Varios -Barnizar Madera

8/11/2019 Varios -Barnizar Madera

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AN

JHZEB_HDGDA NH

@HDAZH



8. YZGCADB@BAETGS DA HYNBCHCBÓE DA YBETQZHS R JHZEBCAS

8.8, HpBbchcbóe da pbeturhs y jhrebcas pgr punvarbzhcbóe eau`ètbch

8.88. YZGDQCCBÓE DA HBZA CG@YZB@BDG

Qe cg`prasgr as ueh `èqubeh, qua prgduca cgetbeuhàeta hbra cg`prb`bdg h nhprasbóe qua sa dasah.

Sa dbstbeluae tras tbpgs da cg`prasgras?

- Ngs cg`prasgras vgnu`âtrbcgs, ae ngs cuhnas an hbra hd`btbdg h nh prasbóehtg`gsmârbch, ae ue asphcbg carrhdg, sa cg`prbà fhsth ueh prasbóe Y -pgr raduccbóe da su vgnuàe bebcbhn.

- Ngs cg`prasgras caetràmulgs, qua prgvgche ueh cg`prasbóe dan hbra,trhesmgr`hedg ae prasbóe nh vangcbdhd hdqubrbdh jhog nh hccbóe da nh muarzh -caetràmulh.

- Ngs cg`prasgras fanbcgbdhnas, qua hctÿhe cg`g ngs caetràmulgs pgr trhes-,mgr`hcbóe ae prasbóe da nh vangcbdhd hdqubrbdh salÿe an prbecbpbg da'muecbgeh`baetg da ueh fânbca.

Sa astudbhrèe hquT, sgnhàeta ngs cg`prasgras vgnu`âtrbcgs, qua sge ngs `ès utbnbzhdgs, cuhedg nh prasbóe dan hbra sgjraphsh 3 Kl/c`:.

Salÿe an `gdg da raducbr an vgnuàe dan hbra, sa cnhsbmbche ae cg`prasgras vgnu-`âtrbcgs rgthtbvgs y cg`prasgras da pbsmóe.

Eg sa trhthrè hquTda ngs prbàrgs., yh qua sóng sa ushe ae chsgs ùy phrtbcunhras,cg`g, pgr aoa`png, ngs cg`prasgras da aelrhehoa Zggt, a`pnahdgs phrh nh dbstrbjucbóe -dan lhs dan hnu`jrhdg.

Ngs da pbstóe sge ngs ÿebcgs qua sa a`pnahe phrh prgpgrcbgehr an hbra cg`pbbe-bdgeacashrbg phrh nh punvarbzhcbóe da pbeturhs y jhrebcas, hsT cg`g phrh gtrhs `èqubehs; thnas cg`g nbohdgrhs, punbdgrhs, htgrebnnhdgras, atc.



8.888. Yrbecbpbg da muecbgeh`baetg da ue cg`prasgr da pbstóe.

Sah ue cg`prasgr da sb`pna amactg. Nh mblurh 8 raprasaeth ue cbnbedrg cge su pbs

tg e, nhs vènv unhs da hspb rhcbóe y shnbdh y an dbhlrh `h da cg`prasbóe-

H chdh pgsb cbóe dan pbstóe ae an cb nbed rg , cgrraspgeda àh prasbóe dan hbra Y saehnhdg ae nhs grdaehdhs.

Nh cg`prasbóe sa amactÿh ae dgs tba`pgs?

Yrbàr tba`pg?-Hd`bsbóe dan hbra.

An asphcbg L O , sa nnh`h asphcbg ùa rtg. An puet g LUsa cgrraspgeda cge anpuetg C dan dbhl rh `h . Hn dbr blbrsa an pbstóe da L h F, sa prgduca ae nh prbàrh p h r -

ta da nh chrrarh, ueh axphesbóe dan hbra'cgetaebdg ae an asphcbg ùartg. Asth axphesbór)hcg`phøhdh da ae mr bh `b ae tg , sa raprasaeth pgr nh curvh CD . Ae an `gàetg ae qua n h -prasbóe hnche zh nh dan h bra da hd`bsbóe Yh, nhs vèn vun hs da hd`bsbóe sa dajarThe h j r b r , -parg,sbaedg b`parmactg an muecbgeh`baetg, as eacashrbh ueh nblarh daprasbóe phrh prgvgchr asth hparturh y par`btbr nh aetrhdh dan hbra ae an cbnbedrg. H asth saluedh phrta da -nh chrrarh dan pbstóe, cgrraspgeda nh curvh D@H.

Nnalhdg h nh pgsbcbóe F, an pbstóe cg`baezh nh chrrarh cgrraspgedbaeta h nh cg`pras bóe. • .

Saluedg tba`pg; Cg`prasbóe dan hbra.

Durheta nh chrrarh F L , an hbra sa cg`prbà fhsth an vhngr dasahdg Yr; asth cg`prasbóe vh hcg`phøhdh da chnaeth`baetg y sa rahnbzh salÿe nh curvh HJ, Nualg sa axpunsh an hbra cg`prb`bdg, parg sa eacasbth ueh paquaøh cg`prasbóe supnaàethrbh phrh prg-vgchr nh hparturh da nh vènvunh, (curvh JEC)-

8.88:. Dambebcbgeas cgecarebaetas h ngs cg`prasgras da pbstóe.

- Zhzóe da cg`prasbóe ( t ) ? As nh ran hcbó e aetra nh prasbóe hjsgnuth da shn bdh y nh prasbóe hjsgnuth da hspbrhcbóe.

Yr

Yh

- ]gnuàe aelaedrhdg (])? An vgnuàe aelaedrhdg g prgduccbóe taórbch,asan vgnuàe da hbra axpunshdg taórbchàeta pgr an cg`prasgr ae àtrgs cgjbcgs pgr fgrh. Sa puada chncunhr ùntbpnbchedg nh cbnbedrhdh (suparmbcbadan pbstóe x chrrarh dan pbstóe) pgr an eÿàrg da cbcngs racgrrbdgs ae nh -uebdhd da tba`pg.



- Yrgduccbóe rahn da ue cg`prasgr (D)? As nh chetbdhd da hbra quaprgpgrcbgeh ae rahnbdhd., y qua as nh qua fhy qua taear ae cuaeth ae an cèncung da ueh besthnhcbóe. @ucfgs chtènglgs cgàr-

cbhnas, eg àecbgehe `ès qua an vgnuàe aelaedrhdg.- Cgambcbaeta da nnaehdg (x)? As nh ranhcbóe aetra nh prgduccbóe

rahn y nh prgduccbóe taórbch? x 0 D/]»Dapaeda, sgjra tgdg, da nh ranhcbóe da cg`prasbóe dan asphcbgùartg, huequa nhs mulhs pgr ngs salàetgs puadae betarvaebrngjra tgdg, phrh ranhcbgeas da cg`prasbóe suparbgras h < u 6.

- Ygtaecbh dan aoa (p)? As nh pgtaecbh tg`hdh pgr an cg`prasgr aesu hcgpnh`baetg g ae su vgnhe ta . Tbaea ae cuaeth tgdhs nhs pardbdhs da aearlàh axbstaetas ae an cg`prasgr.

8.883. Cg`prasbóe ae ueh g ae vhrbhs mhsas.

Ae tgdh cg`prasbóe sa pnhetah ue prgjna`h b`pgrtheta, an dan aemrbh`baetg, yhqua hn rahnbzhrnh, sa daspraeda ueh chetbdhd da chngr, thetg `hygr, cuhetg `ès lrhe-da as nh prgduccbóe.

An daspraedb`baetg da chngr prasaeth ue dgjna becgevaebaeta?

8:, Dbs`beuya an raedb`baetg dan cg`prasgr.

:: . Nhs ta`parhturhs anavhdhs puadae datarbgrhr nhs vènvunhs g qua hr an nujrbmbchetaqua aelrhsh ngs órlhegs dan `gtgr.

Ae `hrcfh cgetbeuh, sa astb`h qua nh ta`parhturh da shnbdh daja sar bemarbgr h:99 - ::9 :C , phrh avbthr nh mhtblh axcasbvh da nhs vènvunhs y an aelrhsh`baetg pgrdascg`pgsbcbóe dan nujrbmbcheta, hsT cg`g phrh avbthr tgdg rbaslg da axpngsbóe da nh -rasarvh da hbra.

Nh thjnh sblubaeta dh ngs vhngras taórbcgs da nh pgtaecbh da cg`prasbóe eacashrbh phrh ueh prgduccbóe da B `3, pgr `beutg, àdbdg ae nhs cgedbcbgeas da ta`parhturh y prasbóe da nh hspbrhcbóe, hsT cg`g nhs ta`parhturhs da shnbdh phrh ueh ta`parhtu-

rh da hspbrhcbóe da :9:C. Sa puadae prasaethr cuhtrg chsgs?Yrbàr chsg?

Nh cg`prasbóe sa amactÿh h ta`parhturh cgestheta, as dacbr, qua nh tgthnbdhddan chngr prgducbdg pgr an trhjhog da cg`prasbóe as avhcuhdg hn axtarbgr lrhcbhs h -ueh muarta ramrblarhcbóea

Asta tbpg da cg`prasbóe sa nnh`h bsgtâr`bcg. Ae rahnbdhd as b`pgsbjna gjtaear'



asths cgedbcbgeas; nhs pgtaecbhs taórbchs bedbchdhs, cgrraspgedae hn raedb`baetg `èxb-`g hn qua sa daja hspbrhr.

Saluedg chsg?

Cg`prasbóe cge aemrbh`baetg eg tgthn, parg ambchz.

Tarcar chsg?

Cg`prasbóe cge aemrbh`baetg, parg `aegs ambchz.

Cuhrtg chsg?

Cg`prasbóe sbe aemrbh`baetg

Cg`g an prb`ar chsg, as brrahnbzhjna, parg nhs pgtaecbhs taórbchs y nhs ta`parhturhs raprasaethe ngs `èxb`gs qua eg sa puadae sgjraphshr. Asta tbpg da cg`pbasbóe sannh`h hdbhjètbcg.

(T.m.).Yhrh chdh ahsg sa axprashe nh Ygtaecbh taórbch (Y.t.) y nh Ta`parhturh mbehn -

Yrasbóeamactbvh

dashnbdh

8:341ó<62

898:81:9:139

b

8

Y.t.(c.v.)

8,11:,4<

* 3,8:3,=44,91

* 4,494,<94,2<1,:81,431,6:=,:2=,28<,49<,6:

BB

Y.t.(c.v.)

8,=2:,693,==4,491,981 m 11 =,94=,42=,66<,:3<,216,64

89,9488,9488,6<

T.m.(:C)

<98938:68198=6863826:88::3:34:14:6938<3413=6

BB

Y.t.(c,v.)

8,<9:,613,<=4,191,811,<9 m=::=,<9<,8:<,1:6,:32,81

89,1988,168:,11

8

T.m,(:C)

<=8818418=28.28:92::<:4::1=:=2:2:3::3=<494431

B]

Y.t.(c,v.)

8,<8:,293,6:4,=81,:21,6==,4:=,29<,31<,<66,142,11

89,268:,8183,:9

Trm(:C)

6:8:=812866:83:3=:14:<::6239133:3=2.48< '4=419:



Yhrh an. aemrbh`baetg sa puada ushr hbra g hluh, sbaedg ngs cg`prasgras qua ushehluh Ogs `ès saecbnngs. An aemrbh`baetg pgr hluh as `ès ambchz, yh qua an betarch`jbg -târ`bcg aetra ueh phrad àtènbch y an hluh, as ùcfg `ès rèpbdg qua cge an hbra. Sbe

a`jhrlg, sgng sa ush ae ngs cg`prasgras da lrhe pgtaecbh.- Cg`prasgras da ueh mhsa?

Ae astgs cg`prasgras, nh prasbóe mbehn sa gjtbaea ae ue sgng cbnbedrg y ae ueh chrrarh dan pbstóe.

Ngs cg`prasgras da ueh mhsa, cge ramrblarhcbóe da hbra, nnavhe hnaths ae an cbnbedrg y ae nh cunhth phrh huàethr nh suparmbcba da cgethctg cge an hbra h`jbaeta. Nh va-ngcbdhd dan phsg dan hbra h trhvâs da nhs hnaths, sa puada huàethr pgr àdbg dan vgnhe-ta qua fhca da vaetbnhdgr. Sa ushe astgs cg`prasgras, cuhedg nh prasbóe dan hbra.eg da-

ja axcadar da < Kl.Ngs cg`prasgras da ueh mhsa, cge ramrblarhcbóe pgr hluh, hnchezhe pgtaecbhs `ès

anavhdhs, dhdg qua an aemrbh`baetg as `ès ambchz. Sbe a`jhrlg, phrh ueh prasbóe cgetb-euh da muecbgeh`baetg da < Kl/c`:. eg sa sgjraphsh nh prgduccbóe da :99 `3/pgr fgrh,ae cg`prasgras da <19 cbcngs pgr `beutg.

- Cg`prasgras da dgs mhsas?

Ae anngs, an hbra sa cg`prbà ae dgs mhsas (mblurh :). Ae an prbàr cbnbedrg da jh¡h prasbóe, sa na dh hn hbra ueh prasbóe betaràdbh p', aevbèedgng, hbtrhvâsda ue ramrb

larhdgr, hn saluedg cbnbedrg da hnth prasbóe, dgeda sa hnchezh nh prasbóe mbehn, pr.Ngs cbnbedrgs sa chncunhe da `gdg qua an trhjhog rahnbzhdg y nh ta`parhturh mbeh

sahe ¡luhnas ae nhs dgs. Yhrh anng, as eacashrbg qua nhs rhzgeas da cg`prasbóe ae ngs dgs,sahe bluhnas aetra sà", g sah h nh rhbz cuhdrhdh da nh prasbóe mbehn.

Nh prbecbphn vaethoh da astgs cg`prasgras, ae ranhcbóe cge ngs da ueh mhsa, as nhàogrh dan raedb`baetg. Yarg asth àogrh eg as saesbjna `ès qua h phrtbr da cbarth prasbóeastb`hdh ae < Kl./c`:.

An raedb`baetg suparbgr sa daja, pgr ueh phrta, h nh àogrh dan cgambcbaeta da nba

ehdg, qua dapaeda da nh rhzóe da cg`prasbóe y dan asphcbg ùartg. Cuhedg nh prasbóe -da muecbgeh`baetg craca, an hbra cg`prb`bdg ae an asphcbg ùartg raprasaeth ueh phrta -da nh cbnbedrhdh,thetg `hygr, cuhetg `ès lrheda as nh prasbóe da shnbdh. Ygr gtrh phrta,-nhs mulhs pgr ngs salàetgs betarvbaeae da ue `gdg egthjna h phrtbr da ueh rhzóe da cg`-prasbóe da < h 6.

Th`jbâe sa daja an huàetg da raedb`baetg h qua sa hnchezhe ta`parhturhs àegras. Hn aemrbhrsa an hbra aetra dgs cbnbedrgs, nh ta`parhturh hnchezhdh cgrraspgeda h nh da ue cg`prasgr da ueh mhsa, cuyh rhzóe da cg`prasbóe sah nhMèbz cuhdrhdh da nh pra —

m



sbóe mbehn.

Nh ta`parhturh as ue pgcg `hygr ae an cbnbedrg da hnth prasbóe, yh qua an aemrbh`baetg aetra mhsas eg as ng jhstheta ambchz, cg`g phrh bluhnhr nh ta`parhturh dan hbra —cg`prb`bdg,cge nh dan hbra hspbrhdg.

Ae an chsg da nh cg`prasbóe sb`pna, phrh ueh prasbóe da shnbdh da 2 Kl. 5tm. ta`pa8

;rheorhas da ::3:C; phrh 8: Kl. da :14:C. @ès hnnè da asa nb`bta as b`pgsbjna qua ue -cg`prasgr trhjhoa ae juaehs cgedbcbgeas.

An dbhlrh`h da muecbgeh`baetg da ue cg`prasgr da asta tbpg, sa va ae nh mblurh3. An dbhlrh`h dan cbnbedrg da jhoh prasbóe, astè raprasaethdg pgr nh curvh HJCD y andan cbnbedrg da hnth prasbóe pgr nh AMLF. Sa raprasaeth cge ueh B àh da puetgs an dbh

lrh`h da ue cg`prasgr da ueh mhsa qua prgduzch hbra ae nhs `bs`hs cgedàcbggas.Sb sa cg`phrhe nhs èrahs tgthnas da ngs dgs dbhlrh`hs (ueh y dgs mhsas), sa cg`

pruajh qua sge hprgxb`hdhàeta bluhnas. An trhjhog pgr thetg, as an `bs`g ae h`jgs-chsgs, parg cg`g nh prgduccbóe rahn da hbra as suparbgr ae nh cg`prasbóe da dgs mhsas,an raedb`baetg as àogr.

Yhrh ueh rhzóe da cg`prasbóe bemarbgr h 1 Kl./c`:. an cg`prasgr da dgs mhsasas pgcg betarasheta, dhdg qua an trhjhog hjsgrjbdg pgr nhs pârdbdhs da chrlh hn phshr -da ue cbnbedrg h gtrg rasunth cg`phrhtbvhàeta lrheda.

Aetra 1 y < Kl /c`: . puadae sar betarashetas, eg sgng phrh prgduccbgeas lrhe -das. Eg sa daja gnvbdhr qua, sb asths cg`prasgras acgeg`bzhe pgtaecbh, par`btae uehàogr cgesarvhcbóe da nhs vènvunhs y ueh salurbdhd `hygr ae nh `hrcfh, sge `ès chrgsae ch`jbg.

Ygr aecb`h da < Kl /c` :. ngs cg`prasgras da dgs mhsas sa cgesbdarhe vaethogsgsae tgdgs ngs chsgs.

- Cg`prasgras da vhrbhs mhsas.

Ngs cg`prasgras da tras h sabs mhsas, sóng sa ushe ae chsgs aspacbhnas, cg`g nhchrlh da jgtannhs da lhs cg`prb`bdg g nh nbcuamhccbóe da lhsas.

8.884. Dascrbpcbóe da ue lrupg cg`prasgr.

Qe lrupg cg`prasgr cg`praeda, (mblurh H), an cg`prasgr, an `gtgr da hccbgeh`baetg y an dapósbtg da hbra.

- An Cg`prasgr;

An cg`prasgr cg`praeda nh jhechdh, qua sbrva hn `bs`g tba`pg da dapósbtg da -



hcabta;

An cbnbedrg, mbohdg sgjra nh jhechdh y prgvbstg ae an chsg da aemrbh`baetg pghbra, da hnaths prgmuedhs.

An pbstóe cge sus salàetgs.

An cgeouetg da nh trhes`bsbóe, cge nh jbanh, an cblþaøhn y an vgnheta, saàoheta hn da tgdhs nhs `èqubehs hntarehtbvhs.

An dbspgsbtbvg da dbstrbjucbóe.

An dbspgsbtbvg da ralunhcbóe*

An dbspgsbtbvg da aelrhsa.An dbspgsbtbvg da mbntrhdg da hbra.

h). Cbnbedrg y pbstóe?

Ygr rhzgeas da raedb`baetg y aqubnbjrbg, sa fhca vhrbhr nh hccbóe da ngs pbstgeay nh dbspgsbcbóe y an eÿàrg da ngs cbnbedrgs. Salÿe an trhjhog da ngs pbstgeas y cbnbesa cnhsbmbche dan sblubaeta `gdg? (mblurh 1)â

Cbnbedrg da sb`pna amactg? An pbstóe eg trhjhoh `hs qua pgr ueh da sus chrhs,cg`

pgebâedgsa an cbcng da ue tba`pg da hspbrhcbóe y ue tba`pg da cg`prasbóe. Nh vaethoh -da asta tbpg da cg`prasgr, rasbda ae nh mhcbnbdhd da su cgestruccbóe.

Cbnbedrg da dgjna amactg? An pbstóe trhjhoh pgr nhs dgs chrhs. Ae chdh ueg da sracgrrbdgs prgvgch hspbrhcbóe ae ueh phrta dan cbnbedrg y cg`prasbóe ae nh gtrh.

Sus vaethohs,ae ranhcbóe cge an hetarbgr,rasbdae ae an phr ralunhrbzhdg y ae quaan vgnuàe aelaedrhdg as chsb an dgjna.

Ae amactg, ae ue cbcng da muecbgeh`baetg da nh `èqubeh, an vgnuàe aelaedrhdgas dgs vacas an prgductg da nh chrrarh dan pbstóe pgr nh saccbóe dan cbnbedrg, (as pracb

sbe a`jhrlg, taear ae cuaeth nh saccbóe dan aoa dan pbstóe phrh nh phrta bemarbgr dan cnbedrg).

Sus becgevaebaetas rasbdae ae qua sge da cgestruccbóe `ès danbchdh. Ae prbàr -nulhr, an hccbgeh`baetg dan pbstóe as `ès dbmàcbn y hda`ès, sa prasaethe prgjna`hs da asthequabdhd aetra an cbnbedrg y an aoa dan pbstóe.

Cbnbedrg cg`puastg? Asta dbspgsbtbvg as pgcg cgrrbaeta; sa ush ae ngs cg`prasgrasda vhràhs mhsas. An pbstóe sa cg`pgea da dgs g ès anaàetgs, qua trhjhohe h sb`pna



amactg ae ue cbnbedrg da vhrbhs saccbgeas cgecâetrbchs.

Cbnbedrg dbmaraecbhn?As ueh vhrbheta dan cbnbedrg da dgjna amactg. An pbstóe astapravbstg da `gdg qua an cgeouetg dan cbnbedrg muecbgea ae cg`prasbóe ae dgs mhsas. An-hbra, cg`prb`bdg h ueh prasbóe betaràdbh ae nh phrta suparbgr dan cbnbedrg, aetrh ae -nh phrta bemarbgr, dgeda sa na cg`prbà fhsth nh prasbóe mbehn.

Salÿe nh dbspgsbcbóe y eÿàrg da ngs cbnbedrgs, ngs cg`prasgras sa cnhsbmbche ae`gegcbn`drbcgs y pgn¡cbnbedrbcgs.

Cg`prasgras `gegcbn`drbcgs? An cbnbedrg sa cgngch vartbchn (mblurh =) u fgrbzgethnàeta. An vart bc hn , puada sar da sb`pna amactg , da dgjna amactg g dbm araecbhn. An -fgrbzgethn, as àegs cgrrbaeta pgrqua gcuph `ós asphcbg; suana sar da dgjna amactg.

Cg`prasgras pgnbcbn`drbcgs? Yhrh lrhedas prgduccbgeas, as pramarbjna ushr astatbpg. Sa avbth da asta `gdg a`pnahr ue sgng cbnbedrg da`hsbhdg lrheda. Ygr gtrh phrtasa àogrh nh ralunhrbdhd dan phr.

Fhy lrhe vhrbadhd da cg`prasgras da asta tbpg. Yhrh jhoh prasbóe sa suanae ushrdgs cbnbedrgs ae ] da sb`pna amactg, cge aemrbh`baetg pgr hbra, cge cbnbedrgs bedapae-dbaetas g hcgpnhdgs phrh ueh cg`prasbóe ae dgs mhsas.

Yhrh prgduccbgeas lrhedas y àdbhs, sa ushe?

. Cg`prasgras cge cbnbedrgs ae ] da dgjna amactg .Cg`prasgras cge cbnbedrgs ae ] da sb`pna g dgjna amactg.

Cg`prasgras cge dgs g tras cbnbedrgs vartbchnas da sb`pna amactg, dgjna amactg gdbmaraecbhnas, cge cg`prasbóe da ueh g dgs mhsas.

Cg`prasgras cge cbnbedrgs fgrbzgethnas sb`pnas g da dgjna amactg, gpuastgs dgsh dgs,h ueh y gtrh phrta dan aoa, g cge cbnbedrgs da dgjna amactg ae sarba.

Cg`prasgras cge cbnbedrgs da dgjna amactg ae èelung ractg.

j) Dbspgsbtbvg da dbst rbjucbóe?

Nh dbstrbjucbóe ae an cbnbedrg, as dacbr, an dbspgsbtbvg da hparturh g cbarra phrhnh hd`bsbóe g nh shnbdh dan hbra, sa rahnbzh pgr àdbg da vènvunhs hutg`ètbchs.

An cgeouetg da ueh vènvunh (mblurh 2) sa cg`pgea da nh vènvunh prgpbhàeta d b -cfh, h àeudg ae mgr`h da dbscg; nh jhsa da nh vènvunh sgjra Bl cuhn rapgsh âsth, cuhedg sa cbarrh; an cuarpg da nh vènvunh qua datar`beh nh anavhcbóe `èxb`h da asth ae pgsbcbóe da hparturh; ngs rasgrtas da cbarra.



Chdh cgestructgr hdgpth ue tbpg phrtbcunhr da vènvunh . Nhs mblurhs 89, 88 y 8:raprasaethe ngs ùs cgrrbaetas?

]ènvunh anèstbch phrh cg`prasgr da pgtaecbh paquaøh.

]ènvunh da dbscg lruasg, th`jbâe phrh cg`prasgr da pgtaecbh paquaøh.

]ènvunh da dbscg tbpg Fgarjblar, cg`puasth pgr ue dbscg parmgrhdg ràlbdg y lubhdg ae su caetrg, g sgnbdhrbg da ue cujg pgr àdbg da jrhzgs anèstbcgs.

]ènvunh cgestbtubdnh pgr vhrbgs dbscgs heunhras cgecâetrbcgs cge luàh bedbvbduhphrh chdh dbscg,

c). Zalunhcbóe da ngs cg`prasgras,'

Ngs cg`prasgras astèe pravbstgs phrh muecbgehr ae cgetbeug hn `èxb`g . Dhdg quanhs eacasbdhdas da hbra puadae vhrbhr ae tgdg `gàetg, as eacashrbg pravar ueh ralunh-cbóe da nh prgduca bge.

Ngs cg`prasgras ushdgs ae nhs bedustrbhs dan ùajna sge dan tbpg "tgdg g ehdh",-as dacbr, qua muecbgehe cge prgduccbóe `èxb`h g cge prgduccbóe eunh. Da asth `hearh,an cg`prasgr eg prgduca `ès qua betar`btaetaàeta ae an dapósbtg da hbra. An àchebs`gda ralunhcbóe dbrbla hutg`ètbchàeta nh `hrcfh dan cg`prasgr, dasda an `gàetg ae quanh prasbóe ae an dapósbrg hnchezh ue vhngr `àeb`g datar`behdg. Bevarshàeta, an àch-ebs`g da ralunhcbóe betarru`pa nh prgduccbóe, cuhedg nh prasbóe hnchezh an nà`bta supa-rbgr , jgs dgs bT`bras puadae sar the próxb`gs cg`g sa qubarh, parg fhy qua taear ae cuaeth nh pracbsbóe da ngs hphrhtgs y an facfg da qua,cuhetg àegr as nh dbmaraecbh, ngs ch`jbgs da râlbàe sge `ès mracuaetasa Sa hd`bta egr`hnàeta ueh dbmaraecbh da 9,1 Kl. -ae besthnhcbgeas mbohs.

Ngs sbsta`hs gda ralàohcbóe `ès ushdgs sge ngs sblubaetas? Zalunhcbóe pgr cbarra g -hparturh dbrblbdh da nh vènvunh da hspbrhcbóe y ralunhcbóe pgr phrhdh dan `gtgr.

Nh ralunhcbóe pgr cbarra g hparturh da nh hspbrhcbóe sa rahnbzh pgr àdbg da dgshphrhtgs (mblurh 83)7 an dbstrbjubdgr, qua hjra g cbarrh nhs vènvunhs (H) y an ralunhdgr,

qua prgvgch nh hparturh g cbarra (J),An dbs*? àjUbdgr Tbaea pgr gjoatg prgpgrcbgehr ae an `gàetg gpgrtueg, ae mgr`h -

da hbra cg`prb`bdg, nh prasbóe eacashrbh phrh qua muecbgea an ralunhdgr. Cuhedg nh prasbóe dan hbra ae an dapósbtg, hnchezh cbarrg BT`bra, an dbstrbjubdgr daoh phshr an hbrcbrcubtg da ralunhcbóe; cuhedg dascbaeda nh prasbóe pgr dajhog dan B uebrâ bemarbgr, dbstrbjubdgr eg daoh phshr hbra fhcbh an ralunhdgr, cge ng qua an cg`prasgr vuanva h mucbgehr egr`hnàeta.

An dbstrbjubdgr puada sar da `hedg àcèebcg g anâc trbcg. Ae ngs dbstrbjubdgras -



àcèebcgs, nh prasbóe dan hbra as aqubnbjrhdh pgr ue rasgrta. An dbstrbjubdgr anâctrbcg, 'pramarbdg phrh ngs lrupgs da cbarth pgtaecbh, nnavh ue `heóàtrg da cgethctg qua hc-cbgeh ueh anactrgvènvunh.

An ralunhdgr,prgpbhàeta dbcfg, puada sar da cbarra g da hparturh. Ae an p r b -àr chsg, an hbra prgcadaeta dan dbstrbjubdgr, prgvgch an cbarra da ueh vènvunh ae ancgeductg da hspbrhcbóe; asta sbsta`h as saecbnng y rgjustg, parg ngs cbnbedrgs sa aemrbhepgcg durheta nh `hrcfh ae vhcbg.

