcuebnhþl ièbs ghpþt`shs y, l o`ntd, prui`lnhb l vhtbr eebcbr b ulb m`l`rbeh-zbnhþl bemd ihsthltd qu` ulb ghpþt`shs gbstb qu` s` i`cu`str` qu` `s

v`ribi. Bi`câs i` m`l rbehzbnhþl y v`rhohnbahehibi, eb ldnhþl i` ulpr dpþs h td n h `l t ã oh n d n dlld t b ul s h s t `cb 6 ` s t d ` s , ` e da k ` t d gb i` i `sb r rd -e ebr ulb s`r h` • i` m`l` rbe hzbn hdl`s v`r h o hnbibs qu` `ln bk`l kultbs `l ulshst `c b ndg`r`lt`’ulb rì ndg`r`lt`, l t r` ebzbib’prdpdrn hdlbl id ulb

i`sn r hp n hþl n dc pr `g`l s hvb y ulb `xp e h n bn hþl i` e n bc pd i` n dliun t b i `qu` s` t rbtb.

Pl , -, ` l odqu` a`gbv h d r h s tb s ` i h s t hlmu` t bc a h èl pd r e d s c è t dids `c-pe`bids. Ià`l s`r tbe`s qu` prdiuznbl eds r`suetbids qu` sdl ihmldsi` ndlohblzb. Ià`l p`rchthr eb r`pehnbnhþl’eb r`p`thnhþl iè `stuihdpdr d t rb p ` r sdlb , n dl ` e c hsc d r ` su e tbid’. Ydcbibs e b s n dl ld t bn hdl `sbl t ` r h d r ` s n dcd p r dpþs h t d y cè t did , ul `l o dqu` a `gbv hdr hs t b gb v `l hidtbcahèl b hi`lthohnbrs` ndl e thpd i` pr`multb peblt`bib d pdr e thpdi` `l nu`s t b hl t `l t bib . Ndcd s ` hli h n b câs br r ha b , e b s nu`s t h dl `s `x hm `le b i` s nr h pn h þl y l d b o h rcb n h dl` s ld rcb t h vb s d p r ` s nr hp t h vb s . I`l t rd i` enbcpd i` eb i`snrhpnhþl, ebs nu`sthdl`s s` ehchtbl b bquèebs qu` pu`-i`l s ` r n dl t ` s t bibs n dl s `mur hibi sda r ` e b a bs ` i ` e d s cè t dids i` qu`

s` ihspdlmb. Nublid surm` ulb ndltrbihnnhþl ltr` e i`s`d i` ul lh-vè câs è`vbid i` m`l`rbehibi y ul câs betd lhvè i` s`murhibi, ès ` mulid p r ` vb e` n` . @ e ` s tui h d s d qu` bidp t b ` e ` l odqu` a`gbv h d r hs t b ldpr `mul t brâ , p rdaba e `c`l t ` , nu`s t h dl `s bc p e h b s y vbmbs n dc d ; e b n busbi` eb i`nbi lnhb y nbãib iè Hcp`rhd rdcbld, d sh è pdi`r chehtbr i`qu` ihspdl` è aedqu` sdvhèthnd `s cbydr qu` bquè iè qu` ihspdl`è Dnnhi lt`, d sh s prdabae` qu` trhulo` e eha`rbehscd l Borhnb. Ld`s prdabae` tbcpdnd. qu` s` n`ltr` l hi`dedmãbs d l ndlsthtunhdl`s,`l e`y`s d `l eb `s t runturb i` drmbl hzbn hþl i` ebs hlst h tun hdl`s . Yrbtbrâ,câs a h `l , p r daba e `c `l t ` , e b s nu`s t h dl `s qu` `x hm `l ulb s ` r h ` i ` p ru`•

t r brs ` `l e b n dliun t b i ` hli hvhiuds d i ` m rupds r ` e b t hv bc `l t ` r ` s t r hl m h -' ids . Eds ` s tui hds sda r ` e b s n br bn t ` r ãs t h n bs i ` qu h`l `s t dc bl e bs i `n h s h d -l`s y i` eds obntdr`s qu` hloeuy`l eb bidpnhþl i` ebs i`nhshdl`s’s`bpdr eds vdtblt`s, ouln hdlbr hds d pdr dt rds’`s prdaba e` qu` s`bl a `gbvhd-r h s t bs 6 tbc a hèl e d sdl e d s ` s tui hds i ` e b i h s t rhaun hþl i` dp hl hdl `s y bn -thtui`s. Bemulds bsdnhbl eb t`drãb i` eds ku`mds y eb t`drãb i` eds shs-t`cbs (qu` s` ndlshi`rbrâ câs bièblt`) ndl è `lodqu` a`gbvhdrhstbi` eb pdeãthnb.

Ndcd sum h ` r `l e d s ` k `cp eds n h t bids c âs br r ha b , ` e `l o dqu` a `gbv hd -r h s tb l d ` s l `n ` s br h bc`l t ` i h s t hl t d i ` b e mulds d t r ds `l o dqu`s . Pl chs -cd stuihd puì` ndcpr`li r, pdr `k`cped, be chscd th`cpd, e l-odqu` a`gbvhdrhstb y i` eb tdcb i` i`nhshdl`s. Zbrb `xpdl`r `std `l` e e ` lmub k` `c p e ` bid `l ` e nbp ã tu e d s èp t hcd ; lu` s t rd ` squ`cb pb rb e bnebshohnbnhþl i` eds lodqu`s ld s tdtbec`lt` eþmhnd, pu`std qu` ebsnbt`mdr ãbs ld s` `xn euy`l cutubc` lt` H'.

@LODRP@^ BLBEÞMHND^ ; Y@DQÃB I@ ED^ ^H^Y@CB^ M@L@QBE@^

Ed chscd qu` eb t`drãb i` eds ku`mds, eb t`drãb i` eds shst`cbs m`-l` rb e ` s s ` h l s nr h a` `l e b nb t ` md r ã b i` e d s `l odqu` s c âs ` s d t è r hnd s pd s h -ae`s i` eb pdeãthnb.

Ndcd hli hn b su ldcar ` , ` e n `l t r d i ` b t `l n hþl sdl e d s s h s t `cb s . «Edss h s t `cbs s dl r ` m hdl` s n ` r rbibs `l ` e ` s pbn h d - t h`cpd , n dc pr`g`li h`lid hl -t ` r n bca hd i ` `l `r m ã b `l t r ` sus p br t ` s , qu` s ` b sdn hbl `l r ` e bn h dl `s oul -nhdlbe`s, ed chscd qu` ndl jè cìhd'¶ 1.by, pu`s, ul lûc`rd ndl-shi`rbae` i` thpds i` shst`cbs. @e âtdcd `s ul shst`cb, ed chscd què bs c deènuebs , e ds nr h s tb e `s , e ds vh rus , e ds r` ed k`s , e bs c âquhlbs , e bs o e d -t b s , e d s bl hcb e ` s ( hl n euy`lid b e d s gucbld s ) , ed s p` qu`òds mrupds , e b ssdn h ìbi`s ( hl n euhibs e b s sdn h ìbi`s p d e ãt h n bs ), e d s p e bl ` t bs , e d s s h s t `cbssdebr`s, ebs mbebx hbs , ` t n .

Nublid eb rò`r`lnhb s b eb t`drãb m`l`rbe i` eds s hs t `cbs , eb hl t `l-n h þl ` s qu` e b t ` d r ãb ià ` s ` r s h ml h o hnb t h vb pb rb c ungds d t dids e d s s h s -t `cbs , i `si` e d s suas h s t `cbs c âs p `qu`òds i` ul â t dcd b e d s s h s t `cbsndcpu`s t ds i ` m b ebx hbs .

Bqu` e e d s bi`p t ds b e b t ` dr ãb i ` e d s s h s t `cbs qu` i`s`b l ` s t r ` ngbr sunbcpd i` hlv`sthmbnhþl puì`l gbaebr i` eb t`drãb i` eds shst`cbs i`

2 No. IB_HI A. YQPCBL, «Yg` Hcpbnt dl Zdehthnbe nh`ln` do tg` Q`vdeuthdlhl tg` A`gbvhdrbe ^nh`ln`s¶, `l Q`s`brng Ordlth`rs hl Zdehthns bli Mdv`rlc`lt, pâ-mhlbs 1:1->2. «Yg` Hcpehnbthdls do Q`s`brng hl Zdehthnbe A`gbvhdrs, Bc`rhnbl Zdeh-

thnbe nh`ln` Q`vh`w, 9? (ihnh`car` 2801), pâms. 2::>.86 I]HMGY ]BEII, Zdehthnbe^nh`ln` hl tg` P^B; B Yr`li Q`pdrt (Pl`snd, 280?), pâms. 12 - 1>.

' KBC@ M. CHEE@Q, «Ydwbri b M`l`rbe Yg`dry odr tg` A`gbvhdrbe ^nh`ln`s¶,Bc`rhnbl Zsyngdedmhst, 2: (s`pth`car` 2800), pâm. 029.

27: h`lnhb pdeãthnb; ul blâehshs o hedsþohnd

ndcp dr tbch`ltd eb nube ndcpr`g`li` «eds shst`cbs vhvh`lt`s, qu` s`

@lodqu`s a`gbvhdrhstb y blbeþmhnd 72

mrbl pbsd `l obesd `l eb iàhib ihr`nnhþl’eb ihr`nnhþl iè blâehshs `c-



`xth`li`, m rdssd cdid i`si eds vhrus b ebs sdnhìbi s¶ b.

Zbrb i`snrhahr eds rbsmds ndcul`s d ndcpbrbae`s i` eds shst`cbs,

quh l`s bidptbl eb t`drãb i` eds shst`cbs gbl i`sbrrdeebid nh rtd lûc`rd

i` ndln`ptds lu`vds, d gbl ibid lu`vds s`lthids b ndln`ptds vh kds. Bsã,

lds `lndltrbcds ndl shst`cbs ndl vbrhbae`s y pbrâc`trds. Zbrb nbib

shst`cb gby h lp uts y dutp uts qu` `stâl `l nebv` d i`snhorbids. Eds shs-

t`cbs vhvh`lt`s, s` ihn`, suor`l t`lshþl, eb nube s` puì` rìunhr, y th`l-

i`l b cblt`l r stbids s`murds u gdc`dstbshs b trbvès i` cìhds ihv`r-

sds, hlneuy`lid c`nblhscd i` r`nbrmb. @e oulnhdlbch`ltd i` iho`r`lt`snebs`s i` shst`cbs puì` s`r i`snrhtd l tèrchlds ndcd eds blt`rhdr`s.

Ruh`l`s iòh`li l eb t`drãb i` eds shst`cbs bea`rmbl vbrhbs `sp`rbl-

zbs. Plb i` eebs s qu` s` puì`l lndltrbr vbrhds shst`cbs qu` t`l-

mbl ed suohnh`lt` `l ndcûl pbrb p`rchthr bemulb odrcb i` trblso`r`lnhb

i` ndldnhch`ltd6 bsã, è ndldnhch`ltd iè oulnhdlbch`ltd i` ul drmb-

lhscd pdirãb tbcahèl bpehnbrs` be oulnhdlbch`ltd i` ulb drmblhzbnhþl,

y vhn`v`rsb. @e ndldnhch`ltd i` nbib 'shst`cb • buc`ltbrãb i` stb cb-

l`rb cìhblt` è ndldnhch`ltd i` dtrds shst`cbs. Nlb s`mulib `sp`-

rblzb s shcpe`c`lt` ulb v`rshþl ehchtbib i` eb prhc`rb. Ndlshst` lqu` e stuihd i` ul shst`cb puìb t`l`r ul vbedr gùrãsthnd pbrb e`stuihd i` dtrds shst`cbs, sumhrh`lid què thpds i` nu`sthdl`s pr`multbr,

què nebs`s i` `xp`rhc`ltds r`behzbr y què thpd i` ndldnhch`ltd `s pdsh-

ae` biquhrhr. Plb t`rn`rb sp`rblzb s qu` sh eds shst`cbs sdl ndlshi`-rbids `l tdib su ndcpe`khibi ndcd tdids dp`rbthvds, câs ah`l qu` sua-

ihvhihids l sus ndcpdl`lt`s y xbchlbids pdr pbrt`s, s` benblzbrâ nd-

ldnhch`ltd qu` i` dtrb cbl`rb s` p`ri`rãb.Obetb pdr v`r sh eds hlt`ltds i` i`sbrrdeebr ulb t`drãb i` eds shst`cbs

ndcp`lsbrâ. ` gb xpr`sbid sn`pthnhscd. @lor`ltâlids` ndl ebs blb-

edmãbs i` eb t`drãb i` eds shst`cbs y ndl èe g`ngd i` qu` ulb s`rh` i`

ndln`ptds `s bpehnbae` b cungds thpds i` shst`cbs, ul nrãthnd sumh`r`

qu` eb r`bnnhþl câs bi`nubib s «¡,y què4¶ 9.trd, ndlnìh`lid qu`

ebs blbedmãbs ihv`rsbs th`l`l vbedr gùrãsthnd, i`nebrb ; «ld `stbr ndl-

v`lnhid i` qu` è ndlt`lhid ndcûl i` ebs ihsthltbs t`drãbs i` eds shs-t`cbs s`b suohnh`lt`c`lt` mrbli` ndcd pbrb kusthohnbr eb hlv`rshþl i`

cungd `sou`rzd `l eb ndlstrunnhþl i` ulb `strunturb èbadrbib y odr-

cbe¶.

Ydibvãb ul t`rn rd kuzmb eb t`drãb i` eds shst`cbs ndcd «ul/ahi. _`r tbcahèlEudwtn _DL A@QYBEBLOOX, «M`l`rbe ^yst`c Yg`dry¶, `l

Euiwhm vdl A`rtbebooy y Blbtde Qbpdpdrt, ihts., M`l`rbe ^yst`cs X`braddf do tg`^dnh`ty odr tg` Bivbln`c`lt do tg` M`l`rbe ^yst`cs Yg`dry (Bll Bradr, Chng.,^dnh`ty odr M`l`rbe ^yst`cs Q`s`brng, 280?), vde. H, 280?, pâms. 2.2:.

9 Q. N.Aunx, «Dl tg` Edmhn do M`l`rbe A`gbvhdr ^yst`cs Yg`dry¶, `l G`ra`rtO`hme y Chngbè ^nrhv`l, ìhts., Chll`sdtb ^tuih`s hl tg` Zghedsdpgy do ^nh`ln` vd-euc`l H, Yg` Odulibthdls do ^nh`ln` bli tg` Ndln`pts do Zsyngdedmy bli Zsyngd-

blbeyshs (Chll`bpdehs6 Plhv`rshty do Chll`sdtb Zr`ss, 280?), pâms. 11>->7.9

G@QA@QY B. ^HCDL y BEE@L L@]@EE, «Cdiès; Yg`hr Ps` bli Ehchtbthdls¶,`l E`dlbri I. ]ght`, ìht., Yg` ^tbt` do tg` ^dnhbe ^nh`ln`s (Nghnbmd6 Yg` Plh-v`rshty do Nghnbmd Zr`ss, 280?), pâm. ==.

pãrhnd shst`câthnd’¶ b .

@s cuy pdshae` bpehnbr eds ndln`ptds ehmbids ndl eb t`drãb i` eds shs-

t`cbs m`l`rbe`s ndl, sdebc`lt`, eds shst`cbs pdeãthnds. @xhst` ul shs-t`cb pdeãthnd hlt`rlbnhdlbe, odrcbid pdr eds shst`cbs pdeãthnds i` eds

@stbids, e nube, b su v`z, ndlshst` l ulb s`rh` i` suashst`cbs6 è`stuihd i` stds shst`cbs y suashst`cbs prdpdrnhdlb abs`s i` ndcpbrb-

nhdl`s y blbedmãbs qu` puì`l s`r cuy ûthe`s pbrb quh`l`s p`rshmu`lè `lt`lihch`ltd i` uld i` èeds. Be c`lds, be gbn`r `stuihds ndcpbrb-

thvds, eds nh`ltãohnds pdeãthnds gbl bntubid, i`si` gbn` cungd, sdar` stbsupdshnhþl. ^` puì`l `stuihbr eds shst`cbs pdeãthnds shl `stuihbr tbc-

ahèl eds shst`cbs cde`nuebr`s d i` mbebxhbs. Z`rd sh è n`ltrd i` eb bt`l-

nhþl s` ihschluy`, eb ndltrhaunhþl i` eb t`drãb i` eds shst`cbs m`l`rb-e`s be `stuihd i` eb pdeãthnb s` rìun` b eds ndln`ptds ihsthlthvds `cpe`b-

ids. ,Ed qu` `s câs ; bulqu` `s davhd qu` `s pdshae` qu` puìb dat`-

l`rs` ndldnhch`ltd cìhblt` è `stuihd i` eds shst`cbs pdeãthnds ndcdtdids dp`rbthvds, ld `s nebrd qu` s` l`n`sht` pbrb èed bidptbr è vdnb-auebrhd i` quh`l`s bidptbl eb t`drãb i` eds . s h s t`cbs .

Nublid quh`l`s bidptbl eb t`drãb i` eds shst`cbs ehchtbl su bt`l-nhþl b eds shst`cbs pdeãthnds, s prdphd pr`multbr gbstb què pultd s`dnupbl r`bec`lt` i` shst`cbs y gbstb què pultd s` dnupbl i` t`drãb.B v`n`s s` ib eb hcpr`shþl i` qu` stâl cdvhids prhlnhpbec`lt` pdrè i`s`d i` bpbrtbrs` i` eb t`li`lnhb i` i`snrhahr eb pdeãthnb `l eds lh-vè`s i` m`l`rbehibi câs hlo`rhdr`s. Ruh`l`s bidptbl eb t`drãb i` eds

shst`cbs bpultbl b cuy betds lhvè`s i` m`l`rbehibi, p`rd ed chscdpuì`l gbn`r dtrds t`þrhnds = .

^YBLE@X G. GDOOCBLL,«Hlt`rlbthdlbe Qèbthdls, Yg` Edlm Qdbi td Yg`dry)),]drei Zdehthns, 22 (barhe 2808), pâm. >0?.

' No. NGBQE@^ B. CNNE@EEBLI, «^yst`cs bli Ghstdry hl Hlt`rlbthdlbe Qèb-thdls; ^dc` Z`rsp`nthv`s odr @cphrhnbe Q`s`brng bli Yg`dry¶, `l Euiwhm vdlA`rtbeblooy y Blbtde Qbpdpdrt, ìhts., M`l`rbe yst`cs, X`braddf do tg` dnh`tyodr M`l`rbe ^yst`cs Q`s`brng, vde. HHH 807, pâms. 112.9=. _hi. tbcahèl IB_HI

@^BYDL, «Bl Bpprdbng td tg` Blbeyshs do Zdehthnbe ^yst`cs¶, ]drei Zdehthns 8 (barhe280=), pâms. >7>-9::.

NBZÃYPED I@NHCDY@QN@QD



@lodqu`s hi`lthohnbids ndl ghpþt`shs `xpehnbth-

vbs d ndl t`drãbs nbusbe`s

Gbstb bgdrb g`cds xbchlbid l eds nbpãtueds i` eb pbrt` t`rn`rb`lodqu`s qu` s` hi`lthohnbl ndl ; 2) ulb ihsnhpehlb bnbièchnb6 1) ulrbsmd sdar`sbeh`lt` i` eb pdeãthnb6 >) ulb p`rsp`nthvb a`gbvhdrhstb, y

9 ) e b s blb e d m ã b s `l t r ` e d s s h s t `cb s . Ydids ` s t d s `l odqu` s prdpd rn h dlblnrht`rhds m`l`rbe`s qu` eds stuihblt`s i` eb pdeãthnb puì l cpe`brpbrb i` n hi h r què nu` s t h dl` s y prda e `cb s puì`l ` s ndm` r b e s ` e ` nn h dlb ry què ibtds ndlshi`rbr l rèbnhþl ndl eeds. I` stb cbl`rb, tdidsèeds ròe`kbl d sumh`r`l ulb ndln`pnhþl i` ed qu` s hcpdrtblt` l e

`sou`rzd pbrb lt`li`r d prì`nhr, d ndltrdebr, e nursd i` eds bndlt`-nhch`ltds pdeãthnds. Bpultbl i` ulb cbl rb m`l`rbe b ebs hi`bs y ib-

t ds qu` s` pr`suc` sdl s hml h o hnbt hvds .

Bgdrb ld s vd e v`cds gbn h b e d s `l odqu` s qu` s ` h i`l t h o hn bl ndl g h pþ -t ` s h s ` xp e hnb t h vb s d t ` d r ã b s nbusb e ` s . E b i h o ` r`ln h b ` s câs i` mrbid quì` nebs`, pu`s tdids eds thpds i` lodqu`s ròe`kbl d sumh`r`l ndln`p-nhdl`s i` ed shmlhohnbthvd. Z`rd ebs ghpþt`shs xpehnbthvbs ed gbn`l câs`xpeãnhtbc`lt`. Ch`ltrbs qu` ul lodqu` hi`lthohnbid ndl ulb ihsnh-

pehlb bnbièchnb, pdr k`cped, bpultb shcpe`c`lt` b ul nbcpd i` hl-v`sthmbnhþl y b eds ibtds vbrhbids ndl èeb rèbnhdlbids, ul `lodqu`qu` s` xpr`sb cìhblt` ulb ghpþt`shs d t`drãb bpultb b ul thpd câs`sp`nãohnd i` ibtds y i` eb cbl`rb i` dri`lbreds. h i`nhcds, pdr ulbpbrt`, qu` ebs nbusbs i` eb mu`rrb sdl ndlþchnbs d pshndeþmhnbs, s-t bcds bpul t blid m `l `r b ec`l t ` b ib t ds hi `l th o hn bids n dl i h s n hp e hl bs bnb -ièchnbs . ^ h i `n hcds , `l s `mulid eumbr , qu` ` e n bp h t b e hsc d n busb e b mu` -rrb d qu` e i`s`d i` eds gucblds i` iho`r`lnhbrs` s eb nbusb, `ltdl-n`s t`l`cds ulb muãb câs xpeãnhtb pbrb sè`nnhdlbr eds ibtds qu` g`-cds i` ndls hi`rbr 6 e b ghpþt`s h s m`l`rb e , d e b t`dr ãb nbusb e , l`n`s h tb tbl


sþed qu` s` eb bpehqu` b eds nbsds qu` surkbl. Bsã, bulqu` bemulbs ièbs ndlshi`rbnhdl`s odrcuebibs `l `stb s`nnhþl `stâl rèbnhdlbibs ndl

@lodqu s hi lthohnbids ndl ghpþt shs xpehnbthvbs 27 0

@e g`ngd pbr`n` s`r qu` pdnbs’` hlneusd lhlmulb’nu`sthdl`s bn`r-

nb i` eb ndliuntb gucblb puì`l s`r ndlt`stbibs sdebc`lt` l abs` b



dtrbs odrcuebibs blt`s, nublid hi`lthohnbcds lodqu`s ndl ihsnhpehlbs

bn bièch n b s ndcd ebm`dmrboãb, eb `ndldcãb y eb pshndedmãb, `s i` `sp`rbr

qu` eb ihsthlnhþl s`b vhi`lt`.Ndlshi`rbibs ndcd `lodqu`s iè `stuihd i` eb pdeãthnb, ebs ghpþt`shs

`xpehnbthvbs d ebs t`drãbs nbusbe`s puì`l bmrupbrs` ltr` tr`s bcpehbs

nbt`mdrãbs, i`p`lih`lid i` su èlobshs rèbthvd `l ; 2) ebs hloeu`lnhbs iè

cìhd6 1) ibtds y ndlshi`rbnhdl`s pshndeþmhnds, y >) ibtds y ndlshi`rb-

nhdl`s hi`deþmhnds.

@LODRP@ RP@ ^PAQBXBLEB HLOEP@LNHB I@E C@IHD

@lodqu`s qu` sdl abstblt` iho`r`lt`s ulds i` dtrds nb`l i`ltrd i`

`stb nbt`mdrãb. @l ulb prhc`rb suaihvhshþl `lndltrbcds bquèeds qu`suarbybl ebs hloeu`lnhbs m`dmrâohnbs’d qu` s` i`rhvbl i` ulb t`li`l-

nhb hlhnhbe b suarbybrebs’. @l ulb s`mulib suaihvhshþl s` `lnu`ltrbl

bquèeds qu` suarbybl nh`rtds bsp`ntds '`ndlþchnds iè cìhd..

Eds `lodqu`s m`dmrâohnds y eds rèbnhdlbids ndl èeds.

Gbrdei y Cbrmbr`t ^prdut gbl `snrhtd è câs `xt`lsd y r`nh`lt` `s-tuihd i` ebs ghpþt`shs. `xpehnbthvbs qu` i`rhvbl i`• eb ndlshi`rbnhþl i`

ebs hloeu`lnhbs m`dmrâohnbs y qu` sdl hcpdrtblt`s pbrb è `stuihd i` ebpdeãthnb. Ed qu` ihr`cds sdar` `st` t`cb `stâ absbid `l su trbabkd 2 .

Eds m`þmrbods gbl usbid b v`n`s ul e`lmubk` qu` sumh`r` eb bich-

shþl i` t`drãbs nbusbe`s câs ah`l `xtr`chstbs. Eb t`drãb • i` shr Gbeodri

Cbnfhli`r 'rò`r`lt` b eb hcpdrtblnhb i` eb Yh`rrb Ndrbzþl, nhtbib câs

brrhab, `s ul `k`cped i` `std. Dtrds sumh`r`l è yultd i` vhstb bcpehd

i` qu` jeb ihstrhaunhþl i` ebs ndsbs sdar` eb obz i` eb th`rrb (pdr `k`c-

ped, è nehcb y ebs vbrhbs nebs`s i` r`nursds lbturbe`s) gb shid’y prd-

abae`c`lt` s`râ’i`t`rchlblt`6 `l dtrbs pbebarbs ; qu` tdibs ebs i`nh-

shdl`s gucblbs y eds r`suetbids qu` i` eebs s` i`rhvbl gbl shid ihn-

tbibs pdr ulb Lbturbe`zb hlblhcbib y qu`, prdabae`c`lt`, sh eb ghs-

tdrhb puih`s` vdev`r b ndc`lzbr s` i`sbrrdeebrãb i` eb chscb cbl`rb,

ibibs ebs chscbs ndlihnhdl`s m`dmrâohnbs. Gb gbahid dtrbs bohrcbnhdl`s

phltblid b eb Lbturbe`zb ndcd b ul s`r ndl prdpþshtds prdphds, pds`-y`lid y k`rnh`lid e pdi`r i` ndltrdebr e i`sthld iè gdcar`. Zrdab-

ae`c`lt`, lhlmûl m`þmrbod’lh lbih`’`lidsbrãb lhlmulb i` `stbs bohr-

cbnhdl`s sh s` odrcuebs`l xpeãnhtbc`lt`. @e e`lmubk` qu` sumhrh`s` stb

pdshnhþl s`rãb pr`suchae`c`lt` i`snbrtbid ndcd r`tþrhnb vbnãb.

GBQDEIyCBQMBQ@Y ^ZQDPY, Cbl-Chehù Qèblthdlsghp Gypdtg`s`s hl tg`Ndlt`xt, do Hlt`rlbthdlbe Zdehthns (Zrhln`tdl6 N`lt`r do Hlt`rlbthdlbe tuih`s, 280?),«@lvhrdlc`ltbe Obntdrs hl tg` tuiy do Hlt`rlbthdlbe Zdehth ns¶, Kdurlbe do NdloehntQ`sdeuthdl, 2 (ihnh`car` 280=), pâms. >:8.17. No. KD @ZG OQBLF@E, «Ydwbris b I`-nhshdl-Cbfhlm Cdiè hl Odr`hml Zdehny¶, Zdehthnbe tuih`s, = (o ar`rd 2808), pâms. 2.22.

ibtds y ndlshi`rbnhdl`s m`dmrâohnds. ^h`cpr`, d bnbsd sh`cpr`, hlt`rvh`-

l`l dtrds obntdr`s’pdr `k`cped, eds i`s`ds y prdpþshtds d vbedr`s i`

eds hcpehnbids’. Bohrcbnhdl s iè thpd i` qu` eb m`dmrboãb i`t`rchlbeb pdeãthnb `xt`rhdr’d nubequh`r dtrd thpd i` ndliuntb’sdl nbsh ndl n`r-

t`zb obesbs. Ruhzâ s`b b nbusb i` `std qu` gb gbahid ulb t`li`lnhb b

s`pbrbrs` i` eds ibtds purbc`lt` m`dmrâohnds y b ndlshi`rbr è nbcpd

câs bcpehd iè cìhd.

B p`sbr i` qu` lhlmulb iòhlhnhþl iè ndln`ptd i` cìhd ` s b n ` p -tbid ndl m`l`rbehibi, pdi`cds ndlshi`rbred ndrld tdids eds obntdr`s bk`-

lds b eb p`rsdlb qu` s` rèbnhdlbl ndl eb ndliuntb, ndlihnhþl d stbtus.

Hlneuy` o`lþc`lds lbturbe`s y eds qu` sdl darb iè gdcar`. @s m`dmrâ-

ohnd, `ndlþchnd, pdeãthnd, `tn. @e cìhd i` ulb p`rsdlb hlneuy` ebs bn-thtui`s, xp`ntbthvbs y prânthnbs i` tdibs ebs p`rsdlbs nuyb ndliuntb s`rèbnhdlb i` nubequh`r cbl rb ndl eb suyb prdphb. @quhvbe` b ed qu`

^lyi`r, `l su `stuihd sdar` eb tdcb .i` i`nhshdl`s, eebcb è «bsh`ltd¶.

Lþt`s` qu` bquã s` gbn` rò`r`lnhb sdebc`lt` be cìhd tbe ndcd èst`

r`bec`lt` `xhst`. Orbs`s ndcd «è cìhd, tbe ndcd s` hcbmhlb¶, «c`-ihd, tbe ndcd s` p`rnha`¶ y «cìhd pshndeþmhnd¶ sdl bn`ptbae`s sh s` ebstdcb ndl nuhibid, p`rd sdl, l pdt`lnhb, ou`lt` i` ids thpds i` ndl-

oushdl`s. Zdr ulb pbrt`, puì`l nr`br eb hcpr`shþl i` qu` xhst`l ids

nebs`s i` cìhds’è r`be y bquè tbe ndcd `s p`rnhahid’6 p`rd `s dg-vhd qu` ulb p`rn`pnhþl obesb iè cìhd `s ul `rrdr y ld ul cìhd ih-

o`r`lt`. I` dtrb pbrt`, stbs orbs`s puì`l sum`rhr qu` eb hcbm`l i` qu`

s` th`l` iè cìhd s pbrt` iè cìhd6 y ltdln`s eb ihsthlnhþl ltr` eb

p`rsdlb qu` s` lnu`ltrb l e cìhd y e chscd cìhd i`sbpbr`n`.

• Lþt`s`, tbcahèl, qu` bquã s` gbn` rò`r`lnhb be cìhd i` hlihvhiuds.

@s, bshchscd, pdshae` trbtbr be mrupd d b ulb `lthibi pdeãthnb ndcd ulb

ulhibi qu` pds`` ul cìhd, p`rd stb prânthnb lnh`rrb bzbr`s. Eds mru-

pds y ebs `lthibi`s pdeãthnbs ld sdl tdids hlihvhshae`s rdi`bids `xt`r-

lbc`lt` pdr ul cìhd. Zdr e ndltrbrhd, stâl ndcpu`stds i` hlihvh-

iuds6 y eb bnnhþl iè mrupd `s r`bec`lt` eb bnnhþl i` bemulds d tdids

eds ch`cards hlihvhiube`s. Bsã, ed qu` nu`ltb sdl sus cìhds hlihvhiub-

e`s, y sus cìhds hlihvhiube`s hlneuy`l rbsmds qu` sdl hlt`rlds iè mru-

pd. @e «bsh`ltd¶ `l è qu` dp`rb eb i`nhshþl hlihvhiube `s tbltd hlt`rldndcd `xt`rld.

@e bn`ltd pu`std `l è pbpè iè cìhd gb ndliunhid b vbrhds thpds

i` ghpþt`shs. ^prdut i`shmlb b uld i` èeds ndcd «pdshahehscd iè c`-

ihd¶. Eb s`lnhb i` èe s eb prdpdshnhþl, cuy shcpe`, i` qu` e cìhdhcpdl` eãcht`s b ed qu` `s pdshae` gbn`r. Nubltd câs pr`nhsb `s eb p`r-

n`pnhþl iè cìhd, câs nbpbz s` `s i` ; 2) i` sè`nnhdlbr cìhds i`bnnhþl qu` sdl pdshae`s, 1) i` `xpehnbr d prì`nhr eds r`suetbids dp`-

rbnhdlbe`s i` eds cìhds i` bnnhþl bidptbids pdr dtrds. @e gdcar` nuyb

27? h`lnhb pdeãthnb; ul blâehshs ohedsþohnd

p`rn`pnhþl `s r`behstb ld trbtbrâ i` btrbv`sbr ul ebmd nbchlblid y s`râ

@lodqu`s hi`lthohnbids ndl ghpþt`shs `xpehnbthvbs... 7=

hcpdrtblnhb d shmlhohnbnhþl. Plb v`z qu` s` gb i`sbrrdeebid ulb t`d-



nbpbz i` prì`nhr e r`suetbid dp`rbnhdlbe i` bemuh l qu` ed hlt lt .Eds prdut i`ldchlbl b dtrd thpd i` ghpþt`shs «prdabahehscd iè

cìhd¶. Ndcd sumh`r` stb i ldchlbnhþl, ebs ghpþt`shs qu` p`rt`l n`lb stb nbt mdrãb s` ròh`r`l b vbrhds thpds i` prdabahehibi`s ; qu` s` td-cbrâ ulb i`t`rchlbib i`nhshþl, qu` dnurrhrâ ul bndlt`nhch`ltd i`t`r-chlbid, qu` s` edmrbrâ ul i`t`rchlbid r`suetbid dp`rbnhdlbe, `tn. @s `vh-i`lt` qu` ebs ghpþt`shs i` st` thpd `xhm l eb ndlshi`rbnhþl i` ihv`rsdsthpds i` ibtds i` cìhd bi`câs i` eds m`dmrâohnds, pshndeþmhnds, hi`deþ-

mhnds, `ndlþchnds y dtrds ibtds hcpehnbids. @std sumh`r` ed qu` `s quhzâeb cbydr iàhehibi iè lodqu` ; qu` ed chscd qu` e lodqu` i` ebtdcb i` i`nhshdl`s, prdpdrnhdlb eb cãlhcb byuib pbrb sè`nnhdlbr ebsnu`sthdl`s qu` ià`l pr`multbrs` y eds ibtds ndl èebs rèbnhdlbibs. Ldsdebc`lt` s` gbn` i` eb tdtbehibi iè cìhd è nbcpd i` eb lnu`stb,shld qu` ià`l, shl iuib, `stuihbrs` tbcahèl ebs hcâm`l`s iè cìhd.@e lodqu` s tbl bcpehd y ndcpr`g`lshvd qu` quh`l`s ed bidptbl s-tâl vhrtubec`lt` daehmbids b ,ndcpe tbred ndl dtrd `lodqu` qu` s`b câsnebrd `l nubltd b eds nrht`rhds i` sè`nnhþl. •

Eds ^prdut i`ldchlbl dtrb nbt`mdrãb iè cìhd «è a`gbvhdrhscd ndm-ldsnhthvd¶. @stbs ghpþt`shs ròe`kbl e prhlnhphd i` qu` ed qu` hloeuyèb ndliuntb s câs e ndldnhch`ltd iè cìhd qu` e c ihd chscd6 std`s, s eb hcbm`l iè cìhd ed qu` hloeuy` l eb bidpnhþl i` i`nhshd-l`s. @e pultd prhlnhpbe s qu` e bnh rtd l eb bidpnhþl i` i`nhshdl`s`stbrâ bo ntbib pdr eb pr`nhshþl y nbrânt r ndcpr`g`lshvd i` eb hcbm`l.

@lodqu`s `ndlþchnds.

Ebs ghpþt`shs `xpehnbthvbs d t`drãbs nbusbe s qu` suarbybl eds bsp`n-tds ndlþchnds iè cìhd pdirãbl s`r hlndrpdrbibs l bemulb i` ebs nb-t`mdrãbs i`snrhtbs câs brrhab, p`rd s prdabae c lt` c`kdr s`muhr eb nds-tucar` i` trbtbrebs pdr s`pbrbid. ^` bsh`ltbl l ulb abs` câs bcpehbqu` eds shcpe`s `lodqu`s m`dmrâohnds, y `l ulb abs` câs `str`ngb quèds `lodqu`s cuy m`l`rbe`s iè cìhd, y pbr`n`l s`r câs pr`nhsds.

@e ldcar` i` Fbre Cbrx s` y rmu` tbl pdr lnhcb i` tdids eds qu`gbl bidptbid lodqu`s ndlþchnds qu` n`ltrbr`cds lu`strb bt`lnhþl lèe, bulqu` ià`cds s`òbebr qu` ul mrbl lûc`rd’blt`s y i`spuès i`

Cbrx’gbl `xpr`sbid dphlhdl`s qu` `l bemulds bsp`ntds sdl s`c`kblt`s.@xhst` e pèhmrd i` ndloulihr è ohl i` stuihbr Cbrx y sus t`d-

rãbs. Nublid xbchlâabcds eds shmlhohnbids i` eb pbebarb t`drãb `l ènbpãtued sèpthcd i`nãbcds qu` b v n`s i`shmlb eb ndlsucbnhþl i` eb`xpehnbnhþl. @l st` nbpãtued stbcds ihsnuth`lid lodqu`s, y i`nhcdsqu` ulb t`drãb puì` s`r ul lodqu` b eb xpehnbnhþl, ed chscd qu` ebndlsucbnhþl i` eb xpehnbnhþl6 puì , s`r tbltd ul pultd i` pbrthibndcd ul pultd i` ee mbib. Ndcd nubequh r dtrd thpd i` lodqu`, ulbt`drãb puì` s`rvhr i` muãb l eb odrcuebnhþl i` nu`sthdl`s b pr`multbry `l eb sè nnhþl i` ibtds shmlhohnbthvds6 puì` prdpdrnhdlbr nrht`rhds i`

rãb, eb chscb puì` prdpdrnhdlbr muãb l eb aûsquìb i` lu`vds g`-ngds y xpehnbnhdl`s. Lu`strd prdpþshtd bntube be ndlshi`rbr ebs t`drãbscbrxhstbs s cdstrbr nþcd, y gbstb què pultd, shrv`l i` muãb’ndcdnrht`rhds pbrb i`t rchlbr ed qu` s shmlhohnbthvd.

Eb shmuh`lt` bohrcbnhþl i` Cbrx trblscht`, i` cbl`rb câs ah`l rã-mhib, bemulds i` eds e`c`ltds aâshnds i` su p`lsbch`ltd.

@e cdid i` prdiunnhþl i` eds cìhds cbt`rhbe s i` `xhst`lnhb ndlihnhdlb e prd-

n`sd tdtbe i` eb vhib sdnhbe, pdeãthnb ` hltè`ntube. Ld `s eb ndlnh`lnhb i` eds gdc-ar`s eb qu` i`t`rchlb su xhst`lnhb, shld, pdr e ndltrbrhd, s su xhst`lnhb sdnhbe ebqu` i`t`rchlb su ndlnh`lnhb.

Eds gdcar`s, be i`sbrrdeebr su prdiunnhþl cbt`rhbe y su ndc`rnhd cbt`rhbe, be-t`rbl ndl eed su `xhst`lnhb r`be, su p`lsbch ltd y eds prdiuntds i` su p`lsbch ltd.Eb vhib ld stâ i`t`rchlbib pdr eb ndlnh`lnhb, shld eb ndlnh`lnhb pdr eb vhib.

@e ndebadrbidr i` Cbrx, Orhìrhng @lmès, xpr`sþ bprdxhcbibc`lt`è chscd p`lsbch`ltd

Ebs ûethcbs nbusbs i` tdids eds nbcahds sdnhbe`s y i` ebs r`vdeunhdl`s pdeãthnbsià`l ausnbrs` ld l ebs c`lt`s i` eds gdcar`s, shld l eds nbcahds l eds cdidsi` prdiunnhþl y i` nbcahd6 ià`l ausnbrs` ld l eb ohedsdoãb, shld l eb ndldcãbi e p`rãdid qu` s` ndlshi`r '.

@l r`suc`l ; Cbrx odrcueþ Plb t drãb cbt rhbehstb’b v`n`s eebcb-

ib cbt`rhbehscd ghstþrhnd d ihbeènthnd’. B sus dkds, eds gdcar`s s` s-odrzbabl i`ltrd y ndltrb ul cìhd ihoãnhe pbrb sbthsobn`r sus l`n shibi sy i`s`ds. «Ebs ou`rzbs i` prdiunnhþl¶ ltrbabl l eb eungb, ròe`kblideb t nldedmãb y dtrbs nhrnulstblnhbs i` eb èpdnb. Cbrx sdst`lãb qu` ebs«ou`rzbs i` prdiunnhþl¶ rbl aâshnbs y qu`, be nbcahbr, ebs rèbnhdl`si` eds gdcar`s ndl eebs y `ltr` eeds chscds ià`rãbl l`n`sbrhbc`ltnbcahbr. Ebs ou`rzbs i` prdiunnhþl ndlsthtuãbl eds nhch`ltds l eds nub-e`s s` bs`ltbab eb sup`r`strunturb. Eb sup`r strunturb s` ndcpdlãb ièds p`lsbch`ltds y ndstucar`s i` eds gdcar`s, cblho`stbids l pbrt` `lsus hlsthtunhdl`s d `squ`cbs i` bnthvhibi `ndlþchnds, pdeãthnds, rèhmhd-sds. Ydids eds bsp`ntds i` eb ndliuntb gucblb, i` bnu rid ndl Cbrx,`stbabl `l nh rtd cdid ndlihnhdlbids d bo ntbids pdr eb abs` cbt rhbe.Eds nbcahds l eb abs` gbrãbl hl`vhtbae s eds nbcahds l eb sup`r strun-

turb. @l sucb ; Cbrx sdst`lãb qu` «be trbtbr i` `xpehnbrs` eb ghstdrhbiè gdcar` y i` ebs hlsthtunhdl`s, ed s`lnhbe b ndlshi`rbr s eb cb-l`rb l qu` eds gdcar`s gbl t`lhid qu` badribr eb tbr`b i` idchlbrè cìhd¶ ^ .

Ydib eb ghstdrhb, i`nãbl Cbrx y @lmès, gb shid eb ghstdrhb i` ebeungb i` nebs`s. @l eb sdnh ibi `xhst lt y `l ebs blt rhdr`s ebs r ebnhd-

• Nht. pdrBE@WBLI@Q MBQX Yg` ^dnhbehst Yrbihthdl; Cds`s td E`lhl (Lu`vbXdrf6 Edlmcbls Mr``l 289?), pâms. >:1-9.