Ae an ralunhdgr da hparturh, an hbra dan dbstrbjubdgr, cuhedg sa hnchezh nh prasbóe `èxb`h, hctÿh sgjra ue pbstóe sgnbdhrbg da ueh fgrqubnnh qua hnchezh, h trhvâs -da ngs grbmbcbgs da hspbrhcbóe, nh vènvunh da aetrhdh, `hetaebâedgnh hjbarth. Hn cgr-thr an hbra an dbstrbjubdgr, hn nnalhr h nh prasbóe `àeb`h, nh fgrqubnnh as navhethdh pgrue rasgrta, racuparhedg nh vènvunh da hspbrhcbóe su muecbgeh`baetg egr`hn.

Asta sbsta`h da ralunhcbóe as betarasheta, pgrqua par`bta aemrbhr ngs cbnbedrgsdurheta nh `hrcfh ae vhcbg.

Nh ralunhcbóe pgr phrhdh dan `gtgr sa a`pnah cgrrbaetaàeta aeprasgras qua nnavhe `gtgras anâctrbcgs hsbecrgegs. Qe cgethctgr `heg`âtrbcg qua hc -tÿh cg`g cgethctgr-dbsyuetgr, prgvgch nh phrhdh dan `gtgr, cuhedg sa hnchezh nh prasbóe `èxb`h, y ng pgea ae `hrcfh, cuhedg sa hnchezh nh `àeb`h.

Yhrh hsalurhr ue juae muecbgeh`baetg dan `gtgr as ÿtbn, qua thetg nhs phrhdhscg`g nhs puasths ae `hrcfh, sa amactÿae ae vhcbg. Yhrh anng, ngs cg`prasgras nnavheue daschrlhdgr caetrbmulg qua hctÿh ¡edapaedbaetaàeta dan cgethctgr `heg`âtrbcg.

An daschrlhdgr caetrbmulg sa cgngch ae ue axtra`g dan aoa; cuhedg an cg`prasgr hrrhech g a`pbazh h phrhrsa, an sbsta`h caetrbmulg hjra ueh vènvunh ae nh rujarThda shnbdh; an cg`prasgr muecbgeh aetgecas ae vhcbg.

Sa ush th`jbâe ue dbspgsbtbvg da ralunhcbgeb`bxmrmc c g e vhcbhdg dan cg`prasgrpgr cbarra g hparturh da nhs vènvunhs da hspbrhcbóe, cuhedg an cgethctgr datbaea g pgea ae `hrcfh an `gtgr.

d). Dbspgsbtbvg da aelrhsa?

Yhrh gjtaear ue juae muecbgeh`baetg dan cg`prasgr,sa daja rahnbzhr ue aelrhsa ambchz da ngs cbnbedrgs y da ngs órlhegs ae `gvb`baetg.

An aelrhsa da ngs cbnbedrgs, as da ralunhcbóe danbchdh. Ae amactg, an aelrhsadaja mhcbnbthr an `gvb`baetg dan pbstóe, parg sb as da`hsbhdg hjuedheta, mhvgraca anaelrhsa da nhs vènvunhs. An axhàe mracuaeta da âsths, par`bta dhrsa cuaeth da sb anaelrhsa muecbgeh jbae. Ae ngs cg`prasgras da lrhe pgtaecbh, an aelrhsa sa rahnbzh àcóebchàeta. Ae ngs da jhoh pgtaecbh, cge cbnbedrgs da sb`pna amactg, da ueh g dgs -

89



mhsas, sa amactÿh pgr prgyaccbóe da hcabta ae an cèrtar. Asta sbsta`h, nnh`hdg jhrjgtag,cgesbsta ae suàrlbr ae an ca-* ta dan cèrtar, ueh pbazh àtènbch sgnbdhrbh dan aoa, qua hn lbrhr, prgyacth an hcabta. Yhrh hsalurhr nh ralunhrbdhd dan aelrhsa, cgevbaea qua an

ebvan dan hcabta sah cgestheta.

An aelrhsa da ngs órlhegs ae `gvb`baetg puada rahnbzhrsa àcèebchàeta, pgr -jhrjgtag, pgr caetrbmulhcbóe y jhog prasbóe.

a). Mbntrhdg ae nh hspbrhcbóe?

An hbra nnavh sba`pra ueh chetbdhd da pgnvg `ès g àegs lrheda, salÿe an a`pnhzh`baetg da nh mèjrbch y sus hctbvbdhdas. Nhs bedustrbhs dan ùajna avbdaetaàeta prgc4«ducae ueh lrhe chetbdhd da pgnvg da `hdarh. An pgnvg qua aetrh ae nh cè`hrh da cg`-mprasbóe, gchsbgeh ue daslhsta rèpbdg da ngs cbnbedrgs, hcanarhedg an aelrhsa da nhs v è nvunhs y gxbdhedg an hcabta nujrbmbcheta. As bedbspaeshjna mbntrhr an hbra da hspbAn pgnvg qua aetrh ae an cèrtar, prgvgch bluhnàeta an daslhsta da ngs cbnbedrgs y an aelrhsa da ngs anaàetgs `óvbnas.

An cgeouetg daja sar far`âtbcg, uebdg hn tujg da hspbrhcbóe dan hbra mbntrhdg.

Qe mbntrg da hbra,da chnbdhd,daja taear ue juae pgdar mbntrheta, daja sar mècbda cubdhr y daja gchsbgehr ueh pârdbdh da chrlh the paquaøh, cg`g sah pgsbjna..

m). An `gtgr dan cg`prasgr?

Sa ushe `gtgras anâctrbcgs, da lhsgnbeh y Dbasan, qua hccbgehe an cg`prasgr pgràdbg da ueh pgnah qua, hctÿh hn `bs`g tba`pg, cg`g vaetbnhdgr phrh ramrblarhcbóe dancg`prasgr.

Ngs `gtgras anâctrbcgs sa besthnhe, laearhnàeta, ae tgdgs ngs cg`prasgras mbogs,yh qua sge ngs ès acgeó`bcgs, thetg dasda an puetg da vbsth dan cgesu`g, cg`g dan -`hetaeb`baetg y vblbnhecbh.

Yhrh pgtaecbhs bemarbgras h 899 C.]., sa a`pnahe `gtgras trbmèsbcgs hsbecrgegs,rgjustgs, da hrrhequa mècbn y da pgcg cgsta. Sbe a`jhrlg, cg`phrhdgs cge ngs `gtgrass`crgegs, su raedb`baetg as bemarbgr.

Nh trhes`bsbóe sa rahnbzh pgr cgrrahs trhpazgbdhnas, qua dhe `hygr Zaedb`baetg -qua nhs pnhehs.

Yhrh nh prgtaccbóe da astgs `gtgras, eg jhsthe ngs musbjnas, yh qua sa suanae prgducbr betaesbdhdas axcasbvhs. Sa ushe laearhnàeta ranâs `hleatgtâr`bcgs g cgethctgras-dbsyuetgras da prgtaccbóe târ`bch, qua hsalurhe h nh vaz an hrrhequa y nh prgtaccbóe-dan `gtgr.

Salÿe an h`jbaeta ae an qua dajh muecbgehr an`gtgr, sa na daja prgtalar cge—

88



trh nh fuàdhd,, an hluh, an pgnvg , ngs lhsas datgehetas, ascglbâedgsa `gtgras prgtalàdgs, `gtgras prgtalbdgs vaetbnhdgs, `gtgras asthecgs, `gtgras he tb damnhlrhe.!.- ,

Ngs `gtgras da lhsgnbeh y Dbasan, sa ushe phrh ngs cg`prasgras `óvbnas, a`pnaadgs ae gjrhs pÿjnbchs, dgeda eg sa dbspgea laearhnàeta da aearlàh anâctrbch.

l). An dapósbtg da hbra.

An dapósbtg, hsalurh nh ralunhcbóe da nh prgduccbóe da hbra. Sa hd`bta ae laearhn phrh nhs besthnhcbgeas mbohs, qua an vgnuàe dan dapósbtg daja sar cg`g ``b`g Bluhnh nh prgduccbóe dan cg`prasgr ae ue `beutg. Sbe a`jhrlg, ae an chsg da bedustrbhs quaeacasbthe lrhedas cgesu`gs besthetèeags, sa daja hn`hcaehr ueh chetbdhd ùcfg `hygr..

An dapósbtg sa cgngch fgrbzgethn àeta ae laearhn, parg puada sar pracbsg dbspg-earng vartbchnàeta, phrh raducbr an asphcbg gcuphdg. (Mblurh 81).

Ngs cg`prasgras da paquaøh prgduccbóe, sa `gethe dbracthàeta sgjra an dapósbtg; ae ch`jbg, ae nhs besthnhcbgeas da lrhe pgtaecbh, sa cgngche saphrhdgs»

Nh aetrhdh da hbra ae an cg`prasgr,sa fhca pgr hjhog y nh shnbdh, pgr hrrbjh, -avbtèedgsa hsb" an hrrhstra dan hluh cgedaeshdh ae nh phrta bemarbgr dan dapósbtg fhsth ngshphrhtgs utnnbzhdgras. An dapósbtg sa uea hn cg`prasgr pgr ueh chehnbzhcbóe qua nnavh -ueh vènvunh da rataecbóe.(mblurh 8=), Asth chehnbzhcbóe, ramrblarh phrcbhnàeta an hbra.Gtrgs hccasgrbgs dan dapósbtg sge, nh vènvunh da salurbdhd, dastbehdh h prgtalar nh bes-

thnhcbóe cgetrh nhs sgjraprasbgeas; an lrbmg da vhcbhdg da hluh da cgedaeshcbóe (sa da -ja hjrbr tgdgs ngs dbhs); nh vènvunh da aetrhdh da hbra y an `heóàtrg.

8U881. Datar`behcbóe da nh pgtaecbh eacashrbh.

Cuhedg sa hdqubara ue cg`prasgr, sa daja datar`behr dgs dhtgs? Nh prgduccbóeda hbra ae àtrgs cÿjbcgs pgr fgrh y nh prasbóe `èxb`h h nh qua daja trhjhohr an cg`-prasgr.

Yhrh chncunhr nh prgduccbóe da hbra, sa fhca nh nbsth da tgdgs ngs hphrhtgs qua -nh eacasbthe? pbstgnhs, B b ¡hdgrhs, punbdgrhs, at c. Nualg, cgegcbaedg an cgesu`g ae BB —

trgs pgr `beutg da chdh ueg, sa su`he ngs da tgdgs ngs qua puadae muecbgehr sbùntèeahàeta. An rasunthdg raprasaeth an cgesu`g `èxb`g. Sbe a`jhrlg, sa puada hd`btbr quatgdgs ngs puastgs da trhjhog eg hctÿhe h nh vaz, hpnbchedg ue cgambcbaeta da raduccbóe,

29 % phrh : ó 3 hphrhtgs.69 % phrh 1 ó = hphrhtgs.<9 % phrh 89 ó `ès .

Sa daja taear ae cuaeth, qua fhy hphrhtgs da muarta cgesu`g besthetèeag, cg`gngs lhtgs eau`ètbcgs, chdh vaz `ès utbnbzhdgs ae nhs bedustrbhs dan ùajna phrh an `ge-

8:



thoa, an aecgnhdg, atc. Yhrh anngs, sa dajarè cgesbdarhr an cgesu`g àdbg ae an betar-vhng da tba`pg cgrraspgedbaeta h nh mracuaecbh `èxb`h.

Yhrh datar`behr nh prasbóe `èxb`h, sa cgesunthe nhs chrhctarTstbchs tâcebchs dachdh hphrhtg . An cg`prasgr dajarè prgpgrcbgehr hbra h ueh prasbóe ``b`h suparbgr h -nh qua eacasbth an ÿtbn, qua muecbgeh cge nh prasbóe `ès anavhdh.

8.88=. Cgesarvhcbóe da ue cg`prasgr.

Ngs mhjrbchetas da cg`prasgras suanae dhr bestruccbgeas phrh su a`pnag y cgesarvhcbóe , qua sa dajae raspathr astrbcthàeta. Nh `hygr phrta da ngs mhnngs, prgcadae dadamactgs ae nh cgesarvhcbóe.

Ngs puetgs sgjra ngs qua sa daja taear `ès cubdhdg sge ngs sblubaetas?

- A`pnhzh`baetg? Sa daja cgngchr an cg`prasgr dgeda puadh hspbrhr hbra mras—cg, nb`pbg y sacg. Daja fhjar ueh dbsthecbh da 39 c`. cg—`g `àeb`g aetra ân y nhs phradas.

- Hcabta

- Mbntrg da hbra

? An cèrtar sa daja nnaehr fhsth nh saøhn `èxb`h, cge hcabta -phrh `gtgras. Ae bevbareg cgevbaea ushr hcabtas da vbscgsb-dhd `ès jh¡h qua ae varheg. Sa daja ch`jbhr chdh : ó 3 àsas.

? Daspuâs da hnlÿe tba`pg da muecbgeh`baetg, sa cgn`hth an -órlheg mbntrheta, dbs`beuyaedg an raedb`baetg dan lrupg.Cgevbaea, da tba`pg ae tba`pg, nb`pbhr an mbntrg, ng cuhn sa da-ja fhcar thetg `ès mracuaetaàeta, cuhetg `ès pgnvgrbaeth -sah nh ht`ósmarh.

- Dapósbtg da hbra? Sa daja shchr an hluh tgdgs ngs dàhs.

8.88<. Chushs da nhs heg`hnThs ae an muecbgeh`baetg da ue cg`prasgr.

CHQSHS

Mbntrg da hbra cgn`hthdg

Mhnth da hcabta ae an cèrtar

Hcabta da`hsbhdg aspasg

Chnaeth`baetgaxhlarhdg

*

*

*

Zatrhsg ae'hnchezhrnh prasbóe

An cg`prasgrlgnpah

*

Sujbdhdahcabta

83



CHQSHS

Zamrblarhcbóe beambchz pgrmhnth da hbra dajbdg h nhbesthnhcbóe ae ue asphcbgraducbdg g ùy carch danùrg.

Cbnbedrg sucbg da pbeturh

]ènvunhs sucbhs

Mulh da hbra

Chnh`beh ae an pbstóe

Zgdh`baetgs da jgnhs das-lhsthdgs.

]ènvunhs da hspbrhcbóe gda shnbdh `hn `gethdhs.

Salàetgs daslhsthdgs

Oualg ae an aoa dan pbstóe

Chnaeth`baetg

axhlarhdg

*

. *

*

Zatrhsg ae

hnchezhrnh prasbóe

*

*

An cg`prasgr

lgnpah

*

*

*

*

Sujbdh da

hcabta

*

8.8:. @HTAZBHN DA HYNBCHCBÓE.

8.8:8. Dapurhcbóe dan hbra y housta da prasbóe..b

Bebcbhnrraaetaan hbra cg`prb`bdg sa nb`pbh da pgnvg y vhpgras da hluh y hcabta.Daspuâs sa na dè nh prasbóe da utbnbzhcbóe.

Huequa sa mbntrh an hbra h nh aetrhdh ae an cg`prasgr, cgevbaea nb`pbhrng gtrhvaz hetas da ushrng, yh qua puada nnavhr phrtbcunhs sónbdhs prgcadaetas da nh gxbdh-cbóe dan hcabta g da nh farru`jra da nhs chehnbzhcbgeas, atc.

An hbra cg`prb`bdg dastbehdg hn jhrebzhdg g hn muecbgeh`baetg da ÿtbnas eau`è'tbcgs, daja asthr the sacg cg`g sah pgsbjna. An vhpgr da hluh gxbdh nhs tujarThs, prgvg



ch aà rhyhdg da ngs ÿtbnas y mgr`h jurjuohs ae nhs panàcunhs da jhrebz.

An vhpgr da hluh prgvbaea da nh fuàdhd ht`gsmârbch cgetaebdh ae an hbra hspb-

rhdg. H ta`parhturh cgestheta, nh chetbdhd da vhpgr da hluh qua puada cgetaear 8 Kl .da hbra sacg as bevarshàeta prgpgrcbgehn h nh prasbóe; h prasbóe cgestheta nh chphcbdhdda hjsgrcbóe dan hbra huàeth ùcfg cge nh ta`parhturh. Sb nh cg`prasbóe muarh bsgtâr-`bch, fhjràh cgedaeshcbóe da hluh ae ngs cbnbedrgs; sb muarh hdbhjètbch, sa prgducbràh ueh dasachcbóe, puas nh bemnuaecbh da nh ta`parhturh pradg`beh sgjra nh da nh prasbóe.Yarg, cuhedg an hbra cg`prb`bdg sa aecuaetrh ae nhs tujaràhs, sa aemrbh fhsth nh ta`parhturh h`jbaeta, prgducbâedgsa cgedaeshcbgeas qua prgvgche nh farru`jra da nhs `bs`hs ynh aetrhdh da hluh ae ngs hphrhtgs.

Ygr gtrh phrta, cuhedg an hbra pbarda prasbóe ae nh pbstgnh, an jruscg aemrbh`batg prgvgch cgedaeshcbóe dan vhpgr da hluh a becnusg nh mgr`hcbóe da ueh aspacba da as-

chrcfh, prbecbphnas aea`blgs da pbeturhs y jhrebcas.Sa dajae tg`hr pgr anng, prachucbgeas phrh avbthr asths dbmbcunthdas. Nh sgnucbó

hdgpthdh laearhnàeta phrh anb`behr nh `hygr chetbdhd pgsbjna da vhpgr da hluh, cgesbsta ae fhcar phshr an hbra,ae cuhetg shna dan cbnbedrg, pgr ue ramrblarhdgr. An vhpgr sacgedaesh ae nh phrta bemarbgr dan dapósbtg y sa anb`beh dbhrbhàeta.

Sa daja dhr th`jbâe ueh cbarth paedbaeta h ths tujaràhs da hbra, cge purlhs ae -ngs puetgs jhogs phrh avhcuhcbóe da hluh (mblurh 8<).

Salÿe ngs besthnhdgras, nh paedbaeta sa fhca fhcbh an dapósbtg g fhcbh an axtra`g

gpuastg da nh tujaràh.Ae an chsg da pbstgnhdg, sa dh an hbra cg`prb`bdg, ae nh prgxb`bdhd da nh chjb-

eh ueh prasbóe suparbgr h nh da hpnbchcbóe, dbs`beuyâedgsa rèpbdhàeta pgr àdbg da ueralunhdgr. Hn sar bsgtâr`bch nh axphesbóe, an hbra cg`prb`bdg sa sach.

Qeh vaz sa fh anb`behdg an vhpgr da hluh, sa dajae qubthr tgdhs nhs b`purazhs,-dhedg nh prasbóe hdacuhdh.

Asths dgs gparhcbgeas sa rahnbzhe pgr àdbg da ngs trhesmgr`hdgras da hbra (mblurh86) qua hctÿhe ae dgs tba`pgs? dapurhcbóe y axphesbóe.

Nh dapurhcbóe sa amactÿh ae laearhn, ae ue tujg cbnbedrbcg da dgjna phrad. An hbra dascbaeda prbàrg aetra nhs dgs phradas, qua astèe prgvbsths da saecbnngs dbspgsbtbvgphrh fhcarng cfgchr cgetrh nhs phradas g phrh prgducbr sbùntèeahàeta ue huàetg da -vangcbdhd y ue `gvb`baetg turjunaetg. Nhs lgtbths da hluh y hcabta y an pgnvg, ès pa-shdgs qua an hbra, hrrhstrhdgs pgr nh muarzh caetrbmulh, sa saphrhe. An hbra suja nualg pan caetrg phshedg h trhvâs da hjarturhs dbspuasths brralunhràeta y da ueh choh mbntrheta.

H nh shnbdh dan dapurhdgr, an hbra sa dbrbla h ue ralunhdgr da à`jrheh dgeda -hdqubara nh prasbóe da hpnbchcbóe. H nh shnbdh axbsta ue `heóàtrg phrh cg`prgjhr qua



an hbra shna h Bq prasbóe hdacuhdh.

8.8::. Hnbàethcbóe da nhs pbstgnhs cge `htarbhn da jhrebzhdg.

- Hnbàethcbóe pgr succbóe . (Mblurh 82).

An prgductg sa aecuaetrh ae ue racbpbaeta da ue nbtrg da chphcbdhd, suoatg pgrdajhog da nh pbstgnh. Nh sujbdh dan prgductg fhsth âsth, sa rahnbzh pgr succbóe.

Asta tbpg da hnbàethcbóe eg as hpnbchjna `ès qua ae paquaøgs thnnaras g phrhtrhjhogs da raphrhcbóe.

- Hnbàethcbóe pgr lrhvadhd.

Cgesbsta ae qua an prgductg sa aecuaetrh ae ue dapósbtg sbtuhdg h `hygr hntu-rh qua nh pbstgnh, h nh qua sa uea pgr ue tujg.

Axbstae pbstgnhs ae nhs qua an racbpbaeta sa aecuaetrh suoatg h nh pbstgnh pgr aecb`h, y qua sa a`pnah phrh ratgquas. (Mblurh :9 ).

- Hnbàethcbóe pgr dapósbtg h prasbóe. (Mblurh :8).

An prgductg sa cgngch ae ue dapósbtg far`âtbchàeta carrhdg, ae an qua aetrhue tujg uebdg h nh pbstgnh. Nh prasbóe dan hbr a, aoarcbdh sgjra nh suparmbcba dan prgductg, ng fhca nnalhr fhsth nh pbstgnh.

- Hnbàethcbóe pgr jg`jh?

Nhs jg`jhs par`btae shchm an prgductg dbracthàeta da ngs aevhsas ae qua sa -vaeda. Fhy dgs tbpgs da jg`jhs prbecbphnàeta, nhs da aelrhehoa (mblurh ::) y nhs dapbstgeas (mblurhs :3 y :4).

Nhs jg`jhs da pbstóe sge da sb`pna amactg (:3 h) ó da dgjna amactg (:3 j y :4).An tbpg da jg`jh da :3 c, as aspacbhn y sa a`pnah ae cbrcubtgs da cbrcunhcbóe da nhrlhdbsthecbh. . " •

Nhs jg`jhs sge hccbgehdhs laearhnàeta pgr `gtgras da hbra cg`prb`bdg phrhsuprb`br tgdg rbaslg da becaedbg. Ae an chsg da pbeturhs, sa pgea ue hlbthdgr phrh avbthr nh sadbàethcbóe da pblàetgs y chrlhs. An hlbthdgr sa puada hccbgehr `heuhnàeta g pgr `gtgr eau`ètbcg g anâctrbcg.

Qeh jg`jh puada hnbàethr vhrbhs pbstgnhs. Nh hnbàethcbóe da nhs pbstgnhs safhca pgr an sbsta`h da cbrcunhcbóe. Nh mblurh :1 ùastrh ueh besthnhcbóe da asma tbpg.Ae ngs tujgs an bTqubdg asmè sba`pra ae `gvb`baetg, axbstbaedg ue cgeductg da bdh y -gtrg da vuanth. Nh pbstgnh astè uebdh cge an ralunhdgr da prasbóe, qua par`bta dgsbmb-

8=



chr an prgductg, ae chdh puastg da jhrebzhdg.

Nh besthnhcbóe puada taear thetgs cbrcubtgs cg`g tbpgs da prgductgs utbnbzhdgs.

Avbdaetaàeta ueh besthnhcbóe da asth aevarlhdurh sgng sa daja `gethr phrh cgesu`gslrhedas.

Nh hnbàethcbóe pgr cbrcunhcbóe tbaea dgs vaethohs b`pgrthetas?

Ae prbàr nulhr, sa suprbàe tgdgs ngs `gvb`baetgs dan prgductg, yh qua an puetg da phrtbdh da nh besthnhcbóe puada cgngchrsa ¡uetg hn nulhr `bs`g da hn`hcaeh`bae-tg.

Ygr gtrh phrta, sa suprbà an hn`hcaeh`baetg da jbdgeas y racbpbaetas dbvarsgs¡uetg h nhs chjbehs, yh qua gcuphe asphcbg y chushe dasgrdae.

8.8:3. Nhs pbstgnhs.Qeh pbstgnh sa cg`pgea da nhs phrtas sblubaetas. (Mblurh :=)?

h). An cuarpg da nh pbstgnh cge nhs aetrhdhs da hbra da prgductg. (8).

j). An sbsta`h prbecbphn da punvarbzhcbóe qua nnavh ngs órlhegs qua hsalurhe nhnnalhdh sbùntèeah da hbra y da prgductg ae ue puetg dhdg, nh jgqubnnh (:)cge nh hluoh (3) da pbeturh qua dbrbla nh nnalhdh dan prgductg; an chjazhnda hbra (4), cuyg phpan as cgeducbr hn ebvan da nh jgqubnnh, an hbra prbephn qua punvarbzh an prgductg (1) y an sacuedhrbg qua nnalh pgr nhs hjartu-

rhs (ó) nhtarhnas phrh hpnhsthr an cfgrrg.c) . Ngs dbmaraetas dbspgsbtbvgs da `hedg? . .

- An lhtbnng (<) qua dbrbla h nh vaz an `gvb`baetg da nh hluoh da pbeturh ynh hparturh da nh vènvunh. Fhy ue ratrhsg aetra an `gvb`baetg dan aoa danh vènvunh da hbra y an da nh hluoh dan prgductg. Ae ue prbàr tba`pg,anlhtbnng hccbgeh sóng nh vènvunh phrh qua an gparhrbg puadh ushr an hbrâ nbjarhdg phrh dasa`pgnvhr. Hprathedg `ès an lhtbnng hctÿhe ngs dgs h nhvaz.

- Nh vènvunh da hbra (6).An tgrebnng da ralunhcbóe da nh shnbdh dan prgductg (2), qua hctÿh nb`bthedg cg`g ue tgpa, nh h`pnbtud da `gvb`baetg da nh hluoh da pbeturh.

- An dbspgsbtbvg da ralunhcbóe da nh hecfurh dan cfgrrg (89), qua hctÿh da`gdg qua nnalua `ès g àegs hbra pgr nhs hjarturhs nhtarhnas. Sb sa qubara, sa puada b`padbr tgdh nnalhdh da hbra pgr annhs, gjtaebâedgsa aetgeaas ue cfgrrg radgedg.

Q



- Anaàetgs hccasgrbgs? Sa trhth sgjra tgdg, da rasgrtas da uebóe da dbmaraetas ¡ueths da asthequabdhd.

Dbmaraetas tbpgs da pbstgnhs;

Salÿe qua nh àzcnh hbra-prgductg, sa fhlh ae an axtarbgr g ae an betarbgr da -nh pbstgnh , sa dbstbeluae dgs tbpgs da pbstgnhs. Nhs da àzcnh betareh sa ushe sgjra tgdgae pbeturh da cgestruccbgeas. Ae pbeturh bedustrbhn, sgng sa ushe nhs da àzcnh axtareh.

Nh punvarbzhcbóe sa rahnbzh h ueh prasbóe da hbra cg`praedbdh aetra 8,199 y -3.199 lr/c`:, phrh prgductgs cuyh cgesbstaecbh vhrbh da :9 h 41 saluedgs CM4.

Fhy pbstgnhs qua sa nnh`he da jhoh prasbóe", qua punvarbzhe h ueh prasbóe da -399 h 199 lr/c`:. Ae annhs sa cg`paesh nh mhnth da.prasbóe cge ueh `hygr chetbdhd dahbra. Ygr anng, nh hjarturh dan chjazhn as ùcfg `hygr qua ae nhs pbstgnhs cgùeas, -Nhs pbstgnhs da jhoh prasbóe sa racg`baedhe phrh ueh punvarbzhcbóe sbe ebajnh da prg-ductg, pgr ng qua supgeae ueh acgeg`àh dan `bs`g. Ae amactg; ae an chsg da pbstgnhdgh jhoh prasbóe, eg sa mgr`he lgtbths lruashs, pgr ng qua nh avhpgrhcbóe da dbsgnvaetas,durheta nh punvarbzhcbóe, as àegr, cge ng qua nh ebajnh rasunth àegs betaesh.

Nh punvarbzhcbóe h jhoh prasbóe-tmâea sbe a`jhrlg, an becgevaebaeta da prgdu-cbr ueh panàcunh da jhrebz da hspactg brralunhr qua sa bluhnh cge dbmbcunthd ae an chsgda suparmbcbas vartbchnas g da qua sa usae prgductgs da sachdg rèpbdg. Ygr gtrh phrta asths pbstgnhs dajae a`pnahrsa th`jbâe cge chjbeh da hspbrhcbóe.

Asta prgcad b`baetg as betarashe ta, sgjra tgdg phrh nh hpnbchcbóe da jhrebcas dapgnbâstar, qua eg as pracbsg punvarbzhr ùy mbehàeta, yh qua nh panàcunh tbaea ùcfgtbaea ùcfg tba`pg phrh bluhnhrsa daspuâs da nh hpnbchcbóe. Sbe a`jhrlg, sgng phra—cae utonbzhjnas phrh suparmbcbas fgrbzgethnas.

Nhs pbstgnhs sa dbmaraecbh salÿe an `gdg da hnbàethcbóe dan prgductg?

- Hnbàethcbóe pgr succbóe (mblurh 82)?

An prgductg astè hn`hcaehdg ae ue racbpbaeta sbtuhdg dajhog da nh pbstgnh. Nh

nnalhdh dan prgductg h nh jgqubnnh sa fhca pgr succbóe. Nh jgqubnnh astè dbspuasth da`gdg qua nh cgrrbaeta da hbra craa ueh daprasbóe qua fhlh sujbr an prgductg.

- Hnbàethcbóe pgr lrhvadhd?

Asta tbpg da hnbàethcbóe eg as ùy mracuaeta, huequa sa astè axtaedbaedg phrh nh hpnbchcbóe da pgnbâstar. Cgesbsta ae cgngchr an dapósbtg da jhrebz pgr aecb`h danh pbstgnh, chyaedg h âsth pgr lrhvadhd. Eg sa suana a`pnahr ès qua phrh ratgquas ctrhjhogs da dacgrhcbóe, (mblurh :9).