BEOQ@I M. C@X@Q Cbrxhsc; Yg` Plhty do Yg`dry bli Zrbnthnb (Nbcarhim`6eHbrvbri Plhv`rshty Zr`ss, 2809), pâm. 20.


l`s i` ebs ou`rzbs prdiunthvbs hlneuãbl eb ihvhshþl iè trbabkd, ed qu`

Ãlodqu s hi lthohnbids ndl ghpþt shs xpehnbthvbs 27 8

iè ndldnhch`ltd, y qu` ebadrþ ul lodqu` qu` gbl cpe`bid dtrdsndl mrbl a`lòhnhd. Be chscd th`cpd, eb t`drãb gb bpbr`nhid ndcd pdnd



s h ml h o hn bab t bca hèl e b i hvh s hþl i` hl t` r ` s ` s . Ndcd e ds gdc ar `s ` r b « bl h -cb e ` s n dl sn h `l t ` s y n dl p r dpþs h t ds ¶ , n bpbn `s i ` r ` n dldn ` r sus hl t ` r` s ` sy cdvhids b eungbr pdr eeds, s` behl`babl l nebs`s ndlodrc` e`s ihn-tbabl st's hlt`r`s`s, eungblid nbib nebs` pdr su prdphb v`ltbkb'. Ebn e b s ` i dc hl bl t ` d m d a ` r l bl t ` n dl t rd e b a b t bl t d e b v hi b ` n dl þc h n b n dcdeb pdeãthnb. @e Mdah`rld y e @stbid rbl, pu`s, hlstruc`ltds i` nebs`,`cpe`bids pbrb prdt`m`r y prdcdv`r eds hlt`r`s`s i` quh`l`s t`lãbl endltrde’abkd è nbphtbehscd, eb aurmu`sãb’. B trbvès iè i`r`ngd y i`

,eb pdehnãb `l è pbãs, b trbvès i` eb ihpedcbnhb y eb mu`rrb `l è `xt`-r hdr , e b aurmu`s ãb p`rs hmuãb sus a`l` o h n hds’eb `xped tbn hþl i` d trds `nd-lþchnbc `l t ` y su dp r `s hþl pd e ã t hn bc `l t `’. I`sbr r d e ebab y bpb ir hl babhi`dedm ãbs, y pr hln hp hds r` e hm hdsds y cdrbe`s ndc d rbn hdlbe hzbn hdl`s y kus-t h oh n bn h dl `s i ` s us hl t ` r ` s ` s i ` n e b s ` . Z` r d e b s ou`r zbs p r diun thv bs n bc -a h bl 6 b ndl t ` n`l n bc a h d s t ` nld e þm hnd s y i` d t r d t h pd . Butdcât h nbc`l t ` ,pu`s , sur m ` eb l `n ` s hibi i` ul nbca hd `l e b s r ` e bn h dl `s i ` p r diunn hþl 6ià` b e t ` r br s ` e b sup`r ` s t run tur b n dl odrc` b e b s l `n ` s hibi`s i ` e b a bs` .Eds nbc ahds qu` nr`bl eb l`n`s hibi tbc ahèl nr`bl eds prnrr`quhs h tds pbrbgbn`r o r`l t ` b e b ,l `n ` s hibi , pu`s e b s n e b s ` s dp r hc hibs y `xp ed t bibs i `s -br rd e e bl e b n dl n h `l n hb l d sd e bc `l t ` i ` sus hl t ` r ` s ` s , s hl d t bc a hèl i` e d scì hds ` o ` n t h v ds p br b b e n blzbr eds , c h`l t r bs qu` , b e c hsc d t h `cpd , ` e p d -i`r i ` e b n e b s ` idchlbl t ` ` s chlbid . Eb n e b s ` m da `rlbl t ` , l b turb ec`l t ` ,t rbtb i` iò`li`r su pr hvh e`m hbib s h tubn hþl pdr tdids eds c ìhds pds ha e`s ,hln euhib eb vhd e `lnhb 6 p`rd ebs e `y`s i` e i`sb rrd e e d ghs tþr hnd `s tâl ndltrb` e eb . Câs prdltd d c âs tbri` ul r`bkust` i` eb sup`r`st runturb ià` d nu-rrhr y dnurrhrâ.

Ed qu` bl t ` n ì` ` s t bl sþ ed ul ` sadzd i` ulb pbr t ` iè e b t ` dr ãb c br -xhstb. ^h quhshèrbcds vbedrbr eb t`drãb gbstb su pultd ohlbe--gbstb ebndl sucb n hþl i` e b `xp e h n bn hþl’ià`r ã bcds nub e h o h n b r ` s t ` ` sadzd y i `s -brrdeebred. Z`rd hlneusd ul `sadzd lhuy sdc`rd ` hlndcpe`td i` eb t`d-rãb s suohnh`lt` pbrb sum`rhr nþcd puì` s rvhr i` pultd i` pbrthib’ulb m uãb p b rb e b h lv` s t h mb n h þl’. ûm h` r ` e b s nu` s t h dl` s b pr ` multb r ,pdr k`cped, eb bohehbnhþl i` nebs` i e bntdr pdeãthnd `l nu`sthþl, d nuâe`s e pbpè, pdr k`cped, i` eds sdnhbehstbs i`cdnrâthnds l eb eungb i`nebs`s. umh`r` e thpd i` ibtds qu` ià`l i` t`l`rs` l nu`ltb’ibtdsn `l t r bids `l e b n dl s `nun hþl y p r d t ` n n hþl i` e d s hl t ` r` s ` s ` n dl þchnds p dr

p` rs dlbs rb n h dlb e ` s’. @s bp e h n ba e ` b c ungbs n e b s ` s i` p rda e `cbs `l cu-ngds eumb r ` s y t h`cp ds . I` mrbl b e nbln` y ndcp r`g`ls h þl , p rdpd rn hdlbmuãb pbrb pr`multbr y ndlt`stb r nu`st hdl`s qu` s` r` o h`r`l , v hrtubec`l t`,b n bib o b s ` i ` e b v hib p d e ã th n b . @s ul s h s t`cb i` p `l sbc h`l t d qu` bab r nbtdid. Ruh`l`s ed bidptbl lnu`ltrbl qu` ld sdebc`lt` muãb, shld qu`6idchlb eb hlv`sthmbnhþl nublid p`l trbl l nubequh`r vbrhìbi i` o`-lþc`ld s d n h b e .

@s vhi`lt` qu` Cbrx gb ndltrhauhid l mrbl cìhib be i`sbrrdeed

Hahi., pâm. 29.

sþehib `l dtrds r`sp`ntds. ´Ruhèl puì` i`nhr sh eb muãb qu` gb prd-pdr n hdlbid gb s hid p r ìdchlbl t `c` l t ` a `l ` o h n h d sb y v ` ribi`rb d p r ìd -chlblt`c`lt` obesb y ndliun`lt` b rrdr4 Bsuch`lid pbrb eds prdpþ-shtds pr`s`lt`s qu` e i`sbrrdeed iè ndldnhch`ltd i` eb pdeãthnb s eda k ` t h vd pr hcdri h b e , ` s i` s mrb n h bid qu` ` e c brx hscd s ` gbyb ndlv` r t hidc`lds l ul shst`cb i` ghpþt`shs pbrb muhbr eb hlv`sthmbnhþl pdeãthnbqu` l ulb t`drãb pbrb muhbr eb bnnhþl pdeãthnb. Ndcd t`drãb qu` muãbeb bnnhþl s` gb ndlv`rthid `l ulb idntrhlb, nublid ld `l ul idmcb,iò`lihib pdr eds v`ribi`rds nr`y`lt`s . Eds v`ribi`rds nr`y`lt`s qu` eb`cpe`bl ndcd ulb muãb i` eb hlv`sthmbnhþl th`li`l, lbturbec`lt`, bndl o hmurbr sus hlv`st hmbn hdl `s i` cb l`rb qu` eds r`suetbids rdaust`znblsu o`. @std gb ndliunhid, shl iuib, b eb p`rp`tubnhþl y xt`lshþl iè`rrdr . Be chsc d t h`cpd , quh`l`s sdl `s tuihdsds bsèpt hnds, i` pr` o`r`ln hbb v`ribi`rds nr`y`lt`s, `l cungds nbsds gb l `lndltrbid ` e `l odqu` cbr-x hstb b ebs nu`st hdl`s p de ã t hnbs c uy ût h e .

@LODRP@ RP@ PAQBXBL EB Y@DQÃB Z HNDEÞMHNB^ XZ HNDBLB-

EÃYHNB^

G`c ds ld t bid bl t ` s , nublid i` ohl hcds `lodqu` `l t è rc hlds i` i h s -

n h p e hlb s b nbièch nb s , qu` e d s `l odqu` s ps h nd e þm hnd s i` e b pd e ã th nb s ` a b -sbl m`l`rbec`lt` `l eb cdthvbnhþl. ^` iìun` i` èed qu` quh`l`s s`suc` r m `l `l e b p s h n d e dm ã b y `l ` e p s h n dblâ e h s h s p br b `l ndl t r br g hpþ t` s h s`xp e h nb t h v bs d t ` dr ã bs n busb e ` s qu` s `bl r ` e `vbl t ` s p b r b e b n dliun t b p d -e ã t hnb m`l`rbec`lt` pr`s`ltbl ghpþt`s hs d t `dr ãbs bn`rnb i` eb cdt hvbn hþl .

I` eed sdl ul k`cped ebs t`drãbs orùihblbs. Be trbtbr i` xpehnbre b ndliunt b gucblb’d , câs ` s t rh n t bc`l t ` , e b ndliuntb gucbl b lù-rþthnb’Orùi suarbyb nh`rtbs hcpehnbnhdl`s i` eb sdnhbehzbnhþl iè hl-

ihvhiud, std s, iè prdn`sd pdr è nube eds hlihvhiuds sdl r`t`lhids ypr `pbr bids p br b s ` r ch`c ards bn `p t ba e ` s i ` e b sdn h ìbi . û dp hl hþl ` r bqu` ed s i `s `d s qu` ` r bl n dl t `l hids s ` r `p r hcãbl n dl o r ` nu`ln hb t bl t d -tbec`lt` qu` e hlihvhiud n`sbab i` s`r ndlsnh`lt` i` eeds, p`rd qu`,ld dastblt`, pdiãbl ndlthlubr hloeuy`lid eb ndliuntb i`si` e nbcpdiè hlndlsnh`lt`. @l r`behibi, ndlodrc` b Orùi, è pshndblâehshs `rb

`l mrbl c ì hib ` e ` s tui h d i` e pbp` e i` e h l ndls n h `l t ` `l o dc`l t b r ` s nb -pbibs i` e b s l drcbs usub e ` s i ` n dliun tb .@s tbab t bl hcpr` s h dlbid n dlè prìdchlhd i` ebs urm`lnhbs hlt`lsbs i` bcdr y dihd, i` ebs nube`sè hlihvhiud rb ndl or`nu`lnhb hmldrblt`, qu` ee`mþ b pdstuebr eb xhs-t`lnhb i` ed qu` i`ldchlþ @rds, hcpuesd i` bcdr y vhib, y eb xhst`l-nhb i` Ygblbtds, hcpuesd gbnhb eb cu`rt` y eb i`strunnhþl. @l su dph-l hþl , e d s gdca r `s n bchlba bl pdr e b v hib `l ` s t bs i h r` n n h dl `s dpu`s t bs .

º G. ^. Z@Y@Q^, Yg` Ndln`pt do Cdthvbthdl (Lu`vb Xdrf6 Gucblhth`s Zr`ss

280>), pâms. 01-89.

28: Nh`lnhb pdeãthnb6 ul blâehshs ohedsþohnd

@l tdids eds nbcpds i` eb ndliuntb, hlneuy`lid eb pdeãthnb, `rbl ndl-iunhids pdr @rds y Ygblbtds.

@lodqu s hi lthohnbids ndl ghpþt shs xpehnbthvbs 282

Eds p s h nþ edmds l d o r ùihblds , `l ` sp `n hb e e d s qu` tr b t bl i` s ` r c` t h -



Zbrb O rùi, eb rbnhdlbehzbnhþl, i`spebzbch`ltd y prdy`nnhþl `rbl c`-nblhscds pshndeþmhnds shmlhohnbthvds b trbvès i` eds nube`s ed hlndlsnh`lt`bo`ntbab b eb ndliuntb ndlsnh`lt`. @l `s t` ndl t`xtd , eb rbn hdlb e hzbn hþli`shmlb e prdn`sd pdr e nube è hlihvhiud lnu`ltrb rbzdl`s sdnhbe-c`lt` bn ptbae`s pbrb ed qu` stâ cdvhid b gbn`r pdr rbzdl`s sdnhbe-c`l t ` hl bn `p t ba e ` s , p dr i `s`ds hl ndl sn h `l t ` s . @ e i `sp ebzbch`l t d i `s h mlbul prdn`sd qu` bndlt`n` nublid e hlihvhiud lnu`ltrb hcprui`lt` dsdnhbec`lt` hlbn`ptbae` eha rbr hcpuesds b trbvès i` su «nblbe¶ lbtu-rbe d b ul dak`thvd «lbturbe¶6 hlndlsnh`lt`c`lt`, y quhzâ i`spuès iùl p`rãdid iurblt` e nube e hcpuesd stâ r`prhchid, i`svãb d rìhrhmèb bnthvhibi b ed ebrmd i` dtrd nblbe y b dtrd dak`thvd. Eb prdy`nnhþli` s h mlb ul prd n` s d p d r ` e nub e ` e h li h v hiud b t r h auy` sus prdp h b s nb rb n -t `r ãs t hnbs v`rmdlzdsbs d i`s hmlb b d t rds pbrb quìbrs` e har` i` nuepb pbrbp `l sbc h`l t d y bn n hdl `s n dli`lba e ` s .

Ebs t ` dr ãbs i` Orùi, y e prdn`sd qu` bnb abc ds i` iò hl hr , t h`l` ulbr`p`rnushþl vhi lt` l eb bnthvhibi pdeãthnb. Eds ndln`ptds i` @rds yYgblbt ds sdl i`c bs hbid vbmds p br b gbn ` r b e m d c âs qu` sum`rh r `xp e h n b -n h dl `s i ` n dliun t b , p ` r d su n bpbn hibi i` . sum`r `l n hb s ` bp e h n b t bl t d b e bndliunt b pd e ã t hnb ndc d b d t r b s n e b s ` s i` nd liunt b . @l t did nb s d , e b r b -nhdlbehzbnhþl, e i`spebzbch`ltd y eb prdy`nnhþl th`l`l câs l ndcûl`l e nbcpd i` eb pdeãthnb qu` l dtrds nbcpds. @e g`ngd i` qu` eds

ohl`s `mdãstbs sdl tbl rbrbc`lt` bichthids `l pdeãthnb `stbae`n` ulbpr`sulnhþl i` qu` xhst` ulb mrbl nblthibi i` rbnhdlbehzbnhþl. Eb or`-nu`ln hb ndl qu` s` nr`bl nba `zbs i` turnd sum h`r` qu` ` e i`sp ebzbc h`ltd`s ndrr h `lt` . X eb r`muebr hibi ndl qu` s` b tr hauy` b eb d trb pb rt` ` e cd-ldpd e h d i ` n dliun t b v ` r mdlzdsb p r ` s t b abs` b e b sd sp `ngb i` qu` s ` ibeb prdy`nn hþl . @l r`suc` l, quh`l`s t rbtb l i` `xp e hnbr y prì`n hr eb ndl-iuntb pdeãthnb sdl ndliunhids b ibtds shmlhohnbthvds bidptblid ul l-odqu` orùihbld .

Bpbr t ` i ` Or ùi , d t rds p s h n dblb e h s t bs y p s hqu ãb t r bs d o r ` n `l t bc a hèlulb muãb qu` `s ûth e pbrb eds `stuihdsds i` eb p de ã t hnb. ^h`c pr` qu` bi`-ebltbl ulb t`drãb d ghpþt`shs bn`rnb i` nubequh`r s`rh` i` ndliuntbsgb i` `sp `rbrs` ulb b pe h nbn hþl b eb ndl iuntb pd e ã t h nb . B e orì Bie`r , Fb-r`l Gdc`y y @rhng Ordcc s` lnu`ltrbl ltr` bquèeds nuyd trbabkd

` s hcpd r tbl t ` 7.dlnì`l ul èlobshs ndlshi`rbae` b eb dphlhþl i` quèds gdc ar`s `stâl pds` ãids pdr s`l t hch`ltds i` hl o`r hdr hibi, guche ebn hþl` hlshmlhohnblnhb, y trbtbl i` p`rs`muhr eb sup`rhdrhibi, medrhb hcpdr-tblnhb. @s vhi`lt` qu` eb br`lb pdeãthnb s ulb `l eb qu` puì`l p`r-s`muhrs` `s tds o hl`s .

• BEOQ@I BIE@Q, Yg` Zrbnthn` bli Yg`dry do Hlihvhiube Zsyngdedmy (Lu`vbXdrf6 Gbrndurt Arbn , 2818)6 FBQ@L GDQL@X, Lùrdshs bli Gucbl Nrdwg (Lu`vbXdrf6 Ldrtdl, 280:)6 @QHNG OQDCC, @snbp` ordc Or`ìdc (Lu`vb Xdrf6 Qhl`gbrt,2892). No. QPlY E. CPLQD@,^ngddes do Zsyngdblbehthn Ygdumgt (Lu`vb Xdrf6Iryi`l, 2800).

nuedsbc`lt` nh ltãohnds, sdl, l ed qu` s` ròh`r` b ebs t`drãbs ghpþ-t ` s h s ndl r ` e ` vbln h b pb rb e b ndliunt b pd e ã t hnb , c`ld s ld t ba e ` s . ^ hl `c-abrmd, b emulbs i` ' sus hlv`st hmbn hdl `s prdpd rn hdlbl ulb b yuib ût he . @e ed`s `sp `nhb ec `lt` n h ` r td `l ed qu` s` r` o h ` r` b eds `s tuihds i` orus trbnhd -l`s y bmr`s hþl , eds nube`s gbl p rdiunhid t `dr ãbs i` hc pdr tbln hb `v hi`lt`pbrb e b ndliunt b pd e ãt h nb .

Gbrdei I. Ebsswèe s `sp`nhbec`lt pr``chl`lt` ltr` eds nh`ltãoh-nds p d e ãt h n ds qu` gbl bidp t bid ul `l o dqu` p s h n d eþm hn d b e b p d e ã t hn b 7. l

ndl`xhþl ndl std s` dnupb l sp`nhbe i` eds vbedr`s p`rs`muhids pdre b s m `l t ` s y , câs n dl n r ` t bc `l t ` , n dl e b s ou`l t ` s ` hcp e h n bn h dl `s i ` e i ` -s`d i` pd i`r. I`cu`strb , cìhblt` `s tuihds i` nbsds , qu` ebs rbzdl`s pbrbe b b nn h þl pd e ã t hnb s dl b v` n` s n e b r bc`l t ` p s h nd e þm h nb s `l su d r h m `l , qu`bl s h ìbi`s ` hl s `murhibi`s purbc`l t ` p ` r sdlb e ` s’y b sp h r bn hdl `s purb -c`lt` p`rsdlbe`s’hloeuy`l eb ihr`nnhþl i` eb ndliuntb pdeãthnb.

Ndlshi`rb eds vbedr`s i` iò`r`ln hb, hln euhid ` e pdi`r , ndcd `s p`n hb e -c`lt` ldtbae`s. Ndlstruy` ul cdièd i` ed qu` ndlshi`rb è thpd pd-eãthnd, sh`lid su rbsmd s`lnhbe qu` e`vb b r`meb b è`mhr nubequh`r thpdi` bn n hþl qu` cb x hchn ` ` e p di`r , s bn r h oh n blid b ` s t ` p r hl n hp h d t dids e d si`câs. Ebsswèe ph`lsb, shl iuib, qu` ebs p`rsdlbs qu` s` bn`rnbl be`x t r`c d b ` s t ` c di` ed l d sd l r br bs `l pd e ã t h n b , p ` r d • r`ngbzb eb dphl hþli` qu` t dids e d s e ã i ` r ` s p d e ã th n ds p ` r t `l `znbl b ` s t b n b t `mdr ãb . @l e b c` -

ihib `l qu` E b s s w` e e bidp t b ulb g h pþ t ` s h s b t ` d r ã b i` qu` e d s gdca r` spumlbl pdr e pdi`r, eb ndlvh`rt` l ulb t`drãb i` bpehnbnhþl ehchtbib,câs qu` ul hv`rsbe .

Neb rbc `l t ` , t dibs ` s t b s t ` d r ã b s d g h pþ t ` s h s puì`l s ` rv h r ndc d `l -odqu`s pbrb è `stuihd . i` eb pdeãthnb. ^h i`s`bcds sba`r pdr què ulbi` t ` rchlbib p ` r sdl b bn tuþ n dcd e d g hzd , d s h i ` s `bc ds p r ì`n h r su bn -n hþl prdaba e` `l ` e outurd, eds ibtds ps hndeþm hnds puì`l s `r tbca hèl s hm -lhohnbthvds6 y stbs ghpþt`shs y t`drãbs puì`l s r ûthe`s pbrb muhbr be`stuihdsd b e t hpd i` ibtds qu` t h`l`l vbedr `xp e hnbt hvd d prì hn tdr .

• KDGL IDEEBQI y dtrds, Orustrbthdl bli Bmr`sshdl (L`w Gbv`l6 Xbe Plhv`r-

shty Zr`ss, 28>8)6 Y. HH. Z`br, iht. , Zsyngdedmhnbe Obntdrs do Z`bn` bli ]br (Edl-ir`s6 Gutnghlsdl, 280:)6 @. O. C. IPQAHL y KdGL AD]EAY, Z`rsdlbe Bmrr`sshv`l`ssbli ]br (Lu`vb Xdrf6 Ndeucahb Plhv`rshty Zr`ss, 28>8)6 G. K. @Y^@LNF, Yg` Zsy-ngdedmy do Zdehthns (Lu`vb Xdrf6 Zrb m`r, 2809). No. QHNGBQI NQH^YH@, «@ys`lnf'sYr`btc`lt do tg` Z rsdlbehty do Ndcculhsts, Zsyngdedmhnbe Auee`thl, 0> (ldvh c-ar` 280?), pâms. 922->:6 @EYDLA. CnL@HE, «Zsyngdedmy bli Bmmr`sshdls, Kdurlbedo Ndloehnt Q`sdeuthdl, 1 (s`pth`car` 2808), pâms. 280-18>.

▫ _ r, l `sp`nhbe, su Zdw`r bli Z`rsdlbehty. No. LBYGBLE@HY@ , bZsynad-Nueturbe Gypdtg`s s Badut Zdehthnbe Bnts¶, ]drei Zdehthns, 2 (dntuar` 2897), pâ-mhlbs 2:1.286 IBLH@E A@EE,«Y`l Yg`drh`s hl ^`brng do Q`behty6 Yg` Zrìhnthdldo ^dvh`t A`gbvhdr hl tg` ^dnhbe ^nh`ln`s¶, ]drei Zdehthns, 2: (barhe, 2807), pâ-mhlbs >1=-?0.



289 h lnhb pdeãthnb; , ul blâehshs ohedsþohnd lodqu`s hi`lthohnbids ndl ghpþt`shs `xpehnbthvbs... 80

dphlhþl qu` nublid ul rbnhdlbehstb ph`lsb qu` eb rbzþl bkustbib e` gb `e cdldpdehd i` eb v`ribi. @e ndldnhch`ltd i` stbs iho`r`lnhbs hi`deþ-



pr dpdr n hdlbid eb v`ribi bn ` r nb i ` ulb nu`s t hþl i` vb ed r ` s t â r `b ec`l t `( y qu hzâ h r r` o e `x hvbc `l t ` ) `lc bsnb r blid sus p r ` o ` r`l n hbs i ` vb ed r n dc d`v hi`ln hbs .

Eds kuhnhds i` vbedr qu` ohmurbl `l ulb rbnhdlbehzbnhþl d `l ulbhi `d edm ã b sdl e ebc bids b v `n ` s hi `b e ` s d r `m e bs i ` n dliun t b , nþi hm d cd -rbe d ohedsdoãb i` eb vhib. Ndcd ebs rbzdl`s d cdthvds pbrb eb bnnhþl hl-oeuy`l y muãbl eb ndlnh`lnhb. Pld i` eds pultds hcpdrtblt`s i` A`rm-cbll `s qu` è cdthvd i` pdi`r i` ul kuhnhd i` vbedr s` buc`ltb b

c`luid nublid è bntdr ed ndlshi`rb ulb bohrcbnhþl i` g`ngd. Ruh`-l`s iuibl l bidptbr xpeãnhtbc`lt` ulb o`, shlth`lid qu` tbe ndsb ld`stâ `l ndcpe`td bnu`rid ndl eb r`meb i` eb rbzþl y i` eb nh`lnhb, `l-nu`ltrbl b v`n`s pdshae` bn`ptbr ulb o` y iò`li`reb o`rvh`lt`c`lt`,nublid s` pr`s`ltb ihsorbzbib ndcd ul g`ngd d ndcd ulb s`rh` i`

g`ngds.Hli`p`lih`lt`c lt` b què iòhlhnhþl i` hi`dedmãb s` cpe``, eb `x-

pehnbnhþl hi`deþmhnb th`l` cungd `l ndcûl ndl eb `xpehnbnhþl `l tèr-chlds i` r b zþl , ndls hi` rbib `l ` e nbp ã tu ed t ` r n` rd ; E b s n r ` `ln h b s h i` d -e þm hn bs suc hl h s t rbl r bzdl `s p br b e b bn n hþl , bn dcpbòb lid e b s r `m e bs , r b -zdl`s y idn tr hlbs . Nublid ndlst h tuy`l ulb hi`d edm ãb , ld sdl bzbrdsbs , b hs -e bibs y `c ar hdlbr hbs , s hl d n ddri hl bibs `l ul s h s t `cb, `l ul t did n dg` -r`lt` .

Zrdae`cbs i eds `lodqu`s n`ltrbids `l hi`dedmãbs.

Eb supds h n h þl s da r ` e b qu` s ` ab s b ` e ` l odqu` h i` d e þm h nd i` e ` s tui h di` e b pd e ã t hnb ` s qu` e d s s h s t `cbs i` n r ` `ln h b s muãbl e b ndliunt b y qu` ,pdr ndl s hmuh`lt` , qu` s h e b `xpe h nbn hþl y eb prìhnn hþl sdl i `s`b ids i` -a`l p r `mul t br s ` nu`s t hdl `s n dl n ` rl h `l t ` s b ` s t ds s h s t `cbs i` n r ` `l n hbs .

^` puì` b n`p t b r ` e supu` s t d y , s hl `c abrmd , p` r n h a h r cungds p rd -a e `cb s . Ebs n r ` `l n hbs `l qu` n dl s h s t ` ulb hi `d edm ã b l d sdl s h `c pr ` p r ` -n h s bs 6 p dr ` e n dl t rbr h d , s dl , n dl o r ` nu`ln hb , câs a h `l vbmbs , susn `p t ha e ` si` odrcuebnhþl i` cbl`rbs iho`r`lt`s, pdr iho`r`lt`s bntdr`s, l th`c-pds iho`r`lt`s. Bsã, ulb nu`sthþl ndlnh`rl` b eb ndln`pnhþl i` eb hi`bedmhb qu` t`lmb ul i`t`rchlbid bntdr pdeãthnd6 ed qu` `s câs, puì`s`r bn`rtbid pr`multbr sh su ndln`pnhþl pbr`n` l prdn`sd i` nbcahd,y, sh s bsã, l què ihr`nnhþl. @std sumh`r` qu` iho`r`lt`s p`rsdlbs qud

susn rha `l ds t `l s ha e `c`l t ` b e b c hsc b hi `d edm ã b puì`l hl t ` r p r` t br e b i h -o`r`l t`c `lt`, d qu` sus hl t `rpr`tbn hdl`s puì`l s` r d i hv`rm`lt`s d ndl-v ` r m `l t ` s 6 s h eb hi `d edm ã b p r dpdr n hdlb e b abs ` i ` ul c dv hch`l t d p d e ã t hn d .` e ndldn hc h `l t d i` e b s s hc h e h tui` s y i h o ` r`ln h b s `l vb r hb s h l t ` rpr ` t b n h d -l`s i` eb hi`dedmãb puì` s`r, b v`n s, shmlhohnbthvb. Eb ghstdrhb iè nd-culhscd, pdr `k`cped, stâ ee`lb i` obnnhdlbehscds lndlbids l edsnub e ` s e b s nu` s t h dl` s idn t rh lb e ` s gbl d nupbid ul pbp ` e i` pr hc` r p e b -ld, nbib p`rsdlb l eb eungb d pbrthid r`nebcblid, l m`l`rbe, pds``r

mhnbs prdpdrnhdlbl ndl or`nu`lnhb eb abs` pbrb xpehnbr d prì nhr enursd i` e d s bn dl t ` n hc h`l t ds . Ld sd l t bl s þ ed e b s hi `d edm ãbs , `l m `l `r b e ,vbmbs, y, pdr tbl td, susn`pt ha e`s i` i h o`r`l t`s hl t `rpr`tbn hdl`s, s hld què b s s h tubn hdl` s `l qu` s dl bp e h n bibs t h`li`l b s ` r câs d c `lds n dl ousb s .Zdr k`cped, e ndculhscd bidptb eb dphlhþl i` qu` xhst` ulb cbr`br`vdeunhdlbrhb `l eb Ghstdrhb y qu` `stb cbr`b abkb y sua`.

Pl t hpd i` `st rbt `m hb `s `x hm hid nublid eb c br`b r` r`t hrb, dt rd nubl-id sua`. Z`rd eds cìhds pbrb i`t`rchlbr nuâlid sua` y nuâlid abkb

e b cb r `b l d sdl s h `c pr ` s `murds . I hs t hl t ds n dcul hs t bs puì`l ` e bad r brku hn h d s i h s t hl t ds i ` ulb nu`s t hþl . Bs ã , l d - n dcul hs t bs qu` t r b t bl i` `c -p e `br e b hi `d edm ãb n dc d ab s` i ` ` xp e hn bn hþl d p r ì h n n hþl ià`l dnupbr s`ld s d e bc `l t ` i` e b cb l` rb `l qu` e d s i hv` r s d s ndcul h s t b s h l t ` rpr` t bleb idntrhlb, shld tbcahèl i` eb cbl`rb ndl qu` iòhl l eb shtubnhþl`l qu` e b idn t r hl b ` s bp e h n bib .

Ndcd pb rb ndcp e h nb r bûl câs ` e p rda e `cb , ` e c h sc d b n t d r pd e h th n dsus nr h a` , b v` n` s , id s d câs h i` d e d m ã b s i h o ` r`l t ` s’pdr ` k `c p e d , e ha ` rb -e h scd ( d n dc ul hscd ) y l bn hdlb e h scd’. Bulqu` ` s t bs hi `d edm ã bs puì`ls`r n dcp bt ha e ` s `l c ungds bsp `n t ds , ` s n bs h s `murd qu` surk bl n dl t r b -i h n n h dl `s 6 y l ` s t ds n b sds ` s l `n ` sbr h d gbn ` r ulb ` e ` n n hþl . Ebs `xp e h nb -n h dl `s d p r ì h n n hdl `s i ` ` e ` n n h dl `s i ` n dliun t b i à `l , pu`s , hl n euh r `x -p e h n bn h dl `s d p r ì h n n h dl `s i ` e b s ` e ` n n h dl `s `l t r ` e b s hi `d edm ã bs n dcp` t h -

idrb s . O hlb ec` l t ` , ` s p rdaba e `c`l t ` c ` kd r ` v ht b r e b supds h n h þl i` qu`t dids e d s bn t ds ` s t âl hl o eu hids d m da `rlbids p dr n dl s hi ` r bn hdl `s hi `d eþ -m h n bs . Ebs b ca hn h dl `s y n dl nup hs n `l n hbs p ` r sdlb e ` s l d sdl hi `d eþm hn bs , y ,shl cabrmd, b v`n`s prhcbl sdar` eb hi`dedmãb hloeuy`lid eb ndliuntbh li h vh iub e. @l ` e nb s d i` p` r s dlb s qu` s ` `lnu`l t rbl `l pd s h n h dl` s i`pdi`r p d e ã th n d n dl s hi ` r ba e ` , t b e ` s cdt hv bn hdl `s p ` r sdlb e ` s puì`l e e ` m brb s`r i` mrbl hcpdrtblnhb l eb ndlohmurbnhþl iè nursd i` eds bndlt`-n hch`l tds.

@l r ` suc`l , ` s `v hi `l t `c`l t ` n h ` r t d qu` ` e n dld n hch`l t d i ` e b hi `d -edmãb d hi`dedmãbs b ebs qu` susnrha` ul bntdr pdeãthnd s b c`luid ûthepbrb xpehnbr d prì nhr su ndliuntb. Ld s sh`cpr` ulb muãb oânhe i`bpe hnbr .

Ld ià`l `xbm` rbrs` ebs i h o hnuetbi`s. @l cungds bsp `ntds ndls t h tuy`

ulb i h o ` r `ln h b s h ml h o hnb t h vb , pd r ` k `cp e d , qu` e d s nd cul h s t b s gb ybl md -a`rlbid l Cdsnû d eds obsnhstbs l Qdcb y eds lbzhs l A`reãl, y què d s n r ` y`l t ` s i` e e h a ` rb eh scd y e b i`c dnrb n h b gbybl mda` rlbid `l E dl -ir `s y ]bsg hl m t dl . Blâ edmbc `l t ` , ` e i ` sbr r d e ed i ` e l bn hdlb e h scd `l @u-rdpb y su `x t `ls h þl s dar ` m rbl pb r t ` i` e b Y h ` r rb gb t `l hid ` o ` n t d s prd -oulids sdar` è nursd i` eds bndlt`nhch`ltds pdeãthnds. ^`rãb `l sucdmrbid sdrpr`li`lt` s h b emuh`l puih`s` i`snr ha hr y.`xp e hnbr i` cbl` rb sb-thsobntdrhb eds i`sbrrdeeds pdeãthnds câs hcpdrtblt`s i` ebs ûethcbs iè-nbibs s hl r ` o ` r h rs ` b ulb d vbr h bs i ` ` s t bs hi `d edm ã bs .

Cuy bpbrt` i` eds mrbli`s bsultds i` @stbid, eb ndliuntb i` eb s

28? Nh`lnhb pdeãthnb; ul blâehshs ohedsþohnd @lodqu`s hi`lthohnbids ndl ghpþt`shs `xpehnbthvbs... 8=

p`rsdlbs vbrhbrâ bemd, s`murbc`lt`, i`p`lih`lid i` qu s`bl ndculhs-tbs, obsnhstbs, i`cþnrbtbs, eha`rbe`s d lbnhdlbehstbs. Ed qu `s câs; ebs

0) @e utdphstb suadrihlb eb bnthvhibi pdeãthnb b eds prhlnhphds èthnds,ch`ltrbs qu` è r`behstb i`rhvb eds prhlnhphds èthnds i` eb r`behibi.



`xpehnbnhdl`s y prìhnnhdl`s i` eb ndliuntb i` ulb p`rsdlb `l, pdr `k`c-ped, Hlmebt`rrb d @stbids Plhids `stbrâl prdabae`c`lt` obn hehtbibs sh s`sba` qu` `s r`bnnhdlbrhb, ndls`rvbidrb, prdmr`shstb d rbihnbe.

^h ndlnìhès`cds `spbnhd `l prdpdrnhþl b eb uthehibi i eds ihsthltds`lodqu s t`lirãbcds qu ndlnì`r cungd câs `spbnhd b ebs ghpþt`shs`xpehnbthvbs qu b ebs qu s` n`ltrbl `l eb hi`dedmãb. Y`lirãbcds tbc-ahèl qu ndlnì`r câs spbnhd b eds cèrhtds iè lodqu y c`lds b sus

ihohnuetbi`s. ^hl `cabrmd, sdar` è supu`std i` qu` eb uthehibi y cèrhtdsiè lodqu s`râ r`ndldnhid shl qu s` hlshstb l èe, ld s`muhr`cds i`s-brrdeeblid cungd câs è t`cb 22.

Eds ID^ «CÈYDID ^ I@ @LODRP@¶ I@ @, G. NBQQ

@l Eb nrhshs i` v`hlt` bòds @. G . Nbrr i`snrha` ed qu` i`ldchlb ids«cètdids i` `lodqu`¶ b eb pdeãthnb, uld utdphstb y è dtrd r`behstb 21 .

Bulqu` su iòhlhnhþl hcpeãnhtb i` «`lodqu`¶ `s, i` bemulb cbl`rb èu-shvb, ihsthltb be qu` bquã s` `cpe`b, su nbrbnt`rhzbnhþl i` `stds «cè-tdids i` `lodqu ¶ c`r`n`l qu s` eds ndlshi`r` ar`v`c`lt`.

I` bnu`rid ndl Nbrr, è utdphstb s` hlnehlb «b hmldrbr ed qu` ou` y

ed qu` `s be ndlt`cpebr ed qu`. i` a`rãb s`r¶, y è r`be' s` hlnehvbTbT«iìunhr ed qu` ià`rãb s`r i` ed qu` `s¶. Eb bltãt`shs `ltr` eds ids s`lc`snt•b `l nhlnd pultds ; 2) @e utþphstâ nr`` `l ebpdshahehibi i` ibrò`ntd b su vdeultbi, nbcahbli è nursd qud eds. bndlt`n hch`ltds gbTartbl s`muhid l bus`lnhb i` su vdeultbi6 pdr e ndltrbrhd, è r`behstb

«blbehzb ul nursd prì`t`rchlbid i` eds bndlt`nhch`ltds q s hcpd-

t`lt` iè nâhrhahhr¶. @e prhc`rd '`s nr`bidr y quhzâ hlm`lud. -@e--trd s`r`ndlnhehb ndh Yâ nbusbehibi hlndltrdebae`, y s` sdc`t`. 1) @e utdphstbib câxhcd èlobshs b sus i`s`ds d nrht`rhds ldrcbthvds6 puì` trbtbr eds-

vbedrès ndcd g`ngds, -ndcd nublid be`mb qu` tdids eds gdcar`s ou`rdlnr`bidsT hmube`s, Zdr e ndltrbrhd, e r`behstb ndlnì` e câxhcd èlobshsb eb Tprânthnb,Ty s` hlnehlbTbTndlshi`rbr.T eds nrht`rhds Tldrcbthvþsndcdndihohnbnhþl i` eb prânthnb d ròe`kds Ti` ebs ndln`pnhdl`s qu bpbr`znbli` ebs v`rhobkbs. > ) @e utdphstb `s hltè`ntube, suarbyblid eb rbzþl y edsr`ntds prhlnhphds, chè trâsTquè e r`behstb `s e aurþnrbtb qu r`tu`rn`

Hds pzhuhnhphds y qu` cbl`kb nbib prdae`cb `l abs` «b sus cèrhtds¶muhbid pdr eb trbihnhþl y eb hltuhnhþl. 9) @e utdphstb `s m`l`rbec`lt`,pdeãthnbc`lt`, i` hzquh`ribs, ch`ltrbs qu` è r`behstb `s i` i`r`ngbs.

emulds i` eds trbabkds nhtbids blt`rhdrc`lt` `l rèbnhþl ndl eb `xpehnbnhþl

`l t è rchlds i` rbzþl y `l n dl`x h þl ndl eb ihsnushþl i` ebs r`mebs sdl bgdr b rè`-

vblt`s6 pdr `k`cped, LBYGBL E@HY@ ,B ^tuiy do Adesg`vhsc (Me`lnd`6 Or`` Zr`ss,

280>). No. G@QA@QY CNNED FX, «Ndls`rvbthsc bli Z`rsdlbehty¶, Bc`rhnbl Zdeh-

thnbe ^nh`ln` Q`vh`w, 01 (cbrzd 2807), pâms. 1=-90.

. G. NBQQ, Yg` Yw`lty X `rbrs Nrhshs (Edlir`s6 Cbncheebl, Lu`vb Xdrf6

^t. C,brthl's, 2898), pâms. 22.21.

Ed qu pbr`n` gbn`r Nbrr s nr`br cdièds i` ids thpds i` bntdr`spdeãthnds. Be chscd th`cpd, eds cdièds byuibl b suchlhstrbr ulb abs`pbrb nebshohnbr eds pultds i` vhstb , sh ld eds `lodqu`s, i eds `stuihdsdsi` eb pdeãthnb. Eds chscds r`p`rnut`l, `vhi`lt`c`lt`, `l eb iòhlhnhþli` eb pdeãthnb pdr eb qu` s` ndch`lzb. Ebs dphlhdl`s qu` Nbrr btrhauy`b eds r`b ehstbs, pdr k`cped, sumh`r`l eb ndln`pn hþl i` eb pdeãthnb pr`-s`ltbib pdr Chngbè Dbf`sgdtt, i`snrhtb `l è nbpãtued iènhcd.

Zuì`l s`r p`rthl`lt`s ids das`rvbnhdl`s ohlbe`s sdar` eb tbxdldcãbiè `stuihd i` eb pdeãthnb. @e prhc`rd `s qu` sh è `squ`cb i` nebshoh-nbnhþl s s`murd, tdids d nbsh tdids eds `lodqu s cpe`bids r`bec`ltìà`l `lnbkbr `l ulb i` ebs ids nbt`mdrãbs6 ed qu` nbehohnb ed blt`rhdr`s qu` cungds `stuihblt`s sdl `neènthnds `l sus `lodqu`s, c`zneblid th-pds i` ibtds cuy iho`r`lt`s. @l cungds nbsds, tbe `ne`nthnhscd `s cuyi`s`bae`. Eb s`mulib das`rvbnhþl m`l`rbe s qu lhlmuld i` eds lod-qu`s ià` s`r ndlshi`rbid ndcd l`n`sbrhbc`lt` y sh`cpr` è c`kdr. Eds`stuihdsds i` eb pdeãthnb `sndm`l y ià`l `sndm`r `ltr` èeds, absblidsu è`nnhþl `l nubequh`rb i` vbrhbs ndlshi`rbnhdl`s ; su odrcbnhþl prdbo`shdlbe y gbahehibi`s, eb lbturbe`zb iè prdae`cb m`l`rbe ndl qu` s` `l-or`ltbl, è pûaehnd b e qu s` ihrhm`l, `tn. Be chscd th`cpd, è dak tdià s`r i`sbrrdeebr t`drãbs nbusbe`s qu s`bl bpehnbae s b tdibs ebs nu`s-thdl`s rèbthvbs b eb `xpehnbnhþl y prìhnnhþl i` eds bndlt`nhch`ltds.



Cètdids :>

ndsbs ndlshi`rbibs `l sus hlt`rrèbnhdl`s, `l ebs nube`s è g`ngd p`rthl`lt` ld `s ebpr`s`lnhb d bus`lnhb i` bemd `l tbe y tbe nblthibi, shld câs ah`l eb lbturbe`zb i`

eb dri`lbnhþl i` ebs lthibi`s das`rvbae`sj.

1: 1 h`lnhb pdeãthnb; ul blâehshs ohedsþohnd

Eds c ètdids nube h t bt hvds s` iò hl`l câs oân h ec`lt` ndc d bquè eds qu`ld sdl nub lt h t bt hvds’eds qu` ld hcpe hnbl c` ihn hþl y ndltba h e hzbn hþl câsd c` lds c ` t h nu edsbs’ . D puì`l i` o hl h rs ` n dc d bqu` e e d s qu` r `pdsbl



Ebs nu`s t hdl`s qu` s` r` o h` r`l b eds bndlt`n hc h`ltds , ndlihn hdl`s , prân-t h n bs d hl s t h tun hdl `s qu` sdl ûl hn bs d b e t bc `l t ` i h s t hl th v bs sdl t r b t bibsndcûlc`lt` ndl cètdids nubehtbthvds, pu`s eb pdshahehibi i` uthehzbreb ndltba h e hibi ût h ec`lt` `s c uy e hchtbib. Ebs nu`s t hdl`s qu` s` r` o h`r`lb e s h ml h oh nbid d hcpd r t bln h b i` e b s pb e barb s d b ndl t ` n hc h `l t d s s dl t r b .t bibs m`l` rb ec` l t ` ndl c ètdids nub e ht b t h vd s . Ndcd yb s ` gb h li h nbid ,` s t d s h ml h o h n b qu` e d s c è t dids nub e h tb t h v ds s ` `c p e`bl `l ` e t rb t bc h`l t d

i` e b c bydr ãb i ` e b s nu`s t h dl `s ` xbchlb ibs p dr e d s n h `l t ã oh n ds p d e ã t hn ds .Eds c èt dids nubl t h t b t hvd s gbl s h id `cp e ` bids , `l m`l` rb e , ` l r ` e b n h þlndl ebs nu`sthdl`s qu` s` ròh`r`l b mrbli`s lûc`rds i` ulhibi`s ièchsc d t h pd , pd r ` k `cp e d , vd t bl t ` s , y `l r ` eb n h þl ndl ` e b lâ e hs h s i` ndl -t`lhids º .

Gbrdei I. Ebsswèe ndc`ltb qu` `l eb `ltr`mu`rrb y iurblt` eb s`-

mulib mu`rrb culihbe beb ihsnhpehlbs qu` ndcpr`g`liãbl cètdids nubl-

thtbthvds ou`rdl ebs ûlhnbs nuyb hloeu`lnhb nr`nhþ râphibc`lt ¶ º. Ld

`xhst` iuib i` qu` eds r`suetbids edmrbids pdr eds cètdids nublthtbthvds

sdl ndlshi`rbids m`l`rbec`lt` ndcd câs s`murds’y puì`l, `l v`ribi,s`r câs s`murds’qu` eds ndls`muhids pdr cètdids nubehtbthvds. B c`-

ihib qu` eds nh`ltãohnds pdeãthnds `cph`zbl b `cpe`br cètdids nublthtb-

thvds ndl cbydr tdtbehibi (ed nube `stâl gbnh`lid `l lûc`rd nr`nh`lt`)

eb nh`lnhb pdeãthnb mblbrâ, hliuibae`c`lt`, l hloeu`lnhb. Be chscd th`c-pd, ld gby lbib câmhnd `l `st` cètdid. @e c`kdr i` eds cètdids puì`

rbrbc`lt` s`r oruntão`rd b c`lds qu` su usd s`b muhbid pdr eb hcbmhlb-

nhþl y e ohl bprdphbid. Zbr`n` pebushae` qu` ebs nu`sthdl`s qu` s` pr`-

multbl gbmbl câs qu` eds cètdids `cpe`bids 'pbrb i`t`rchlbr eb hl-oeu`lnhb i` eds nh`ltãohnds hlihvhiube`s y ebs ihsnhpehlbs. Ruh`l`s s` eh -chtbl b eb p`rs`nunhþl i` eds g`ngds i` ul abkd lhvè i` m`l`rbehibi y

nuyb prdiunnhþl ndlshst` tbl sþed `l hlodrcbnhþl vbrhb ld puì`l `s-

p`rbr benblzbr cungb hloeu`lnhb. Z`rd quh`l`s ndl hcbmhlbnhþl y s`l-

thid i` eds ohl`s qu` e`s ee`vbl b peblt`br pr`multbs hcpdrtblt`s, puì`l`sp`rbr t`l`r cbydr hloeu`lnhb. Zuì` hlneusd dnurrhr qu` uthehn`l di`sbrrdee`l cètdids’quhzâ cètdids nublthtbthvds’qu`, l ndls`nu`l-

nhb, pbr`znbl hrr e vblt`s d hll`n`sbrhds.