86



- Hnbàethcbóe jhog prasbóe?

Ae asta chsg eg as eacashrbg prgducbr ueh daprasbóe hetas da nh pbstgnh, yh qua

an prgductg nnavh su prgpbg b`punsg.8.8:4. Cgeductgs da hbra y da prgductg.

- Tujgs da hbra?

Ngs tujgs da hbra dajae taear ue dbèàtrg betarbgr da 2 ``. Fhy sba`pra ueh -pârdbdh da chrlh aetra an trhesmgr`hdgr da hbra y nh pbstgnh, qua as thetg `hygr, cuhetg àegr as an dbèàtrg dan tujg. Ae an cuhdrg sblubaeta sa bedbche nhs pârdbdhs da chrlh ae muecbóe dan dbèàtrg y da nh ngelbtud da ngs tujgs. Da ân,sa daduca an betarâs -qua axbsta ae ushr tujgs da dbèàtrg sumbcbaeta. Hda`ès,phrh cgegcar àogr nh prasbóe

da hbra da pbstgnhdg, as cgevaebaeta ushr tujgs ng `ès cgrtgs qua sah pgsbjna. Becnusg,sb sa daja ralunhr nh prasbóe phrh vhrbhs chjbehs, cgevbaea qua ngs tujgs qua vhe h chdh ueh da annhs, taelhe ngelbtudas ¡luhnas.

Dbèàtrg betarbgrdan tujg da hbra

Tujg da = ``» oà betarbgr.

Tujg da 2 ``.O3m betarbgr.

Yrasbóea`pnahdh

Kl:,6993,1994,:99

:,6993,1994,:99

Yârdbdh da chrlh ae nh pbstgnh8,19 `

Kl9,4:99,1:99,=39

9,81<9,:899,:=:

- 3

Kl.9,1=9 ,.

9,<999,6<1

9,82:9,:419,381

4,19

Kl9,==$X,6498,981

9,::<9,:699,319

= `

Kl9,<<99,2698,8<:

9,:419,3819,361

<,19 ;

Kl9,6298,8:98,339

9,:699,3199,4:9

81 `

Kl8,=698,2=9:,8<9

9,1219,<999,691

- Tujgs da pbeturh?

Sa dajae prgtalar betarbgràeta cge ue ravastb`baetg qua rasbsth h ngs sgnvae—tas y hnluegs hlaetas quà`bcgs ushdgs cg`g chthnbzhdgras, thnas cg`g ècbdgs, paróxb-dgs, atc. Dajae sar da cgngr qua par`bth dbmaraecbhrngs mècbnàeta da ngs tujgs da hbra.

8.83. HCGEDBCBGEH@BAETG DA NGS YZGDQCTGS HETAS DA NH HYNBCHCB

Yhrh praphrhr ngs prgductgs hetas da nh hpnbchcbóe, sa dajae rahnbzhr nhs sblubaetas gparhcbgeas?

82



- Yuasth da ngs prgductgs h nh ta`parhturh h`jbaeta?

Asth gparhcbóe as b`pgrtheta, sgjra tgdg ae bevbareg, pgr vhrbgs `gtbvgs. Ngsprgductgs da`hsbhdg mrbgs, prgducae damactgs ae nh panàcunh da jhrebz. Nh vbscgsbdhdas muecbóe da nh ta`parhturh, da `gdg qua, ue prgductg mràg as sba`pra `ès vbscgsg,pgr ng qua daja asthr `ès dbnuTdg phrh taear ueh vbscgsbdhd da hpnbchcbóe hdacuhdh.Cge anng, rasunth taear ue pgdar cujrbaeta àegr.

- Hlbthcbóe y jhrebzhdg da ngs prgductgs?

Yrbecbphnàeta ae nhs nhchs y pbeturhs, sa prgduca sba`pra ae an hn`hcaeh`baetg ue dapósbtg da pblàetgs, qua sa daja dbsparshr ae an `gàetg da a`pnag. An ``¡zhdg sarè ÿtbn phrh anb`behr ngs paquaøgs hlngàrhdgs da pblàetgs qua puadae gjstrubrnhs pbstgnhs g datarbgrhr an hspactg da nh panàcunh da jhrebz.

Sa puada hcanarhr an Othecenzhdg da ueh nhch, fhcbaedg an vhcbg ae an dapósbtg,(mblurh :<), As ÿtbn th`jbâe, ra`gvar y Brh`-àzhr ngs jhrebcas hetas da nh hpnbchcbóe,

- Cg`prgjhcbóe da nh vbscgsbdhd?

Yhrh sar hpnbchdgs cge pbstgnh, ngs jhrebcas dajae taear ueh vbscgsbdhd, qua vhràh cge an tbpg da âsth. @adbheta aeshygs sa datar`beh qua cnhsa da pbstgnh as hdacuh-dh phrh an prgductg qua sa vh h a`pnahr. Daspuâs sa daja `hetaear ueh vbscgsbdhd cgestheta.

8.84. ZALQNHCBÓE DAN AXQBYG DA HYNBCHCBÓE.

8.848 .@gethoa da nh pbstgnh.

Ngs prbàrgs anaàetgs qua fhy qua datar`behr sge, an chnbjra da nh jgqubnnh yan tbpg da chjazhn. Sa anblae salÿe nhs bedbchcbgeas dan mhjrbcheta dan `htarbh.; th`-jbâe an su`bebstrhdgr dan prgductg puada grbaethr sgjra an tbpg qua sah `ès hdacuhdg.Ae laearhn, nh vbscgsbdhd y an tbpg da hnbàethcbóe, sge ng qua bemnuyae.

8.84:. Zalunhcbóe da nh hecfurh dan cfgrrg.

Nh hecfurh dan cfgrrg, sa ralunh ae muecbóe da nh mgr`h da nhs pbazhs qua sa -jhrebzhe. Qeh suparmbcba da lrhedas dbàesbgeas, sa jhrebzh cge ue cfgrrg pnheg,da -hecfurh `èxb`h. Ygr an cgetrhrbg, sa raducbrè nh hecfurh, sb as suparbgr h ueh da nhsdbàesbgeas da nh pbazh.

8.843. Zalunhcbóe da nh shnbdh da prgductg y da nh prasbóe dan hbra da punvarbzhcbóe.

Sa trhth da dgs mhctgras betb`hàeta nblhdgs. Sa a`pbazh, ae laearhn, mbohedgBÞ chetbdhd da prgductg qua shna. Nh ralunhcbóe sa rahnbzh da dbmaraetas `hearhs, sa-

:9



lÿe an tbpg da hnbàethcbóe.

Sb nh hnbàethcbóe as pgr succbóe, sa ralunh hctuhedg sgjra an tgrebnng hprgpbh-dg.

Sb Oh hnbàethcbóe as àdbheta dapósbtg h prasbóe, as pramarbjna `hetaear an tgrebnng da ralunhcbóe da nh pbstgnh ùy hjbartg, `gdbmbchedg nh shnbdh da prgductg, fhcbaedg.vhrbhr nh prasbóe da hbra ae an dapósbtg.

An becgevaebaeta da nh ralunhcbóe ae nh pbstgnh as qua, phrh cgesu`gs raducbdgs,an tgrebnng cg`prbà muartaàeta an rasgrta da nh hluoh da pbeturh, cge ng qua an `gvb-`baetg dan lh tbnng rasunth dbmàcbn . Taebaedg ae cuaeth qua sa daja hprathr y sgnthr an tbnng ae chdh phsa, sa mhtblh an gparhrbg.

Qeh vaz ralunhdh nh shnbdh dan prgductg, sa puada datar`behr nh prasbóe danhbra, qua daja sar nh àegr pgsbjna, qua hsalura ueh punvarbzhcbóe hdacuhdh. Sa mbohàdbheta thetags; daspuâs da vhrbgs aeshygs, .nh prasbóe cgevaebaeta sarh nh qua prgduzch cge ue cfgrrg pNheg, ueh panàcunh jbae `gohdh. Qe cfgrrg `ès muarta ae ngs axtra-gs g qua dâ ueh panàcunh da`hsbhdg sach, bedbch qua nh prasbóe as axcasbvh; ue cfg-rrg ramgrzhdg ae su phrta caetrhn g qua dâ ueh panàcunh qua sa ascurrh cge mhcbnbdhd bdbch ueh prasbóe besumbcbaeta.

8.81. TÂCEBCH DAN YBSTGNHDG.

Qe pbstgnhdg jbae facfg daja prgducbr ueh panàcunh da lrgsgr óptb`g y uebmgr-à, cge ueh suparmbcba da hspactg shtbsmhctgrbg y ue pracbg da cgsta hdacuhdg.

8.818. Chrhctaràstbchs da nh panàcunh da jhrebzau

- Lrgsgr óptb`g;

An lrgsgr daja sar an eacashrbg phrh qua sa puadh nbohr y punbr sbe qua sa data-rbgra.

Sa cgesblua dapgsbthedg nh chetbdhd hdacuhdh da prgductg. Fhy qua taear aecuaeth qua an lrgsgr dapaeda dan axtrhctg sacg dan jhrebz. Sb sa daja dapgsbthr ueh -chetbdhd cgestheta, as pracbsg qua an prgductg taelh sba`pra an `bs`g axtrhctg sacg.Astg sa cgesblua cgetrgnhedg ngs prgductgs hn racbjbrngs, `hetaebâedgngs daspuâs h ta`parhturh cgestheta.

Qe prgductg mrbó tbaea ueh `hygr vbscgsbdhd pgr ng qua sa dajae høhdbr dbsgn— vaetas phrh dbnubrng. Cge anng, sa raduca an axtrhctg sacg, pgr ng qua an lrgsgr da nhpaààcunh sarè àegr.

- Lrgsgr uebmgrà y hspactg shtbsmhctgrbg da nh suparmbcba?

:8



Nh uebmgr`bdhd dan lrgsgr sa cgesblua `hetaebaedg nh pbstgnh ae juaeh pgsbcbóe,dhedg ngs phsas sucasbvgs cgevaebaetaàeta y cgesarvhedg an `htarbhn da hpnbchcbóe aejuae asthdg da muecbgeh`baetg.

Zaspactg da nh pgsbcbóe da nh pbstgnh sa daja `hetaear h ueh dbsthecbh cgesthetada 81 h :1 c`., becnusg huequa sa trhta da suparmbcbas curvhs (mblurh :6). Ae hnluegs ch-sgs, cg`g ngs jhrebcas da pgnbâstar hpnbchdgs sgjra suparmbcbas var tbchnas, sa daja pbstgnhr dasda ueh dbsthecbh da 19 h =9 c` . Nh pbstgnh daja asthr sba`pra parpaedbcunhr h nhsuparmbcba qua sa jhrebzh. (Mblurh :2).

Sa daja avbthr sba`pra taear nh pbstgnh da`hsbhdg hnth g jhoh, tr'. OhdâcdL*, g. -`gvarnh ae hrcg, sgjra tgdg hn mbehn da ue phsa (mblurh 39), cge ng qua sa prgducae lrgsgras ùy paquaøgs, ae uegs puetgs y axcasbvgs ae gtrgs, qua puadae grblbehr cgeb`baetgs.

Ngs phsas sa dajae rahnbzhr sba`pra h nh `bs h vangcbdhd (mblurh 38) , yh qua sbsa dbs`beuya g sa huàeth, an lrgsgr sarh `hygr g àegr.

Sa astb`h qua chdh phsa daja racujrbr an hetarbgr ae ue 19 %. Ae an chsg da -lrhedas suparmbcbas,ae nhs qua eg as pgsbjna cujrbr tgdh nh ngelbtud ae ue sgng phsa, sajhrebzh ae vhrbhs vacas, cg`g bedbch nh mblurh . Nh h`pnbtud da ngs phsas daja sar da -9,19 h 8 `. Nhs saccbgeas jhrebzhdhs sucasbvhàeta dajae sgnhphrsa uegs 89 c`.

Yhrh qua nhs prachucbgeas hetarbgras sahe amactbvhs, nh shnbdh da prgductg dajasar cgestheta. Qeh pbstgnh ae `hnhs cgedbcbgeas, eg dh euech ueh prgduccbóe cgesthe-ta, yh qua nhs b`purazhs nh `gdbmbche. Ygr gtrh phrta, an cfgrrg da prgductg punvarbzhdg daja taear ueh mgr`h cgestheta, ng qua th`jbâe as b`pgsbjna cge ueh pbstgnh sucbh.

Nh ralunhcbóe damactugsh da ngs dbmaraetas hphrhtgs tbaea pgr cgesacuaecbh ueh`hnh raphrtbcbóe da nh panàcunh.

8.81:. Yracbg da cgsta dan pbstgnhdg.

Betarvbaeae ae an pracbg da cgsta dan pbstgnhdg, nh `heg da gjrh y nhs `htarbhs.Yhrh nhs cgesbdarhcbgeas sblubaetas, sóng sa tbaea ae cuaeth nh `heg da gjrh ramaraeta-hn tba`pg amactbvg da pbstgnhdg, as dacbr, an parbgdg ae an qua an lhtbnng da nh pbstgnhastè hprathdg.

H àeudg, as b`pgsbjna gjtaear h nh vaz ue cgsta ``b`g da `heg da gjrh y da`htarbhs, yh qua sb sa huàeth nh shnbdh da prgductg da nh pbstgnh, sa dbs`beuya an tba`pg da pbstgnhdg, parg sb nh mgr`h dan gjoatg prgduca ue huàetg dâ pârdbdhs, huàethan cgsta da nhs `htarbhs.

Da tgdhs mgr`hs, astg sóng as vènbdg sb nh tâcebch dan pbstgnhdg eg as juaeh. Sacg`pruajh, ae amactg, qua nhs pârdbdhs da `heg da gjrh g da `htarbhs rasunthetas da -ue dascgegcb`baetg dan trhjhog, sge ùcfg `ès b`pgrthetas qua nhs qua rasunthe da nh`hnh ralunhcbóe dan aqubpg.

::



Nh vangcbdhd da ngs phsas sa asthjnaca ae muecbóe da nh shnbdh dan prgductg. —Cuhetg `hygr sah âsth, `hygr dajarè sar nh vangcbdhd. Sa daja betaethr dapgsbthr ae -chdh phsa ueh panàcunh da `èxb`g aspasgr, as dacbr, hquannh qua hpnbchdh ae ueh suparmbc ba va rtbchn eg ascurrh, parg qua sT ng fhlh ueh, nblarhàeta ès lruash. Sa astb`h -qua nh vangcbdhd `èxb`h da ngs phsas daja sar da 8,:9 `/sal. H phrtbr da asth vangcb-dhd, an cfgrrg sa damgr`h y nh chnbdhd dan trhjhog sa rasbaeta.

An pgrcaethoa da racujrb`baetg tbaea ueh lrhe bemnuaecbh sgjra an tba`pg da pbstgnhdg y nh pârdbdh da `htarbhs. Sb as lrheda, an tba`pg da hpnbchcbóe eg huàeth prg-pbhàeta, parg cg`g cgesacuaecbh nh lrhe vangcbdhd da ngs phsas mhtblh `ès hn gjrarg,cge ng qua su raedb`baetg as àegr.

An pgrcaethoa da racujrb`baetg da ngs phsas sucasbvgs bemnuya th`jbâe ae an raedb`baetg da nhs `htarbhs. Nh pârdbdh da âsths, as lrheda sgjra tgdg ae nhs zgehs ae quasa suparpgeae ngs phsas. Qe pgrcaethoa anavhdg dh ueh `hygr uebmgr`bdhd hn lrgsgr danh panàcunh, parg sa eacasbthe ùcfgs `ès phsas cge ueh `hygr suparmbcba da suparpgsb-cbóe.

Ae laearhn sa hcgesaoh racujrbr chdh phsa ae ue 19 % , Sa gjsarvh, qua ùcfgsgparhrbgs tbaedae h axhlarhr an pgrcaethoa da racujrb`baetg y h astg sa daja htrbjubr -ngs cgesu`gs axcasbvgs.

An `gvb`baetg hdacuhdg dan lhtbnng puada raducbr nh pârdbdh da `htarbhs hn prbecbpbg y hn mbehn dan pbstgnhdg? Sa daja hprathr ousthàeta ae an `gàetg ae qua nh pbstgnh nnalh h nh daracfh da nh pbazh, hn prbecbpbg dan phsa; sa suanth hn mbehn.

Eg as cbartg qua an `gvb`baetg dan lhtbnng,rapatbdg durheta tgdh nh ogrehdh , supgelh ue supnaàetg da mhtblh hn gparhdgr. Hnluegs aspacbhnbsths astb`he qua, ue ùs-cung qua hntarehtbvhàeta sa cgetrha y sa astbrh, sa mhtblh àegs qua an qua astè sba`-pra cgetrhbdg.

Qeh vaz puasth h puetg nh tâcebch dan pbstgnhdg, sa puada rahnbzhr nh ralunhcbóedan aqubpg da hpnbchcbóe; an prgjna`h as `ès mècbn da rasgnvar. Jhsth mbohr egr`hs, as dacbr, dambebr an lhstg da jhrebz pgr chdh Fpg da ùajna. Nh prasbóe dan hbra as muecbóe -da asta lhstg.

Sb trhjhoh sgjra lrhedas suparmbcbas, cgevbaea qua shnlh an jhrebz ae lrhe'chetbdhd phrh raducbr an cgsta da nh `heg da gjrh. Ae suparmbcbas paquaøhs, an lhstg dajarèsar thetg àegr, cuhetg `ès chrg sah an prgductg. Da bluhn `hearh, sa ralunh nh hecfurh dan cfgrrg ae muecbóe dan gjoatg h jhrebzhr.

.8.813. Hnluegs prbecbpbgs da pbstgnhdg.

Hetas-da bebcbhr ueh euavh sarba da ùajnas, an raspgeshjna dan thnnar da jhreb-zhdg dajarè astudbhr an `gdang, phrh pravar an àdbg àogr y `ès saecbnng da jhrebzhr-ng. Sarbh cgevaebaeta qua sa na dbasa hn jhrebzhdgr ueh mbcfh bedbchedg phrh chdh sarba,jgqubnnh da nh pbstgnh, chjazh, lhstg dan prgductg, hecfurh dan cfgrrg y trhyactg óg nh

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pbstgnh.

An gparhrbg datar`beh an lhstg pgr thetags, `gdbmbchedg nh prasbóe dan hbra ae -an dapósbtg. Yhrh chdh vhngr da nh prasbóe,hctÿh dan `gdg sblubaeta? cgrth nh aetrhdh-da hbra h nh pbstgnh y cge an tgrebnng da ralunhcbóe dan lhstg cg`pnathàeta hjbartg,`bda nh chetbdhd da prgductg qua shna ae ue `beutg, racglbâedgng ae ueh prgjath.

Hnluehs pbstgnhs tbaeae ae an tgrebnng da ralunhcbóe, ueh aschnh qua par`bta chncunhr nh hecfurh dan cfgrrg.

Sa racg`baedh prasaethr ue dbjuog ae parspactbvh dan ùajna cge an ch`beg danh pbstgnh y an eÿàrg da phsgs qua sa dajae rahnbzhr. Ae an trhzhdg sa taedrèe ae cuaeth ngs rbecgeas y ngs chetgs da ngs ùajnas, qua sa jhrebzhrèe hetas qua nhs suparmbcbaspnhehs.

Cuhedg sa jhrebzhe ngs chetgs, sa daja dbrblbr an cfgrrg da `gdg qua ae ue phsa sa racujrh an chetg y an jgrda da nh suparmbcba pnheh (mblurh 3:). Da asta `gdg sa -avbth raphshr ngs chetgs, cuhedg sa jhrebca âsth.

Yhrh raducbr nhs pârdbdhs da `htarbhs, sa puada rahnbzhr prbàrg, an pbstgnhdg-da ngs jgrdas da ngs thjnargs; an pàstgnhdg sa puada rahnbzhr nualg sbe dasjgrdhr an t h -jnarg, yh qua sa puada phrhr ae nhs jhedhs yh ravastbdhs, (mblurh 33).

Ae an chsg da pbazhs cge grbmbcbgs, sa dbrblbrè nh pbstgnh da `gdg qua an cfgrrgcujrh an `èxb`g da suparmbcba. Sa hdgpthrè laearhnàeta ueh pgsbcbóe ùy becnbehdhda nh pbstgnh, (mblurh 34).

8.8=. HYNBCHCBÓE AE CHNBAETA DA JHZEBCAS EBTZGCANQNGSBCGS

Ngs jhrebcas ebtrgcanunósbcgs tbaeae ue axtrhctg sacg jhog; as pgsbjna raducbr -an tba`pg da hpnbchcbóe a`pnahedg ue jhrebz cge axtrhctg sacg hntg, h ueh ta`parhturh qua dâ ueh vbscgsbdhd hdacuhdh. Nh ta`parhturh da hpnbchcbóe `ès cgrrbaeta as da<9 : C.

8 . n ó n . Ybrecbphnas vaethohs da ngs jhrebcas hpnbchdgs ae chnbaeta.

- Zaduccbóe dan tba`pg da hpnbchcbóe?

Asth raduccbóe prgcada da qua, an axtrhctg sacg da ue jhrebz ae chnbaeta as -da ue < h ue 6 % `hygr qua an da ue jhrebz ae mrbó.

HsUh ue jhrebz ae mrbó da :9 % da axtrhctg sacg, cgrraspgeda ue jhrebz ae chnàaeta da :< % da axtrhctg sacg, cge nh `bs`h vbscgsbdhd.

Ngs jhrebcas ae chnbaeta tbaeae dbstbeth cg`pgsbcbóe qua ngs qua sa hpnbche ae -

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mrbó, ae ng qua cgecbarea h nh prgpgrcbóe ranhtbvh da dbsgnvaetas pashdgs, àdbgs y n b -largs. Sge `ès rbcgs ae asths dgs ÿntb`hs cnhsas.

An huàetg dan axtrhctg sacg durheta nh hpnbchcbóe as bluhnàeta b`pgrtheta.Saastb`h qua phrh ue jhrebz ae mrbó, an axtrhctg sacg phsh durheta nh punvarbzhcbóe dan -:9 hn :3 %. Ae ue jhrebz âe chnbaeta, phsh da7< h 31 %, ae cbarths cgedbcbgeas dahpnbchcbóe.

Cge ngs jhrebcas ae chnbaeta sa puadae hpnbchr chphs hs lruashs qua cge ngs -mrbgs.

Qeh vaz dapgsbthdh nh panàcunh, an huàetg da nh vbscgsbdhd as `ès rèpbdg cgeng qua as `ès dbmàcbn qua ascurrh an jhrebz pgr nh suparmbcba.

Da `gdg laearhn sa raa`pnhzhe ae an chsg da hchjhdg punbdg, tras chphs cruzhdhs da jhrebz ebrrgcanunósbcg ae mrbó, pgr dgs chphs sb`pnas y ueh cruzhdh ae chnbaeta,ng qua supgea ueh acgeg`àh da `htarbh.

-'@aegr rbaslg da cgedaeshcbóe da vhpgr?

Cuhedg an jhrebz hpnbchdg ae chnbaeta hnchezh nh suparmbcba da nh pbazh, sa aecuaetrh h ueh ta`parhturh suparbgr ae 89 h :9 :C h nh da ue jhrebz ae mràg.

Becnusg ae ht`ósmarh fÿàdh, sa trhjhoh ùy pgr aecb`h dan puetg da rgcàg pgrng qua eg fhy qua taàr ebelueh cgedaeshcbóe. Ygr gtrh phr ta, nh `hygr prgpgrcbóe dadbsgnvaetas pashdgs as ue gjstècung phrh nh cgedaeshcbóe.

- @aogr hspactg da nh panàcunh?

Hn sar `hygr nh prgpgrcbóe da dbsgnvaetas pashdgs, nh suparmbcba as ès bluhnhdh.Sbe a`jhrlg, sb nh vbscgsbdhd craca da`hsbhdg daprbsh, daspuâs da nh hpnbchcbóe, nh vaethoh dashphraca.

- Cgedbcbgeas cgesthetas da hpnbchcbóe?

Nh hpnbchcbóe ae chnbaeta da ngs jhrebcas par`bta `hetaear ueh ta`parhturh GODtb`h ae ngs prgductgs. Ygr anng, eg as eacashrbg,ae muecbóe da nhs vhrbhcbgeas da ta`-parhturh ae ngs thnnaras da hchjhdg, `gdbmbchr nh vbscgsbdhd da ngs prgductgs,høhdba'e-dg dbsgnvaetas qua `gdbmbche an pgrcaethoa da axtrhctg sacg.

8.8=:. Hphrhtgs utbnbzhdgs phrh nh hpnbchcbóe da jhrebcas ae chnbaeta.

- Hphrhtgs da cbrcunhcbóe da jhrebz chnbaeta. (Mblurhs 31 y 3=)?

An jhrebz sa tg`h dbracthàeta dan jbdóe y sa pgea ae cbrcunhcbóe pgr àdbg daueh jg`jh. An cbrcubtg cg`praeda ue chnaethdgr anâctrbcg, ueh tujaràh mnaxbjna da ¡dhh nh pbstgnh y ueh tujaràh da ratgreg da nh pbstgnh h nh jg`jh.

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Fhy puas, ue `gvb`baetg cgetbeug dan prgductg qua , par`bta `hetaear ueh ta`parhturh cgestheta, becnusg durheta nhs phrhdhs. Nh chetbdhd da prgductg qua shna pgr -

nh pbstgnh, as sustbtubdh pgr an jhrebz mràg qua aetrh hn chnaethdgr. Asta, cgesbsta ae uesarpaetàe chnaethdg pgr rasbstaecbhs anâctrbchs prgtalbdhs, pgr an qua cbrcunh an jhrebz.Nh ralunhcbóe da ta`parhturh sa rahnbzh àdbheta ue tar`gsthtg. Qe tar`óàtrg y ue `heóàtrg sbrvae phrh cgetrgnhr nhs cgedbcbgeas da muecbgeh`baetg dan lrupg. Qeh tujarThda vhcbhdg par`bta, hn mbehn dan trhjhog, racuparhr an prgductg rastheta, fhcbaedg cbrcunhr daspuâs ue db nuyae ta phrh nb`pbhr.

An hphrhtg sa chrhctarbzh pgr nh cgesthecbh da nh ta`parhturh dan prgductg, pgr-nh mhcbnbdhd y rhpbdaz da nh puasth ae `hrcfh y pgr nh pgsbjbnbdhd da hnbàethrng dbractàeta dasda ngs jbdgeas.

- Hphrhtgs da chnamhccbóe pgr hbra. (Mblurh 3<)?An hphrhtg cg`praeda asaecbhnàeta,ue chnaethdgr da hbra, ue betarch`jbhdgr -

da chngr y ue cgeductg da jhrebz qua uea an betarch`jbhdgr y nh pbstgnh; âsta cgeductgsa chnbaeth pgr àdbg da hbra, qua cbrcunh pgr ueh dgjna phrad.

An betarch`jbhdgr da chngr asth cgestbtubdg pgr ue tujg da phrad danlhdh cge gedunhcbgeas fanbcgbdhnas pgr an cuhn cbrcunhe, daetrg y muarh, ae saetbdg cgetrhrbg, hbrachnbaeta y jhrebz.

Nh pbeturh g an jhrebz,prgcadaeta da ue dapósbtg h prasbóe, htrhvbash an àetar—

ch`jbhdgr dgeda sa chnbaeth, sbaedg cgeducbdg daspuâs, h nh pbstgnh, h trhvâs da nh tujarTh da dgj k· phrad, chnaethdh pgr hbra chnbaeta. An hbra chnbaeta qua shna dan betar-ch`jbhdgr, sa ush phrh nh punvarbzhcbóe dan prgductg ae nh pbstgnh. Nh ralunhcbóe da nhta`parhturh dan hbra sa fhca àdbheta ue tar`gsthtg, cgetrgnèedgsa âsth pgr àdbg da -tar`óàtrgs.

An hphrhtg as ùy saecbnng; hn eg nnavhr jg`jh, eg astè suoatg h hvarbhs, eb h -mulhs ae an praeshastgphs. Sb sa aesucbh an betarch`jbhdgr, an das`gethoa y nh nb`pbazhsge ranhtbvhàeta mècbnas.

Durheta an muecbgeh`baetg dan hphrhtg, nh ta`parhturh dan prgductg sa `hetba-

ea egr`hnàeta. Ygr an cgetrhrbg, cuhedg sa betarru`pa an pbstgnhdh, nh ta`parhturh -dan prgductg jhoh, Hn salubr trhjhohedg, as eacashrbg asparhr qua nh ta`parhturh sujhgtrh vaz, sbe a`jhrlg, an prgductg cgetaebdg ae nh tujarTh qua hnbàeth nh pbstgnh daoh da sar hdacuhdg phrh ueh juaeh hpnbchcbóe.

8 .8<. HYHZHTGS DA YBSTGNHDG DA DGJNA HNB@AETHCBÓE

Chdh vaz sa ushe `ès, nhs nhchs y jhrebcas h jhsa da rasbehs sbetâtbchs, qua saaeduracae jhog nh hccbóe da ue chthnbzhdgr . Ngs prgductgs ès cgegcbdgs hctuhnàetasge ngs cg`puastgs h jhsa da urah-mgr`gn, apóxbdgs, pgnburathegs g pgnbâstaras.

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Astgs prgductgs pnhetahe phrh su hpnbchcbóe ue dgjna prgjna`h? ae prbàr nulhrnh eacasbdhd da praphrhr ueh àzcnh cuygs cg`pgeaetas sa dajae dgsbmbchr cge pracb-sbóe; ae saluedg nulhr ueh durhcbóe nb`bthdh da nh vbdh da nh àzcnh, ng qua b`pgea-ueh cbarth mracuaecbh ae nh praphrhcbóe, cge rbaslgs da pârdbdh dan prgductg sb sa s g -jraphsh dbcfh vbdh.

Sa daduca pgr thetg, qua cge an prgcadb`baetg cnhsbcg da hpnbchcbóe cge pbstgnh, ngs raedb`baetgs sge àegras qua ae an chsg da pbstgnhdg da prgductgs praphrhdgs -phrh su a`pnag, thnas cg`g ngs canunósbcgs.

As pracbsg bedbchr qua ngs prgductgs h jhsa da urah-mgr`gn, apóxbdgs y pgn¡à-thegs sa puadae cgesarvhr mècbnàeta ue ``b`g da .8: fgrhs, ng qua par`bta praphrhr -da ueh vaz, nh chetbdhd eacashrbh phrh ueh ogrehdh da trhjhog. Ygr an cgetrhrbg,an prgjna`h eg as an `bs`g cge ngs jhrebcas ppnbâstaras qua prasaethe vbdhs qua eg sgjraphshengs 39 `beutgs. Nhs pbstgnhs cge dgjna hnbàethcbóe astèe pravbsths phrh nh hpnbchcbóe-da astgs jhrebcas.

Sbaedg ngs pgn¡astaras prgductgs su`hàeta betarashetas, hnluegs cgestructgras -fhe crahdg sbsta`hs da pbstgnhs, qua par`btae nh nnalhdh saphrhdh da ngs dgs cgestbtuyaetas y qua rahnbzhe nh àzcnh h nh shnbdh dan hphrhtg ae nhs prgpgrcbgeas dasahdhs.

Astgs hphrhtgs cg`praedae ue dbspgsbtbvg da cnhsbmbchcbóe y ueh pbstgnh aspacbhncge dgs aetrhdhs.

8.8<8. Dbspgsbtbvgs da cnhsbmbchcbóe

Nh dgsbmbchcbóe da ngs pgnbâstaras sa puada amactuhr salÿe dgs prbecbpbgs?

. . H. Dgsbmbchcbóe dan chthnbzhdgr dbnubdg ae ranhcbóe cge nh rasbeh hcanarhdh. ranhcbóe as, salÿe ngs mhjrbchetas, da 1, 89 ó :9 %. Ae rahnbdhd nh prgpgrcbóe da chthnbzhdgr as chsb nh `bs`h ae tgdgs ngs chsgs vhrbhedg sgnhàeta nh dbnucbóe.

An chthnbzhdgr dbnubcng sa daja dgsbmbchr cge pracbsbóe ae ranhcbóe cge nh rasbehcanarhdh, pgr ng qua ngs dbspgsbtbvgs da dgsbmbchcbóe rasunthe jhstheta cg`pnaogs cge -gjoatg da dhr nh pracbsbóe dasahdh. Ae ch`jbg, eg fhy prgjna`h da cgesarvhcbóe da nhrasbeh hcanarhdh.

J. Dgsbmbchcbóe h 19/19 da nh rasbeh chthnbzhdh ae ranhcbóe cge nh rasbeh hcanarhdh. An dbspgsbtbvg da dgsbmbchcbóe daoh shnbr sb`pnaàeta bluhn vgnuàe da rasbeh hcanarhdh, qua da rasbeh chthnbzhdh. Chdh ueg da ngs cgestbtuyaetas cgetbaea ueh dgsbs dgna da ng egr`hn da chthnbzhdgr g da hcanarhdgr. Nh rasbeh sgjrahcanarhdh prasaeth ueh

juaeh cgesarvhcbóe. Ygr an cgetrhrbg, nh sgjrachthnbzhdh eg sa cgesarvh ès da dgca -fgrhs. As pracbsg pgr thetg, eg praphrhr `ès qua nh chetbdhd eacashrbh phrh ueh ogrehdhda trhjhog, g jbae cgesarvhrnh ae ue nulhr mràg (h - :9:C sb nh cgesarvhcbóe daja durhrvhrbgs dbgs). . '

¡<



Asta sbsta`h eg eacasbth sar the pracbsg cg`g an hetarbgr. Sa astb`h qua ueh d b -maraecbh da 4- 89 % eg tbaea amactg sgjra an aedurac ¡`baetas dan pgnbâstar .

- Dgsbmbchcbóe pgr dapósbtgs trhesphraetas?Asta tbpg da dgsbmbchcbóe sa puada ushr cge ngs dgs sbsta`hs Hy J. As an `ès sae

cbnbg phrh an tbpg H. Sa cg`pgea da dapósbtgs trhesphraetas, anavhdgs cge ranhcbóe hn -nulhr da pbstgnhdg, phrh qua sahe vbsbjnas hn gparhrbg (mblurh 36).

Yhrh ueh hpnbchcbóe salÿe ueh dgsbmbchcbóe tbpg H, sa høhda hn racbpbaeta prbecbphn, gtrg da nh `bs`h hnturh y da ueh saccbóe thn, qua nh ranhcbóe da ngs dgs racbpaetas sah bluhn h nh dgsbmbchcbóe dan chthnbzhdgr dbnubdg, as dacbr, 1, 89 ó :9 %.

Sb nh hpnbchcbóe sa amactÿh salÿe ueh dgsbmbchcbóe tbpg J, ngs dgs racbpbaetas -

dajarèe taear nh `bs`h saccbóe.Nh hnbàethcbóe sa rahnbzh h nh vaz pgr lrhvadhd y pgr prasbóe (hbra cg`prb`b-

dg) ae ngs dapósbtgs.

An cgetrgn da nh dgsbmbchcbóe sa rahnbzh dan sblubaeta `gdg? ueh vaz nnaegs ngsracbpbaetas fhsth an `bs`g ebvan, sa ralunh nh shnbdh ae nh pbstgnh, da `gdg qua an dasc>aesg dan ebvan ae h`jgs, sa amactÿach nh `bs`h vangcbdhd. Yhrh anng, jhsth cg`prg-jhr qua ngs ebvanas cgbecbdae ae chdh bestheta (mblurh 32).

Nh hnbàethcbóe da ngs dapósbtgs sa rahnbzh dbracthàeta dasda ngs aevhsas da

ngs prgductgs, cgngchdgs ae ue racbetg h prasbóe; puada rahnbzhrsa bluhnàeta pgr sb`pbas jg`jhs.

- Zalunhcbóe dan lhstg pgr prasbóe da hbra?

Ngs hphrhtgs qua axbstae hctuhnàeta astèe astudbhdgs phrh nh dgsbmbchcbóe t b -pg H g phrh an tbpg J, parg eg phrh ngs dgs h nh vaz.

Axbstae dgs cnhsas da hphrhtgs dan tbpg H qua muecbgehe salÿe an `bs`g prbecàpàg, parg qua dbmbarae ae hnluegs dathnnas.

HYHZHTG B ? .An hphrhtg sa cg`pgea da ngs anaàetgs sblubaetas (mblurh 49) ?

Dgs dapósbtgs jhog prasbóe, cnèsbcgs, þbCNdâsàBdhhgè.BrthbàrO.-? (8), an gtrg da à-egr vgnuàe, dastbehdg hn chthnbzhdgr (:).

Zalunhdgras da prasbóe (3) phrh cgetrgnhr,da ue `gdg pracbsg y cgestheta,nh - prasbóe da hbra ae ngs dapósbtgs, cge gjoatg da gjtaear lhstgs bluhnàeta pracbsgs y —cgesthetas da jhrebz y chthnbzhdgr.

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Qe cgethdgr da asmarh (4) ae an cbrcubtg dan chthnbzhdgr.

Sa ralunhe ngs lhstgs ae ngs dgs cbrcubtgs, da jhrebz y da chthnbzhdgr, hctÿhedg sgjra Bd prasbóe dan hbra ae ngs dapósbtgs. Sa `bdae ngs lhstgs, cgrthedg an hbra dapunvarbzhcbóe, sbe hctuhr sgjra nh prasbóe ae ngs dapósbtgs y sa `bda an pasg dan prg-ductg qua shna da nh pbstgnh.

An cgethdgr eg as saesbjna `hs qua h phrtbr da lhstgs dan grdae da 19 c`3/`be.pgr ng qua sa daja ralunhr prbàrg nh shnbdh da rasbeh hcanarhdh, as dacbr, qua phrh -dgsbmbchcbgeas da chthnbzhdgr dbnubdg da 89 h :9 %, sa dajae ralunhr cg`g `b``g ngslhstgs da rasbeh hcanarhdh da 199 h :19 l.

Sa ralunh nh shnbdh da rasbeh pgr thetags, hctuhedg sgjra nh prasbóe dan hbra aean dapósbtg. Qeh thjnh bedbch nh prasbóe hprgxb`hdh qua sa daja a`pnahr ae muecbóe -dan lhstg dasahdg y da nh vbscgsbdhd,,

An lhstg da chthnbzhdgr sa ralunh ae muecbóe dan da rasbeh. Yhrh anng, sa prg—cada cg`g hetas, cgrthedg an cbrcubtg da jhrebz. Qeh thjnh dh bluhnàeta nh prasbóehprgxb`hdh qua sa daja ushr. Ygr gtrh phrta, salÿe nhs bedbchcbgeas dan cgethdgr, sa ,cgegca an lhstg hprgxb`hdhàeta.

Sbe a`jhrlg, sba`pra as eacashrbg thetahr phrh gjtaear" ue lhstg axhctg. Qehvaz hnchezhdg, sa cgrrbla cubdhdgshàeta nh bedbchcbóe dan cgethdgr y sa fhca ueh -pruajh ushedg yh hbra da punvarbzhcbóe. Asta puada `gdbmbchr an lhstg dan chthnbzhdgrng qua sa egthrh ae an cgethdgr. Nh `hygr phrta da nhs vacas, ueh saluedh ralunhcbóeas eacashrbh, ng qua sa rahnbzhrè fhcbaedg muecbgehr egr`hnàeta nh pbstgnh, hctuhe-dg sgjra nh prasbóe ae an dapósbtg dan chthnbzhdgr, fhsth qua vuanvh h `hrchr an cge-thdgr an lhstg bebcbhn.

HYHZHTG BB

An hphrhtg cg`praeda (mblurh 48)?

Dgs dapósbtgs h prasbóe, ueg phrh nh rasbeh hcanarhdh (8) y an gtrg,`ès paqua-øg, `gethdg sgjra an prbàrg, cgetaebaedg an chthnbzhdgr (:)= Ngs dgs dapósbtgs n n a -vhe ebvanas vbsbjnas (3)c

Dgs ralunhdgras da prasbóe (4,1) y ue dapurhdgr da hbra (=).

Nh prasbóe ae ngs dapósbtgs sa dh cge an `bs`g ralunhdgr. An gtrg sbrva phrh ra-lunhr nh prasbóe dan hbra da pbstgnhdg*

An dapósbtg phrh chthnbzhdgr nnavh h nh shnbdh dan prgductg ue ralunhdgr da prsbóe (<) cge `heóàtrg (6) qua par`bta ralunhr y cgetrgnhr an lhstg*

b. •

An `heóàtrg asth lrhduhdg ae lhstg pgr `beutg phrh tras vbscgsbdhdas dan ch-

:2



thnbzhdgr 6,89 y 83 saluedgs; nnavh pgr thetg tras aschnhs da nacturh.

Yhrh an muecbgeh`baetg sa ralunh an lhstg da rasbeh hcanarhdh, cg`g ae an Hph-rhtg B, cge nh pbstgnh jbae hjbarth. Sa cgrth an hbra da punvarbzhcbóe, sa ralunh nh pra-sbóe dan hbra ae an dapgsbtg h B Kl. hprgxb`hdhàeta y sa `bda nh chetbdhd da prgductgqua shna da nh pbstgnh ae ue `beutg. Sa hctÿh sgjra nh prasbóe dan hbra fhsth nnalhr h -ue lhstg da 339 l/`beutg.

Hetas da ralunhr an lhstg da chthnbzhdgr, sa `bda su vbscgsbdhd, cge an prgduc-tg h nh ta`parhturh da a`pnag. Cuhedg sa aecuaetrh ueh vbscgsbdhd da 6, 89 ó 83 salÿedgs, .an lhstg as dhdg pgr nh aschnh cgrraspgedbaeta dan `heóàtrg, asthjnacbdh phrh uelhstg da rasbeh da 339 l. Jhsth puas, nnavhr nh hluoh dan `heóàtrg hn lhstg dasahdg,-hctuhedg sgjra an tgrebnng dan ralunhdgr da prasbóe (4). Sb nh vbscgsbdhd tbaea ue vhngrdbstbetg, fhy qua prgcadar pgr thetags, `bdbaedg an lhstg da nh pbstgnh salÿe an prgca-sg bedbchdg phrh nh rasbeh hcanarhdh.'

Thetg an Hphrhtg B, cg`g an BB, muecbgehe cgevaebaetaàeta h cgedbcbóe da quasa `hetaelh nh rasbeh hcanarhdh h ueh ta`parhturh cgestheta, h nh qua sa amactÿh nh ra-lunhcbóe. An hphrhtg eg nnavh dbspgsbtbvg da cgetrgn da nh rasbeh hcanarhdh, y puada prgducbrsa sbe qua ng hdvbarth an gparhrbg, ueh `gdbmbchcbóe dan lhstg dajbdg h ueh anavh*-?cbóe g h ue dascaesg da nh ta`parhturh.

Ae ng qua cgecbarea hn lhstg da chthnbzhdgr, sa daja,da cuhedg ae cuhedg,cg`prgjhr nh bedbchcbóe dan `heóàtrg y cgrralbrnh sb as eacashrbg.

Th`jbâe axbstae dgs cnhsas da hphrhtgs da dgsbmbchcbóe dan tbpg J. Sge ùy saecbnbgs y eg fhy qua amactuhr prèctbchàeta ebelueh ralunhcbóe ae nh puasth ae `hrcfh,eb cgetrgnas durheta an muecbgeh`baetg, yh qua cg g sa fh bedbchdg, asta tbpg da dgsb-mbchcbóe eg raqubara ucfh pracbsbóe.

An hphrhtg cg`praeda dgs dapósbtgs h prasbóe, ueg cge rasbeh chthnbzhdh y gtrgcge rasbeh hcanarhdh, uebdgs h nh pbstgnh pgr dgs tujgs dan bs g dbèàtrg betarbgr. Nhsÿebchs cgedbcbgeas asaecbhnas phrh an juae muecbgeh`baetg sge?

h). Nh vbscgsbdhd da nhs dgs phrtas daja sar bluhn phrh nh bs h ta`parhturh daa`pnag.

j). Nh prasbóe da hbra ae ngs dgs dapósbtgs daja sar rblurgsh aeta nh `bs`h.

c). Eg sa daja pgear nh rasbeh chthnbzhdh ae an dapósbtg rasarvhdg h nh hcana-rhdh, yh qua sa lanbmbchrè `ès daprbsh an prgductg.

Sa cgegcae hctuhnàeta dgs cnhsas da hphrhtgs qua muecbgehe salÿe an prbecb-pbg J, parg qua sa dbmaraecbhe sgjra tgdg pgr nh dbstbeth cgecapcbóe da nh pbstgnh.

39



HYHZHTG B ?

An hphrhtg (mblurh 4:) cg`praeda dgs racbpbaetas mbogs da saccbóe sa`bcbrcunhr,dan `bs`g dbèàtrg y da nh `bs`h hnturh,qua sa ¡uethe ae an `bs`g dapósbtg h prasbóe.(Mblurh 43). Da asta `gdg, sa tbaea nh salurbdhd da qua nh rasbeh hcanarhdh y Oh chthB bzhdh, astèe h nh `bs`h prasbóe.

Nh shnbdh da ngs prgductgs sa rahnbzh pgr dgs tujgs sgnbdhrbgs cge nh thph.

Sa dajae tg`hr dbvarshs prachucbgeas phrh avbthr?

8:. Qshr an racbpbaeta da rasbeh hcanarhdh phrh pgear nh chthnbzhdh y vbcavarsh.

::. Cgngchr nh thph da `gdg qua an tujg qua daja suàrlbrsa ae nh rasbeh hcaB arhdh eg sah cgngchdg ae nh gtrh.

An cgestructgr fh pravbstg ae prbàr nulhr, pbethr ngs racbpbaetas da cgngras eathàeta dbstbetgs? ealrg y jnhecg. An gparhrbg shja qua daja cgngchr an prgductg `èscgngrahdg, as dacbr, nh rasbeh hcanarhdh ae an racbpbaeta ealrg, y nh àegs cgngrah-dh, as dacbr, nh rasbeh hcanarhdh ae an jnhecg. Ygr gtrh phrta, ngs dgs racbpbaetas asthe sa`bcarrhdgs (mblurh 43) da `gdg qua, eg as pgsbjna ch`jbhr ngs tujgs,sb sa cgng-che `hn ae an `gàetg dan cbarra.

HYHZHTG BB ?

An hphrhtg (mblurh 44) cg`praeda dgs dapósbtgs h prasbóe, saphrhdgs cge chphrcbdhdas da 3,1 {.― 39 8 u 69 N. Hn ravâs qua ngs dapósbtgs ushdgs egr`hnàeta, eg -nnavhe racbpbaeta betarbgr h`gvbjna. Ngs dapósbtgs astèe ravastbdgs betarbgràeta da ueas`hnta cgcbdg, qua rasbsta an hthqua da ngs prgductgs cgrrgsbvgs y qua mhcbnbth nh nb`pbazh, Nhs shnbdhs da prgductg astèe cgngchdhs ae nh phrta jhoh phrh pgdar shchr mècbnàeta ngs jhrebcas beutbnbzhdgs g nhs chetbdhdas praphrhdhs ae su tgthnbdhd.

Nh prasbóe da hbra sa datar`beh ae h`jgs dapósbtgs cge an `bs`g ralunhdgr,avbthedg hsT tgdh dbmaraecbh da lhstg ae ngs dgs cbrcubtgs.

- Dgsbmbchcbóe pgr jg`jhs vgnu`âtrbchs?

Astgs hphrhtgs astèe praphrhdgs thetg phrh nh dgsbmbchcbóe tbpg H, cg`g J. Aelaearhn astèe pravbstgs phrh lhstgs b`pgrthetas y su pracbg as ranhtbvhàeta, anavhdg.

Sa puadae ushr dbvarshs cnhsas da jg`jhs. An qua par`bta nh dgsbmbchcbóe `èsaxhcth as an da pbstóe (mblurhs 41 y 4=).

An hphrhtg sa cg`pgea da dgs cbnbedrgs cge pbstgeas da dgjna amactg, suàrlà

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dgs ae ngs prgductgs h jg`jahr. Nh ranhcbóe da lhstgs ae ngs dgs cbnbedrgs , as muecbóeda àh rhzóe da saccbóe da âstgs y dan racgrrbdg da ngs pbstgeas ae ngs cbnbedrgs. Sa eacasbthe dgs cbnbedrgs Y :, phrh pgdar rahnbzhr tgdhs nhs dgsbmbchcbgeas cgrrbaetas cge -

ngs pgnbâstaras? Qe cbnbedrg phrh nhs prgpgrcbgeas da 1 y 89 % y gtrh phrh nh prgpgr-cbóe :9 % y nh àzcnh 19/19.

Daetrg da chdh lh`h sa puadae gjtaear tgdhs nhs ranhcbgeas dasahdhs, ralu-nhedg nh pgsbcbóe dan puetg @, ng qua par`bta `gdbmbchr nh ngelbtud dan racgrrbdg danpbstóe Y :. Daspnhzhedg @ fhcbh nh daracfh, sa dbs`beuya nh ranhcbóe Y :/ Y n.OAncgeouetg astè hccbgehdg pgr ue `gtgr eau`ètbcg.

8.8<:. Ybstgnhs da dgjna hnbàethcbóe.

Fhy dgs tbpgs da pbstgnhs da dgjna hnbàethcbóe salÿe qua nh àzcnh da cg`-

pgeaetas sa rahnbca ae an betarbgr g h nh shnbdh da nh pbstgnh.

Nhs pbstgnhs da àzcnh betareh (mblurh 4<), eg sa ubvnbzhe phrh ngs jhrebcas,yhqua sge ùy lrhedas y pashdhs. Nh pbstgnh qua sa ush cge an sbsta`h da dgsbmbchcbóe -pgr jg`jh (mblurh 41) as da asta tbpg. Nh àzcnh betareh sa rahnbzh pgr àdbg da uehtur jbeh, hccbgehdh pgr ue `gtgrcbtg da hbra cg`prb`bdg. Nh nb`pbazh qua sa daja -rahnbzhr durheta nhs phrhdhs, sa amactÿh cge ue dbsgnvaeta, hnbàethdg pgr ue cgeductg saphrhdg y ra`gvbdg pgr nh turjbeh.

Nhs pbstgnhs da àzcnh axtareh sge da dgs cnhsas prbecbphnas, nhs da shnbdhs -cghxbhnas y nhs da shnbdhs saphrhdhs.

- Ybstgnhs da shnbdhs cghxbhnas?

YBSTGNH B ? (mblurh 46)

As uObnbzhjna phrh ueh dgsbmbchcbóe dan' tbpg H, parg puada sarvbr phrh an tbpgJ, sbe `ès qua ch`jbhr nh jgqubnnh. Ae h`jgs chsgs an muecbgeh`baetg as an `bs`g. -Yhrh mhcbnbthr nh dascrbpcbóe, sa axpnbchrè nh dgsbmbchcbóe tbpg H (chthnbzhdgr dbnudg, rasbeh hcanarhdh).

Nh pbstgnh (mblurh 42) nnavh dgs phutas cghxbhnas `óvbnas? Nh hlumaecaetrhn,qua`hedh nh shnbdh caetrhn dan chthnbzhdgr, y nh jgqubnnh betaràdba, qua sbrva da jg—qubnnh phrh an chthnbzhdgr y da hlumhda `hedg phrh nh shnbdh da rasbeh hcanarhdh.

Ngs dgs `gvb`baetgs sge dbrblbdgs pgr an `bs`g lhtbnng; ue dbspgsbtbvg pgr tgr-ebnng `gnatahdg par`bta huàethr g dbs`beubr nh ranhcbóe da ngs dgs lhstgs, hctuhedgsgjra nhs ngelbtudas da ngs racgrrbdgs raspactbvgs da ngs dgs órlhegs `óvbnas. Qe tgparalunhjna par`bta datar`behr an racgrrbdg dan lhtbnng y pgr thetg, an lhstg da prgductg.

Nh hecfurh dan cfgrag sa ralunh cg`g ae nhs pbstgnhs grdbehrbhs.

3:



YBSTGNH BB ? (mblurh 19)

Astè pravbsth sgnhàeta phrh nh dgsbmbchcbóe tbpg H. Cg g sa va ae an asqua`h,

nh rasbeh hcanarhdh nnalh pgr an caetrg, cg`g ae ueh pbstgnh cnèsbch. Hetas da nnalhr hnh shnbdh da nh pbstgnh, an chthnbzhdgr as punvarbzhdg pgr an hbra da punvarbzhcbóe. Astasa rahnbzh puas, ae dgs tba`pgs. Nh rahnbzhcbóe prèctbch da nh pbstgnh as ranhtbvhàetasb`pna, parg ae ch`jbg, an hbra da punvarbzhcbóe puada bemnubr sgjra an lhstg da chthnbzhdgr. Ygr anng, hn pgear ae `hrcfh an hphrhtg sa daja cgetrgnhr an lhstg cge an hbra -da punvarbzhcbóe.

YBSTGNH BBB ? (mblurh 18)

Asth pbstgnh sóng astè pravbsth phrh nh dgsbmbchcbóe tbpg H.

; An chthnbzhdgr y nh rasbeh hcanarhdh nnalhe h nh chjazh da nh pbstgnh pgr dgs jgqubnnhs mbohs cgecâetrbchs, ueh da nhs cuhnas sbrva da sgpgrta h nh gtrh. Nh nnalhdh da -nh rasbeh hcanarhdh pgr an grbmbcbg caetrhn as dbrblbdh pgr ueh hluoh.

An lhstg da prgductg as hccbgehdg hetas da nh nnalhdh h nh jgqubnnh, pgr ueh -hluoh qua sa aecuaetrh h ue nhdg da nh pbstgnh. Nhs dgs hluohs sge hccbgehdhs hn bs gtba`pg pgr an ÿebcg lhtbnng. Ngs lhstgs da rasbeh hcanarhdh y dan chthnbzhdgr sge m ue -cbóe dan racgrrbdg da nhs hluohs.

Qe dbspgsbtbvg phtaethdg par`bta cgesarvhr ae chdh puetg dan racgrrbdg dan lh-tbnng, y pgr ng thetg da nhs hluohs, ueh ranhcbóe cgestheta aetra ngs lhstgs da rasbehhca

narhdh y da chthnbzhdgr dbnubdg.- Ybstgnhs da shnbdhs saphrhdhs?

Sgnhàeta axbstae phrh dgsbmbchcbóe tbpg J (rasbeh hcanarhdh, rasbeh chthnbzhdh),

YBSTGNH B ? (Mblurh 1:) U

Nh pbstgnh \hBtar, cg`praeda dgs cgeductgs bdâetbcgs becnubdgs ae an `bs g -cuarpg da nh pbstgnh (mblurh 13). H jgs cgeductgs sge dbrblbdgs dan `gdg cnèsbcg pgr -hluohs hccbgehdhs pgr ue sgng lhtbnng. H su shnbdh nnavhe ue chjazhn astudbhdg phrh prgducbr ueh punvarbzhcbóe parmacth da ngs prgductgs. Sa pravâe dgs ¡ueths phrh gjtaear -ueh asthequabdhd parmacth aetra ngs grbmbcbgs da ngs cgeductgs y an chjazhn. Ngs dgs grbmbcbgs sge cgevarlaetas y nh àzcnh da ngs dgs cgestbtuyaetas da nh rasbeh pgnbâstar sa -prgduca h uegs 1 ``. da nh pbstgnh.

Sa ralunh nh shnbdh da prgductg, `gdbmbchedg an racgrrbdg da ueh da nhs hluohs.

Nhs tujaràhs nnavhe h nh nnalhdh h nh pbstgnh, ueh `brbnnh phrh cg`prgjhr sb nh -hnbàethcbóe as hdacuhdh.

33



YBSTGNH BB ? (mblurh 14)

Sa cg`pgea da dgs cuarpgs da pbstgnh cnèsbch, `gethdhs sgjra ueh `bs`h cruz,cge nhs dgs hluohs dbrblbdhs pgr ue sgng lhtbnng.

Ngs dgs cuarpgs sge cgevarlaetas, da `gdg qua, ngs cfgrrgs sa crucae h uegs 89c`. da nh pbstgnh.

8.86. NH ]AETBNHCBÓE AE NGS THNNAZAS DA YBSTGNHDG

8.868. Zalnhàethcbóe.

Ngs hphrhtgs da hpnbchcbóe da pbeturhs y jhrebcas, tbaeae ueh taedaecbh `hygrg àegr h dbsparshr ae nh ht`ósmarh, phrta dan prgductg punvarbzhdg. Aspacbhnàeta aenh punvarbzhcbóe eau`ètbch, mhs pârdbdhs sge dan grdae dan 19 % pgr târ`beg àdbg.

Sb sa supgea ue jhrebzhdgr trhjhohedg egr`hnàeta, punvarbzhrè ae ue dTh hn -radadgr da =9 N. da jhrebz ebt rgcanunósbcg, da ngs cuhnas, 39 N. vhe h phrhr h nh h t -`ósmarh dan thnnar. Sa cg`praeda jbae nh eacasbdhd qua axbsta da vaetbnhr muartaàe-ta an thnnar, phrh avbthr nh betgxbchcbóe dan parsgehn y ngs rbaslgs da axpngsbóe y da becaedbg.

An a`pnag da chjbehs aspacbhnas da pbstgnhdg as gjnblhtgrbg ae Mrhecbh, da -hcuardg cge an Dacratg 4<-8=82 da :3/6/824<, qua cgetbaea an Zalnhàetg da Hd`bebstrhcbóe Yÿjnbch, cgecarebaeta h nhs àdbdhs phrtbcunhras ranhtbvhs h nh prgtaccbóeda ngs gjrargs qua aoacuthe trhjhogs da pbeturh g da jhrebzhdg pgr punvarbzhcbóe. Ngspuetgs asaecbhnas da dbcfg dacratg sge ngs sblubaetas ?

Hrtbcung ::. Nh hpnbchcbóe da pbeturhs y jhrebcas pgr punvarbzhcbóe sgjra gjoatgs da dbàesbgeas paquaøhs g àdbhehs, sa rahnbzhrè daetrg da ueh chjbeh hjbarthg, ae su damactg, dajhog da ueh ch`pheh.

An gjrarg trhjhohrè, gjnblhtgrbhàeta, muarh da annhs. Nh ht`ósmarh da nh ch-jbeh g da nh ch`pheh, sarè raegvhdh cgesthetaàeta pgr.àdbg da ueh hspbrhcbóe àchebch ambchz.

Hrtbcung 3:. Sb pgr rhzgeas da grdae tâcebcg, eg sa puadae cu`pnbr nhs dbspgsbcbgeas dan hrtàcung ::, nh hpnbchcbóe da pbeturhs y jhrebcas pgr punvarbzhcbóe, sa -rahnbzhrè ae ueh chjbeh carrhdh.