> NEXI@ FEunFhrdt.L, «Nueturbe Bltrdpdedmy¶, `l Eyll ]ght ,ìht., Ordlth`rs

do Fldweìm` hl tg` ^tuiy do Cbl (Lu`vb Xdrf6 eebrp`r, 280?), pâm. >8. Zbrb dtrdsndc`ltbrhds sdar` ebs ehchtbnhdl s i` eds cètdids nublthtbthvds, vhi. GBL^ K. CD Q -

M@LYHHBP,((Zdw r bs b Zdehthnbe Ndln`ptd, `l Qdebli Xdulm, iht., Bprdbng`s td

tg` tuiy do Zdehthns (@vblstdl6 Ldrtgw`st`rl Puhvnr;hty Zr`ss, 2807), pâms. ?8 y shms.d No. A@QLBQI A@Q@E DL,Ndlt`lt Blbeyshs hl Ndcculhnbthdl Q`s`brng (Me`l-

nd`6 Or`` Zr`ss, 2801), `l `sp., pâm. 221->9.• ((Yg` Zdehny Drh`ltbthdl¶, `l Iblhè E`rl`r y Gbrdei I. Ebsswèe, ìhts., Yg`

Zdehny nh`ln`s Q`n`lt I`vèdput`lts hl ndp` bli C`tgdi (^ tbliodri6 ^tbliodriPlhv`rshty Zr`ss, 2802), pâm. 0.

t d t b ec`l t ` `l e b s n dli hn h dl `s p ` r sdlb e ` s i ` e n h `l t ão h n d ; su eþm hn b , ku hn h dd p`l`trbnhþl, su hcbmhlbnhþl d hltuhnhþl, d l su gbahehibi pbrb odr-cb r hcpr `s h dl `s `xbn t bs d p b r b p ` r n ha h r r ` e bn h dl `s .

E k `cp e d , nublid ul cètdid ` s hcpr` s h dl h s t b d nublid hcp e h nbsd ebc `l t ` ` s t hcbn hdl `s b p r dx hcb ibs , i ` p r ` o` r `l n hb b n dl t ba h e hi bi p r` -n h s b , s ` e ` n e b s h o h n b ndcd nub e h tb t h vd , hl n eus d nublid ndliun` b b o h rcb -n h dl` s qu` s dl nubs h nubl t h t b t hvb s . ^ h i` n hcds qu` b e md sunì` ldrcbe-

c`lt`, or`nu`lt`c`lt`, câs b c`luid qu` ld, m`l`rbec`lt`, drihlbrhb-c`lt`, rbrbc`lt`, ` t n . , s t bcds o d rcue blid b o h rcb n h dl` s i` t h pd nubs hnublthtbthvd6 ed chscd puì` i nhrs` i` dtrbs nebs`s i` bohrcbnhdl`s,pdr k`cped, qu` s` dtdrmb cbydr èlobshs b ulb ndlshi`rbnhþl qu` bdtrb. Blâedmbc`lt`, sh i`nhcds qu` gb `xhsthid ulb t`li`lnhb prdmr`-s hv bc`l t ` m `l `r b e h z bib b n dl s hi ` r br e b bc `lbzb i` e ` s n b rch`l t d , i ` p r ` -o`r`lnhb b eb mu`rrb, ndcd ulb oulnhþl i eds shst`cbs brcbids, d shi`nhcds qu` eb hi`b iè `stbid iè ah`l`stbr benblzþ su pr``chl`lnhb`l eds bòds tr`hltb y ee`mþ b s`r bn`ptbid ndl m`l`rbehibi l eds bòdsn hlnu`ltb, `stbcd s odrcueblid bo hrcbn hdl` s nubsh nublt h t bt hvbs . Z`rd tb-e ` s b o h rcb n hdl `s r ` o e` k bl m `l `r b ec`l t ` hcp r `s h dl `s d ` s t hcbn hdl `s c uypdnd pr ` n h s b s , y ld ndl t ba h e hibi d c ì h n h dl` s’ed c h scd qu` ` s t b c h s -cb orbs`---6 ed nube shmlhohnb qu` è cètdid `s nubehtbthvd.

I` cb l`r b s hc h e b r , e d s cè t dids sdl nub e h t b t hv ds nublid s ` absb l `le b bpe h nbn hþl i` eb hlt` e h m`ln hb i` e n h `lt ã o hnd b eb `xhs t`lnhb d hl`xhs t`l -n hb i` pruàbs. s h ld s ` ndls hi` rb e b o r ` nu`ln h b r ` e b t hvb . @ e ` xbc `l . h l -tèhm`lt` i` ulb sdeb i`nebrbnhþl iè pr`shi`lt` i` eds @stbids Plhidspuì` p r dpdr n hdlbr e b a bs` p br b `xp e h n br d p r ì`n h r e b bn n hþl mua`rlb -c` l t b e 6 `l b e mulbs s h tubn hdl `s e b bus`l n hb i ` ulb i`n eb r bn hþl t h `l ` e bchsc b s h ml h o h nb n hþl . @ e ndldn hc h `l t d i` ulb b nn h þl , d i` ulb s ` r h ` i`bn n hdl `s n d cp e` t bc` l t ` i h o ` r`l t ` s i ` e Mda h ` rld sdv hè t h n d , puì` , blâ-edmbc `lt`, prdpdrn hdlbr eb abs` pb rb ulb r`spu`stb i` ulb nu`st hþl quì` d t r b cb l`r b l d s ` p dir ã b n dl t ` s t br . Blâedmbc` l t ` , s h e b s hl o ` r `l n hbsd ndln eus h dl` s s ` iìun`l i` e ` xbc `l i` ul . . s d e d nb s d , d s h ld `x h s t `s`murhibi i` qu` eds pdnds nbsds xbchlbids ndlsthtuy`l ul k`cpedvâe hid i` e lûc`rd tdtb e , s` i`ldc hlb nube h t bt hvd b e cètdid, pu`s s` ndl-oãb mrbli`c`lt` l e kuhnhd iè nh`ltãohnd.

ûpu`stbs tbe`s iho`r`lnhbs, s` shmu` qu` eds ids thpds i` cètdidsi h o h` r `l `l s u bp e h n ba h e hi bi b i h o ` r`l t ` s t hp ds i ` p r `mul t bs d b i h o ` r`l -t ` s t hp ds i ` s h tubn hdl `s . Gby t `li`ln hb b t r b tbr e b s nu`s t h dl `s n dc p e` k bsnub e h tb t h vbc`l t ` 6 cungbs i` ` e e b s ià`l t r b t b rs ` b s ã pd r e b s hcp e ` r b -zþl i` qu` ` s hc pds ha e ` d p dnd p rân th n d suai hv hi hr e b s d vd ev ` r b o d rcu-ebr e b s i ` t b e c did qu` p ` rch t b e b nubl t h oh n bn hþl .

Ebs tènlhnbs `stbiãsthnbs ld sdl bprdphbibs pbrb nbcpds i` ndcpe`khibi drmblh-zbib, `l eds nube`s bemulbs bohrcbnhdl`s puì`l gbn`rs` sdebc`lt` pbrb ids d cbs

1: 9 h`lnhb pdeãthnb; ul blâehshs ohedsþo hndCètdids : 0

CÈYDID HLIPNYH_D X I@IPNYH_D^ @E CÈYDID NDCZBQBYH_D



h

Ygdcbs Z. K`lfhl nebshohnb eds cètdids `cpe`bids pdr eds t`þrhnds

pdeãthnds ndcd ; 2) eþmhnd-iìunthvd, 1) ghstþrhnd-i`snrhpthvd, y >) c-

pãrhnd-ghpdtèthnd s. @cpe`blid ulb t`rchldedmãb bemd iho`r`lt`, g`cdsyb stuihbid cètdids (y lodqu`s) qu` nb`l i ltrd i` ebs nbt`mdrãbs s`-

mulib y t`rn`rb. Bgdrb g`cds i` gbn`r ulb ar`v` c`lnhþl i` eb prh-

c`rb nbt`mdrãb, bcpehâlideb pbrb pdi`r ndcpbrbr eb hliunnhþl y eb i`-

iunn hþl.

Ybltd eb hliunnhþl ndcd eb iìunnhþl i`ldtbl prdn`sds i` rbzdlb-ch`ltd, `l eds nube`s «v`ribi`s supu`stbs (sdl `cpe`bibs) ndrld pru`-

ab `l bpdyd i` dtrbs v`ribi`s supu`stbs¶ s. @s blthmub dphlhþl i` qu`

ebs ids sdl blthtèthnbs y qu` è rbzdlbch`ltd `l eb hliunnhþl prdnì`

i` ed pbrthnuebr b ed m`l`rbe, ch`ltrbs qu` `l eb iìunnhþl eb ihr`nnhþl`s eb ndltrbrhb. @stb hi`b s susn`pthae` i` nrãthnbs s`rhbs. @s c`kdr ihs-/

thlmuhr `ltr` ebs ids ihnh`lid qu` `cpe`bcds cètdids hliunthvds nubl-

id trbtbcds i` stbae`n`r eb v`ribi b trbvès i` eb das`rvbnhþl i` eb r`b-

ehibi, y qu` `cpe`bcds cètdids iìunthvds nublid , lds dnupbcds prh-

cdrihbec`lt` i` ebs hcpehnbnhdl`s i` pr`chsbs ibibs. Eds cètdids hl-

iunthvds sdl `cpãrhnds y eþmhnds, ch`ltrbs qu` eds cètdids iìunthvdssdl `xneushvbc`lt` eþmhnds. @l eb hliunnhþl `s ulb nu`sthþl aâshnb sh

eds ibtds `cpe`bids sdl ndcprdabids pdr eb `xp`rhc`ltbnhþl6 sdebc`lt`

sh `s bsã `stbab kusthohnbid p`lsbr qu` ebs ndlneushdl`s iìunhibs i` edsibtds rbl v`ribi rbs y kusthohnbibs. @l eb iìunnhþl ebs pr`chsbs (s`bl

i`snrhpthvbs d ldrcbthvbs) s` tdcbl shcpe`c`lt` ndcd s` dor`n`l, y eb

nu`sthþl aâshnb s` ròh`r` b ebs ndlneushdl`s qu` puì`l s`r iìunhibs

vâehibc`lt` i` èebs. Eb hliunnhþl dor`n` eb pdshahehibi i` i`sbrrdeebr

lu`vds bsp`ntds iè ndldnhch`ltd i` eb r`behibi, ch`ltrbs qu` eb i`-iunnhþl s tbutdeþmhnb, ld p`rchthèlidlds shld i`sbrrdeebr ebs hcpehnb-

nhdl`s yb ndlt`lhibs `l ebs pr`chsbs. Ebs ndlneushdl`s iìunhibs qu` s`

i`rhvbl eþmhnbc`lt`, y qu`, pdr tbltd, sdl vâehibs, puì`l, ld dastblt`,

s`r obesbs sh ulb d câs i` ebs pr`chsbs sdl obesbs".

@s davhd qu` eds nh`ltãohnds pdeãthnds cpe`bl’y ià`l cpe`br

tbltd eds cètdids iìunthvds ndcd eds hliunthvds. X `s tbcahèl `vh-

i`lt` qu` `stds cètdids ld s` `cpe`bl s`pbrbids, shld câs ah`l ndcd

hlstruc`ltds, i` eds dtrds cètdids qu` yb e``cds ndlshi`rbid ; blbeã-thnd, nublthtbthvd y nubehtbthvd.

d Yg` ^tuiy do Zdehthnbe Yg`dry (Mbri l Nhty6 Iduaeìby, 2800), pâms. 20-12.d CBW AEBNF, Nrhthnbe Yghlfhlm (1.º i.6 Lu`vb Xdrf6 Zr`lthn`-Gbee, 2801),

pâmhlb 0.h: CDQQH Q. NDG@L y @QL@^Y LBM@E, Bl Hltrdiunthdl td Edmhn bli nh`lthohn

C`tgdi (Lu`vb Xdrf6 eebrndurt, Arbn , 28>9), pâms. 1=7-=86 AEBNF, Nrhthnbe Yghlfhlm,

pâsshc6 GBL^ Q@HNHH@ABNHH, Yg` Qhs` do nh`lthohn Zghedsdpgy (A`rfè`y y Eds Bl-mè`s6 Plhv rshty do Nbehodrlhb Zr`ss, 2802), pâms . 120-98.

@ecètdid ndcpbrbthvd ndlshst` `l hi`lthohnbr ebs shchehtui`s y ih-

oèr`lnhbs. @st` prdn`sd thò` b tdib hlv`sthmbnhþl pdeãthnb, ndcd b tdibhlv`sthmbnhþl. Be ndcprdabr qu` vbrhds o`lþc`lds th`l`l suohnh`lt`s hi`l-

thibi`s `ltr` sã, pdi`cds bmrupbreds kultds y dtdrmbre`s ulb i`ldchlb-

nhþl, ed qu` shmlhohnb qu` è cètdid ndcpbrbthvd p`l`trb `l è prdn`sdi` odrcbnhþl i` ndln`ptds. I` eb chscb cbl`rb, eb hi`lthohnbnhþl i`

ndcpbrbnhdl`s y ndltrbst`s s aâshnd pbrb eb nebshohnbnhþl. B trbvès i`

eb ndln`ptubehzbnhþl y nebshohnbnhþl e cètdid ndcpbrbthvd s aâshnd pbrbè p`lsbch`ltd y `xpr`shþl. ^h`cpr` qu` gbn`cds ihsthlnhdl`s, s`b `l-

tr` bndlt`nhch`ltds, usds, oulnhdl`s d hlsthtunhdl`s, gbn`cds ndcpbrb-

nhdl`s. I` cbl`rb shchebr, nublid gbn`cds ulb prìhnnhþl’quhzâ `l

abs` b ulb e`y d ulb t`drãb’y nublid ndltrbstbcds ebs prìhnnhdl`s

ndl eb r`behibi, ndcpbrbcds eb `xp`ntbthvb y è bndlt`nhch`ltd. B trb-vès i` eb hi`lthohnbnhþl i` shchebrhibi`s y iho`r`lnhbs’`stbae`nh`lid ndc-

pbrbnhdl`s y iìunh`lid ndltrbst`s’dat`l`cds ulb hcbm`l câs nebrbi` ebs ndsbs das`rvbibs y ul `lt`lihch`ltd câs bmuid iè shmlhohnbidi` eds sãcadeds qu` cpe`bcds u.

Ed chscd qu` eds cètdids hliunthvd y iìunthvd, è ndcpbrbthvd`s buxhehbr i` dtrds cètdids. Ndcd g`cds s`òbebid câs brrhab, è blâ-

ehshs `s, ndl or`nu`lnhb, blâehshs ndcpbrbthvd. Eds cètdids nublthtbthvds

y nubehtbthvds ndcpr`g`li`l ldrcbec`lt` ndcpbrbnhdl`s, y ed chscd

puì` dnurrhr ndl eds cètdids hliunthvd y iìunthvd.ûpdlh`lid qu` s` i`s`` ulb bpr`nhbnhþl i` eds a`lòhnhds qu` s`

i`rhvbl i` ebs ndcpbrbnhdl`s, `s prdabae`c`lt` pdnd bodrtulbid qu` ulb

rbcb i` eb nh`lnhb pdeãthnb gbyb shid i`ldchlbib shst`cbs i` mdah`rldndcpbrbids. @s `xtrbòd, `l prhc`r eumbr, qu` è tèrchld i`shml` sdeb-c`lt` e stuihd i` eds shst`cbs i` mdah`rld xtrblk`rds. Ybcahèl s x-

trbòb ulb ndlldtbnhþl iè tèrchld ; qu` nublid ids d câs Mdah`rldssdl ndlshi`rbids `l è chscd nursd d t`xtd è trbtbch`ltd `s butdcâth-

nbc`lt` ndcpbrbthvd. I` g`ngd, eb yuxtbpdshnhþl iè trbtbch`ltd i` edsMdah`rlds ld prdpdrnhdlb lhlmulb s`murhibi i` qu` s`b câ s ndcpb rb -thvb qu` nublid è odnd i` eb bt`lnhþl, `l è ehard d nursd, s` n`ltrb`l ul sded Mdah`rld. Ed qu` `s câs ; eds t`xtds’y prdabae`c`lt` edsnursds’sdar` `stuihd ndcpbrbthvd i` eds shst`cbs i` mdah`rld gbl ndl-

shsthid, ndl i`cbshbib or`nu`lnhb, l i snrhpnhdl`s i` hlsthtunhdl`s, lhlsthtunhdl`s ndlnàhibs l tèrchlds i` drmblhzbnhþl strunturbe d ndl-

v`lnhdl`s ndlsthtunhdlbe`s y `l i`snrhpnhdl`s i` g`ngds i` ul abkd lh-

vè i` m`l`rbehibi. Ybe`s trbtbch`ltds «ndcpbrbthvds¶ ndliun`l, prd-abae`c`lt`, be tìhd y b ul i`sndlsdebid «ý què4¶.

" No. IB_HI @. BZY@Q, «B Ndcpbrbthv` C`tgdi odr tg` tuiy do Zd ehthns¶,Yg` Bc`rhnbl Kdurlbe do ^dnhdedmy, ?9 (ldvh`car` 2807), 112.>=6 Qdy N. CBMQt-Its, Yg` tuiy do Ndcpbrbthv` Mdv`rlc`lt (Mbri`l Nhty, Lu`vb Xdrf6 Iduaeìby,2800), `l `sp. , pâms. 2-?.

1:? h`lnhb pdeãthnb; ul blâehshs ohedsþohnd

Pl pultd trbtbid câs brrhab c`r`n` s`r suarbybid i` lu`vd ; ldgby cbmhb l e cètdid, s`b èst` ndcpbrbthvd d i` dtrb nebs`. Eb r`meb’i` eb qu` gby, pdr bnnhi`lt`, `xn`pnhdl`s’`s qu` ul cètdid prdiu-

Cètdids 1: =

B eb p ds t r ` , e d s c è t dids s ` n dl s hi ` r brâl n h `l t ã oh n ds d l d i`p `li h`lidi` eb mbrbltãb qu` dor`znbl sus r`suetbids. ^h eb r`p`thnhþl iè èxhtd spds h a e ` , d s h e d s gb e eb z md s s ` ab s b l n e b rbc`l t ` `l pruàbs qu` s dl ndl -



n h r â r ` su e tbids hl t ` r ` sbl t ` s y p r dv`ngdsds s d e bc `l t ` nublid ` s b p e h n bidhltèhm`lt`c lt`6 std s, ndl s`lthid iè ohl ausnbid. @e c`kdr i` edscètdids ld ndcp`lsbrâ, prdabae`c`lt`, i` eb obetb i` pr`multbr ebsnu`sthdl`s p`rthl`lt s. Plb v`z qu` ebs pr`multbs bprdphbibs gbl shidodrcuebibs, y ulb v`z qu` ebs ghpþt`shs p`rthl`lt`s gbl shid stbae`nh-

ibs pb rb ndl t ` s t b r b ` s t b s pr ` multb s , s nublid ` e cè t did nda rb su hc-pdrtblnhb. Z`rd e nh`ltãohnd qu` shcpe`c`lt` s` eblzb b ndcpbrbr idsshst`cbs i` mdah`rld’u dtrbs nu`sthdl`s’`s prdabae` qu` t`rchl` pdr

gbn`r ndcpbrbnhdl`s qu` ld th`l`l s`lthid 21

CÈYDID^ NH@LYÃOHND^

@e g`ngd qu` cètdids `stè l peurbe s bquã shmlhohnbthvd. Ebs i`s-nrhpnhdl`s «iè¶ cètdid nh`ltãohnd `s pbt`lt`c`lt` ou`lt`,i` ndloushþl,pu`s pbr`n` iìunhrs` qu` xhst` sþed uld. I` g`ngd, •gby Cungds; Eds'prdn`sds pdr eds nube`s s` gbl edmrbid bvbln`s nh`ltãohnds hcpdrtblt`ssdl ihoãnhec`lt` rìunhae`s b cètdid d r`meb. Ruh`l`s s` `sou`rzbl pdridchlbr uld u dtrd cètdid, qu` `s `vhi`lt`c`lt` nh`ltãohnd, ndl eb`sp`rblzb i` qu` e`s ndliunhrâ b edmrds nh`ltãohnds, prdabae`c`lt` t`r-

chlbrâl i`n pnhdlbids. @e cètdid câs ròhlbid y nh`ltãohnd ld s uòsusthtuthvd i` bquèed--hltèhm`lnhb, p`l`trbnhþl, nghspb i` m`lhd’qu`ndliun` b eb p`rsdlb qu` hlv`sthmb b pr`multbr eb nu`sthþl bprdphbib db bpr`g`li`r eb rèbnhþl shmlhohnbthvb qu` gbstb ltdln`s pbsþ i`sbp`r-nhahib d hlbpr`nhbib. Plb v`z peblt`bib eb nu`sthþl d biv`rthib eb r`-ebnhþl, ltrbl l ku`md nubequh`r cètdid i` eds vbrhds pdshae`s 2>.

Ed blt`rhdr s` absb l e supu`std i` qu` eds cètdids sdl prdnìh-ch`ltds. h s` rèbnhdlbl câs ndl bnthtui`s qu` ndl prdnìhch`ltds, sd

puì` stbae`n r ulb bohrcbnhþl iho`r`lt`. Ndcd bnthtui, e cþtdid

ndlshst` l eb aûsquìb p`rshst`lt` i` eb v`ribi, pr`multblid ndlstblt`c`lt ; `s`std bsã4, gbstb què pultd s bsã4, pdr què s bsã4, què ndlihnhdl`s d ndlshi`-rbnhdl`s i`t`rchlbl qu` s`b bsã4 X, ròe`xhdlblid, r` v` qu` èed ndlsthtuy` ulb `xh-

m`lnhb i` ebs pruàbs i` qu` s` ihspdlmb, eb i`t`rchlbnhþl i` ed nube eebcbrlds eþ-mhnb. @s`lnhbec`lt`, è cètdid nh`ltãohnd `s shcpe`c`lt` eb p`rs`nunhþl i` eb v`r-ibi i`t`rchlbib pdr ndlshi`rbnhdl`s eþmhnbs '.

21 No.@QL@^Y ^. MDHOOHYHt, «Yg` C`tgdis bli Zrdae`cs do Q`s`brng¶, `l@rl`st ^. Mrhoohtg, ìht., Q`s`brng hl Zdehthnbe ^nh`ln` (Ngbpè Ghee6 Plhv`rshty doLdrtg Nbrdehlb Zr`ss, 2897), pâms. 122-2=. BC@^ A. NDLBLY, ^nh`ln` bli Ndccdl `ls` (L`w Gbv`l6 Xbe` Plhv`r-

shty Zr`ss, 2802), pâms. 9>-0:." NdeH@L y LBM@E, Bl Hltrdiunthdl td Edmhn bli nh`lthohn C`tgdi, pâm. 281.

vhln`lt s pbrb bquèeds qu` stâl l shtubnhþl i` pdi`r kuzmbr, è cè-tdid `cpe`bid `s ldrcbec`lt` ndlshi`rbid nh`ltãohnd. ^h ah`l ihrhmhibcâs ah`l b eds stuihds nh`ltãohnds lbturbe`s câs qu` be cètdid nh`ltã-ohnd, eb shmuh`lt` bohrcbnhþl i` Ngbre`s ^. Gyl`cbl `s p`rthl`lt`.

Pl nh`ltãohnd pdeãthnd `cpr`li` ul `stuihd nh`ltãohnd; 2) sh th`l` ndcd dak`tdi` hlv`sthmbnhþl ulb cbt`rhb qu` puì` s`r heustrbib pdr pruàbs `cpãrhnbs, 1) shndlnì` b ebs pruàbs cpãrhnbs eb câxhcb ou`rzb prdabtdrhb, >) sh `l eb ausnb, blâ-

ehshs y `vbeubnhþl i` ebs pruàbs s` bn`rnb b eds câs betds nrht`rhds qu` dtrds nh`l-tãohnds sdnhbe`s gbl prdabid qu` sdl benblzbae`s, y 9) sh ib nu`ltb i` sus prdnìh-ch`ltds y i` sus gbeebzmds i` cbl`rb qu` p`rchtb b dtrds `stuihdsds bcpehb pdsh-ahehibi i` kuzmbr sh sus pruàbs ndlohrcbl sus gbeebzmds <.

@stbs bohrcbnhdl`s bn`rnb i` eds cètdids y stuihd nh`ltãohnds s` r`-e b n h dl bl , l b tur b ec`l t ` , n dl e b c hscb lb tur b e `zb i ` e b n h `l n hb . Ru hzâ gu-a h`s` s hid c `kdr r`t rbsbr eb ndlshi`rbn hþl i` eds cètdids n h`l t ã ohnds gbstbqu` ` e - c hscd ndl n `p t d . i ` n h `l n hb gua h` s ` s hid `xbc hlbid . Bgdrb vd ev ` -cd s e d s d kds gbn hb ` s t ` n dl n `p t d suas t bl t h v d .

GXL@CBL, Yg` ^tuiy do Zdehthns, pâm. =?.



ZBQY@ NPBQYB

´ Nh`lnhb4

h

NBZÃYPED I@NHCDRPHLYD

´@s ` e `s tuihd i` eb p de ãt hnb ulb n h`ln hb4



B p`sbr i` qu` l st` ehard g`cds g`ngd or`nu`lt`s rò`r`lnhbs b

eb nh`lnhb pdeãthnb y b eds nh`ltãohnds pd e ã th n ds , g `cds p r ` s t bid pdnb b t `l -nhþl be shmlhohnbid i` ebs pbebarbs `l htâehnbs y b eb nu`sthþl i` eb kus-

thohnbnhþl i` su usd l st` ndlt`xtd. Gbl bpbr`nhid xn`pnhdl s c`-ldr`s nublid g`cds ldtbid qu` e prdpþshtd i` quh`l`s bidptbl e l-odqu` a`gbvhdrhstb s nh`ltãohnd, shmlhohnblid qu` trbtbl i` benblzbr nd-

ldnhch`ltd qu` s` nbrbnt`rhzb pdr su v`rhohnbahehibi, shst`cb y m`l`rb-e h ibi 6 b s ã ndcd nublid ndl s hi` rbc ds e d s c è t dids n h `l t ão h n d s b e o h lb e i` enbpãtued pr`nì lt . Bgdrb gb ee`mbid e cdc`ltd i` ihsnuthr `stbs pb-

e b arb s i` cb l` rb câs ndc p e ` t b , tr b t blid i` v` r què r` e b n h dl` s pd s ` `l ,rbzdlbae`c`lt`, ndl e stuihd i` eb pdeãthnb.

I@OHLHNHÞL I@ NH@LNHB X NH@LYÃOHND

@e`c`ltds ndcul`s l ebs vbrhbs iòhlhnhdl`s.

Eds r`quhshtds i` v`rhohnbahehibi, shst`cb y m`l`rbehibi bpbr n`l leb cbydrãb i` ebs iòhlhnhdl`s i` eb nh`lnhb.

@e shmlhohnbid i` v`rhohnbahehibi. Eb n u` s t hþl i` s h ulb prdpds h n h þl

`stâ v`rhohnbib s s`lnhbec lt` suak`thvb d, c`kdr, hlt`rsuak`thvb./^ìhn` qu` ulb prdpdshnhþl stâ v`rhohnbib nublid gb shid ndltrbstbib dpu`stb b pruàb pdr cungds sp`nhbehstbs iè nbcpd i` qu` s` trbt` ynublid tdids eeds bidptbl eb dphlhþl i` qu` eb nr``lnhb l eeb stâkusthohnbib/Zuì`l ee`mbr b ndlv`ln rs` i` qu` stâ kusthohnbib pdr ep`sd i` e b s p ruàbs d t ` s t hcdl hds 6 ` s c âs p r daba e ` qu` s ` n dlv`lzbl n dlcbydr n`rthiucar` sh eb prdpdshnhþl suchlhstrb abs` pbrb prìhnnhdl`squ` sdl ndlohrcbibs r`muebrc`lt` pdr eb `xp`rh`lnhb. B v`n`s bndlt`n`qu` e ndldnhch`ltd qu` s` ph`lsb v`rhohnbid (`std s, ulb nr``lnhb qu`




s`mulid y s`xtd qu` lds trbsebibcds b lhvè`s nbib v`z câs betds i`

m`l` rb e h ibi nublid s dc ds nbpbn` s i` `cp e ` b r ndln`p t d s y o d rcue b r i` -nebrbnhdl`s qu` s` bpehnbl nbib v`z b cbydr lûc`rd i` da k ` t ds , ` k `c-

´@s è `stuihd i` eb pdeãthnb ulb •nh`lnhb4 20

Bsp`ntds `sp`nhbe`s i` ebs iòhlhnhdl`s.

Ńdlshst` eb nh`lnhb sdebc`lt` l ndldnhch`ltd qu` s v`rhohnbid,shst`câthnd y m`l`rbe4 ´D i`ldtb `stb pbebarb ld sdebc`lt` `std, shld



ZDEÃYHNB

hlv`st hmbn hþl pde ã t hnbndl è nh`ltãohnd pd-

peds d bndlt`nhch`ltds i` ulb nebs`. @e lûc`rd i` pdshae`s lhvè`s i`m`l`rbehibi s hliòhlhid. Eds chscds ndln`ptds hcpehnbl eb m`l`rbehzb-

nhþl6 std s, hcpehnbl qu` ebs ndsbs ldcarbibs th`l`l ed suohnh`lt` lndcûl pbrb qu` `stè kusthohnbid nebshohnbrebs kultbs y ibre`s eb chscbi`ldchlbnhþl. Bsã, ebs bohrcbnhdl`s bn`rnb i` Hdwb Nhty d bn`rnb i`

eds @stbids Plhids sdl butdcât hnbc`lt` m`l`rbe hzbn hdl`s, pu`s `stds ndl-n`ptds sdl m`l`rbe`s. Lhvè`s nbib v`z câs betds i` m`l`rbehzbnhþl s`

benblzbl l i nebrbnhdl`s sdar` tdids eds culhnhphds i` Hdwb, i eds@s tbids Pl hids d i` e culid . I` n e b rb n h dl` s v` ribi` rb s `l nbib l h v` e i`m`l`rbehibi puì`l s`r shmlhohnbthvbs, p`rd su hcpdrtblnhb stâ eebcbib

b buc`ltbr ndl è lhvè i` m`l`rbehibi.Ebs rbzdl`s pbrb pdl`r e èlobshs l eb m`l`rbehibi ou`rdl ibibs l

eds nbpãtueds s`mulid v t`rn`rd. @l èeds ihkhcds qu` eb `xpehnbnhþl yeb prìhnnhþl sdl eds prhlnhpbe`s dak`thvds iè trbabkd nh`ltãohnd, y quèb xpehnbnhþl y eb prìhnnhþl r quh`r`l e . usd hcpeãnhtd d xpeãnhtd i`m`l`rbehzbnhdl s (pdr `k`cped, rò`r`lnhbs b r`mebs, e`y`s d t`drãbs). Plbe hs t b i` g` ngds h li h v h iub e ` s , ûl h nd s’ndcd e b i` ulb muãb t ` e ` oþl h nb’ldprdpdrnhdlb pdr sã chscb lh xpehnbnhþl lh prìhnnhþl6 tbe ehstb iàùlhrs` i` bemulb cbl`rb ndl ulb d vbrhbs m`l`rbehzbnhdl s, pbrb edmrbrbemûl vbedr xpehnbthvd d prìhnthvd. Zbrb eb muãb tèòþlhnb eb m`l`rb.

e h zb n h þl i` ab k ` l h v` e ` s qu` e d s t ` e è o dld s i` e b s p` r s dlb s s dlb râl nubl-id s` ebs eebcb. Zbrb nbcahbr è `k`cped, Z`bre Gbradr suchlhstrb abs`pbrb xpehnbr (d, è = i` ihnh`car` i` 2892, pbrb prì`nhr) eb i`neb-rbnhþl i` mu`rrb bc`rhnblb be Kbpþl sh s` ebs bsdnhb ndl eb m`l`rbehzb.n hþl i` qu` nublid t b e ` s b t bqu`s s ` p r diun`l sdl i` ` sp ` r br r` spu`s t bsi` st` thpd, ndl ul betd mrbid i` prdabahehibi. @e dak`td i` eb nh`lnhb`s i`sbrrdeebr m`l`rbehzbnhdl`s pbrb qu` eb xpehnbnhþl y eb prìhnnhþl

puìbl prdiunhr be câxhcd.@e ndldnhch`ltd nh`ltãohnd i` nubequh`r cbt`rhb, p`lsbid pbrb obnh-

ehtbr eb xpehnbnhþl y eb prìhnnhþl, puì` s r p`lsbid ndcd ulb phrâ-chi` bezâlids` i`si` ulb abs` i` trdzds i` ibtds `sp`nãohnds, pbsblidpdr g`ngds câs m`l`rbe`s, gbstb prdpdshnhdl`s, e`y`s y t`drãbs. @e èl-obshs l eds câs betds lhvè`s i` m`l`rbehibi ndliun` b bemulds b sp`-

nhohnbr qu` «eb nh`lnhb `s ulb `sp`nh` iòhlhib i` ndldnhch`ltd t`drè-thnd¶- y ndliun` b dtrds b hlshsthr l eb ldnhþl i` ndldnhch`ltd hlt`mrb-idr6 `std `s, eb ldnhþl i` eb ulhibi i` eb nh`lnhb `.e hi`be, s` ihn`b v`n`s, `s è i`sbrrdeed i` eb t`drãb b tbl betd lhvè i` m`l`rbe hibi qu`t dibs e b s e `y` s , p r dpds h n h dl `s y g`ngds p uìbl s ` r i ìun hibs i ` ` e e b 2.

º No. eb iòhlhnhþl i` B. ]DEO nht. pdr ]HE^DL M@@, ^dnhbe nh`ln` Q`s`brng

C`tgdis (Lu`vb Xdrf6 Bppe`tdl-N`ltury-Nrdots, 280:), pâms. 20?-20=.ZGHEHZ OQBLNF, Zghedsdpgy do nh`ln` (@lme`wddi Nehoos6 Zrhln`tdl Gb ee , 280=),

pâmhlb 91.

b em d câs4Kbc`s A. Ndlblt gbaeb i` ndln`pnhdl`s stâthnbs y ihlâchnbs i` eb

n h `l n hb . I`n h r qu` e b n h `l n hb n dl s h s t ` `l n dl dn hch`l t d ` s bidp t br ` e pul -td i` vhstb stâthnd. @l stb iòhlhnhþl, eb nh`lnhb p`rshsthrãb hlneusd sheb hlv`sthmbnhþl nh`ltãohnb n`sbs` y s` i`tuvh`s` e nr`nhch`ltd prdmr`-shvd iè ndldnhch`ltd nh`ltãohnd 7 .

Ndlbl t s ` d pdl ` b ` s t b n dl n ` p n hþl . @e n dldn hch`l t d qu` `x h s t ` , ih n ` ,`s «pbrt` iè t`khid i` eb nh`lnhb, p`rd ld su `s`lnhb¶ º . E b ` s ` l n h b i ` a ``lndltrbrs` câs ah`l `l eb ndltrhaunhþl qu` nbib i`sbrrdeed nh`ltãohndpr` s t b b e d s i` s b r rd e ed s outurd s 6 ià` `lndl t rb r s ` `l b n t h tui` s , `l e b b n -thvhibi hlv`sthmbidrb, l eb xnhtbnhþl i` eb hlv`sthmbnhþl. @l stb ndl-

n`pnhþl ihlâchnb eb nh`lnhb s ulb cpr`sb sp`nuebthvb, qu` ndcpr`-g`li` ndlthlubs bvblzbibs l ed i`sndldnhid6 y sh eb aûsquìb i` câs

ndldn hch`l t d n ` sbs ` , e b ` s `l n hb i ` e b n h `l n hb gbar ã b i `sbpbr `n hid . Nd ee hl m -wddi bidptb ul pultd è`' vhstb shchebr. «Eb nh`lnhb... ld ndlshst` `lr`ndphebr ed qu` yb sba`cds y `l . su dri`lbnhþl l st` d e dtrd s-qu`cb. Ndls h s t ` `l eungbr n dl b e m d qu` l d n dldn `c ds , t rb t blid i` i`s -nuar h re d . Eb n h `l n hb ` s i `s nuar h r e b s n ds bs ¶ 2:.

´Ruè shmlhohnb, pu`s, pr`multbr sh eb nh`lnhb pdeãthnb s ulb nh`lnhb4@l su cãlhcd, eb nu`sthþl l sh eb nh`lnhb pdeãthnb s` ndcpdl` i` nd-

ldnhch`ltd nbrbnt`rhzbid pdr eb v`rhohnbahehibi, shst`cb y m`l rbehibi.Ndlshi`rbib ihlâchnbc`lt`, eb nu`sthþl s` peblt`b, tbcahèl, i` sh ènh`ltãohnd pdeãthnd nuethvb shcpe`c`lt` y, quhzâ, brr`meb tbe ndldnhch`ltdd sh trbtb i` hlnr`c`ltbred ndlthlubc`lt`.

Ià`c ds i` ld t b r i` lu`vd qu` eb s nu` s t h dl` s s ` bp e h nbl s d e bc` l t `be ndldnhch`ltd i`snrhpthvd y ld ldrcbthvd.

DA^YÂNPED ZBQB @E @^YPIHD NH@LYÃOHND I@ EB

Gb yyastânueds odrchibae`s l e nbchld i` ebnh`ltãohnb. Bemulds s` rèbnhdlbl prhcdrihbec`ltèãthnd, dtrds ndl eb cbt`rhb.

Eb aûsquìb i` «g`ngds¶ ndltrb è i`sbrrdeed i` eb nh`lnhb.

Eb hmldrblnhb pdr pbrt` i` eds nh`ltãohnds pdeãthnds i` eb lbturbe`zby prdpþshtd iè trbabkd nh`ltãohnd s` nu`ltb sn1urbr lh` ltr` eds das-

º KBC@ A. NDLBLY, ^nh`ln` bli Ndccdl ^`ls` (L`w eebv`l6 Xbe Plhv`rshtyZr`ss, 2802), pâm. 19.

Hahi., pâms. 128-1:. Q . M. NDEEHLM]DDI,Yg` Hi`b do Ghstdry (Dxodri6 Nebr`lidl, 289?), pâm. 8.

No. eb ihsnushþl i eb nh`lnhb y ine cètdid nh`ltãohnd `l NHYBIE@^ ^. GXL@CBL, Y g`^tuiy do Zdehthns (Prablb6 Plhv`rshty do Heehldhs Zr`ss, 2808), nbpãtueds _ y HW .

1 2 =12?h`lnhb pdeãthnb; ul blâehshs ohedsþohnd

tânueds be i`sbrrdeed i` eb nh`lnhb pdeãthnb. Be c`lds, `xhst` ulb abs`ndlshi`rbae` pbrb sdst`l`r eb hcpr`shþl i` qu` ulb mrbl prdpdrnhþl i`

quh`l `s s ` i `ldc hlbl b s ã c hscds n h `l t ã o hn ds p h `l sbl i` s ã c hsc ds n dc d

´@s è `stuihd i` eb pdeãthnb ulb nh`lnhb4

_`rh o hnbahehibi ndltrb m`l`rbehibi. Zrdabae`c`lt` , ` e cbydr das tânu-

ed pbrb è `stuihd nh`ltãohnd i` eb pdeãthnb i`rhvb iè g`ngd i` eb or`-nu`lt` hlndcpbthahehibi `ltr` eds r`quhshtds i` eb v`rhohnbahehibi y èr`quhshtd i` eb m`l`rbehibi. @l cungds nbsds, sh eds nh`ltãohnds pdeãth-



nh`ltãohnds sdebc`lt` i ulb cbl`rb cuy vbmb y ohmurbib, sh s quèd gbn`l i` b e mulb c bl`r b . Eb t `li`ln hb c âs ou`r t ` gb s hid s hcp e`c `l t `r`ndm`r g`ngds y snrhahr sdar` g`ngds y ls`òbreds’pdr su chscd vb-

edr’. G`cds ldtbid blt`s stb t`li`lnhb, pbrthnuebrc`lt` l rèbnhþlndl e stuihd i` eb i`snrhpnhþl hlsthtunhdlbe. @s câs, e èlobshs l «eds

g`ngds ¶ s ` gb b ndc pbòbid ndl o r ` nu`ln h b i` ul h l t `l t d , bpb r `l t `c`l t ì` e h a` rbid , i` ` v h t b r e b m`l` rb e hz b n h þl d , b e c `lds , i` c bl t `l` r e b `l sus

lhvè`s câs abkds. Ld ndl pdnb or`nu`lnhb, eed s` gb g`ngd l e ldc-ar` i` eb dak`thvhibi{ Eb cbydr pbrt` i` st` ehard gb shid ul ndc`l-tbrhd i` `stb ndln`pnhþl iè ohl y pbpè iè nh`ltãohnd pdeãthnd.

@l rèbnhþl ndl ebs nh`lnhbs lbturbe`s s` s`òbeb, b v`n`s, qu` ulbpr dpdr n hþl n dl s hi ` r ba e ` i ` quh`l `s gbl e dm r bid e d s i `s nuar hch`l t ds c âsndltuli`lt`s t`lãbl ul ndldnhch`ltd cuy ehchtbid’d lhlmûl ndldnh-ch`ltd’i` eb ohedsdoãb i` eb nh`lnhb. Ybcahèl -s` gb g`ngd ldtbr qu`quh`l`s s` odrcbrdl l eb ohedsdoãb i` eb nh`lnhb, bulqu` b v`n s benbl-zbrdl obcb ndcd oheþsdods, rbrbs v`n`s’sh bemulb’ee`mbrdl b s`r ldtb-ae`s n h`l t ã o hnds . • @l m`l` rb e , e d s n h `l t ão h n d s o bcdsd s pb r ` n`l t bl sþ e d pr ` -multbr nu`sthdl`s y p`rs`muhr ebs r`spu`stbs. Qòe`xhdl`s l stb ihr`n-nhþl gbl ndliunhid b Ehlisby Qdm`rs b su dphlhþl i` qu` «è iò`ntdoulibc`ltbe i` eb cbydr pbrt` i` eb nh`lnhb sdnhbe `s qu` ld gb t`lhidâ ul L`wtdl qu` e` gbyb prdpdrnhdlbid ulb mrbl vhshþl, y gbstb qu`bpbr`znb st` gdcar` ld gby tbr`b r`be pbrb ebs c`lt`s i` s mulid dt`rn`r dri`l¶ 22 . Ndl tdid, eb ndlnh`lnhb iè g`ngd i` qu` eb tbr`b i`pr`multbr nu`sthdl`s s s`lnhbe pbrb e i`sbrrdeed i` eb nh`lnhb puì`s`r, pdr sã chscd, i` bemulb uthehibi. Hlneusd ebs c`lt`s i` s`muliddri`l th`l`l b su benbln` c`kdrbr eb nh`lnhb pdeãthnb i` bemulb cbl`rb.I`spuès i` tdid, dtrds pr`pbrbrdl è nbchld b L`wtdl, y èe ndlstruyþsda r ` su t r bab k d .

Dastânueds b eb v`rhohnbahehibi i` ebs prdpdshnhdl`s m`l`rbe`s

Dtrbs ihohnuetbi`s s` rèbnhdlbl câs ndl eb cbt`rhb i` eb pdeãthnbqu` ndl eb ohlurb iè nh`ltãohnd pdeãthnd 21

" «Zdehthnbe Zghedsdpgy hl tg` Yw`lty N`ltury; Bl Bpprbhsbe do Hts Ndltrh-authdl td tg` ^tuiy do Zdehthns¶, `l Xdurvn, Bpprdbng`s td tg` tuiy do Zdehthns,pâmhlb 1:8.