Sa aetbaeda pgr chjbeh carrhdh, ue racbetg vaetbnhdg, ae an qua trhjhoh an -gparhrbg.

Ae su cgecapcbóe, nhs chjbehs dajae raspgedar h cbartgs prbecbpbgs ramaraetash nc« cgestruccbóe y h nh vaetbnhcbóe?

34



Nh chjbeh da punvarbzhcbóe taedrè nhs dbàesbgeas hdacuhdhs phrh qua an gjrargpuadh daspnhzhrsa nbjraàeta hnradadgr dan gjoatg h pbethr.

Nhs phradas, an suang y an tacfg, sarèe nbsgs y cgestrubdgs cge `htarbhnas b`par-àhjnas.

Ngs èelungs betarbgras da nh chjbeh sarèe radgedahdgs.

Nh chjbeh taedrè ue sbsta`h da hspbrhcbóe Sumbcbaetaàeta pgtaeta phrh avhcuhrngs vhpgras da jhrebz h àdbdh qua sa prgduzche, hsb" cg`g phrh raegvhr an hbra.

Ygr gtrh phrta, sa naa ae an TTtung BB, ae ranhcbóe cge nh pravaecbóe da becae-dbgs?

Hrtàcung 2:. Nhs chjbehs y sachdargs ae ngs qua sa amactÿh nh hpnbchcbóe y an sachdg da pbeturhs y jhrebcas, hsTcg`g nhs chehnbzhcbgeas da shnbdh da vhpgras g fu`gs,dajae cgestrubrsa cge `htarbhnas rasbstaetas hn mualg, cge phradas nbshs a b`paràhjnas.

An thnnar eg taedrè sarvbdu`jra da phsg da ebelueg da ngs ngchnas vacbegs.

Hr tbcung 89:. Nh ta`parhturh da ngs anaàetgs ushdgs phrh nh chnamhccbóe eg sgjraphshrè 8:9 :C.

Ngs anaàetgs da chnamhccbóe sa dbspgedrèe da `gdg qua eg sa puadh cgngchr -ebelÿe gjoatg aecb`h y qua eg puadh prgducbr ebelÿe dapósbtg da `htarbhs bemnh`hjnas.

Hrtàcung 88:. Ngs gjoatgs àtènbcgs h pbethr y nhs phrtas àtènbchs da nhs chjb-ehs, sachdargs y sbsta`hs da hspbrhcbóe, nnavhrèe ueh tg`h da tbar rh.

An hphrhtg da hpnbchcbóe da pbeturhs y jhrebcas phrh punvarbzhcbóe, nnavhrè, -th`jbâe, tg`h da tbarrh pgr àdbg da ue fbng àtènbcg.

Hrtàcung 8::. Dajarè axbstbr ae an axtarbgr dan thnnar y ae ue nulhr mècbnàetahccasbjna, ue betarruptgr qua par`bth dataear an muecbgeh`baetg da ngs sbsta`hs da hs-pbrhcbóe y da ngs vaetbnhdgras.

Hr tàcung 83:. Ngs sbsta`hs da hspbrhcbóe sa nb`pbhrèe cg`g `àeb`g, ueh vaz -pgr sa`heh. Yhrh mhcbnbthr nh nb`pbazh, sa dbspgedrèe trh`pbnnhs ae ngs cgeductgs. As-tè prgfbjbdg an a`pnag da hphrhtgs cge nnh`h, phrh rahnbzhr nh nb`pbazh. Ngs rasbdugsda nh `bs`h, sa acfhrèe beàdbhthàeta ae racbpbaetas àtènbcgs asthecgs y sa sgchr-rhe dan thnnar.

Sblubaedg taxtuhnàeta an dacratg, nhs chjbehs hjbarths eg sa puadae cgestrubrès qua da cfhph. Ngs thjnargs cgetrhcfhphdgs, da mbjrhs g da phrtàcunhs, sa dajae -

anb`behr, dhdg su paràhjbnbdhd y su bemnh`hjbnbdhd.

31



Ae ng qua sa rambara h nh vaetbnhcbóe, as eacashrbh ae dgs nulhras. Ae nh chjbeh,dgeda fhy qua pravar nh avhcuhcbóe da lrhedas chetbdhdas da prgductgs pardbdgs y ae -an rastg dan thnnar, dgeda nhs pbazhs racbâe jhrebzhdhs daspraedae ueh prgpgrcbóe b`pgr

theta da dbsgnvaetas, sgjra tgdg ae an chsg da ngs eàrrgcanunósbcgs, hetas da sar avhcuh-dgs ae an sachdarg.

Sa puada chncunhr nh vaetbnhcbóe eacashrbh, taebaedg ae cuaeth ue eÿàrg da raegvhcbgeas da hbra pgr `beutg g pgr fgrh, g jbae, mbohedg nh vangcbdhd dan hbra qua sadaja gjtaear ae nh chjbeh.

Nhs raegvhcbgeas dan hbra dajae sar da =9 h 869 pgr fgrh, as dacbr da 8 h 3 pgr`beutg. Ae ue thnnar qua taelh <1 `3., an vgnuàe da hbra h `gvar sarè da <1 h ::1 `3`beutg. Nh dbmaraecbh aetra an `èxb`g y an `reb`g,as muecbóe da nhs dbàesbgeas da nhchjbeh y dan tbpg da ùajna, as dacbr, dan pgrcaethoa da pârdbdhs. As avbdaeta qua cge

dbàesbgeas ¡luhnas, sa daja pravar ueh pârdbdh `hygr y pgr ng thetg, `ès vaetbnhcbóephrh ueh sbnnh qua phrh nh choh da ue tanavbsgr.

Sbe a`jhrlg, phraca `ès nólbcg chncunhr nh vaetbnhcbóe salÿe ueh vangcbdhd danhbra ae nh chjbeh. Sa suana dhr nh cbmrh da 9,<1 `/sal. Sa puada dbs`beubr, pgr aoa`png,ae an chsg da pbstgnhdg h jhoh prasbóe g pgr an sbsta`h "Hbrnass" g jbae huàethr, ae anchsg da hpnbchcbóe da prgductgs da lrhe daesbdhd, qua sa dapgsbthe rèpbdhàeta, sb nh -vaetbnhcbóe eg as muarta (pbeturhs, nhchs). An vgnuàe da hbra h avhcuhr as muecbóe da nhhjarturh da nh chjbeh g da nh ch`pheh.

Ae amactg, an lhstg ae àtrgs cÿjbcgs pgr fgrh, as bluhn h?

]angcbdhd ae `/saluedg x 3,=99 x suparmbcba ae `:.

Sa va, aetgecas, qua eg betarash ushr eb vangcbdhdas ùy anavhdhs, eb chjbehs -ùy lrhedas, yh qua anng prgducbràh becg`gdbdhd phrh an gparhrbg y pârdbdh da aearlàh.Nh cg`gdbdhd dan gparhrbg as muecbóe , ae lrhe phrta, da nh ta`parhturh, qua puada dbs`beubr ùcfg pgr amactg da ueh lrhe vangcbdhd dan hbra, qua dbs`beuya nh ta`parhturhae nh suparmbcba dan cuarpg, ng cuhn sa høhda ae an bevbareg hn mrbó da ue thnnar `hn cnaethdg.

Hda`ès ueh lrhe vangcbdhd puada bemnubr sgjra an jhrebzhdg, pgr aoa`png, prgducbâedg ueh pârdbdh axcasbvh da prgductg, fhcbaedg hphracar hrrulhs g jurjuohs, acfhe-dg pgnvg sgjra an ùajna, atc. Qe vgnuàe da hbra avhcuhdg suparbgr hn eacashrbg, prgducbrè lhstgs supnaàethrbgs dajbdg h ngs `gtgras da ngs vaetbnhdgras y r sgjra tgdg, h nhchnamhccbóe ae bevbareg.

Ae tgdh gparhcbóe da pbstgnhdg, ngs tba`pgs ùartgs eacashrbgs phrh Ogs `gvb`baetgs sge sba`pra lrhedas (dan grdae dan 39 % ae an -chsg da aepnahr chrrgs).Sa puada raducbr lrhedaàeta an vgnuàe da hbra avhcuhdg, `gethedg ae nh chjbeh ue betarruptgr cgeue lhecfg ph;h nh pbstgnh qua cgrth nh vaetbnhcbóe, cuhedg an gparhrbg cuanlh nh pbstgnhphrh qubthr nh pbazh jhrebzhdh y cglar nh sblubaeta. (Mblurh 11).

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8.86:. Ngs sbsta`hs da vaetbnhcbóe.

Nh vaetbnhcbóe ae ngs thnnaras da pbstgnhdg sa rahnbzh sba`pra pgr àdbg da vaetb

nhdgras fanbcgbdhnas g caetràmulgs. Ae nh `hygr phrta da ngs chsgs, sa ushe ngs prbàrgs;ngs caetrrmulgs sa prambarae ae hquanngs chsgs ae ngs qua nhs pârdbdhs da chrlh ae an cbr-cubtg da avhcuhcbóe eacasbtae prasbgeas anavhdhs. Sa puada racurrbr h tras sbsta`hs dbstbetgs da vaetbnhcbóe? pgr axtrhccbóe g daprasbóe, pgr beyaccbóe y pgr cg`jbehcbóe dah`jgs sbsta`hs.

- ]ae tbnhcbóe pgr axtrhccbóe g daprasbóe?

As an sbsta`h `ès utbnbzhdg pgrqua as an `ès saecbnng y an `ès acgeó`bcg. Cge-sbsta ae ue vaetbnhdgr cgngchdg ae nh chjbeh, qua axtrha an hbra dan thnnar, acfèedgnghn axtarbgr pgr ueh cfbàeah g pgr ueh saecbnnh hjarturh ae an ùrg (mblurh 1=). Nh amb

chcbh da ue vaetbnhdgr pgr axtrhccbóe astè cgedbcbgehdh pgr nhs aetrhdhs da hbra, pgrsu pgsbcbóe ae ranhcbóe cge an puetg da axtrhccbóe y pgr su suparmbcba.

Zaspactg da nh pgsbcbóe da nhs aetrhdhs da hbra, sa racg`baedh qua sa dbspge—?lhe da `gdg qua, an `gvb`baetg dan hàra hmacta h tgdg an thnnar. Cg`g sa fh bedbchdg,nh vaetbnhcbóe daja hnchezhr nh chjbeh y nh zgeh gcuphdh pgr ngs chrrgs cge nhs pbazhsh jhrebzhr. An asqua`h da nh mblurh 1< , bedbch ueh dbspgsbcbóe da nhs aetrhdhs qua as-pracbsg avbthr.

Zaspactg da nhs dbàesbgeas da nhs aetrhdhs, fhy qua taear ae cuaeth qua,astèecgestbtubdhs sgjra tgdg, pgr puarths y vaethehs. Cg`g an thnnar cgùebch h àeudg cgean da nbohdg , sa dajae `hetaear carrhdhs nhs puarths; ae cuhetg h nhs vaethehs, ae b e -vbareg th`jbâe sa nhs cbarrh. Sa prgduca, pgr thetg, ueh vaetbnhcbóe damactugsh y uehmhtblh dan `gtgr dan vaetbnhdgr. Asta as an becgevaebaeta da nh vaetbnhcbóe pgr axtrhc-cbóe. Asta sbsta`h as tgthnàeta vènbdg ae ralbgeas ta`pnhdhs g chnbaetas, ae nhs qua-nh vaetbnhcbóe sa puada amactuhr h trhvâs da nhs vaethehs. Ae nhs ralbgeas cge asthcbóemrTh, as mgrzgsg tg`hr an hbra da ngs thnnaras próxb`gs chnaethdgs, ng qua eg as ueh sg-nucbóe ambchz, eb rhcbgehn. Cuhedg sa fhcae aetrhdhs saecbnnhs da hbra ae ngs ùrgs,sahd`bta qua nh suparmbcba nbjra tgthn da nhs aetrhdhs daja sar cg`g `àeb`g 8,1 h : v a -cas nh suparmbcba tgthn da nhs shnbdhs.

- ]aetbnhcbóe pgr beyaccbóe g sgojraprasbóe ?

As an sbsta`h bevarsg dan da axtrhccbóe (mblurh 16). Eg sa prhctbch egr`hnàetaae ngs thnnaras da punvarbzhcbóe.

- ]aetbnhcbóe pgr cg`jbehcbóe da beyaccbóe y axtrhccbóe. (Mblurh 12) 1

As an sbsta`h bdahn da vaetbnhcbóe ae ue thnnar da hpnbchcbóe, yh qua par`bta ancgetrgn tgthn da nh vae tbnhcbóe . Nhs vangcbdhdas raquarbdhs dan hbra sa gjtbaeae ae an -nulhr da trhjhog pgr an vaetbnhdgr da axtrhccbóe, `baetrhs qua an da beyaccbóe, prgpgr

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càgeh ueh vaetbnhcbóe uebmgrà ae an ngchn. Yrasaeth nh lrhe vaethoh, lrhcbhs h nh beyaccbóe cg`jbehdh cge ue mbntrg y ue hphrhtg da chnamhccbóe, da qua rasuanva an prgjna`hda nh chnamhccbóe dan thnnar da hpnbchcbóe, hsTcg`g an da nh dapurhcbóe dan hbra, à—dbheta ue lhstg da hbra da beyaccbóe da ue : h ue 89 % `hygr qua an da axtrhccbóe. Hnasthr an thnnar ae sgjraprasbóe, sa avbth nh aetrhdh da pgnvg da ngs ngchnas vacbegs, à-dbheta prachucbgeas supnaàethrbhs, thnas cg`g nh asthequabdhd da nhs hjarturhs, an cbârra rèpbdg da nhs puarths g nhs puarths dgjnas.

Asth ÿntb`h vaethoh as ùy b`pgrtheta ae an chsg dan jhrebzhdg cge pgnbâstar, sgjra tgdg an da jrbnng dbractg. Hn sar da ue sachdg naetg ae nh prbàrh mhsa da su aedura-cb`baetg, eg sa puadae a`pnahr sb eg sa anb`beh an pgnvg ae an thnnar.

Nh b`pgrthecbh dan lrupg da vaetbnhcbóe, mbntrhdg y chnamhccbóe, dapaeda da nhchetbdhd da hbra h axtrhar. An prgjna`h as ès cg`pnaog sb ae nulhr da pravar sóng nh -

vaetbnhcbóe dan thnnar da jhrebzhdg, sa qubara laearhnbzhr hn cgeouetg da nh mèjrbch. Safhca eacashrbh aetgecas ueh caetrhn da vaetbnhcbóe g ueh besthnhcbóe da hbra hcgedbcbgehdg qua par`bta h nh vaz ralunhr nh ta`parhturh y nh fuàdhd, sahe cuhnas sahe nhs -cgedbcbgeas axtarbgras.

Becnusg ueh besthnhcbóe saecbnnh phrh ue thnnar àdbg da pbstgnhdg axbla h àeÿdg nh betarvaecbóe da ue aspacbhnbsth ae vaetbnhcbóe qua chncuna nh pgtaecbh da nh ch-namhccbóe, datar`bea an sbsta`h da mbntrhcbóe y ascgoh an vaetbnhdgr ae muecbóe dan lhs-tg q gjtaear, nhs pârdbdhs da chrlh ae an mbn trg y ae an rachnaethdgr da hbra . An a`pnh-zh`baetg da nh tg`h da hbra mrascg tbaea b`pgrthecbh ae nhs ralbgeas ùy bedustrbhnbzhdhs. Cg`g ralnh laearhn sa dajae cgngchr nhs aetrhdhs hn hjrblg dan vbaetg, dan pgnvg

y dan fu`g. Hn cgetrhrbg da ng qua sa pbaesh laearhnàeta, eg cgevbaea ae an chsg da .nhs lrhedas cbudhdas, cgngchr nhs aetrhdhs hn ebvan da ngs taohdgs; ngs heènbsbs daùasrr ?trhe qua an hbra h asta ebvan astè ùy chrlhdg da pgnvg. Nh hd`bsbóe hn ebvan dan sua-ng th`pgcg as cgevaebaeta. Ng aegs paroudbcbhn as sbtuhrnh h ueh hnturh àdbh.

Nh tg`h da hbra daja nnavhr ueh raobnnh phrh avbthr an thpgeh`baetg rèpbdg dangs mbntrgs pgr fgohs, besactgs, atc.

Nh raobnn h daja da sar mècbnàeta hccasbjna phrh fhcar pgsbjna ueh nb`pbazh -`ès g àegs mracuaeta salÿe nhs asthcbgeas.

Ngs anaàetgs dan lrupg da beyaccbóe sa puadae cgngchr ae dbvarsgs órdaeas.Ae laearhn, an hbra phsh sucasbvhàeta pgr an mbntrg, an vaetbnhdgr y an rachnaethdgr,huequa th`jbâe sa puada cgngchr an mbntrg hn mbehn. (Mblurh =9).

-.Shnbdh da axtrhccbóe?

Ae laearhn, ae nhs mèjrbchs sbtuhdhs ae an ch`pg, nhs shnbdhs sge hjarturhs saecbnnhs prhctbchdhs ae an ùrg, da `gdg qua an hbra shna fgrbzgethnàeta. Asth dbspgsbc'óe sa daja avbthr, ae an chsg da qua, sgjra nh shnbdh hctÿae vbaetgs dg`behetas.Nhsprasbgeas dbeè`bch y astètbch, dashrrgnnhdhs pgr ngs vbaetgs, raducae an lhstg da ngs-

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vaetbnhdgras prgpgrcbgehnàeta h su vangcbdhd.

As hcgesaohjna ae nh `hygr phrta da ngs chsgs pravar ueh cfbàeah vartbchn,(mb-

lurh =8). Ngs cgestructgras prambarae,ae nh `hygr phrta da ngs chsgs,cgngchr an vaetbnh-dgr da axtrhccbóe ae an axtarbgr dan adbmbcbg y ng ès carcheg pgsbjna h nh shnbdh da ncfbàeah. An `gtgr dan vaetbnhdgr da axtrhccbóe as da tbpg jnbedhdg y asthecg h ngs vhpgmas da dbsgnvaetas y hn pgnvg da ngs hlnutbehetas.

Yhrh `hygr salurbdhd, hnluegs cgestructgras besthnhe sbsta`ètbchàeta an `gtgrae an axtarbgr da nh cfbàeah da avhcuhcbóe, amactuèedgsa an hccbgeh`baetg dan vae-tbnhdgr pgr cgrrah. Nh cfbàeah astè prgvbsth hda`ès, da ueh cujbarth y da ue ralbstrg,qua astè carrhdg cuhedg an vaetbnhdgr eg muecbgeh.

Cuhedg sa qubarae avbthr ngs lhstgs da ueh cfbàeah, as eacashrbg prgtalar nhhjarturh da nh shnbdh pgr ueh phethnnh g pgr ueh cujbarth hcgdhdh (mblurh =:). Sbe a`-jhrlg, nh axparbaecbh daùastrh qua, ae an chsg da chjbehs sachs sbtuhdhs hn erbvan dansuang, sa prgduca ue dapósbtg âe âsta da pgnvg bemnh`hjna da jhrebcas g da pbeturhs hnqua eg sa prasth htaecbóe y qua as ue rbaslg da becaedbg par`heaeta. Asth sgnucbóe asthetg àegs hcapthjna, cuhetg qua ueh cfbàeah eg huàeth hpaehs an cgsta da ueh -besthnhcbóe.

8.863. Ngs mbntrgs da hbra

An hbra sa nb`pbh da sus b`purazhs pgr àdbg da hshs mbjrgshs g pgr pbnhs da -fgohs àtènbchs g da cngrurg da pgnbvbebng.

Nhs `htarbhs mrbjrgshs `ès ushdhs sge nhs mbjrhs da vbdrbg y nhs mbjrhs pnèstbchs -thnas cg`g parnóe y tarlhn (mblurh =3). Nh ambchcbh dan mbntrg as muecbóe da su lrgsgr dan asphcbg àdbg qua saphrh nhs mbjrhs.

Nhs fgohs gedunhdhs pnèstbchs g àtènbchs sge da dgs cnhsas?

- Fgohs geduhndhs y parmgrhdhs? an hbra pbarda sus b`purazhs pgr amactg da cfgquas `ÿntbpnas hn htrhvashrnhs. (Mblurh =4).

- Fgohs da parmbnas ae \ b`pralehdhs ae hcabta? an hbra pbarda sus b`purazhs -bluhnàeta pgr amactg da cfgquas (mblurh =1).

Ngs mbntrgs da fgohs àtènbchs g pnèstbchs tbaeae ueh durhcbóe suparbgr h ngs dambjrhs, yh qua âstgs sóng sgpgrthe ue eÿàrg nb`bthdg da nb`pbazhs, sgjra tgdg ngs dambjrhs da vbdrbg. E g sa ushe nhs fgohs pnèstbchs `ès qua ae an chsg da ht`ósmarh phrtàcu B èràeta cgrrgsbvh.

An anaàetg mbntrheta sa cgngch ae ueh cânunh, cuyhs dbàesbgeas vhràhe da uemhjrbcheta h gtrg . Nhs ès cgrrbaetas sge da 199 x 199 ``. (mblurh ==).

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Nhs cânunhs sa chrhctarbzhe pgr ue lhstg da hbra phrh ueh vangcbdhd dhdh h nh -aetrhdh dan mbntrg. Nh pârdbdh da chrlh as muecbóe dan lhstg da hbra .

Sa gjtbaeae cg`g àdbh 8.999 `3/fgrh, da lhstg phrh ueh cânunh da 199 x 199``.An eÿàrg da cânunhs qua sa dajae `gethr, as muecbóe dan lhstg da hbra ae nhs -

chjbehs. Sb sa tg`h pgr aoa`png ue thnnar da hpnbchcbóe cge dgs chjbehs, da nhs qua shnae 3=.999 `3/fgrh, sa dajae `gethr 3= cânunhs, as dacbr, chsb ueh phrad da 3 x 3 `.Anng eg sarè pgsbjna ae nh `hygr phrta da ngs chsgs. Ngs cgetructgras fhe rasuantg an prgjna`h `gethedg nhs cânunhso cg`g sa va ae nhs mblurhs =<, =6, =2 y <9.

8.864. Nhs chjbehs da pbstgnhdg

Nhs chjbehs y nhs ch`phehs da pbstgnhdg sge cgestruccbgeas da cfhph ae cuyg -

betarbgr sa rahnbzh an jhrebzhdg. Qeh vaetbnhcbóe mgrzhdh axtrha ngs vhpgras da ngs dsgnvaetas, hsT cg`g nhs pârdbdhs da nh punvarbzhcbóe . Cuhedg nhs pbazhs sae. paquaøhs,sa prambara nhs ch`phehs, `hetaebâedgsa an gparhrbg muarh da annhs

H phrtbr da cbarths dbàesbgeas, sa ushe nhs chjbehs, qua dajae sar ng sumbcbaetaàeta h`pnbhs cg`g phrh qua an gparhrbg puadh asthr ae annhs,

- Ch`phehs g chjbehs da hspbrhcbóe sach.

Sge nhs `ès saecbnnhs. Laearhnàeta cgesbstae ae cfhphs àtènbchs uebdhs cgeparmbnas, nb`bthedg nh zgeh vae tbnhdh, cge ue vaetbnhdgr da axtrhccbóe hn mgedg. H

àeudg an vaetbnhdgr eg hspbrh dbracthàeta ae nh chjbeh, sbeg qua sa betarpgea h -cbarth dbsthecbh da ân ue thjnarg cge hjarturhs (mblurh <8.) g ue thjnarg mbntrheta.

Salÿe nhs dbàesbgeas >/ nh mgr`h da ngs gjoatgs qua sa jhrebzhe, sa dbrblbrè -nh avhcuhcbóe fhcbh an mgedg, fhcbh hjhog g fhcbh an tacfg da nh chjbeh. Ae Mrhecbhsa prhctbch prbecbphnàeta nh hspbrhcbóe ae an mgedg da nh chjbeh. Astg cgevbaea, sg-jra tgdg cuhe an cfgrrg da jhrebz sa daja dbrblbr fgrbzgethnàeta. Ae ch`jbg, sb sa -trhth, pgr aoa`png, da jhrebzhr anaàetgs cgngchdgs fgrbzgethnàeta ae ue sgpgrta,sa dajarè prhctbchr nh hspbrhcbóe ae an suang. Asth dbspgsbcbóe puada asthr bluhnàetaracgàedhdh ae an chsg da ùajnas lrhedas y pashdgs, dbmàcbnas da `heaohr, hnrada-dgr da ngs cuhnas sa daja `gvar an gjrarg.

Nhs chjbehs da hspbrhcbóe sach , sge nhs `ès cgrrbaetas ae nh bedustrbh dan ùâjna, pgrqua sge nhs `ès jhrhths. Sbe a`jhrlg, sbeg astèe jbae cubdhdhs, cgestbtuyaeue panblrg da becaedbgs. Nhs phrtàcunhs sachs, hchjhe pgr mgr`hr ueh chph da vhrbgs`bnààtrgs sgjra phradas y cfbàeahs. Cuhnqubar cfbsph prgducbdh pgr ue cfgqua daàthnas, anactrbcbdhd astètbch, atc., as sumbcbaeta phrh prgducbr ue becaedbg cgetrhan qua as dbmàcbn nucfhr. Ae ch`jbg, nhs chjbehs cge cgrtbeh da hluh, cgestbtuyae ue"prglrasg hpracbhjna, yh qua ngs rbaslgs da becaedbg sge prèctbchàeta eungs.

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- Chjbehs cge cgrtbeh da hluh.

Ae annhs sa fhca phshr an hbra chrlhdg da phrtàcunhs da pbeturh g jhrebz h trhvâsda ueh ebajnh da hluh gjtaebdh pgr punvarbzhcbóe jhog prasbóe y pgr ueh sucasbóe da -cfgrrgs prgcadaetas da ue rajgshdarg. Nhs phrtàcunhs da jhrebz sge aelngjhdhs pgr nhs -tbths da hluh y chae h ue racbpbaeta betarbgr. An hbra qua trhsphsh nh cgrtbeh da hluh, -htrhvbash ue oualg da cfhphs dbspuasths hnahtgrbhàeta, cge ng cuhn sa anb`beh an rastgda nhs b`purazhs.

Nhs chjbehs cge cgrtbeh da hluh cg`praedae nh cè`hrh da trhjhog y nh da p u n -varbzhcbóe, nh cuhn dbmbara da uegs cgestructgras h gtrgs.

Qeh chjbeh cge cgrtbeh da hluh sa cg`pgea laearhnàeta da nhs sblubaetas phrtas, (mblurh <:) ?

Qeh rh`ph da punvarbzhcbóe. (B).

Qeh rh`ph da hnbàethcbóe (:), cge rajgshdarg, qua prgduca cfgrrgs sgjra nh -phrad dan mgedg da nh chjbeh.

Qe dapósbtg (3), dgeda sa racgla an hluh cge nhs phrtàcunhs da jhrebz g pbeturhchpthdhs.

Qeh jg`jh phrh hluh qua hnbàeth nh rh`ph da punvarbzhcbóe y an rajgshdarg.Nh jg`jh shch an hluh dan dapósbtg pgr àdbg da ueh chehnbzhcbóe (4) qua sa hjra ae -ueh zgeh prgtalbdh da ngs rasbdugs da pbeturh pgr ue th`bz (1). An cbrcubtg as pgr thetg,carrhdg, pgr ng qua nh chjbeh cgesuà ùy pgch hluh. An ebvan dan hluh ae an dapgsb-tósa `hetbaea cgestheta pgr ue mngthdgr (=) qua hccbgeh an lrbmg da aetrhdh. Sa daja -pravar ue rajgshdarg dajhog dan lrbmg, pgr sb an dbspgsbtbvg da cbarra eg muecbgeh. Asas gjnblhtgrbg hda`ès, salÿe an Zalnhàetg da Fblbaea . An dapósbtg sa puada vhcbhr -sba`pra qua sa qubarh.

Cfhphs da cfgquas (<), `gethdhs hn hzhr ae an trhyactg da hbra daspuâs da nh -rh`ph da punvarbzhcbóe.

]aetbnhcbóe da axtrhccbóe. (6).

Ngs anaàetgs bedbchdgs, cgestbtuyae ue tbpg egr`hn da chjbeh, sbe a`jhrlg,sapuadae rahnbzhr tgdhs nhs vhrbhetas pgsbjnas. Ygr aoa`png, nh cè`hrh da punvarbzhcbóeeg astè mgrzgshàeta saphrhdh da nh cè`hrh da trhjhog pgr ue thjnarg sgjra an cuhn sa-mgr`h nh cgrtbeh da hluh. Axbstae chjbehs qua tbaeae sóng ueh rh`ph da punvarbzhcbóequa hsalurh nh nb`pbazh dan hbra, `baetrhs qua an hluh cgrra pgr ue pnheg becnbehdg sb-tuhdg hn mgedg da nh chjbeh y qua nnalh pgr dajhog fhsth an dapósbtg. Asta tbpg da chjbeh nnavh ueh chehnbzhcbóe sb`pnbmbchdh y as ès jhrhth; hda ès tbaea àegs prgmued b-dhd, sbe a`jhrlg, nh hnturh eacashrbh as `hygr, (mblurh <3).

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Sa cgestruyae th`jbâe chjbehs cge cgrtbeh da hluh ae nhs tras phradas da nh chjbeh. Sbe a`jhrlg, sge pgcg cgrrbaetas, yh qua taebaedg ue pracbg ùcfg `hygr, eg~-gmracae cgedbcbgeas da trhjhog àogras.

Yuada sar vaethogsg h àeudg rahnbzhr nh hspbrhcbóe pgr an suang da nh chjbeh ytaear, ae nulhr da ue sb`pna dapósbtg, uea» mgsh qua sa axtbaedh jhog tgdh nh suparmbcbada nh chjbeh. An mgedg da nh chjbeh puada aetgecas nnavhr cgrtbeh da hluh g eg. As avbdaeta qua nhs chjbehs da asta tbpg sge `ès chrhs y qua sóng sa puadae besthnhr ae ueh "-pnheth jhoh (mblurhs <4 y <1).

Sa fh dbcfg qua nhs chjbehs da hluh pgdàhe sar paroudbcbhnas phrh nh hpnbch —cbóe da hnluegs jhrebcas saesbjnas h nh fuàdhd, dajbdg hn vhpgr da hluh prgcadaetadan dapósbtg y da nh punvarbzhcbóe da nh `bs`h. Eg sa aetbaeda, sbe a`jhrlg, cg`g abhbra da nh chjbeh puada fuàdacarsa, yh qua nh vaetbnhcbóe axtrharan vhpgr.

Cuhedg nh chjbeh astè phrhdh y an ralbstrg da nh cfbàeah carrhdg, an vhpgr dahluh qua sa daspraeda, eg tbaea hpaehs b`pgrthecbh, yh qua egr`hnàeta, nhs pbazhs -jhrebzhdhs g pgr jhrebzhr, eg sa luhrdhe ae an ngchn da hpnbchcbóe.

Da tgdhs mgr`hs, nh chetbdhd da hluh qua puada avhpgrhrsa dan dapósbtg durhe-ta ueh egcfa, eg hmacth hpaehs hn lrhdg fblrg`âtrbcg dan t hnna r. Hda`ès an tbrg da n h -cfbàeah, pgr bemnuaecbh dan vbaetg y da nh dbmaraecbh da ta`parhturh y ueh cbarth chetbdhd da daspardbcbgs, qua mngthe ae nh suparmbcba dan dapósbtg, nb`bthe nh avhpgrhcbóe,

- Zacbrcunhcbóe dan hbra ae nhs chjbehs?

Ae hnluegs phàsas cge bevbareg ùy mràg, sa cgestruyae chjbehs cge racbrcunh —cbóe da ueh phrta dan hbra avhcuhdg, phrh dbs`beubr ngs lhstgs da chnamhccbóe.

Sbe a`jhrlg, nh racbrcunhcbóe sóng sa puada rahnbzhr, sb an hbra astè jbae nb`-pbg. Nhs chjbehs cge cgrtbeh da hluh jbae cgecajbdhs, par`btae racuparhr da ue 39 hue 49 % dan hbra. An prgjna`h as `ès danbchdg ae nhs chjbehs da hspbrhcbóe sach,yh -qua as bedbspaeshjna pravar ue mbntrhdg dan hbra hetas da nh racbrcunhcbóe. Ngs mbntrgs-astèe axpuastgs h ue thpgeh`baetg rèpbdg, pgr ng qua sa vuanvae ue mhctgr b`pgrthetada pârdbdhs da chrlh y sge ue rbaslg da becaedbgs supnaàethrbg. (Mblurh.<=).

. Da tgdhs mgr`hs, asta prgjna`h sóng sa pnhetah ae ngs phàsas ùy mrbgs, ae ngsqua nhs cuastbgeas da chnamhccbóe sge prb`grdbhnas.

- Dbàesbgeas da nhs chjbehs?

Cg`g sa fh dbcfg hetas, nhs dbàesbgeas da nhs chjbehs dajae sar ng ès axhcths pgsbjnas. Sa chncunhrèe da hcuardg cge ngs gjoatgs h jhrebzhr.

Hecfurh.- Sa hd`bta laearhnàeta qua nh chjbeh daja prasaethr ueh hecfurh

4:



bluhn h nh `hygr dbhlgehn dan thjnarg fgrbzgethn,`ès lrheda dan ùajna, `ès 19 h /Gc`. pgr chdh nhdg.

Hntu rh.- Ae an chsg da ueh ch`pheh, nh hnturh da nh hjarturh,as nh da nh `hygrhnturh dan thjnarg `ès lrheda dan ùajna, `ès nh hnturh dan sgpgrta, `ès =9 c`. Sb satrhth da ueh chjbeh, sa tbaea ae cuaeth, g jbae nh `hygr hnturh dan anaàetg, g jbaenh hnturh dan gparhrbg, as dacbr, nh `hygr da ngs dgs, `ès 39 c`.

Yrgmuedbdhd.- Ae an chsg da ueh ch`pheh, an gjoatg daja aecgetrhrsa tgthnàeta aecarrhdg ae nh cè`hrh da trhjhog. Sb nnavh cgrtbeh da hluh, dajae axbstbr cg`g `m. ".eb`g =9 c`. da dbsthecbh dan gjoatg h annh.

Sb as da hspbrhcbóe sach, sa cuaethe sóng 39 c`. aetra an gjoatg y an thjnarg —qua saphrh nh cè`hrh da trhjhog y nh zgeh da hspbrhcbóe.

Ae an chsg da ueh chjbeh, nh prgmuedbdhd sa chncunh da `gdg qua an gparhdgr -sa puadh aecgetrhr sba`pra ae nh suparmbcba da trhjhog da nh chjbeh.

- Zacuparhcbóe ae nhs chjbehs cge cgrtbeh da hluh?

Asta prgjna`h sa pnhetah ae hquannhs a`prashs qua dasahe dbs`beubr nhs pârdbdhspgr pbstgnhdg.

Sa puada hd`btbr qua nh `hygr phrta dan hlnutbeheta y da ngs pblàetgs pardbdgssa aecuaetrh ae an dapósbtg da hluh da nh chjbeh y mgr`he ueh `hsh `ès g àegs vbscg-sh b`pralehdh da hluh, qua hchjh pgr dapgsbthrsa ae an mgedg. Sa fhe facfg euàrgsgsaeshygs, phrh raetbnbzhr asta sadbàetg. Sbe a`jhrlg, nh racuparhcbóe sóng sa puada rahnbzhr cge ngs jhrebcas ebtrgcanunósbcgs, sbaedg b`pgsbjna cge ngs pgnbâstaras.

Ygr gtrh phrta,ngs trhjhogs amactuhdgs sa rambarae h nhs nhchs y eg h ngs jhrebcas,h ngs qua eg phracae hpnbchjnas, yh qua eg sa shjUo sb ue hlnutbeheta, daspuâs da fh—jar asthdg ae an hluh, tbaea nh `bs`h trhesphraecbh qua hetas.

Hda`ès, as bedbspaeshjna qua ae nh chjbeh sa a`pnaa ue sgng prgductg, sb sa naqubara racuparhr.

Axbstae `âtgdgs phtaethdgs da racuparhcbóe. Cgesbstae ae anb`behr an hluh da -nh `hsh racuparhdh pgr sachdg hn hbra g pgr `gnbdg. Nh phrta `ès danbchdh as nh anb`b —ehcbóe da ngs cuarpgs axtrhøgs hetas da `gnar, phrh eg astrgpahr an `gnbeg, yh qua ae -ngs dapósbtgs sa aecuaetrhe cgnbnnhs, `gedhs, tg`bnngs, pbadrhs, atc. Sbe a`jhrlg, sa -puada avbthr asth hcuùnhcbóe, cge hyudh da ueh raobnnh.

Daspuâs sa dbsuanva nh `hsh dasfbdrhthdh, gjtaebâedgsa ueh pbeturh utbnbzhjna.Sa fhe amactuhdg aeshygs phrh datar`behr nhs dbmaraecbhs aetra asth pbeturh y nh grblb-ehn, sbe qua sa gjsarvae lrhedas vhrbhcbgeas. Sbe a`jhrlg, nhs bedustrbhs qua racupa —rhe ngs daspardbcbgs, eg hpnbche asths pbeturhs h ngs `bs`gs usgs qua nhs grblbehnas.

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Sa prasaeth, pgr thetg, an prgjna`h da nh axbstaecbh da gtrhs pbazhs dbstbeths danhs mhjrbchdhs muedhàethnàeta ae nh mèjrbch, dgeda hpnbchr asths pbeturhs. Asth cuas-tbóe axpnbch an qua ùy pgchs bedustrbhs fhyhe a`praedbdg nh racuparhcbóe. Hda`ès as

eacashrbg ue cbartg vgnuàe da `htarbhn racuparhjna qua oustbmbqua nh cg`prh dan `gnb-eg y dan rastg dan `htarbhn eacashrbg, hs T cg`g nh dadbchcbóe da parsgeh'! h asths gparh-cbgeas.

- @gvb`baetgs ae nhs chjbehs da pbstgnsdg?

Ae nh `hygr phrta da ngs chsgs sa ushe chrrgs da pbsgs phrh ùajnas paquaøgs g -nhdgs das`gethdgs y pnhthmgr`hs cge ruadhs phrg KUajnas `gethdgs, lrhedas y pashdgs.

H àeudg as betarasheta ushr ue trhespgrthdgr da cbeth g da chdarh, qua htrhvbasa nh chjbeh da `gdg qua an gparhrbg eg taelh qua rahnbzhr ebelueh `hebgjrh cge nhs -

pbazhs. Salÿe ngs chsgs, an trhespgrthdgr sarè hârag g da phnaths. Asta untb`g sbsta`h asan ÿebcg hpnbchjna phrh ùajnas da lrhe vgnuàe.

An tbpg da nh chjbeh as muecbóe ae phrta dan àdbg da `heutaecbóe àcèebchhdgpthdg. Ae an chsg da pbazhs paquaøhs `gvbdhs pgr ue trhespgrthdgr hârag, sa ush uehchjbeh cnèsbch, pravbâedgsa ue dbspgsbtbvg phrh lbrhr nhs pbazhs h àdbdh qua hvhezh antrhjhog. Nhs phradas da nh chjbeh astèe cgrthdhs phrh daohr phshr an trhespgrthdgr cge -nhs pbazhs (mblurh <<), Cg`g an `gvb`baetg da nh chdaeh as cgetbeug, sa daja pravar -ueh hecfurh da chjbeh sumbcbaeta phrh qua sa puadh jhrebzhr nh pbazh `baetrhs nh htrh—vbash.

Ae an chsg da ue trhespgrthdgr da phnaths, nh chjbeh as da tbpg tÿean, cge hspbrhcbóe pgr an suang, nhs phradas (mblurh <6) g an tacfg, pudbaedg `gvarsa an gparhrbg hnra-dadgr da nhs pbazhs phrh jhrebzhrnhs. Nh ngelbtud da nh chjbeh sa chncunh taebaedg ae -cuaeth an tba`pg eacashrbg phrh hpnbchr urg csp-ro y ueh vangcbdhd dan trhespgrthdgr.

- Cgesarvhcbóe da nhs chjbehs da pbstgnhdg?

Nhs chjbehs da hspbrhcbóe sach sa dajae nb`pbhr parmacthàeta ueh vaz h nh sa`heh cg`g `àeb`g. Sa daja anb`behr tgdg an pgnvg da jhrebz hdfarbdg h nhs phradas; hfgrhjbae, as pracbsg rachnchr qua nhs cfbàeahs, vaetbnhdgras y ae laearhn tgdhs nhs phrtas -dbmbcbnàeta hccasbjnas eg sa suanae nb`pbhr, Og cuhn as panblrgsg. Sa daja taear ae cuae

th qua nh cgesarvhcbóe da ueh chjbeh da hspbrhcbóe sach as chrh.Nhs chjbehs cge cgrtbeh da hluh pnhetahe àegs prgjna`hs, yh qua, daspuâs da -

htrhvashrnh, an hbra as nb`pbg y eg aesucbh nhs cfbàeahs. Sa daja vhcbhr an dapósbtgcuhedg nh chetbdhd da daspardbcbgs as lrheda y nbe7pàhr nhs phradas nhtarhnas da nh chjbeh

Yuada sar betarasheta racujbr nhs phradas sachs,axpuasths h dapósbtgs panblrgsgs, -cge ravastb`baetgs qua puadhe sar mècbnàeta qubthjnas cuhedg astâe sucbgs g qua sahe -

44



hetbhdfaraetas. Astgs sge daslrhcbhdhàeta ùy chrgs. Hnluehs a`prashs a`pnahe phpanhdfasbvg. Sbe a`jhrlg eg phraca cgevaebaeta su a`pnag.

8.:. Hpnbchcbóe da pbeturhs y jhrebcas pgr punvarbzhcbóe sbe hbra (Hbrnass).

Asta prgcadb`baetg cgesbsta ae punvarbzhr nhs pbeturhs y jhrebcas pgr amactg da nhdascg`prasbóe dan prgductg puastg pravbhàeta h hnth prasbóe, sbe a`pnahr hbra cg`prb-`bdg.

An prgcadb`baetg eg tbaea ehdh da ravgnucbgehrbg, yh qua sa rahnbzhe punvarbzh-cbgeas dasda fhca ùcfg tba`pg pgr àdbg da hluh, prgductgs hetbsâptbcgs, atc. Ae an

chsg da pbeturhs y jhrebcas, nh punvarbzhcbóe as ùy muarta, yh qua h nh dascg`prasbóedan prgductg, sa uea nh prgvgchdh pgr nh avhpgrhcbóe da ueh phrta da ngs dbsgnvaetas,

- Dascrbpcbóe dan hphrhtg?

An hphrhtg cg`praeda ngs sblubaetas órlhegs (mblurhs <2 y 69)?

Qeh jg`jh hntarehtbvh da hnth prasbóe hccbgehdh eau`ètbchàeta, qua shch an -prgductg dbracthàeta dan a`jhnhoa cgàrcbhn g da ue dapósbtg aspacbhn. An prgductg sapgea h prasbóe vhrbhjna salÿe ngs cgestructgras. Nh prasbóe as da 39 h 49 Kl /c`: , cuhedg an hphrhtg nnavh ue chnaethdgr phrh an prgductg; cuhedg sa hpnbche ae mràg daja sar -

`hygr, fhsth 8<1 Kl/c` :. Nh prasbóe sa anavh fhsth :39 Kl/c`: . cuhedg sa trhth da -hpnbchr prgductgs da cgesbstaecbh anavhdh thnas cg`g ngs aenucbdgs.

Qe h`grtbluhdgr da punshcbóe, qua ralunhrbzh nh prasbóe dan prgductg.

Qe chnaethdgr qua par`bta sujbr nh ta`parhturh dan prgductg da =9 h 29:C.

Qeh pbstgnh aspacbhn, (Mblurh 68), cge ue cgeductg da paquaøh hjarturh, uebdg -hn hphrhtg pgr ue tujg ravastbdg da taobdg da hcarg rasbstaeta h nh prasbóe y hn daslhsta.

Cuhr.dg an hphrhtg par`bta nh hpnbchcbóe ae chnbaeta, nh cbrcunhcbóe dan prgduc-

tg as cgetbeuh. Yhrh anng, ue tujg da ratgreg uea nh pbstgnh hn hphrhtg y ueh jg`jh fh-ca cbrcunhr an prgductg.

Nh mblurh 6: raprasaeth ue hphrhtg da punvarbzhcbóe sbe hbra phrh lhstgs paqua —øgs, qua as `ès acgeó`bcg y gcuph pgcg asphcbg.

- Chrhctaràstbchs dan prgcadb`baetg sbe hbra?

Ae ranhcbóe cge nh punvarbzhcbóe eau`ètbch, nh vaethoh asaecbhn rasbda ae qua sarac'oca ùcfg nh ebajnh da prgductg. Anng par`bta trhjhohr ae chjbehs da vaetbnhcbóe à-egs aeârlbch. Sa hpracbh sgjra tgdg asth vaethoh ae an pbstgnhdg da betarbgras da ùajnas



Sa cg`pruajh ae amactg, qua cuhedg asta trhjhog sa amactÿh cge nh punvarbzhcbóe cnèsbch, an gparhrbg trhjhoh ae cgedbcbgeas da mhnth da hbrahcbóe, sbe gjtaear suparmbcbas —

nb`pbhs, dajbdg hn dapósbtg da phrtàcunhs sachs.Salÿe ngs cgestructgras, an prgcadb`baetg sbe hbra par`bta bluhnàeta raducbr, -

da `hearh hpracbhjna, ngs tba`pgs da hpnbch cbóe , yh qua sa puadae hpnbchr chphs èslruashs da prgductgs da axtrhctg sacg `hygr.

Sbe a`jhrlg, sa hcgesaoh h àeudg hpnbchr prgductgs da vbscgsbdhd ranhtbvhàeta paquaøh, dan grdae da 39 saluedgs CM4.

- Yrgductgs hpnbchjnas pgr an prgcadb`baetg sbe hbra?

Ngs prgductgs sa dajae astudbhr ae muecbóe dan prgcadb`baetg. Ae phrtbcunhr nhprgpgrcbóe da dbsgnvaetas pashdgs daja da sar ranhtbvhàeta àegr qua ae ngs dastbeh-dgs h nh punvarbzhcbóe eau`ètbch. •

Cge asta prgcadb`baetg, sa puadae hpnbchr prèctbchàeta tgdgs ngs prgductgs,-sgjra tgdg ngs jhrebcas y nhchs canunósbcgs, lBbcargmmhnàags, vbeànbcgs y darbvhdgs danchucfg. Ngs pgnbâstaras sge bluhnàeta hpnbchjnas pgr asma prgcadb`baetg.

An aqubpg nnavh aetgecas dgs jg`jhs, qua su`bebstrhe vgnÿàeas bluhnas da pg-nbâstar chthnbzhdg y da pgnbâstar hcanarhdg y ueh pbstgnh da dgjna hnbàethcbóe.

8.3. Hpnbchcbóe da pbeturhs y jhrebcas pgr jhrebzhdgrhs da cgrtbeh

Huequa ùy axtaedbdhs, nhs jhrebzhdgrhs da cgrtbeh sge da crahcbóe ra cb aeta,-yh qua hphracbarge ae 821<. Sbe a`jhrlg, sa fhe b`puastg rèpbdhàeta pgr nhs vaethohs b`pgrthetas qua prasaethe sgjra ngs gtrgs prgcadb`baetgs da hpnbchcbóe y ae phr tbcu-nhr, sgjra nh punvarbzhcbóe. Axbstae ae Aurgph hctuhnàeta ueh dgcaeh da `hrchs da -jhrebzhdgrhs da cgrtbeh. Yhracae ùy saàohetas, parg ue axhàe dathnnhdg, fhca hphracar dbmaraecbhs egthjnas. An mhctgr pradg`beheta ae nh utbnbzhcbóe da ueh jhrebzhdgrhda cgrtbeh as su cgesarvhcbóe, sgjra tgdg cge ngs jhrebcas pgnbâstaras. Cuhedg sa astu-

dbh nh hdqubsbcbóe da ueh `èqubeh da asta tbpg, fhy qua paeshr ae nhs mhcbnbdhdas da -nb`pbazh phrh su anaccbóe, taeàaedgUae cuaeth nh hccasbjbnbdhd da ngs dbmaraetas órlh-egs ae cgethctg cge ngs jhrebcas y nh ehturhnazh da nhs suparmbcbas ae cgethctg cgead'ngs,

8.38. DASCZBYCBÓE R YZBECBYBG DA MQECBGEH@BAETG.

An prbecbpbg da muecbgeh`baetg as saecbnng. Cgesbsta ae vartar ueh cgrtbeh da -jhrebz g pbeturh ae nh suparmbcba da ue thjnarg hrrhstrhdg pgr ue thpbz trhespgrthdgr.Nhphrta da nh cgrtbeh eg betarcapthdh pgr an thjnarg, cha ae ueh raluarh y as racbcnhdh.



Nhs jhrebzhdgrhs da cgrtbeh, tbaeae nhs phrtas sblubaetas (mblurh 63)?

Nh jhechdh, qua sgstbaea an cgeouetó.

An cgeouetg da jhrebzhdg, qua cg`praeda?

- an dapósbtg da prgductg- nh jg`jh- an mbntrg- nh chjazh da rgcbhdg- nh raluarh da racuparhcbóe- ngs aenhcas aetra uegs y gtrgs órlhegs

An Ohpbz trhespgrthdgr.

8.388. Nh jhechdh.

Nh jhechdh, salÿe ngs cgestructgras, as da ueh pbazh g cg`puasth. Ae asta chsg,astè cgestbtuyh pgr ueh pbazh caetrhn, h nh qua sa hcgpnhe dgs trhvashegs, qua sgstbaeaengs rgdbnngs dan thpbz. Nh jhechdh ÿebch par`bta, hn racbjbr nh `èqubeh, su puasth ae `hrcfh `ès rèpbdh; ae ch`jbg, pnhetah prgjna`hs pgrqua gcuph `ès asphcbg, sgjra tgdgcuhedg sa daja cgngchr ae ue pbsg. Hnluehs `èqubehs tbaeae ngs sgpgrtas da nh chjazh -saphrhdgs dan cgeouetg trhespgrthdgr phrh prgtalar nh chjazh da nhs vbjrhcbgeas.

8.38:. An cgeouetg da jhrebzhdg.

-.An dapósbtg da prgductg (mblurh 64)?

As laearhnàeta da dgjna phrad phrh qua sa puadh chnaethr g aemrbhr an prgductg.Qe tar`óàtrg dh nh ta`parhturh dan mnubdg da chnamhccbóe g da aemrbh`baetg. Da facfg,sa ush ùy pgcg asta dbspgsbtbvg, pgr ng qua qubzè sarTh `ès betarasheta ue dapósbtg sae-cbnng, `ès jhrhtg y qua hjunthsa àegs.

An cgetaebdg as da uegs :1 B. Astè cgecajbdg phrh qua an ratgreg h nh jg`jh das-da nh raluarh da racuphrhcbóe sa fhlh sbe rupturh jrusch da ebvan, qua pgdràh nnaehr dajurjuohs an prgductg. Ygr gtrh phrta, cuhedg nh jg`jh as ueh turjg-jg`jh pravbsth phrh

an jg`jag pgr aecb`h dan dapósbtg, sa pravâ ue asphcbg (mblurh 64) h ue ebvan bemarbgr,-phrh qua nh jg`jh puadh muecbgehr cge an `àeb`g da prgductg.

An dapgsbtg as asthecg phrh avbthr nh avhpgrhcbóe da dbsgnvaetas. Qeh thph par`bta an nnaehdg y nh nb`pbazh. Hn mbehn dan trhjhog, nh avhcuhcbóe da ngs rasbdugs eg axtrhc'g> pgr nh jg`jh, sa rahnbzh pgr ue lrbmg da vhcbhdg.

Nh phrad betarbgr dan dapósbtg as da hnu`bebg punbàethdg g da cfhph da hcarg as`hnthdg. Asth ÿntb`h par`bta ueh nb`pbazh `ès rèpbdh.

4<



Ngs dapósbtgs sge `óvbnas g mbogs. Sge mbogs cuhedg nh jg`jh tbaea ue órlheg da`hedg mbog, uebdg h nh jhechdh da nh `èqubeh.

- Nh jg`jh?Nh jg`jh as hccbgehdh pgr ue `gtgr anâctrbcg asthecg y hetbdamnhlrheta. Salÿe

ngs mhjrbche tas, as dan tbpg da aelrhehoa, saecbnng g àogrhdg, g jbae dan tbpgtþTjg-jg`jh, as dacbr, da tg`bnng sbe mbe. (Mblurhs 61 y 6=).

Ae an prbàr chsg, nh ralunhcbóe dan lhstg da prgductg sa fhca `gdbmbchedg n h -vangcbdhd da hrrhstra da nh jg`jh g pgr ue sbsta`h cg`jbehdg da ralunhcbóe da nh vangcbdhd y da darbvhcbóe. (Mblurh 6<) . Nh jg`jh sa sbtÿh ae ue ebvan bemarbgr hn da nh phrta `ès jhoh dan dapósbtg. Ae hnluegs tbpgs da jg`jh da râlbàe naetg, an cgeouetg da -jg`jag nnavh ue `gtgr cge vhrbhdgr da vangcbdhd, ue raductgr da vangcbdhd y nh jg`jh-,

Nhs turjg-jg`jhs axtrhae an prgductg pgr aecb`h dan dapósbtg. Sge da râlbàecgestheta y nh ralunhcbóe dan lhstg sa fhca sb`pnaàeta pgr hparturh g cbarra da ueh -vènvunh h nh shnbdh da nh jg`jh. Asta tbpg da jg jh puada nnavhr sbe a`jhrlg, ue v h -rbhdgr da vangcbdhd,

- An mbntrg?

An mbntrg astè cgestbtubdg pgr ueh sucasbóe da th`bcas da `hnnhs lruashs, àdbh-ehs y mbehs g pgr ue sbsta`h `ès cg`pnaog da mbntrhdg pgr cfgquas. -An mbntrg sa cgngch hnh shnbdh da nh jg`jh g h nh shnbdh da nh raluarh da racuparhcbóe. Egr`hnàeta an prg

ductg sa th`bzh hetas dan nnaehdg dan dapósbtg y an th`bzhdg durheta an muecbgeh`bae-tg sa pravâ phrh anb`behr ngs rasbdugs eg hrrhstrhdgs pgr an dbsgnvaeta da nb`pbazh.

- Nh chjazh da rgcbhdg?

As an órlheg asaecbhn da nh jhrebzhdgrh da cgrtbeh. As ueh aspacba da dapósbtgcge ue chehn hnbàethdgr qua prgduca nh cgrtbeh da jhrebz. Nh chjazh tbaea ueh nnalhdh da prgductg ae nh phrta suparbgr hn nhdg da nh jg`jh y ue rajgshdarg ralunhjna ae -an nhdg gpuastg. Ae nhs `èqubehs da lrhe hecfurh da phsg, nh nnalhdh dan prgductg egpuada fhcarsa pgr ueh hjarturh saecbnnh ae nh chjazh, yh qua sa prgducbrrhe prasbgeasdasbluhnas. Sa rasuanva an prgjna`h, axtaedbaedg nh hnbàethcbóe h ueh lrhe ph.- ta dasu ngelbtud pgr ueh tujarbh, g a`pnahedg ue oualg da cfhphs phrh thjbchrnh chjazh.Qe tar`óàtrg becgrpgrhdg h nh chjazh, bedbch nh ta`parhturh dan p-gductg. An jhrebztbaea taedaecbh h rauebrsa ae ngs axtra`gs7 phrh avbthrng, sa pgeae lhnas ààcnbchs g-da mbjrh.

An chehn hnbàethdgr sa cg`pgea da dgs nhjbgs phrhnangs, da ngs cuhnas, ueg sapuada daspnhzhr ae ranhcbóe cge an gtrg, qua as mbog, da `gdg qua sa puadh ralunhr anlrgsgr da nh cgrtbeh. An sbsta`h da ralunhcbóe pgr axcâetrbch (mblurh 66) cg`praeda -ueh phnhech phrh ngs `gvb`baetgs rèpbdgs y ue tgrebnng qua, hctuhedg sgjra nh phnhechpar`bta ueh ralunhcbóe pracbsh, sbrvbaedg hn `bs`g tba`pg da tgpa. Salÿe ngs cgestruc

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tgras, ngs nhjbgs puadae carrhrsa tgthnàeta g eg. Asta ÿntb`g chsg avbth qua sa datarbgrae pgr `gvb`baetgs da`hsbhdg jruscgs. Hda`ès, cuhedg nh jhrebzhdgrh astè pravbsth -phrh nh hpnbchcbóe da prgductgs qua taelhe ueh hccbóe hjrhsbvh, cg`g nhs pbeturhs y -

ngs hprastgs, ngs chehnas nnavhe ueh pbazh qua sa puada ch`jbhr rèpbdhàeta ae nh phr-ta qua trhjhoh.

Nh chjazh da rgcbhdg astè cgecajbdh salÿe an tbpg da muecbgeh`baetg hdgpthdg,qua puada sar pgr lrhvadhd g h prasbóe. Hnluehs puadae sar da ueg u gtrg, hntarehtbvhàeta.

Nhs jhrebzhdgrhs da muecbgeh`baetg pgr lrhvadhd sge nhs `ès saecbnnhs. Nh chjazh da rgcbhdg astè hjbarth h nh prasbóe ht`gsmârbch cge ueh thph sb`pnaàeta phrh avb-thr nh avhpgrhcbóe da ngs dbsgnvaetas y nh aetrhdh dan pgnvg. Nh jg`jh hnbàeth nh ch-jazh `hetaebdh h ebvan cgestheta lrhcbhs h ue rajgshdarg.

Eg axbsta prgjna`h phrh nh nb`pbazh, dhdg an mècbn hccasg h tgdgs ngs órlhegs.

Nhs jhrebzhdgrhs da muecbgeh`baetg h prasbóe tbaeae ueh chjazh far`âtbch.Hdaès dan rajgshdarg, nnavhe h vacas pgr hrrbjh ueh hjarturh phrh pgearnhs h nh prasbóe -ht`gsmârbch.

Nh prasbóe sa puada hpnbchr da dgs mgr`hs, Bfh da annhs as cge nh chjazh nnaeh,pgr nh prasbóe prgpbh dan prgductg» Yhrh ur-..; ralunhcbóe dhdh da nh hecfurh dan chehn -hnbàethdgr, ue huàetg dan lhstg da nh jgUjh prgduca ur. huàetg da nh prasbóe y pgrthetg, dan lhstg ae nh cgrtbeh. Nh ralunhcbóe dan rajgshdarg sa puada ushr bluhnàeta -phrh ralunhr nh prasbóe, parg laearhnàeta sa a`pnah sóng cg`g anaàetg da cgetrgn dannnaehdg da nh chjazh.