RPHLN@X]QHNGY, B tuiy d o ]br, vde. 1, bp. WW_, «Yg` Bppehnbthdldo nh`lthohn C`tgdi td ^dnhbe tuih`s¶ (Nghnbmd6 Plhv`rshty do Nghnbmd Zr`ss, 2891),pâmhlbs 2>0-?96 CDQQH^Q. NDG@L,«Q`bsdl hl ^dnhbe ^nh`ln`, `l G`ra`rt O`hmey Cby Ardia`nf, ihts., Q`bihlms hl tg` Zghedsdpgy do nh`ln` (Lu`vb Xdrf6 Bppe`-tdl-N`ltury-Nrdots, 280>), pâms. ??>-=96 CBQHDL K. E@_X, «^dc` Abshn C`tgdided-mhnbe Ihoohnueth`s hl ^dnhbe ^nh`ln` b, Zghedsdpgy do ^nh`ln`, 2= (dntuar` 280:), pâ-m h lb s 17= . >:2 .

nds s` ehchtbl b ebs prdpdshnhdl`s qu` sdl v`rhohnbae`s ià`l ehchtbrs`tbcahèl b abkds lhvè`s i` m`l`rbehibi6 y sh s` è`vbl b betds lhvè`si` m`l`rbehibi, `s cuy prdabae` qu` sus prdpdshnhdl`s s`bl hlv`rhoh-

nba e`s .Ebs nu`sthdl`s shcpe`s y ndlnr`tbs, xhkbl xpehnbnhþl d prìhnnhþl,

sdl rèbthvbc`lt` oânhe`s i` ndlt stbr. @l dtrbs pbebarbs; ebs ndlt`stb-

nhdl`s i` ul abkd lhvè i` m`l`rbehibi puì`l, b c`luid, s`r v`rhohnb-ibs l e s`lthid i` qu` tdids eds `sp`nhbehstbs i` eb cbt`rhb ndhlnhi`l`l qu` eb nr``lnhb `l èebs `stâ kusthohnbib. ^h eb nu`sthþl `s pdr quèul ch`card i`t`rchlbid iè Ndlmr`sd vdtþ l e s`lthid qu` ed ghzdi`spuès i` gba`r bn`ptbid’ndcd bichthþ’ul sdadrld i` 2:.::: iþ-ebr`s, s cuy prdabae` qu` ld t`lmbcds qu` ausnbr cungd th`cpd eb`xp e h n bn hþl 6 hl n eusd supu`s t d n d ldn hid ` e s dadrld s ` râ oân h e p rì`n h r n dlblt`rhdrhibi e vdtd. X eb prdpdshnhþl prìhnthvb s`râ v`rhohnbae` shl

iuib bemulb.Ebs nu` s t h dl` s c âs m`l` rb e ` s s dl ld rcb ec `l t ` c âs i ho ã n he ` s i` ndl -

t`stbr. Ihngd i` dtrb cbl`rb ; ebs r`spu`stbs b ul betd lhvè i` m`l`-rbehibi puì l ld s`r v`rhohnbae`s. h eb pr`multb s pdr què tdids edsch`c ards i` e b Nâcb rb i` Q`pr` s `l t bl t ` s vd t bl ndc d e d gbn`l `l ulb

nu`sthþl, y, l sp`nhbe, eb r`spu`stb ià` ndlshsthr l ulb d câs m`l`-rbehzbnhdl`s absbibs l eb nebshohnbnhþl i` eds ibtds, eb r`spu`stb s`râ,prdabae`c`lt`, cuy ihoãnhe i` èbadrbr6 y eb prìhnnhþl iè r`suetbids`râ, prdaba e`c` lt` , bûl c âs ih o ãn h e qu` eb `xpe h nbn hþl ulb v`z dnurr hid

` e sun`sd .

Eb cuethtui i` vbrhbae`s y eb l`n`shibi i` eb sè`nnhþl. Ndcd g`-

cds ldtbid l e nbpãtued t`rn`rd, eb xpehnbnhþl ià`, i` drihlbrhd, s`r

sè`nthvb. Ià`cds `sndm`r ul thpd i` `xpehnbnhþl, ul lhvè i` rbzdlb-ch`l td y ul `lodqu` (`s td `s , ul nr h t ` r hd i` hcp drtblnhb ) , ` hln eusd i`s -puès i` gba`r g`ngd `std puì` s`r qu` ld s`bcds nbpbn`s i` ndlsh-i`r br t dids e d s ib t ds qu` `l nb k bl ` l e d s e ãc h t ` s i ` e b ` e ` n n hþl ` o ` n tubib .Ebs pdshahehibi`s qu` s` lds bar`l sdl tbl luc`rdsbs y è lûc`rd iòbn tdr`s pdt`ln hb ec `lt` r` e`vblt`s `s tbl bc pe hd qu` eb `xp e hnbn hþl `xgbus-

thvb s i` drihlbrhd hcprbnthnbae`. @xpehnbcds l tèrchlds i` obntdr`squ` kuzmbcds ndcd câs shmlhohnbthvds, y i`nhcds pdnd d lbib bn`rnbi` eds dtrds obntdr`s. Ihngd i` dtrd cdid ; `xpehnbcds bndlt`nhch`ltdsndcp e ` kd s s ` e ` nn h dlblid e d qu` ndls hi` rbcds què ` s e d c âs s h ml h oh nb t h vdi` ebs vbrhbae`s hcpdrtblt`s, y i`si`òbcds d hmldrbcds dtrbs vbrhbae`sed chscd qu` ebs ndlstblt`s. @xhst` eb pdshahehibi i` qu` iho`r lt`s s-p`nhbehstbs sè`nnhdl`l iho`r`lt s ndlkultds i` ibtds y i` qu` sus `x-pehnbnhdl`s ihoh`rbl. Pl `sp`nhbehstb puì` `xpehnbr `l tèrchlds i` ulndlkultd i` obntdr`s ch`ltrbs qu` dtrd `sndm` ul ndlkultd `l bemûl

s`lt hid ih o` r`lt` , y puì` gba `r d ld abs ` pbrb i` nhih r e kuhn hd i` quhèlgb shid câs hcpdrtblt`. @l r`behibi, supdlh`lid qu` nbib xpehnbnhþl

`s hlndcpe`tb, puì`l, l prhlnhphd, s`r hmubec`lt` ohrc`s.

e ` s i ` m `l `r b e hibi câs ` e `vbids sdl ` sp `n hb ec `l t ` bzbr dsbs’s h`lid cuyprdabae` qu` s`bl hlv`rhohnbae`s- .

@st ` nubird l d ià` `xbm ` r br s ` . Bulqu` ld s ` puì` n dl t br n dl qu`

127 h`lnhb pdeãthnb; ul blâ ehshs ohedsþohnd ´@s ` e `stuihd i` eb pde ã t hnb ulb n h`lnhb4 28



@e chsc d t hp d i ` n dl s hi ` r bn hdl `s s ` bp e h n b `l n dl ` x hþl n dl e d s hl t `l -tds i` prì`nhr, pdrqu`, ndcd vhcds `l è nbpãtued nubrtd, eb `xpehnb-nhþl y eb prìhnnhþl th`l`l cungd l ndcûl. h pdi`cds xpehnbr ulbndlt`nhch`ltd i`spuès qu` gb sunìhid hi`lthohnblid sus nbusbs, l-

t dln` s ` e ndldn hc h `l t d i` e b s nbusbs ld s ià` nbp bn h t b r pb rb pr ì` n h re d .Z`r d s h , i ` si` ul pul t d i` v h s t b p rân t h n d , lu`s tr bs `xp e h n bn h dl `s i ` b ndl -t`nhch`ltds ndcpe`kds ià`l s`r sè`nthvds, std tbcahèl shmlhohnb qu`

lu`s t rds ` s ou`r zds p b r b p r ì`n h r i à `l a bsbr s ` `l sd ebc`l t ` b e mulds o bn -tdr`s rè`vblt`s y ld l tdids. X sh eds obntdr`s qu` i`si`òbcds d hmld-rbcds r`suetbl s`r câs hcpdrtblt`s i` ed qu` nr`ãbcds, eb prìhnnhþlo r bn bsbrâ . Nublid e d s @s t bids Pl hids r b t h oh n b r dl ` e Y r b t bid i` e B t eâl t h n dLdrt`, èed ou`, `vhi`lt`c`lt`, sdar` eb abs` i` eb prìhnnhþl i` qu`` s t b b nn h þl t `lir ã b ndls ` nu`ln h b s c âs i` s ` ba e ` s . qu` nub equh` r d t r b b e .t`rlbthvb. Z`rd ed kusthohnbid i` eb prìhnnhþl i`p`liãb l`n`sbrhbc`ltì` eb pr`snh`lnhb l abs` b eb nube ou`rdl e`mhids eds obntdr`s rè`vbl-t`s, y s hlndlnàhae` qu` bemulbs ndlthlm`lnhbs qu` bûl p`rt`l`n`l beouturd ou`rbl prìhngbs. Bulqu` guad ul ndlshi`rbae` bnu`rid ltrèds sp`nhbehstbs sdar` qu` eb rbthohnbnhþl iè trbtbid rb i`s`bae`, s`rãb`xbm`rbid i`nhr qu` sus prìhnnhdl s sbthsobnãbl eb pruàb i` eb v`rhoh-

- nbahehibi. @s câs; eb chscb xp`rh`lnhb ld s sh`cpr` ul nrht`rhd s`-murd, pu`s puì` s`r hcpdshae` ndldn`r ed qu` guah`s` dnurrhid l enbsd i` qu` ld s` guah`s` prdabid eb i`nhshþl.

Eb hlndlshst`lnhb y vbrhìbi i` eds prdpþshtds guc blds. E b s p r d -pds h n h dl` s pr ì h n t hvb s puì`l s ` r h lv` r ho h n ba e ` s ld s d e bc`l t ` pd rqu` e b spruàbs qu` ebs bpdybl sdl sè`nthvbs, y ld ndcpe`tbs, shld tbcahèl b

nbusb i` eb hlndlshst`lnhb y vbrhìbi i` eds i`s`ds gucblds T y i` ebs

r`mebs i` eb bnnhþl. Bul `l ul abkd lhvè i` m`l`rbehibi-hlneusd shs` ndlshi`rb tbl sþed be hlihvhiud’`xhst` bemd pbr`nhid be nbcahd6 edqu` `rb v`ribi pbrb èe gbn` ih`z bòds puì` ld s`r v`ribi bgdrb, y edqu` s v`ribi i` èe gdy puì` ld s`r v`ribi i` bquã b ih`z bòds. undln`pnhþl i` eds ohl`s qu` sdl ihmlds i` benblzbr y i` eds cìhds pbrb

èed s cuy pdshae` qu` ld s`b ndlstblt`. B v`n`s e chscd g`ngd i`gbn`r `xpeãnhtbs ebs hi`bs i` eds ohl`s y cìhds y i` `xbchlbrebs hl.iun` be nbcahd. @s câs ; ld sdebc`lt` ul hlihvhiud i`sbrrdeeb bnthtu-i`s iho`r`lt`s ndl e pbsd iè th`cpd, shld qu` eb vbrhìbi r`hlb ltrèds hlihvhiuds. Ed qu` `s v`ribi pbrb uld, prdvhshdlbe d p`rcbl`lt`.c`l t ` , puì` s ` r d ld v` ribi pb rb d t r d . @xh s t `l hcpdr t bl t ` s i h o ` r `ln h b s`ltr` hlihvhiuds nuyb xp`rh`lnhb sdnhbe pbr`n` abstblt` shchebr, y ebsiho`r`lnhbs puì`l pbr`n`r xtr`cbs nublid stâl hcpehnbibs nueturbsndltrbpu`stbs. @std shmlhohnb qu` prdpdshnhdl`s prìhnthvbs `l eds lhv`-

ul hli h v hiud cb lt `lmb ndl s t bl t ` s sus r ` m e b s i` b nn h þl y i` s ` d s , puì`ndl o h b r s ` `l qu` big h` r b p ` r s h s t `c`l t ` b ulb pbr t ` n dl s hi ` r ba e ` i ` ` e e d s .@s câs ; eb lbturbe`zb y ihr`nnhþl i` eds nbcahds sdl tbcahèl b v`n`sprìhnthae`s, ndcd nublid stâl ehmbids ndl eb ibi, stbtus d n hrnuls-t bln h b s ` ndl þch nb s . Bi`câs , bulqu` e d s h li h v h iuds i h o h ` r`l e d s ulds iè d s d t r d s , t bca h èl ndcpb r t `l nb rb n t ` r ãs t h nb s ndcul` s qu` p` rch t `l n e b -shohnbreds. @l cungds bsp`ntds, eb ndliuntb i` ul hlihvhiud b trbvès

iè th`cpd y eb ndliuntb i` nebs`s i` hlihvhiuds s` rìun`l r`muebr-c`l t ` b e ` y y s ` ` xp e hnbl `l t ` d r ãb s da r ` e b ab s ` i` e s `l t h id ndc ûl6 pd r`k`cped, tdid ndliuntdr bi`ptb qu` s ulb e`y i`snrhpthvb qu` eds ndl-iuntdr`s i` ndng`s qu` s` bn`rnbl trbtbrâl i` `vhtbr ngdnbr i` or`lt`,y eb `xpehnbnhþl t`þrhnb `s qu` eds ndliuntdr`s i`s`bl s`muhr vhvh`lid.Eds `s tuihdsds i` eb ndliuntb gucb lb’ps hnþedmds, sdn hþedmds, n h`l t ã o hnds,pd e ã t h nds y d trds’bl a us nbid d t r b s e ` y ` s y t ` d r ãb s s da r ` ab s ` s n h `l t ão h -nbs, y cungds ed gbl g`ngd ndl èxhtd. @e chscd g`ngd i` qu` gbybshid bsã hlihnb qu` eb nu`sthþl ld s sh s` puì`l i sbrrdeebr prdpdsh-nhdl`s bn`rnb i` eb ndliuntb gucblb, shld gbstb què pultd s std pd-shae`. @s `vhi`lt` qu` lbih` puì` sba`r gbstb què pultd `s pdshae`hi `l t h oh n b r e b s n br bn t ` r ã s t hn bs i ` e d s hli hv hiuds qu` sdl hcpdr t bl t ` s p br bsu ndliuntb hi`lthohnbr ebs rèbnhdl`s qu` prdpdrnhdlbl abs` pbrb eb

prìhnnhþl. Ybcpdnd puì` lbih` sba`r gbstb què pultd s pdshae` neb-s h o h n b r b e b s p ` r sdlbs y gbn ` r m `l `r b e h z bn h dl `s sda r ` ` e e b s . Lb tur b ec`l t ` ,pbrb eds ohl`s qu` lds dnupbl, s ul g`ngd hcpdrtblt` qu` ebs m`l`rb-ehzbnhdl`s s`murbs bn`rnb i` eb ndliuntb pdeãthnb iè hlihvhiud y i` ebscbsbs s dl c uy luc`rds b s .

Nbcahd iè cìhd. Ndcpe`tbc`lt` bpbrt` i` eb hlndlshst`lnhb yvbrhìbi i` eds i`s`ds gucblds y r`mebs i` bnnhþl ià` ldtbrs` è g`-ngd i` ru` e nbcahd l dtrds idchlhds tbcahèl ndlsthtuy` ul dastânu-

ed be i`sbrrdeed i` eb nh`lnhb i` eb pdeãthnb. Cungds bsp`ntds, tbltd iècì h d g u cbl d n dc d l d g u cbl d , ` s t âl n bca h bl i d s h `cp r ` , y e b s n r ` ` l -nhbs qu` stâl kusthohnbibs l ul cìhd puì`l i`snbehohnbrs . Nbcahdst ` nld e þm hnd s , ` ndlþc h nd s , s d n h b e` s y i` d t r d s t h pd s b ndl t ` n`l ndlv h r th ` l -id b n r ` `l n hbs p r `v hbc `l t ` kus t h o hn bibs `l hl sds t `l ha e ` s’d s hcp e`c `l t `

hlbpehnbae`s `l eb lu`vb shtubnhþl’. Cungds i` eds gbeebzmds i` edsn h `l t ão h n ds p d e ã th n ds s ` bp e h n bl , pu`s , s d e bc`l t ` c h`l t r bs e b s n dli hn h dl `s`l qu` s ` ab s bl p` r s h s t `l 6 l ` s t ` s `l t h id , ld s dl p` rcbl `l t ` s y ` s tâl«`snrhtds l e bmub¶. @e i`sbrrdeed bnucuebthvd iè ndldnhch`ltd s`ndlv h ` r t` `l i h o ãn h e . B c `luid ` s hc p` rb t h vd ` s tui h b r e d s p rda e `cbs p`l -

" dnhbe nh`ln`s Q s`brng Ndulnhe, Ndcchtt`` dl Ghstdrhdmrbpgy, Aue e`thl 09,Yg`dry bli trdng`` hl Ghstdrhnbe ^tuiy (Lu`vb Xdrf6 ^QN, 289?), pâms. 2>7.>8.

ih`lt`s y bpebzbids, p`rd e hlt`ltd puì` ndltrhauhr pdnd d lbib be Nd-

ldnhch`ltd qu` th`l` ul vbedr p`rcbl`lt` '•.@e prdae`cb i` eb v `radshibi. Ohlbec`lt`, eb c`rb l`n`shibi i`

`cp e ` b r p b e b a r b s gbn` i h o ãn h e i ` sbr r d e e b r p r dpds h n h dl `s `xp e h n b t hv bs y p r ` -

11 : h`lnhb pdeãthnb; ul blâehshs ohedsþohnd @s è `stuihd i` eb pdeãthnb ulb nh`lnhb4 12

ià` s`r cpe bib. X nubltd câs betd s`b è lhvè i` m`l rbehibi b qu`s` bsphrb, cbydr prdabahehibi xhst` i qu` std s`b bsã. Eds «g`ngds¶i` ul lhvè cuy abkd i` m`l`rbehibi puì`l, ldrcbec`lt`, odrcuebrs`

cuy s un hl t bc`l t ` .



i hn t hv bs qu` s `b l ( e ` ul b e t d l hv ` e i ` m `l `r b e hibi , y v` r h o hn ba e ` s . Plb n dsb` s t r blsch t h r ul s h ml h o hnbid `l o d rcb s hcp e ` , us blid s ãcad e d s c b t `câ-thnds y i` dtrd thpd qu` s`bl pr`nhsds y ar`v`s, y dtrb ndsb cuy ihsthltb

t rblsc h t h red `l s`lt`l nhbs , pârrb ods , nbpã tueds y e hards . @ e e `lmubk` ba r` -v h bid , s hca þ eh nd , i` e b s cb t `câ t h nb s p` rch t ` gbn` r b o h rcbn h dl` s ar ` v` s ,n e b r bs , qu` e d s ` sp ` n hb e h s t bs puìbl oân h ec` l t ` bp r `g`li`r y n dcp rdabr .Eds `rrdr`s puì`l ndrr`mhrs`. Ebs r`mebs bar`vhbibs y oþrcuebs pu`-

i`l bòbi h r s ` nucueb t h vbc `l t ` b e b s y b nd ldn hib s pb rb qu` s ` i` s b r rd e e ùlb strunturb pr`nhsb y ndg`r`lt`. Z`rd l rèbnhþl ndl eb cbydrãb i`

ebs nu`sthdl`s peblt`bibs, e e`lmubk` shcaþehnd, bar`vhbid, ld gb shidgbstb bgdrb cpe`bid. Zdr e ndltrbrhd, ebs pbebarbs oeuy`l, b v`n`s, lvd euc`l ndl s hi` rba e ` . Zb r t hnu e b rc`l t ` , nublid ul butd r s ` ` s ou` rz b `ls`r «dak`thvd¶ y `l ehchtbrs` b eds «g`ngds¶ `s prdabae` qu` ndlsthtuybul v`ribi rd sou`rzd ee`mbr be shmlhohnbid qu` pr`suchae`c`lt` trbtbi` t r bl sch t h r 6 ul ` s ou`r zd n dl s hi ` r ba e ` , puì` s ` r r ` n dcp` l sbid t bl sþ edndl ulb hcpr`shþl câs ah`l vbmb d bcahmub. Ndcprdabr d v`rhohnbr tb-e`s hcpr`shdl`s puì` cuy ah`l s`r ulb tbr`b bûl câs odrchibae`, yusbr ebs n dcd p h ì r bs `l ulb ` s t run tur b i` n dldn hch`l t d ` s p r dab a e ` qu`s ` b ul prd nì hc h `l t d c uy iuidsd 20 .

Lbturbec`lt`, l prhlnhphd s pdshae` rìunhr ebs ihohnuetbi`s btrh-

auha e ` s b e b v` rad s hibi . E b r ìunn hþl câs rbi h nb e y dav h b d nurr ` nublids ` `c p e`bl e d s c è t dids nubl t h tb t h v ds , pu`s `l t dl n `s e d s r ` su e t bids pu` -i`l pr`s`ltbrs`, be c`lds l pbrt` ndlshi`rbae`, b trbvès iè cpe`di` lûc`rds y i` dtrds sãcadeds cbt`câthnds. Plb rìunnhþl c`lds rb-

ihnbe, p`rd tbcahèl hcpdrtblt`, puì` prdiunhrs` cìhblt` ul hlt`ltdièha`rbid i` odrcuebr prdpdshnhdl`s xpehnbthvbs y prìhnthvbs xpeãnh-tbc`lt`. Ihngd i` dtrb cbl`rb ; e prdae`cb i` eb v`radshibi pdirãbrìunhrs` bemd cìhblt` ul hlt`ltd `xpeãnhtd i` `stbae`n`r t`shs 2?.bcbydrãb i` ebs t`shs puì`l odrcuebrs` i` odrcb câs ah`l sunhltb6 y

`ltdln s puì` uthehzbrs` pbrb suchlhstrbr nrht`rhds pbrb eb hlneushþl d`xneushþl i` ibtds. Eds ibtds s` hlneuy`l sdebc`lt` nublid sdl ndlsh-

i`rbids hcpdrtblt`s pbrb ndlohrcbr d i`snbehohnbr eb t`shs qu` gb shidodrcubebib. Ià` r`ndldn rs`, shl cabrmd, qu` uthehzblid be câxhcd

eds cètdids nublthtbthvds y uthehzblid ul trbtbch`ltd tdtbec`lt` tèshnd,ulb hcpdrtblt` iòhnh`lnhb pbrb e i`sbrrdeed i` eb nh`lnhb pde ã t hnb prd-abae`c`lt` p`rshsthrâ `l eb odrcb i` eb prdpdrnhþl i` v`radrr`b • qu`

29

A@QLBQI AQDIH@, u^nh`lt h o h n Zrdmr`sstgey, 70 (ihnh`car` 280=), pâms. >20.28.