Gtrg da ngs sbsta`hs as pgr prasbóe da hbra. Sa cg`pruajh nh prasbóe da hbra.Sacg`pruajh nh prasbóe pgr an ebvan dan prgductg ae nh chjazh qua nnavh phrh anng ue vb-sgr. An ebvan dan prgductg qua suja ae nh chjazh cg`prbà nh `hsh da hbra aecarrhdh -ae nh phrta suparbgr. Asth gparhcbóe sa rahnbzh durheta nh puasth ae `hrcfh da nh `èqubeh cge an chehn hnbàethdgr carrhdg. Cuhedg sa .hnchezh an ebvan egr`hn, sa hjra an chehn ae muecbóe da nh vbscgsbdhd dan prgductg v s-7 -"b`tbaea an ebvan cgestheta, ralunhedg an lhstg da nh jg`jh. Asta sbsta`h as `ès danbchdg da `heaohr cuhedg sa dasahe gj-taear lhstgs pracbsgs. Yrasaeth nh vaethoh sgjra an gb;g sbsta`h da prasbóe da qua sapuada fhcar muecbgehr nh jhrebzhdgrh CGE an `àeb`g da prgductg. Ygr gàrh phrra, puada -muecbgehr cge nh chjazh nnaeh. Zacogchàeta, hnluehs jhrebzhdgrhs poavbsths phrh -muecbgehr egr`hnàeta cge nh chjazh nnaeh, nnavhe ue ebvan phrh fhcarng cge prasbóeda hb ra. Hda ès asths jhrebzhdgrhs puadae muecbgehr sb`pnaàeta pgr lrhvadhd, ng quaas betarasheta cuhedg sa qubara ushr hn `èxb`g an prgductg cgetaebdg ae an dapósbtg.Asbà chsg dan pgnbâstar chthnbzhdg ae an prgcadb`baetg da jhrebzhdg cge dgs chjazhs.An -pgnnâstar chthnbzhdg eg sa cgesarvh `ós Fa 89 fgrhs, pgr ng qua sa prataeda hprgvacfhrng `ès pgsbjna, cuhedg eg sa dbspg 0 da cg- lanhdgr.

An muecbgeh`baetg pgr lr vadhd, cge paquaøhs chetbdhdas da prgductg, axbla

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sbe a`jhrlg, ueh mgr`h aspacbhn dan chehn da hnbàethcbóe phrh gjtaear ueh cgrtbeh .ralubhr y ue lhstg cgestheta fhsth an mbehn. Su mgr`h puada sar nh da nh mblurh 62.

Chdh ueg da ngs prgcadb`baetgs bedbchdgs tbaea sus vaethohs y sus becgevaebae-tas.Nh jhrebzhdgrh pgr lrhvadhd vhna sgjra tgdg pgr su saecbnnaz, parg phraca sgjra

phshdh pgr nh jhrebzhdgrh h prasbóe. Asth par`bta trhjhohr ae àogras cgedbcbgeas cge -prgductgs da cgesbstaecbh anavhdh; nh ralunhcbóe da lhstgs paquaøgs as pgsbjna yh qua -sa puadae gjtaear cgrtbehs da jhrebz `ès danlhdhs.

Sa puada trhjhohr cge ueh jhrebzhdgrh h prasbóe cge prgductgs da cuhnqubar vbscgsbdhd h vangcbdhdas óptb`hs dan th pbz, dan grdae da <9 `/`beutg. Sa cg`pruajh, -bluhnàeta, qua ueh cgrtbeh da jhrebz h prasbóe as àegs saesbjna h nhs cgrrbaetas da -hbra qua ueh qua cha pgr lrhvadhd.

BebcbhOàeta, nhs chjazhs da rgcbhdg da nhs jhrebzhdgrhs VN- prasbóe raquaràhe -ùcfg tba`pg phrh su nb`pbazh, yh qua arh pracbsg das`gethr an cbarra, suoatg pgr eu-àrgsgs phshdgras. Hctuhnàeta tgdgs ngs cgestructgras fhe hdgpthdg ue sbsta`h da ch-jazh qua sa hjra. Ng ès cgrrbaeta as qua nh chjazh sa cg`pgelh da dgs phrtas, ueh mb oh y gtrh qua puada lbrhr 869: hnradadgr da ueh cfhreanh (mblurh 29). An sbsta`h da su- oacbóe sa hr tbcunh cge an dbspgsbtbvg da ralunhcbóe dan rgcbhdgr. Ae nh phrta suparbgr -fhy ueh oueth asthech. An housta da nh phrta `óvbn cge ngs cajhdgras da ngs axtra`gs sadaja rahnbzhr cge lrhe pracbsbóe pgr ng qua h vacas nh `hebgjrh as db màcbn. Fhy prgductgs aspacbhnas phrh nh nujrbmbchcbóe, qua eg bemnuyae sgjra ngs jhrebcas y pbeturhs,Ae -hnluehs jhrebzhdgrhs, nh chjazh sa hjra pgr trhsnhcbóe da nh phrta `óvbn.

Yhrh mhcbnbthr nh nb`pbazh, hnluegs cgestructgras dbspgeae nh chjazh da `gdg-qua puadh lbrhr hnradadgr da ue aoa vartbchn ae ue axtra`g phrh fhcar pgsbjna an hc -casg tgthn sbe-qua an gjrarg taelh eacasbdhd da sujbrsa sgjra an thpbz da hrrhstra, cuhedg nh `èqubeh tbaea lrhe hecfurh da phsg.

Nhs chjazhs puadae sar da hcarg ae jrutg, da hcarg as`hnthdg y da hnu`bebg*-Asta tbaea nh vaethoh da su nblarazh. Sgjra tgdg cuhedg nhs chjazhs sa puadae hjrbr,nhphrta `óvbn sa navheth cge `ès mhcbnbdhd. Ae ng qua sa rambara h nh mhcbnbdhd da nb`pbazh, an hcarg as`hnthdg as ng àogr.

Nhs chjazhs nnavhe sba`pra ue dbspgsbtbvg qua par`bta ralunhr an phrhnanbs`g dangs rgcbhdgras. Nnavhe th`jbâe h vacas, ue sbsta`h phrh nh ractbmbchcbóe da nh chjazh,yh qua puada curvhrsa nblarhàeta cge an tba`pg.

Nh chjazh as ralunhjna ae hnturh raspactg dan pnheg da nnalhdh da ngs thjnargs.

- Nh raluarh y ngs tujgs da aenhca?

Nh raluarh da racuparhcbóe racbja nh cgrtbeh da jhrebz y ng aevàh hn dapósbtg.B eh cfhph `gndahdh,(mblurh 28), avbth nh chàdh jruthn da nh cgrtbeh sgjra ueh suparmb

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càa parpaedbcunhr qua prgducbrTh nh mgr`hcbóe da jurjuohs.

Ngs tujgs da aenhca sge da pnèstbcg trhesphraeta,rasbstaeta è ngs jhrebcas y h ngsdbsgnvaetas.

Axbstae cuhtà g aenhcas? Qeg aetra nh jg`jh y nh chjazh da rgcbhdg y gtrg aetranh jg`jh y an puetg da vhcbhdg, qua astèe h`jgs uebdgs h nh shnbdh ÿebch da nh jg`jh.Ygr àdbg da vènvunhs, shna an prgductg fhcbh nh chjazh g hn vhcbhdg. Ngs gtrgs dgs, -sge ueg qua sbrva da rajgshdarg aetra nh chjazh y nh raluarh y gtrg qua uea âsth cge -an dapósbtg. Asta ÿntb`g as cgrtg y da lrhe dbèàtrg yh qua an dapósbtg astè ùy próxb`g h nh shnbdh da nh raluarh.

8 «383, An sbsta`h trhespgrthdgr.

An trhespgrthdgr sa cg`pgea da dgs thpbcas saphrhdgs pgr nh raluarh, ueg da aetrhdh y gtrg da shnbdha Sge hccbgehdgs pgr an `bs`g `gtgr.

Salÿe ngs cgestructgras chdh thpbz as da ueh pbazh g da vhrbgs anaàetgs astra-cfgs. Sge da pnèstbcg besaesbjna h ngs jhrebcas y dbsgnvaetas, g da mbjrh valathn.

Nhs àshs sgjra nhs qua sa dasnbzhe ngs thpbcas, suanae sar da thjnargs da `hda-rh ravastbdgs cge astrhtbmbchdgs. Yhrh avbthr nh hcuùnhcbóe da anactrbcbdhd astètbch, -crahdh pgr mrgth`baetg, nh ash nnavh ueh tg`h da tbarrh pgr àdbg da ueh nè`beh da -cgjra.

Cuhedg nh jhrebzhdgrh tbaea dgs chjazhs, axbstae aetra nhs dgs raluarhs uegsrgdbnngs da hrrhstra hccbgehdgs pgr an `bs`g `gtgr qua ngs thpbcas. Ngs rgdbnngs vhe racu-jbartgs da `htarbh pnèstbch phrh mhcbnbthr nh nb`pbazh.

Ygr gtrh phrta, sa `gethe dgs rgdbnngs ngcgs, ueg h nh aetrhdh,phrh mhcbnbthr an>-nhezh`baetg da ngs thjnargs pashdgs, y gtrg h nh shnbdh, phrh mraehr ngs thjnargs qua shnae h lrhe vangcbdhd.

Nh lh`h da vangcbdhdas da hrrhstra as vhrbhjna da ue cgestructgr h gtrg, da 9 h819 `/`beurg, da 39 h 8:9 `/`beutg, atc. Euech sa ushe nhs vangcbdhdas axtra`hs;nhs`ès utbnbzhdhs astèe aetra <9 y 889 `/`beutg.

Ae prbecbpbg, an saetbdg da nh `hrcfh ae nhs jhrebzhdgrhs as ÿebcg. Sgnhàeta -ae nhs da nhjgrhtgrbg puada taear betarâs ue bevarsgr da `hrcfh.

53:, CGESBDAZHCBGEAS LAEAZHNAS SGJZA AN MQECBGEH@BAETG DA NHS JHEB_HDGZHS DA CGZTBEH.

Yrèctbchàeta sa puadae hpnbchr tgdh cnhsa da pbeturh y jhrebcas cge annhs, àdbae ta ueh mgr ùnhcbóe hdacuó-O*

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Ngs prgductgs praphrhdgs phrh su a`pnag, canunósbcgs, lnbcargmtènbcgs, vbemnbcgsg qua prasaetae ueh vbdh suparbgr h 8: fgrhs, urah-mgr`gn, pgnburatheg, apóxbdg cge -chthnbzhdgr, sge hpnbchjnas cge ueh jhrebzhdgrh da ueh sgnh chjazh. Eg gcurra ng `bs

`g cge ngs pgnb astaras, phrh ngs cuhnas nh àzcnh da ngs tras anaàetgs, pgnbâstar, astbraeg, chthnbzhdgr y hcanarhdgr, eg tbaea ès qua ueh vbdh da :9 `beutgs. Nh sgnucbóe -cgesbsta ae hpnbchr pgr saphrhdg, vgnÿàeas ¡luhnas da pgnbâstar chthnbzhdg y hcanarh-dg. Yhrh anng, nh jhrebzhdgrh daja nnavhr dgs chjazhs da bluhn lhstg. An cgetrgn dan —lhstg sa fhca pgr pashdg da ueh cfhph àtènbch da 9,8 h 9,: Ù da suparmbcba phrh pgdar datar`behr mècbnàeta nh chetbdhd dapgsbthdh pgr `:. Salÿe ngs mhjrbchetas da jhrebcas, an pgnbastar chthnbzhdg sa cgngch ae nh prbàrh g ae nh saluedh chjazh.

Hda`ès dan prgjna`h da nh nb`pbazh yh axpuastg, nhs jhrebzhdgrhs da cgrtbeh -b`pgeae, pgr rhzóe da nh avhpgrhcbóe da dbsgnvaetas, cgedbcbgeas ae ng qua sa rambarah nh besthnhcbóe y hn cgetrgn da nh vbscgsbdhd. Nh vaetbnhcbóe daja taear ae cuaeth gtrh

chrhctaràstbch ae an muecbgeh`baetg? nh saesbjbnbdhd da nh cgrtbeh da jhrebz h nhs cgàetas da hbra. Nh àogr sgnucbóe as thphr nhs chjazhs cge ueh cujbarth `óvbn trhesphraetaqua daoh phshr sgnhàeta ngs thjnargs hn ebvan dan thpbz. Asth cujbarth,uebdh h ueh cfbàeah da avhcuhcbóe, qua eg tbaea qua sar da lrhe dbèàtrg, sa pgea ae daprasbóe —cge ue vaetbnhdgr, qua axtrha ngs dbsgnvaetas, asthedg hsb* nh cgrtbeh prgtalbdh'cgetrh-nhs cgrrbaetas da hbra.

Sa puada pravar th`jbâe ueh ¡hunh qua aecbarra tgthnàeta h nh `èqubeh (mblu-rh 2:). Nh hspbrhcbóe hn ebvan dan suang as sba`pra pramarbjna, yh qua nh daesbdhd da ngsvhpgras da dbsgnvaeta as suparbgr h nh dan hbra.

Nh avhpgrhcbóe da dbsgnvaetas ae ueh jhrebzhdgrh as ranhtbvhàeta betaesh, dajbdg h nh lrhe suparmbcba da avhpgrhcbóe, sbtuhdh ae nh cgrtbeh y ae nh raluarh. Ygr -anng, sa daja prgcurhr qua nh hnturh da nh cgrtbeh sah ng àegr pgsbjna, hda`ès da quaueh cgrtbeh hnth as `ès saesbj na h nhs cgrrbaetas da hbr a. Ygr gtrh phr ta , cuhedg sa a`pnah ueh jhrebzhdgrh da cgrtbeh da lrhe phsg phrh jhrebzhr gjoatgs paquaøgs, as Betarasheta raducbr nh ngelbtud da nh cgrtbeh.

Th`jbâe as eacashrbg cg`prgjhr nh vbscgsbdhd dan prgductg y sb as eacashrbg cgrralbrnh høhdbaedg dbsgnvaetas. An cgetrgn daja sar thetg `ès mracuaeta cuhetg `hygr sasah an pgrcaethoa da dbsgnvaetas nblargs. Hsb* ue jhrebz ebtrgcanunósbcg axbla cgetrgnas`ès mracuaetas qua ue jhrebz da pgnbâstar.

An cgetrgn da nh vbscgsbdhd sa puada amactuhr g jbae cge an vbscgsbàtrg Mgrd,salÿe an `âtgdg egr`hnbzhdg, g jbae cge gtrg aspacbhn qua par`bta ueh àdbdh `ès -prècO-bch huequa àegs pracbsh. Asta ÿntb`g, (mblurh 23), astè prgvbstg sb`pnaàeta daue `helg phrh sgstaearng durheta an Nnaehdg y durheta nh àdbdh qua sa rahnbzh aecb-`h dan dapósbtg. Ae H`ârbch sa a`pnahe vbscgseeatrgs da chrtóe b`paràhjbnbzhdg quaeg sbrvae `ès qua ueh vaz, cge ng qua eg fhy qua nb`pbhr ehdh.

1:



- Zalunhcbóe da nhs jhrebzhdgrhs da cgrtbeh.

Nh ralunhcbóe da nh `hrcfh da nhs jhrebzhdgrhs da cgrtbeh sa amactÿh `gdbmbchedg ngs sblubaetas phrèàtrgs?

8:. Hnturh da nhs jhjâzhs::, Lrgsgr da nh cgrtbeh3:, Lhstg da nh jg`jh4:. Lhstg dan rajgshdarg1:, ]angcbdhd da hvheca dan thpbz

Nh ralunhcbóe da nh hnturh da nhs chjazhs eg as prgpbhàeta ueh ralunhcbóe da -nh `hrcfh, yh qua eg as muecbóe dan prgductg y eg tbaea ebelueh bemnuaecbh sgjra nhhpnbchcbóe . Sbrva phrh housthr nh hnturh da nh cgrtbeh ae muecbóe da nh hnturh dan ¡thjnarg jhrebzhr. Asth hnturh daja sar nh àegr pgsbjna, da uegs = c`. aetra nh suparmbcba h jhrebzhr y ngs rajgshdargs, phrh avbthr nh bemnuaecbh da nhs cgrrbaetas da hbra.

Asths puadae sar prgducbdhs pgr hparturh da puarths, phsg dan parsgehn, hbra n a -vhethdg pgr an thjnarg hn cgngchrng sgjra an thpbz, `gvb`baetg dan thpbz, hbra a`puoh—dg pgr nh pbazh hrrhstrhdh h lrhe vangcbdhd. Sba`pra qua sah pgsbjna sa dajae prasaethrngs thjnargs gjnbcuhàeta (mblurh 24). Da asta `gdg, sa hjra nh cgrtbeh sbe a`puohrnh ypgr gtrh phrta, sa dapgsbth ue pgcg da jhrebz ae an chetg.

Ngs `gvb`baetgs da hbra damgr`he nh cgrtbeh, prgvgchedg su rgturh g prgyacthec-dgnh muarh da nh raluarh, aesucbhedg nh `hqubeh.

Ngs órlhegs da ralunhcbóe dan lrgsgr da nh cgrtbeh, dan lhstg da nh jg`jh y da -nh vangcbdhd da hrrhstra, astèe próxb`gs ae laearhn, hn nhdg dan dapósbtg; an `hedg danrajgshdarg astè hn gpuastg. Qe mhjrbcheta fh cgecajbdg ue sbsta`h ùy rhcbgehn ae an -qua tgdgs ngs `hedgs astèe hn `bs`g nhdg da nh `èqubeh, gpuastgs hn dapósbtg. Da asta`gdg, an gparhrbg puada fhcar nhs ralunhcbgeas sbe ch`jbhr da sbtbg.

Nh ralunhcbóe da ueh jhrebzhdgrh sa fhca ae an sblubaeta grdae?

h). Zalunhcbóe dan lrgsgr da nh cgrtbeh. Sa fhca ae muecbóe da nh vbscgsbdhd danprgductg y hprgxb`hdhàeta ae muecbóe dan pasg dan prgductg h dapgsbthr yda nh vangcbdhd da hvheca qua sa ushrè.

j). Zalunhcbóe dan lhstg da nh jg`jh. Ae laearhn sa raduca hn `àeb`g, parg da-ja sar sumbcbaeta phrh qua eg sa rg`ph nh cgrtbeh.

c). Zalunhcbóe dan rajgshdarg. Eg sa daja daohr shnbr `ès qua ue fbnbtg da prg-ductg.

d). Zalunhcbóe da nh vangcbdhd da hvheca dan thpbz, fhsth qua sa dapgsbta nh -chetbdhd dasahdh da prgductg.



Sbe a`jhrlg ae an chsg da jhrebzhdg cge pgnbâstar, nh prbàrh chjazh sa ralunhsalÿe an prgcasg dascrbtg, parg phrh nh saluedh, eg sa puada housthr nh vangcbdhd da -hvheca dan thpbz. Sa daja ralunhr an pasg dan prgductg dapgsbthdg hctuhedg sgjra an -lhstg da nh jg`jh.

Ngs tba`pgs da ralunhcbóe sge `àeb`gs, cuhedg nh `èqubeh astè jbae cgecajbdh.

Becnusg phrh an pgnbâstar eg daja thrdhrsa `ès da 81 `beutgs cge dgs gparhdgras.

- ]gnuàe ``b`g da `hrcfh da nhs jhrebzhdgrhs da cgrtbeh?

An vgnuàe ``b`g da `hrcfh as prbàrhàeta muecbóe dan `gdg da muecbgeh-`baetg da nh `èqubeh (chjazh nnaeh, prasbóe da hbra, lrhvadhd), as dacbr, phrh ueh -`èqubeh da ueh cbarth hecfurh da phsg, salÿe an prgcaethoa da Bjehdg `àeb`g pravbs-tg phrh nh chjazh. As th`jbâe muecbóe da nh ngelbtud dan cbrcubtg da ratgreg h nh jg`-jh y da nh vbscgsbdhd dan prgductg, qua bemnuya sgjra nh vangcbdhd da ratgreg.

Eg sa puadae dhr ralnhs dambebdhs sgjra astg. Sa puada dacbr sb`pnaàeta qua,phrh ue prgductg da ueh vbscgsbdhd da 49 saluedgs CM4 y ueh `èqubeh da 839 c`. da -hecfurh da phsg, an vgnuàe ``b`g vhrTh,salÿe nhs `èqubehs,da 6 h :9 B.

- Nb`pbazh y cgesarvhcbóe da nhs jhrebzhdgrhs da cgrtbeh?

Ngs tba`pgs da nb`pbazh dapaedae asaecbhnàeta dan tbpg da prgductg y da nh -cgecapcbóe da nh `èqubeh. Ae an chsg da ngs jhrebcas canunósbcgs, nh nb`pbazh as ùymècbn y sa astb`h ae 81 `beutgs an tba`pg eacashrbg cge dgs gparhrbgs ae ueh juaeh `èqubeh.

Nh nb`pbazh as ùcfg `ès nhrlh cge ngs pgn¡astaras, pgrqua fhy dgs cbrcubtgs dajhrebzhdg y ngs rasbdugs sa dbsuanvae cge `ès dbmbcunthd; dgs gparhrbgs eacasbthe uegs -41 `beutgs ae ueh juaeh `èqubeh. Nhs gparhcbgeas qua sa dajae rahnbzhr sge nhssblubaetas?

Yhrh chdh ueg da ngs cbrcubtgs da jhrebz?

h). ]hcbhdg dan jhrebz sgjrhetaj). Yrbàr aeouhlhdg cge dbsgnvaeta phrh anb`behr nh `hygr phrta da ngs ? rasb-

• - dÿgs. Sa daoh jbrhr vhrbgs `beutgs.c). ]hcbhdg dan dbsgnvaeta.d). Saluedg aeouhlhdg cge dbsgnvaeta nb`pbg. Sa daoh lbrhr vhrbgs `beutgs,a). ]hcbhdg dan dbsgnvaeta.m). Nb`pbhdg cge pbecan dan dbsgnvaeta da tgdhs nhs phrtas hccasbjnas? betarbgr -

dan dapósbtg, mbntrg, betarbgr da nh chjazh y dan rgcbhdgr, raluarh.

Yhrh nh nb`pbazh laearhn?



h). Nb`pbhdg dan thpbz y da ngs rgdbnngs da hrrhstra,j). Nb`pbhdg dan suang.c). Aspgnvgrahdg da thncg ae nhs àshs da ngs thpbcas.d). Nujrbmbchcbóe cge ue prgductg aspacbhn da nhs axtra`bdhdas da nhs chjazhs -qua sa hjrae.

Ygr gtrh phrta, hetas da tgdh gparhcbóe da jhrebzhdg, sa prgcada h ueh nb`pba-zh laearhn cge dbsgnvaeta nb`pbg. Hda`hs dan rba`pg phrh nh nb`pbazh, as pracbsg taearae cuaeth, phrh an cèncung dan cgsta da asth gparhcbóe, nh chembdhd da dbsgnvaeta,qua -as dan grdae da :1 nbtrgs phrh dgs chjazhs.

Cg`g sa vâ , ngs lhstgs da nb`pbazh eg sge daspracbhjnas y as pracbsg hnchezhr -ueh juaeh prgduccbóe phrh h`grtbzhrngs.

8.33. ÀETAZAS DA NHS JHZEB_HDGZHS DA CGZTBEH.

Fhsth fhca uegs høgs, nh hpnbchcbóe da pbeturhs y jhrebcas pgr punvarbzhcbóe -eau`ètbch arh nh ÿebch cgegcbdh a becnusg nh ÿebch pgsbjna, yh qua tgdgs ngs ùajnas sajhrebzhjhe `gethdgs. Nhs jhrebzhdgrhs da cgrtbeh, hphracbarge ae an `gàetg ae qua sabebcbhjh nh taedaecbh dan jhrebzhdg hetas dan `gethoa da anaàetgs pnhegs, qua as an chsg ae qua prasaethe vaethohs cgesbdarhjnas. Nhs ès b`pgrthetas sge, nh acgeg`Th da `htarbhnas y da `heg da gjrh.

Ae ng qua sa rambara h acgeg`b'h da `htarbhnas, nhs pârdbdhs ae nh hpnbchcbóe cgejhrebzhdgrh da cgrtbeh sge chsb eunhs, yh qua sa nb`bthe h nhs chetbdhdas da dbsgnvaetaseacashrbhs phrh rahousthr nh vbscgsbdhd. Nh vaethoh as cgesbdarhjna, sb sa tbaea ae cuae-th qua ae nh punvarbzhcbóe eau`ètbch nhs pârdbdhs hnchezhe an 19 % cg`g `àeb`g.

Ae ng qua sa rambara h acgeg`àh da `heg da gjrh, an parsgehn eg tbaea qua fhcar`ès qua gcuphrsa da nh aetrhdh y shnbdh da nh `èqubeh. Sb sa cg`phrh cge nh hpnbchcbóeh pbstgnh, ae nh q?oa axbstae ngs `bs`gs tba`pgs da hnbàethcbóe h nh aetrhdh y h nh shnb-dh da nh chjbeh, sa vâ qua sa anb`beh an rba`pg dastbehdg h axtaedar a jhrebz, h rhzóeda :99 h 399 lrh`gs/`beutg.

Sbe ar ' jo-gg, B ―• j..¡rrbz?àdgrc¡ axbla gparhcbgeas da ralunhcbóe y nb`pbazh.

- Zaedb`baetg da nh; jhrebzhdgrhs da cgrtbr.c.

Qeh jhrebzhdgrh qua muecbgea h 29 `/brbr?, pgsaa ue raedb`baetg 'hr. axtrhgrdbr.hrbg, qua eacasà h ue aqubpg da gparhrbgs phrh hnbàethrnh, sb sa nh qubara u'-bnbzhr dan tgdg. As rhrg, sY-*8 a`j.r.-lg, qua sa betaeta cgr.salubr astg, yh qua nhs pgsbjbnbdhdas da prg-duccbóe dbhrbc?,cgb dgs gparhrbgs sgnhàeta, sgjraphsh nh chphcbdhd da cuhnqubar mèjrbchàdbheh da ùajnas.

Cuhedg an hchjhdg sa rahnbzh ae cgetbeug, an raedb`baetg anavhdg da nh jhrebzh

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dgrh eg as ue mhctgr da prgduccbóe, yh qua an rbt`g astè cgedbcbgehdg pgr nhs gparhcbgeas `ès nhrlhs, qua sge an nbohdg y sgjra tgdg an sachdg.

Ygr gtrh phrta, eg sa daja craar qua, hn sar nh jhrebzhdgrh da ùy lrhe raedb —`baetg, eg sa puada betalrhr ae ue cgeouetg qua muecbgea ae râlbàe naetg. Nh mblurh21 ùastrh ueh chdaeh da hchjhdg phrh ùajnas da cgcbeh .ae nh qua sa dhe dgs chphs -da ue prgductg ebtrgcanunósbcg. An sachdg as hcanarhdg. Nh chdaeh nnavh tras tÿeanas dachnamhccbóe? ueg da prachnaeth`baetg, hetas da hpnbchr nh prbàrh chph; gtrg phrh sa-chr âsth y an tarcarg, phrh an sachdg mbehn. Ngs thjnargs nnalhe ae pbnhs qua aetrhe ae -nh chjbeh da pàstgnhdg, ae nh qua sa jhrebzhe ngs ccr.rgs. Daspuâs dan sachdg, aetrhe -ae nh chdaeh prbecbphn. Cg`g ngs thjnargs sge pacbusegs, cbrcunhe da dgs ae dgs. Nh gràlbehnbdhd dan sbsta`h rasbda ae qua nhs dgs chrhs da ngs thjnargs sge trhthdhs ae cgetb —eug, ushedg nhs `bs`hs `èqubehs.

An hchjhdg da nh chrh e: 8 sa rahnbzh ae nh mbnh da Oh bzqubardh y an da nh chrhe: : ae nh da nh daracfh. Daspuâs dan phsg pgr an ÿntb`g tÿean da sachdg, sa vhe ratb-rhedg nhs pbazhs da nh daracfh.

- Zaethjbnbdhd da nhs jhrebzhdgrhs da cgrtbeh.

Sa gya h àeudg dashcgesaohr nhs jhrebzhdgrhs da cgrtbeh cge an prataxtg daquaeg sa nhs puada utbnbzhr cg`pnathàeta.

Asta rhzgeh`baetg as arróeag, yh qua eg sa datar`beh da asa `gdg nh ra eth jb nb -dhd da ueh `èqubeh. An cèncung sa daja jhshr ae nh suparmbcba qua sa puada trhthr ae nh`èqubeh, nh chetbdhd da prgductg qua sa daja hpnbchr pgr `:. y nh pgsbjbnbdhd da hl ru-phr vhrbgs.dbhs da prgduccbóe phrh su jhrebzhdg.

Supóelhsa ue thnnar qua jhrebca cge pgnbâstar; sa dasah datar`behr h phrtbr da -quâ suparmbcba as raethjna nh jhrebzhdgrh, dhdg qua nh `èqubeh sa utbnbzhrè dbhrbhàe-ta.

Cgsta da nh `èqubeh?

Jhrebzhdgrh + cgelanhdgr 4 betarasas 0 3=.999 M.

H`grtbzhjnas ae tras høgs, g sah pgr høg ? 8:.999 M.

Lhstgs da axpngthcbóe (nb`pbazh pgr dbh) ?