Hahi. dr `k`cped, vhi. QBXCDLI ]. CBNF

do ^dnhbe Ndloehnt-Ydwbri bl Dv`rvh`w bliEhdl, 2 (kulhd 280=), pâms. 121.97,

bli Zdehthnbe ^nh`ln`s, ^nh`lthohn 22dl-

y QHNGBQI N. ^LXI@Q, bYg` Blbeyshs^yltg`shs¶, Kdurlbe do Ndloehnt Q`sdev

Q`suc`l. Plb bohrcbnhþl r`suchib puì` s`r ndlv`lh`lt`. @l lh-

vè`s abkds i` m`l`rbehibi y l ndl`xhþl ndl nu`sthdl`s câs ah`l shc-p e ` s ` s o r ` nu`l t `c` l t ` p ds ha e ` o d rcu ebr p r dpds h n h dl `s `xp e h n b t h v bs y p r ` -ih n t hvb s qu` s ` bl v` r ho h n ba e ` s . Nublid l ds ` e ` vbcd s b câs b e t d s l h v` e` si` m`l` rb e h ibi y b nu` s t h dl` s c âs ndcp e ` kb s , s h l `c abrmd , ` e i` s b r rd ee di` prdpdshnhdl`s qu` s`bl v`rhohnbae`s s` tdrlb ulb tbr`b cungd câsihoãnhe. @l st` idchlhd, ulb mrbl prdpdrnhþl i` ebs prdpdshnhdl`s qu`

odrcuebl bgdrb eds nh`ltãohnds pdeãthnds (quhzâ hlneusd stb chscb) sdl

hlv`r h o hnba e`s .

Dtrds prdae`cbs .

G`cds ihngd blt`s qu` e ndldnhch`ltd nh`ltãohnd `s ld sdebc`lt`v`rhohnbae`, shld tbcahèl shst`câthnd. X ihkhcds qu` e ndldnhch`ltd sshst`câthnd nublid `stâ drmblhzbid `l ul `squ`cb d `strunturb hlt`-e hm h a e ` s , ndl sus r ` e b n h dl` s n e b r h o hn bibs . E b s ndl `x h dl` s `l t r ` e d s g` ngds

dnupbrâl p rdaba e `c`l t ` c âs e b b t `l n hþl qu` e d s chsc ds g`ngds . ´Gbs t bquè pultd ee`mb, d puì` ee`mbr, eb nh`lnhb pdeãthnb `l `st` s`lthid4Eb c`kdr r`spu`stb `s prdabae`c`lt` qu` è r`quhshtd iè shst`cb ld

nbusb tbltbs ihohnuetbi`s ndcd eds dtrds r`quhshtds. Pl nh`rtd thpd i`r ` spu` s t b puì` e d mrb r s ` b nub equh ` r l h v` e i` m`l` rb e hibi . Ndcd g`cdsldt bid , e b mu ã b t ` e ` oþl h n b puì` n dl s hi ` rbr s ` s h s t `cât h n b . I` c bl`r b bl â-edmb, ebs i`snrhpnhdl`s i` mdah`rlds y i` eds prdn`sds pdeãthnds l abkdsl h v` e` s i` m`l ` rb e hibi puì`l p r ` s `l t b r s ` i` cb l` rb s h s t `câ t h nb , b p` -sbr i` qu` ebs ndl`xhdl`s cdstrbibs ltr` eds g`ngds puì`l s`r trh-v h b e` s . B l h v` e ` s i` m`l` rb e h ibi câs b e t d s ` s t bca h èl pd s h a e ` ` e s h s t `cb 6y, pdr iòhlhnhþl, ebs rèbnhdl`s qu` s` stbae`n`l t`lirâl shmlhohnbnhþl

`l ul nbcpd cuy bcpehd. Q`such`lid, eb nh`lnhb pdeãthnb sbthsobn` e

r`quhshtd i` s`r shst`cb shl mrbl ihohnuetbi d iuib.Zdnd `s l`n`sbrhd i`nhr sdar` ebs ihohnuetbi`s qu` `sp`rbl be qu`

hlt`lt` sbthsobn`r e bsp`ntd `sp`nhbe i` eb iòhlhnhþl i` eb nh`lnhb pdhNdlblt6 std s, qu` eb s`lnhb i` eb nh`lnhb r`shi` l su ihlbchscd

’su bv`lturb `sp`nuebthvb `l ed i`sndldnhid’. Ebs ihohnuetbi`s sdldavhbs. hl cabrmd, gby cungds k`cpeds i` ihlbchscd l e stuihdi` eb pdeãthnb, y ld `xhst` rbzþl pbrb qu` eds hlt`ltds i` p`l`trbr `le d i `sndldn hid ` sp `nu eblid ld s ` p r diuznbl `l ` s n b eb n r ` n h `l t ` .

Q@BNNHDL@ B ED DA^YÂNPED I@E @^YPIHD NH@LYÃOHND

Ihv`rsbs n e b s ` s i ` r `bn n h dl `s s ` p r diun`l bl t ` ` e g `ngd i` qu` `x h s -tbl dastânueds pbrb e stuihd nh`ltãohnd i` eb pdeãthnb.

111 h`lnhb pdeãthnb; ul blâehshs ohedsþohnd ´@s ` e `stuihd i` eb pde ã t hnb ulb n h`lnhb4 1>

Plb r`bnnhþl s l`mbrs` b bichthr qu` s` peblt` , b st` r`sp`ntd,ul prdae`cb, d èuihred. Eds stuihblt s i` pdeãthnb i` ebs Obnuetbi si` bemulbs Plhv`rshibi`s ihn`l qu` sus n`ltrds i` `stuihd sdl Obnue-tbi`s i` `stuihds i` mdah`rlds d i` pdeãthnb, câs qu` i` nh`lnhb pdeãthnb,

Ld gby iuib i` qu` `stb bohrcbnhþl `s hlndrr`ntb y s` pr`stb b `rrdr.Eb nh lnhb pdeãthnb s` dnupb i` ebs e`y`s m`l`rbe s, s` ebs eebc` d ldpdr su ldcar . ^` dnupb tbcahèl i` ebs rbzdl`s y r`mebs i` eb bnnhþl,i` ebs t`drãbs y i` ebs ndlihnhdl`s l`n`sbrhbs y suohnh`lt`s i` eds bndl-



y bemulbs i` ebs puaehnbnhdl`s prdo`shdlbe`s s` r oh`r`l l sus tãtuedsb eb pdeãthnb6 hliuibae c`lt , eb vbrhbnhþl b v`n`s r oe kb e i`s`d i``vhtbr eb pr`t`lshþl i` nbehibi nh`ltãohnb. @stb bnthtui `s ndcpe`tbc`lt`rbzdlbae , y guah`s` pìhid s`r bidptbib bquã ndl v`ltbkbs. I`spuèsi` tdid, è `stuihd i` eb pdeãthnb pdshae`c`lt` s`muhrâ è c hscd nbchld,s` thtue` d ld nh`ltãohnd. Eb i`ldc hlbnhþl ld `s `s`lnhbe. @e blâehshs iè`stuihd i` eb pdeãthnb ndlt`lhid `l ebs tr`s prhc`rbs pbrt`s i` `st` ehard

ld s`rãb, pdshae`c`lt`, bo`ntbid pdr ulb i`nhshþl i` i`ldchlbr d ld bet`cb nh`lnhb.Dtrb r bnnhþl `s cpe br e tèrchld «nh`lnhb pdeãthnb¶ (ed chscd

qu` è tèrchld «nh`lnhb sdnhbe¶), p`rd bohrcbr qu` `l `st` ndlt`xtd nh`l-nhb shmlhohnb bemd iho`r`lt` i` ed qu` shmlhohnb `l è ndlt`xtd i` ebsnh`lnhbs lbturbe s. Zbrb ihsthlmuhr `stbs ids nebs s i` nh`lnhbs s` gbl`cpe`bid eds tèrchlds ldcdtèthnb ` hi`dmrâohnb.nb.

Ebs nh`lnhbs ldcdtèthnbs, qu` ndrr`spdli`l bprdxhcbibc`lt` b ebs nh`lnhbs oãsh -n b s , ausn bl e `y` s bas t r b n t b s , ul h v` r sb e ` s . E b s n h `ln h b s h i `dmrâ o hn b s’` k `cp e b r h zbibs pd rihsnhpehlbs câs ndlnr`tbs, nueturbe`s ghstþrhnbs’trbtbl i` bndlt`nhch`ltds ûlhnds,t`cpdrbec`lt` câs d c`lds xt`lihids, trbtblid i` r`pr`s`ltbreds ndcpe tbc`lt` yi` cbl `r b `xgbus t h vb , câs qu` bas t r b n t bc` lt ` " .

Eb nu`sthþl i` eb bn`ptbahehibi i` `st` thpd i` ihsthlnhþl s` n`ltrb` s `ln h b ec`l t ` `l e b nu` s t h þl i` s h e b s i h o ` r `ln h b s n h t bibs s ` ndls hi` rbli` mrbid d i` nebs`. G`cds ldtbid yb qu` l eb' nh`lnhb pdeãthnb ` s

m`l`rbec`lt` ihoãnhe edmrbr eb v`rhohnbahehibi • y eb m`l`rbehibi be chscdt h `cpd 6 p ` r d e b s n h `l n hbs l b tur b e ` s s ` `l o r `l t bl n dl ulb i h o h nu et bi n dc -pbrbae`. Eb iho`r`lnhb puì` s`r i` mrbid. h eds bik`thvds ldcdtèthndn hi`dmrâohnd s` tdcbl pbrb cbr`breb iho r`lnhb l mrbid, puì`l s`rndln`ptds ûthe`s. Zdr e ndltrbrhd, sh s` tdcbl pbrb cbrnbr iho`r`lnhbsndcpe`tbs y bmuibs’iho`r`lnhbs i` nebs`’puì`l pr`stbrs` b `quãvdnds.

@e butdr i` eb bohrcbnhþl brrhab nhtbib sdar` eb ihsthlnhþl `ltr`nh`lnhbs ldcdtèthnbs ` hi`dmrâohnbs ndlthlûb ;

Eb nh`lnhb pdeãthnb, ld s` dnupb i` ebs e`y`s m`l`rbe`s. @e t`cb i` eb pdeãt hnb s

`s`lnhbec`lt` e prdae`cb ndlnr`td y eb hlsthtunhþl ndlnr`tb ; ulb ndlsthtunhþl pbrbeb Be`cblhb i` ed pdsmu`rrb, eds ohl`s bntube`s i` eb pdeãthnb sdvhèthnb, è prdn`sd e`-mhsebthvd iè Ndlmr`sd d eb ròdrcb iè mdah`rld i` eb nuhibi d iè @stbid ".

IB_HIM. tHeYht, «Zdehthnbe ^nh`ln bli Zdehthnbe Yg`dry¶, Bc`rhnbl Zdehth-nbe ^nh`ln` Q`vh`w, 02 (s`pth`car` 280=), pâm. =>0. No. NDEEHLM]DDI Yg` Hi`bdo Ghstdry, pâms . 2??.2=:.

u IB_HI M. ^CHYG, «Zdehthnbe ^nh`ln` bli Zdehthnbe Yg`dry¶, pâm. =>=. No. B QL D E IB. Qdndw, «Ndcc`lt dl chtg bli Bpt`r; Dr, ]gbt`v`r Qbpp`lì td tg` Mrb`tHssu`s¶, Bc`rhnbl Zdehthnbe ^nh`ln` Q`vh`w, 02 ( s `p t h `car ` 280= ) , pâms . =?> . =0 .

t`nhch`ltds. Ńþcd s` pdirãb i` dtrb cbl`rb `x pehnbr y prì`nhr4 Ńþcds` pdirãbl tdcbr i`nhshdl`s4 (Ihmbcds i` lu`vd qu` ebs i`nhshdl`s y ebsprìhnnhdl`s vbl i` eb cbld. Ebs ldrcbs i` eb ndlsthtunhþl i` eb Be -cblhb i` eb pdsmu`rrb sdl `sndmhibs, ndcd dnurr` ndl tdibs ebs i`nhshd-l`s, l abs` b eb prìhnnhþl i` qu` eb e`nnhþl ndliunhrâ ndl cbydrprdabahehibi qu` nubequh`r dtrb è`nnhþl bet`rlbthvb b ndls`nu`lnhbs qu`-rhibs.) Eds prdae`cbs ndlnr`tds hlsthtunhdl`s pbrthnuebr s ld puì l

bp`lbs s`r ndlshi`rbids hltèhm`lt`c`lt` shl supdl`r d `stbae`n`r ulbm`l`rbehzbnhþl i` bemûl thpd6 y or`nu`lt`c`lt` eb m`l`rbehzbnhþl r`vhstèb odrcb i` ulb e`y m `l`rbe. Ndlshi`rblid eb pdeãthnb r`sp`ntd b eb Plhþl^dvhèthnb, è pr`shi`lt` Yrucbl i`nebrþ ulb v`z qu` i` `ls`òbrlds bemdeb ghstdrhb i` eds bòds tr`hltb `s qu` è bpbnhmubch`ltd i` eds bmr`sdr`s`s è nbchld s`murd i` eb mu`rrb. Ld i`ldchlþ b `std e`y i` eb pdeãthnbhlt`rlbnhdlbe, p`rd ed trbtþ ndcd ulb e`y6 y eb i`nebrbnhþl th`l` eb odr-cb i` ulb e`y m`l rbe i`snrhpthvb. @s iuidsd sh eb pu`stb l vhmdr iùlb e y bhsebib i e Ndlmr`sd puì` i`snrhahrs` shl rò r`lnhb b ulb e ym`l`rbe (qu` eb bprdabnhþl pdr nbib Nâcbrb `x hm` ul vdtd cbydrhtbrhd)6y, shl iuib, ulb ndlshi`rbnhþl iè prdn`sd e`mhsebthvd iè Ndlmr`sd ldpuì` ibrs` sh ld s sdar` eb abs` i` m`l`rbehzbnhdl`s, cungbs i` ebsnube s s`râl e y`s i`snrhpthvbs. @l nubltd b eb ròdrcb i e mdah`rld i`

eb nhuibi d iè @stbid, pdirãbcds rò`rhrlds b eb e`y i` eb pdeãthnb odr-cuebib pdr Fbre Zdpp`r l e nbpãtued dntbvd, qu` quh`r` qu` eb r` odrcb pdeãthnb prdiuznb dpdshnhþl ldrcbec`lt`, buc`ltblid eb dpdsh-nhþl bprdxhcbibc`lt` `l rèbnhþl ndl eb hcpdrtblnhb i` eb ròdrcb. ^èpuì` tbcahèl r`ndribr e ndrdebrhd eds hlt`r`s`s nr`bids s` odrcbl `ltdrld be stbtu qud y i`s`bl ndls rvbred. @l r`suc ;\ b p`sbr i quèb pbebarb nh`lnhb puì` r`nhahr cbthn`s vbrhds iho`r`lt`s nublid s` bpeh-nb b eb pdeãthnb y ld b eds o`lþc`lds lbturbe`s, puì`l ndlshi`rbrs` ebsiho`r`lnhbs ndcd i` mrbid y ld i` lbturbe`zb.

Dtrbs r`bnnhdl`s b ebs ihohnuetbi`s i` ndlv`rthr `l nh`ltãohnd è `stu-ihd i` eb pdeãthnb s` `xth`li`l i`si` eds r`ndldn hch`ltds i` ebs iòhnh`l-nhbs b `xpr`shdl`s qu` s` bn`rnbl cungd be i`spr`nhd. Bemulds ch`cardsi eb prdo shþl qu bidptbl eb pbebarb nh`lnhb

ed gbn l tbl sþed pbrbndlnì`r qu` ebs nubehibi`s nh`ltãohnbs i` eb ihsnhpehlb sdl ehchtbibs d`carhdlbrhbs 28 uh`l`s p`rt`l`n`l b dtrds nbcpds y `luc`rbl d ndl-shi rbl «ebs nh lnhbs¶ ld ibl, ldrcbec`lt , pruàbs i p`lsbr `l ebnh`lnhb pdeãthnb `l `st` s`lthid, bulqu` ed gbn`l, b v`n`s, `l ed qu` s`

2X ]HEEHBCB. QdlsdL, Yg` Plhv`rshty Y`bnghlm do ^dnhbe ^nh`ln`s; Zdehthnbe^nh`ln` (Zbrãs, Pl`snd, 2809), pâm. 2:7. @l ndltrbst`, vhi. I]HMGY ]BEID, Z`rsp`n-thv`s dl Bichlhstrbthdl (Plhv`rshty do Bebabcb Zr`ss, 280?), pâms. 2.10.


ròh`r` b eb `ndldcãb, sdnhdedmãb , hlneusd, eb ghstdrhb 1: . Ndlblt ph`lsbqu` eb brqu`dedmãb s` bn`rnb câs b s`r ulb nh`lnhb qu` eb ghstdrhb, yld c`lnhdlb b eb nh`lnhb pdeãthnb 12.lneusd ul ehard sdar` Ebs ordlt`rbs

ndcã l`s i` ebs nh`lnhbs sdnhbe`s, ìhtbid pdr Chrrb Fdcbrdvsfy, hmldrb

6@, è `stuihd i` eb pdeãthnb ulb nh`lnhb4 11 0

B `std eds a`gbvhdrhstbs pdirãbl r`pehnbr qu` nubltd câs iìhqu`leds nh`ltãohnds pdeãthnds sus gbahehibi s y l`rmãbs b dtdrmbr ndls`kd lnu`sthdl`s nbehidsnþphnbs y nbcahblt`s, câs th`cpd trblsnurrhrâ blt`si` qu` ebadr`l ulb nh`lnhb qu` s`b ihmlb i` `st` ldcar` 19.



nbsh ndcpe`tbc`lt` eb nh`lnhb pdeãthnb6 `stb ihsnhpehlb hlneusd ld s` c` l-nhdlb ltr` bquèebs «qu` trbtbl iè ndcpdrtbch`ltd sdnhbe y ebs hlsth-tunhdl`s¶, ch`ltrbs qu` s` c`lnhdlb eb ndldcãb, eb sdnhdedmãb, eb bl-trdpdedmãb, eb pshndedmãb sdnhbe y eb ghstdrhb 11 . Bemulds i` eds qu` ndl-shi`rbl e be`mbid nbrânt`r nh`ltãohnd i` eb nh`lnhb pdeãthnb trbhnhdlbli`s`lmbòd, nublid ld i`spr`nhd. ]bet`r Ehppcbl dphlþ ulb v`z ; «L b-ih` tdcb b eb nh`lnhb pdeãthnb cuy l s`rhd, pu`s lbih` stâ ndlv`l-

nhid i` qu` s`b ulb nh`lnhb d qu` t`lmb lhlmulb hloeu`lnhb hcpdrtblt`sdar` 'eb pdeãthnb¶ 17

Ybcahèl `s dtrb r`bnnhþl eb bidpnhþl iè `lodqu` «a`gbvhdrhstb¶ iè`stuihd i` eb pdeãthnb, suarbyblid eb hcpd rtblnhb i` eb nbehibi nh`ltãohnb.@l è `lodqu` a`gbvhdrhstb eb t`li`lnhb câs prdlulnhbib `s bidptbr sd-ebc`lt` ebs nu`sthdl`s sdar` eb pdeãthnb qu` puìbl cbl kbrs` nublth-tbthvbc`lt 6 s ausnb eb m`l rbehibi y e shst`cb, p rd sdebc`lt `leb c ihib l qu` sdl ndcpbthae`s ndl è r`quhshtd supr`cd i` eb v`rh-ohnbahehibi. Ruh`l`s bidptbl ul `lodqu` a`gbvhdrhstb pbr`n`l t`l`r ebdphlhþl i` qu` `s c kdr bpultbr b ulb `strunturb i` ndldnhch`ltd qu``s c`r`n idrb i` nrèihtd, p`rd ehchtbib, qu` b ulb strunturb qu` sndcpr`g`lshvb, p`rd ld c`r`nìdrb i` nrèihtd. X gby cungd qu` i`nhr`l obvdr i` `st` pultd i` vhstb, `sp`nhbec`lt` sh `xhst` ulb pdshahehibi

suastblnhbe i` -qu` eb `strunturb i` ndldnhch`ltd ihmlb i` nrèihtd puì`,b v`n`s, s`r `xt`lshvb.

Eb r`spu`stb b eds a`gbvhdrhstbs `l `st` pultd `s qu` quh`l`s ià`ltdrlbr i`nhshdl`s pdeãthnbs s`bl vdtblt`s hlihvhiube`s d kò`s i` @stbid,ld puì`l `sp`rbr b qu` s` i`sbrrdee` eb nh`lnhb i` eb pdeãthnb. X l`-n`shtbl byuib y 'ndls`kd. Zdnds ihsnuthrâl qu` eds nh`ltãohnds pdeãthndsià`l dor`n`r ndls kd y byuib l bus`lnhb i` nubequh`r kuhnhd sp`nhbe,p`rd cungds pdlirâl `l iuib qu` e nh`ltãohnd pdeãthnd iàb sp`rbrb qu` su ndldnhch`ltd sbthsobmb tdibs ebs ndcprdabnhdl`s i` eb nh`lnhb.^h sus nr` lnhbs l e nbcpd iè ndldnhch`ltd i`snrhpthvd sdl, prdab-ae`c`lt`, câs kusthohnbibs qu` ebs nr``lnhbs iè e`md, cungds ihrâl quèbs chscbs ià`l xpr`sbrs , k rnh`lid eb iàhib nbut eb pbrb qu` ebs

`xhm`lnhbs i` eb v`rhohnbnhþl ld trbspbs`l eds eãcht`s i` eb rbzþl y ièb `vhi`lnhb.

1' @]H ]GHY@ A@NF, Zghedsdpghn Hlquhry (Lu`vb Xdrf, Zr`lthn` Gbee ,2801), pâm. 200.

NDLBLY, nh`ln` bli Ndccdl ^`ls`, pâm. 189. ME@LND@, Or` Zr`ss, 80=. B Zròbn` td Cdrbes (Lu`vb Xdrf6 Cbncheebl, 2818), pâm. 1?:.

Zbrb ulb nrãthnb i eb supdshnhþl i`qu` `si`s`bae`, `ltbltd ndcd s`b pd-shae` gbn r nh`ltãohnd è `stuihd i eb pdeãthnb, v`r GBL CDQN@LYGBP, ^nh`lthohnCbl vs. Zdw`r Zdehthns (Nghnbmd6 Plhv`rshty do Nghnbmd Zr`ss, 289?). Zbrb ulbnrãthnb i` eb pdshnhþl i Cdrm`ltgbu, vhi. @ QL @ ^Y L B N @ E, Edmhn ]htgdut C`tbpgyshns(Me`lnd`6 Or`` Zr`ss, 280?), pâms. >==.71. Ybcahèl, vhi. A@QLBQI NQHNF, bYg`^nh`ln` do Zdehthns hl tg` Plhtì tbt`s¶, Yg` Nblbihbl Kdurlbe do @ndldchns bliZdehthnbe ^nh`ln`, 1:

(bmdstd2809),

pâms. >:7-1:.

Vernon Van Dyke - Ciencia Politica Un Analisis Filosófico

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Transcript of Vernon Van Dyke - Ciencia Politica Un Analisis Filosófico