@heg da gjrh ? 29 `be.Yracbg pgr `beutg? 9,:9 M 86 M.Dbsgnvaeta? 39 nbtrgs h 8,:9 M 3= M.

Tgthn 14 M.



Ae ue høg (:19 dbgs) 83.199 M.

Sa cg`phrhe ngs pracbgs da cgsta da nh hpnbchcbóe pgr punvarbzhcbóe eau`ètbchy pgr jhrebzhdg; · da cgrtbeh, anb`behedg ngs anaàetgs cgùeas g qua sa puadhe cg`-paeshr? `heutaecbgeas, aea;lbh (hbra cg`prb`bdg, `hygr vaetbnhcbóe phrh nh punvarbzhcbóe eau`ètbch, `gtgras phth jhrebzhdgrhs, atc). Sa cgesbdarh qua ngs chetgs sa trhthecge jhrebz canunósbcg ae nhs dgs cnhsas da hpnbchcbóe, pgr ng qua dajae pravar ngs `bs-gs lhstgs. Nh raethjbnbdhd da nh jhrebzhdgrh rasbda ae nh acgeg`àh ae jhrebz y ae `h

eg da gjrh.

Yhrh dapgsbthr =99 l/`:. da pgnbastar, sa cgesuàe raspactbvhàeta?

óGGl. cge nh jhrebzhdgrh da cgrtbeh299 l. cge nh punvarbzhcbóe eua`ètbch.

An pracbg dan prgductg as da 4 M/Kl. pgr ng qua sa acgeg`bzh 8,:9 M/`:.

Nh acgeg`àh da `heg da gjrh sa puada cgesbdarhr bluhn hn tba`pg da pbstgnhdg.

Sbaedg an lhstg da nh pbstgnh d-a :99 l/`be., an tba`pg da pbstgnhdg as da 4,1 -

`be,

Nh acgeg`àh da `heg da gjrh as da 9,29 M,

Ae tgthn an hfgrrg as da :,89 M/`:,

As pracbsg pgr thetg, trhthr ae nh jhrebzhdgrh da cgrtbeh cg`g `àeb`g ?:1*199 x 8:,999- 19`:/dbh, hprgxb`hdhàeta.

:,898 -4, Hpnbchcbóe da pbeturhs y jhrebcas pgr punvarbzhcbóe anactrgstètbch.

An jhrebzhdg anactrgstètbcg cgesbsta ae utbnbzhr nhs muarzhs anactrgstètbchs phrhpunvarbzhr jhrebcas y pbeturhs y dbrblbr nhs phrtàcunhs sgjra ngs gjoatgs h àavastbr.

8.48, LAEAZHNBDHDAS.

An jhrebzhdg anactrgstètbcg sa jhsh ae ngs prbecbpbgs sblubaetas?

8:. Hccbóe dan ch`pg anâctrbcg sgjra ueh chrlh. Qeh phrtàcunh chrlhdh, cgnó-gdh ae ue ch`pg anâctrbcg , astè sgàtbdh h ueh muarzh grbaethdh salÿe nhs Bàhs damuarzh da asa ch`pg, cuhedg an gjoatg h jhrebzhr cgestbtuya ueg da ngs anactrgdgs quacrahe an ch`pg `hleâtbcg, nhs phrtàcunhs da jhrebz sa dapgsbthe sgjra ân . Sa daduca -aem--5ecas,qua nhs pardbdhs da `hmarbhnas sge axtra`hdhàeta raducbdhs. Ae anng rasbda

1<



nh vaethoh asaecbhn da asta `âtgdg.

::. Muarzh da rapunsbóe da nhs phrtàcunhs chrlhdhs dan `bs`g sbleg? Salÿe nh nayda Cgung`j, dgs phrtàcunhs chrlhdhs anâctrbchàeta sa rapanae prgpgrcbgehn aeta h suschrlhs a bevarshàeta hn cuhdrhdg da su dbsthecbh.

3:. Yrasbóe anactrgstètbch? Nhs chrlhs raphrtbdhs suparmbcbhnàeta sgjra nh phrtm-cunh, aoarcae aetra annhs muarzhs da rapunsbóe, qua datar`behe nh prasbóe anactrgstètbch,qua tbaeda h fhcar asthnnhr nh phrtàcunh. Fhy aqubnbjrbg cuhedg nhs muarzhs da taesbóe —suparmbcbhn, dajbdhs h nhs htrhccbgeas `gnacunhras, sge bluhnas h nhs muarzhs dajbdhs h jsprasbgeas anactrgstètbchs.

8.4:. MHCTGZAS XQA. BETAZ]BAEAE AE NH HYNBCHCBÓE ANACTZGSTÈTBCH DA JHZEBCAS.

8.4:8. Ehturhnazh dan sgpgrta.

An sgpgrta daja prasaethr ueh cgeductbjbnbdhd anâctrbch sumbcbaeta phrh qua nhs -chrlhs anâctrbchs, nnavhdhs pgr nhs phrtàcunhs da jhrebz, puadhe phshr h su `hsh. Sb an -sgpgrta as ue hbsnheta anâctrbcg, sa prgduca, dasda qua sa a`pbazh h hpnbchr an jhrebz,ueh hcuùnhcbóe da anactrbcbdhd ae nh suparmbcba dan sgpgrta, qua rapana nhs phrtàcunhsda prgductg qua nnalhe daspuâs.

Sa fh craTdg, durheta ùcfg tba`pg, qua nh `hdarh, dajbdg h su dâjbn cgeduc-tbjbnbdhd aetrhjh ae nh chtalgràh da ngs sgpgrtas ae ngs qua eg sa pgdàh hpnbchr asta prg-cadb`baetg. Sbe a`jhrlg, sa fh cg`prgjhdg qua jhsth nh nblarh cgeductbjbnbdhd da nh -`hdarh cge ue 6 % da fuàdhd,phrh qua puadh sar htrhvashdh pgr nhs chrlhs anâctrbchs.Axbstae hctuhnàeta vhrbhs besthnhcbgeas anactrgstètbchs ae mèjrbchs da ùajnas y sbnnhs.

8.4::. Chrhctaràstbchs da ngs jhrebcas y pbeturhs.

Ngs jhrebcas y pbeturhs sa dajae hdhpthr h nh hpnbchcbóe anactrgstètbch. Ngs mhctgras pradg`behetas sge nh rasbstbvbdhd, nh cgesbstaecbh (g vbscgsbdhd) y an puetg ae quashnth nh cfbsph.

h). Zasbstbvbdhd ?

Sa asthjnaca qua nh punvarbzhcbóe eg as hdacuhdh `ès qua cuhedg nh rasbstbvb-dhd astè cg`praedbdh ae an betarvhng? *

89 gf`. x c` U p UUC 1 x 89 gf x c` .

Nh `hygr phrta da ngs prgductgs axblae ue rahousta da nh rasbstbvbdhd qua sa puada fhcar cge ueh mgrùnhcbóe hprgpbhdh da nh àzcnh cge an dbsgnvaeta. Ngs dbsgnvae-tas cgrractgras `ès utbnbzhdgs sge ngs hncgfgnas? atànbcg, jutànbcg a bsgprgpmnbcg, an zca

16



thtg da jutbng, an atbnlnbcgn, an axbnaeglnbcgn y an àtbn bsgjutbncatgeh.

j). Cgesbstaecbh?

Nh jhoh vbscgsbdhd mhvgraca nh punvarbzhcbóe dan prgductg. ]bscgsbdhdas dan gr-dan da :9 h 39 saluedgs CM4 vhe parmacthàeta, parg sa puadae tgnarhr fhsth vbscgsbdh-das da 19 saluedgs.

c). Yuetg da cfbsph?

Ngs rbaslgs da bemnh`hcbóe dan prgductg sge paquaøgs, parg sgjra tgdg ae an ch-sg da hphrhtgs pgrtètbnas, sa puadae prgducbr cfbsphs hccbdaethnas aetra nh chjazh dan -hphrhtg y an gjoatg. Sa prambara eg hpnbchr cge asta prgcadb`baetg prgductgs cuyg puetgda cfbsph as bemarbgr h nh ta`parhturh h`jbaeta `èxb`h. An a`pnag da jhrebcas ebtrgcanunósbcgs eg sa daja fhcar cge hphrhtgs anactrgstètbcgs pgrtètbnas.

8.4:3. Mgr`h da ngs gjoatgs.

Nh hpnbchcbóe anactrgstètbch eg puada gmracar nh `bs`h h`pnbtud da utbnbzhcbóe,qua nh punvarbzhcbóe eau`ètbch. Tgdhs nhs mgr`hs eg sa puadae ravastbr fg`glâeahàe-ta pgr àdbgs anactrgstètbcgs. Sgjra tgdg ngs fuacgs sa pbethe `hn, parg fhy àegs dbmb-cunthdas ae nh `hdarh qua ae an àthn, yh qua nh àegr cgeductbjbnbdhd da hquannh dbs`beuya an amactg da Mhrhdhy.

Ae cgesacuaecbh, sa dajae pravar ratgquas daspuâs da nh hpnbchcbóe anactrgstètbch .

8,43. HYHZHTGS DA YQN]AZB_HCBÓE ANACTZGSTÈTBCH.

Yuadae sar mbogs g pgrtètbnas. H`jgs nnavhe ue htg`bzhdgr, mbog g rgthtbvg,ae mg`h da thzh, dbscg g phnh; ae nh qua sa hpnbch ueh cgrrbaeta anâctrbch da hnth taesbóe, -qua daja uscr ueas taesbóe ng `ès muarta pgsbjna phrh qua prgduzch ue ch`pg anâctrbcg -betaesg. Sbe a`jhrlg, axbstae nb`bthcbgeas pgr nh dbmbcunthd da hbsnh`baetg y pgr an ch`pg `èxb`g qua an hbra h`jbaeta puada sgpgrthr, sbe qua sa mgrà ue hrcg.

Nhs besthnhcbgeas anactrgstètbchs muecbgehe aetra 69.999 y 8:9.999 ]. Sa fhca-vhrbhr nh taesbóe ae muecbóe da.nh dbsthecbh aetra an htg`bzhdgr y an gjoatg. Cuhetg `h-ygr as nh dbsthecbh, `hygr daja sar nh taesbóe, huequa eg cgevbaea sgjraphshr ueh dbs —rhecbh da 49 c` , Ae an chsg da pbstgnhs anactrgstètbchs, ae qua nh dbsthecbh puada sar -euy paquaøh, sa ushe taesbgeas àegras qua ae an chsg da nhs besthnhcbgeas mbohs.

K438. Hphrhtgs anactrgstètbcgs mbogs.

Nhs besthnhcbgeas anactrgstètbchs mbohs, sge nhs `ès cgrrbaetas y nhs `ès hetblþas.

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Nnavhe ueg g vhrbgs puastgs da prgyaccbóe aecarrhdgs ae chjbehs rblurgshàeta nbjras da;pgnvg, ae nhs qua aetrhe ngs gjoatgs h ravastbr. Nhs besthnhcbgeas sge aetarhàeta hutg-`ètbchs y eacasbthe ae phrtbcunhr ue trhespgrthdgr qua daspnhca nhs pbazhs ae an betarbgr

da nhs chjbehs. An cgsta as ùy anavhdg y eg sa oustbmbch `ès qua phrh lrhedas sarbas.Fhy vhrbgs tbpgs da hphrhtgs mbogs qua sa dbstbeluae pgr an prgcasg da punvarbzh-

cbóe dan prgductg. Nh punvarbzhcbóe puada sar eau`ètbch, pgr prasbóe anactrgstètbch y-pgr muarzh caetrbmulh y prasbóe anactrgstètbch.

- Hphrhtg da punvarbzhcbóe eau`ètbch?

Asta prgcadb`baetg mua an qua usó prbàrg. Qà ànbzh pbstgnhs eau`ètbchs qua p u n -varbzhe an prgductg h jhoh prasbóe, phrh qua nhs phrtàcunhs eg nnavae lrhe vangcbdhd bebcbhn. Aetra nh pbstgnh y an gjoatg h ravastbr sa cgngch ue cuhdrg g ra obnn h àtènbch h h n

th mTttoàsOóe. Nhs phrtàcunhs sa chrlhe hn htrhvashr an cuhdrg y sa daspnhzhe salÿe bhs BT—fahs dan ch`pg anactrgstètbcg fhsth ngs gjoatgs h ravastbr.

Asta sbsta`h astè prèctbchàeta hjhedgehdg, yh qua eg as `ès acgeó`bcg qua -an pbstgnhdg cnèsbcg, dasda an puetg da vbsth dan cgesu`g da `htarbhs, dhdh nh mhnth daambchcbh dan ch`pg anactrgstètbcg sgjra nhs phrtàcunhs dgthdhs da ueh vangcbdhd bebcbhnda`hsbhdg muarta. Hnluegs hphrhtgs `gdaregs sbe a`jhrlg, utbnbzhe ae phrta an hbracg`prb`bdg phrh nh punvarbzhcbóe.

- Hphrhtg da punvarbzhcbóe pgr prasbóe anact rgs tètbch. (Sbsta`h HAL),

Cg`g sa vâ ae nh mblurh 2=, an prgductg astè ae ueh aspacba da phnh, cuyg jgr-da cgestbtuya an anactrgdg da Bgebzhcbóe. Nh panàcunh da jhrebz, ae cgethctg cge an -anactrgdg, sa chrlh y sa punvarbzh jhog an amactg da nhs muarzhs anactrgstètbchs.

- Hphrhtgs da punvarbzhcbóe pgr muarzh caetrbmulh y prasbóe anactrgstètbch.

Asta sbsta`h as an `ès cgrrbaeta y fh sbdg dbmuedbdg pgr nh mbr`h hàrbcheh Zhesjurl. Axbstae vhrbgs prgcadb`baetgs.

An prgcadb`baetg Zhesjurl e¹. : cg`praeda ue a`bsgr,qua as ueh aspacba da thzh da jgrda danlhdg (mblurhs 2< y 26), sgjra an qua sa hpnbch ueh hnth taesbóe y qua lb

rh h lrhe vangcbdhd.Nh pbeturh nnalh h jhoh prasbóe hn caetrg da nh thzh y as caetràmulh, mgr`hedg-

ueh danlhdh panàcunh ae nh suparmbcba betareh da nh `bs`h, pgr amactg da nh muarzh caetràmulh dashrrgnnhdh pgr nh rgthcbóe rèpbdh (8:99 h 8499 r.p.`.). Nh hccbóe dan ch`pganactrgstètbcg prgduca aetgecas nh htg`bzhcbóe dan prgductg ae mgr`h da phrtàcunhs ùymbehs qua, chrlhdhs anâctrbchàeta, sa dapgsbthe sgjra ngs gjoatgs h ravastbr da pgtae-c. on eung.

Yrèctbchàeta, nhs besthnhcbgeas qua sbluae asta prgcadb`baetg nnavhe ue eÿà

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rg vhrbhjna da dbmusgras salÿe nhs dbàesbgeas da nhs pbazhs h racujrbr. Yhrh an jhrebzh-dg da pbazhs da lrhedas dbàesbgeas puada sar eacashrbg hlruphr tras g cuhtrg dbmusgras,dbspuastgs h dbmaraetas hnturhs, h ng nhrlg dan trhespgrthdgr. Ae mraeta da chdh dbmusgr, -parg pgr datrès da ngs gjoatgs qua phshe sgjra an trhespgrthdgr, sa pgea ueh cfhph p n h -eh, cge tg`h da tbarrh, cuyg gjoatg as hsalurhr nh àogr dbstrbjucbóe dan ch`pg anactrgstètbcg y racuparhr nhs phrtàcunhs da prgductg qua sa aschphe da nh htrhccbóe da ngs gjoa-tgs h ravastbr.

An prgcadb`baetg Zhesjurl da dbscg, (mblurhs 22 y 899), sa jhsh ae an `bs`g prbecbpbg qua an hetarbgr phrh nh dbsparsbóe da nh pbeturh, parg nh thzh as sustbtubdh pgr ue lrhe dbscg da jgrda danlhdg da uegs =9 c` . da dbèàtrg, qua tbaea hda ès dan `gvb`baetg da rgthcbóe, ue `gvb`baetg hntarehtbvg vartbchn u gscbnheta, cuyh h`pnbtud as muecbóeda nh hnturh da ngs gjoatgs h pbethr.

Hn shnbr nh pbeturh ae tgdhs dbraccbgeas, as pracbsg qua an trhespgrthdgr phsa hn -radadgr dan a`bsgr ,sgjra tras cuhrtgs da cbrcuemaraecbh, cg`g `àeb`g. Sb nh saluedh ch-rh dan gjoatg sa daja pbethr, sa fhca lbrhr an trhespgrthdgr hnradadgr da gtrg dbscg a`b-sgr (mblurh 898), shnvg qua an sbsta`h da suspaesbóe nnava ue dbspgsbtbvg qua fhlh lbrhr —hn gjoatg h nh vaz qua hvhezh.

Ae ranhcbóe cge an prgcadb`baetg hetarbgr, asta tbaea nh vaethoh da eacasbthr àegs asphcbg. Ygr gtrh phrta, an ch`pg anactrgstètbcg puada sar àegs betaesg, yh qua nhhcanarhcbóe caetràmulh hctÿh ae an `bs`g saetbdg qua nhs nàeahs da muarzh.

Asta prgcadb`baetg as an qua sa a`pnah hctuhnàeta phrh hpnbchr an pgnbâstar.ABdbscg nnavh dgs aetrhdhs da prgductg, ueh pgr aecb`h,phrh nh rasbeh hcanarhdh y gtrh pgrdajhog, phrh an chthnbzhdgr dbnubdg. Nh dgsbmbchcbóe sa amactÿh pgr jg`jhs vgnu`âtrbch(mblurh 89:).

An prgcadb`baetg Nurlb, as heènglg hn Zhesjurl e::. Nhs prbecbphnas dbmaraecbhsrasbdae,ae qua nh thzh as sustbtubdh pgr ue dbscg heb`hdg da ue `gvb`baetg hntarehtbvg hng nhrlg da ueh cgnuèh qua sbrva da sgpgrta. (Mblurh 893).

An dbscg, da 6 h 81 c`. da dbèàtrg, lbrh h ueh vangcbdhd da 8.999 r.p.`. Nhpbeturh, dbstrbjubdh pgr ueh jg`jh, aetrh pgr ue tujg da vbdrbg carch dan aoa y pgr da-très dan dbscg htg`bzhdgr. Asta dbspgsbtbvg par`bta ch`jbgs ùy rèpbdgs da cgngras,yh -qua as pgsbjna pgear vhrbhs aetrhdhs da prgductg ae an `bs`g dbscg.

Ae an chsg da ue trhjhog rèpbdg, sa prambara ùntbpnbchr an eÿàrg da htg`bzhdgras y qua sahe mbogs, axhcthàeta cg`g ae an prgcadb`baetg Zhesjurl e:. :.

- Hphrhtg da punvarbzhcbóe pgr hbra cg`prb`bdg, muarzh caetràmulh y prasbóe anactrgstUtbch. (Sbsta`h da ]bnjbss).

An dbspgsbtbvg (mblurh 894) nnavh ueh chjazh lbrhtgrbh h hnth taesbóe, cge vhrbgcgeductgras da punvarbzhcbóe da grbaethcbóe ralunhjna. An hbra cg`prb`bdg qua sa a`—

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pnah as h jhoh prasbóe.

Fhcbaedg vhrbhr nh dbraccbóe da ngs cgeductgs y nh prasbóe dan hbra, sa puadae -

trhthr pbazhs ùy dbvarshs y hnchezhr zgehs fuachs lrhcbhs hn hbra cg`prb`bdg.Nhs chjazhs sa `gethe pgr phraohs ae ue sgpgrta gstbnheta da `hearh qua sa cu*—

jrh tgdh nh hnturh ÿtbn.

8.43:. Hphrhtgs anactrgstètbcgs pgrtètbnas.

Sa trhth da hphrhtgs jhstheta racbaetas, hphracbdgs ae 8.216, Dhdh su egvadhd,eg as pgsbjna a`btbr ue oubcbg cg`pnatg sgjra astgs hphrhtgs, qua axparbàethrèe euavgsparmaccbgeh`baetgs. Fhsth hfgrh, thetg ngs cgestructgras da pbstgnhs anactrgstètbchs, cg`g ngs mhjrbchetas da pbeturhs y jhrebcas, eg sa fhe gcuphdg `ès qua da ngs prgjna`hs -da ravastb`baetg da àthnas. Sbe a`jhrlg nhs da`gstrhcbgeas amactuhdhs sgjra `hdarh, -bedbche qua sa puadae a`pnahr ae nh bedustrbh dan ùajna,

- Dascrbpcbóe?

An prbecbpbg da muecbgeh`baetg as an `bs`g qua an da nhs besthnhcbgeas mbohs. Nhegvadhd cgesbsta ae qua sa trhth da hphrhtgs pgrtètbnas, sbe panblrg phrh an gparhrbg.

Sa dascrbja h cgetbeuhcbóe ue hphrhtg mhjrbchdg ae Mrhecbh (mblurhs 891 y 89=).Cgesth da nhs sblubaetas phrtas?

h). Qe laearhdgr anactrgstètbcg qua prgpgrcbgeh hnth taesbóe begmaesbvh da 29.999 ].

j). Qeh pbstgnh htg`bzhdgrh, qua aqubvhna h nh thzh dan prgcadb`baetg Zhesjurl e: :,raducbdh, Su pasg as da 8.499 l. sa cg`pgea dan cuarpg da nh pbstgnh y da nh chjazh da htg`bzhcbóe, `gvbdh pgr ue `gtgrcbtg anâctrbcg, h ueh vangcbdhd da 3.999—r.p . ` . Nh chjazh rgthtbvh astè uebdh pgr ue chjna hn laearhdgr y ue cgeductg nh -hnbàeth da jhrebz g pbeturh. Qe lh tbnng hccbgeh sbùntèeahàeta nh nnalhdh da prgductg y an hrrhequa da nh chjazh da htg`bzhcbóe.

- Muecbgeh`baetg?

Nh hnbàethcbóe da nh pbstgnh sa rahnbzh dan `bs`g `gdg qua ae nhs pbstgnhs eau`ètbchs? pgr jg`jh, pgr dapósbtg h prasbóe g pgr lrhvadhd. An prgductg nnalh h jhoh -prasbóe h nh chjazh da htg`bzhcbóe y nh hccbóe cgeoueth da nh muarzh caetrbmulh y danch`pg anactrgstè tbcg, prgduca ueh ebajnh cg`puasth da phrtàcunhs da prgductg ùy m b -ehs, qua sa dapgsbthe sgjra ngs gjoatgs h jhrebzhr.

Nh tâcebch dan pbstgnhdg eg as cg`phrhjna h nh da nh pbstgnh eau`ètbch. Ae amacta, cge nh pbstgnh anactrgstètbch, jhsth pgearnh hprgxb`hdhàeta danheta da nh suparmb-cba h ravastbr y dhr phsas ùy nhrlgs. Sa puadae jhrebzhr pbazhs danlhdhs, thnas cg`g -jhrratas, phths da sbnnh, raobnnhs, atc. sbe qua sah eacashrbg cgetgreahrnhs cge nh pbstg—

9:



nh. Sa prgduca pgr thetg, ueh acgeg`àh da `gvb`baetgs,qua cg`paesh nh mhtblh rasuntheta dan `hygr pasg da nh pbstgnh.

Nhs mblurhs 89< y 896 ùastrhe ng hetarbgràeta bedbchdg. Ae nh mblurh 89<,sa vaan cfgrrg y nh pârdbdh qua sa prgducae cge ueh pbstgnh eau`ètbch. Ae nh mblurh 896, quaraprasaeth ueh pbstgnh anactrgstètbch ae hccbóe, sa va qua nhs phrtbcunhs sa cgecaetrhe sgjra an gjoatg; becnusg nhs qua phshe `ès hnnè, vuanvae phrh racujbrng pgr datrès.

An lhstg da nh pbstgnh as muecbóe dan dbèàtrg da nh chjazh. An cgestructgr dè, -.hprgxb`hdhàeta, ngs lhstgs `èxb`gs hd`bsbjnas, ae muecbóe dan dbèàtrg, phrh ueh pbeturh hdhpthdh h asta tbpg da hpnbchcbóe.

Dbèàtrg, ``.

Lhstg `èxb`g aeB/fgrh.

49

=

=9

89 - 8:

69

81-:9

899

:1-39

Ae an è`jbtg da nh `hdarh, nhs pbstgnhs anactrgstètbchs sge sgjra tgdg uFnbzhjnasphrh an . brh`bzhdg da sbnnhs (mblurh 892), gjoatgs da `b`jra, atc.

Nhs pbstgnhs anactrgstètbchs pgrtètbnas, puadae nnavhr ueh chjazh da punvarbzh —cbóe eua`ètbch phth pgdar racujrbr nhs zgehs eg hnchezhdhs pgr nh prgyaccbóe anactrgs-tètbch .

ths.Fhy hda`ès, pbstgnhs anactrgstètbchs qua muecbgehe da gtrg `gdg qua nhs dascrb-

Qeh da annhs as nh pbstgnh sbe hbra (Hbrnass), (mblurh 889), qua as dan tbpg sbe hbrcnèsbcg, hn cuhn sa hdhpth ueh chjazh da bgebzhcbóe, qua par`bta chrlhr nhs phrtàcunhspunvarbzhdhs. Asa dbspgsbtbvg supgea ue hfgrrgUda `htarbhs ae ranhcbóe cge an prgcadb —`baetg sbe hbra sb`pna y tbaea nh vaethoh, ae ranhcbóe cge an anactrgstètbcg purg, daquapar`bta trhtcr pbazhs da cuhnqubar mgr`h, huequa nh acgeg`àh da prgductg sah àegr.

Nh pbsmgnh anactrgstètbch eau`ètbch (mblurh 888), as ue cg`prg`bsg aetra h`jgs'prgcadb`baetgs, cge vaethohs ae acgegreTh da prgductg raspactg da nh punvarbzhcbóe eau`ètbch y ae h`pnbtud da hpnbchcbgeas ae ranhcbóe cge nh anactrgstètbch.

.1. Gtrgs prgcadb`baetgs da hpnbchcbóe da pbeturhs y jhrebcas

8.1^ HYNBCHCBÓE CGE JHZEB_HDGZH DA ZGDBNNGS,

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An prgcadb`baetg da hpnbchcbóe cge jhrebzhdgrh da rgdbnjs hdqubrbó lrhe axtae-sbóe hetas da qua sa bevaethsa nh jhrebzhdgrh da cgrtbeh. Asth, prasaeth ùcfhs vaethohs raspactg da hquânnh , sgjra tgdg pgrqua prgduca ueh panàcunh da àogr hspactg y par`bta ueh `hygr rhpbdaz da trhjhog. Nhs jhrebzhdgrhs da rgdbnjs, sbe a`jhrlg, sge beta-rashetas tgdhvàh cuhedg sa dasah hpnbchr panàcunhs ùy danlhdhs g da prgductgs ùy cgesbstaetas. Ygr gtrh phrta, nh vangcbdhd da hvheca da ueh jhrebzhdgrh da rgdbnngs sa puada sbecrgebzhr cge nh da ueh chdaeh ae cgetbeug, ng qua eg sa puada fhcar cge nh da -cgrtbeh. Ae hnluegs chsgs sa ushe nhs dgs ae sarba, pgr aoa`png, ae nh tâcebch da hpnbchcbóe dan pgnbâstar, nnh`hdh "mgedg rahctbvg pgnbâstar".

Cgesbsta ae hpnbchr ueh chph danlhdh da pgnbâstar eg shturhdg, chthnbzhdg, davbdh eg nb`bthdh (vhrbhs sa`hehs), salubdh da nh hpnbchcbóe dan pgnbâstar astbraeg hca-narhdg ae ueh sgnh vaz.

Nh prbàrh hpnbchcbóe sa rahnbzh cge nh jhrebzhdgrh da rgdbnngs y nh saluedg cgenh da cgrtbeh. Nh jhrebzhdgrh da rgdbnngs, par`þa qua an pgnbâstar sa hlhrra àogr h nh`hdarh, phrtbcunhràeta ae ngs pgrgs. Sa daja ushr phrh an taøbdg cge jhrebz cgngrah-dg.

Nh jhrebzhdgrh da rgdbnngs, (mblurh 88:), muecbgeh bluhn qua ueh aecgnhdgrh. Nhmblurh 883 ùastrh an asqua`h da muecbgeh`bab tg. An sbsta`h cg`praeda asaecbhnàetangs rgdbnngs da hrrhstra, ue cbnbedrg da uethdg y ue cbnbedrg dgsbmbchdgr.

An lrgsgr da nh panàcunh qua sa hpnb ch , sa ralunh pgr nh saphrhcbóe aetra an cb —nbedrg da uethdg y an dgsbmbchdgr. An rgdbnng da uethdg as da hcarg punbàethdg g racu-

jbartg da eagpraeg g tbgkgn.Asths `hqubehs puadae nnavhr ue sbsta`h egr`hn da uethdg pgr cbnbedrgs, salub-

dg da ueh g vhrbhs nh`behs da hrbsth parmacthàeta racth. Nh `èqubeh da nh mblurh 884,nnavh tras nè`behs. Nh prbàrh, da jgrda radgedahdg, aoarca ueh prasbóe sgjra nh panà-cunh da jhrebz phrh qua paeatra ae ngs pgrgs; nh betaràdbh, da hrbsth vbvh, qubth an axcasg da jhrebz y nh tarcarh, cg`pnath an trhjhog da nh saluedh. Nh prasbóe da nh tarca-rh nè`beh astè cgetrgnhdh pgr ueh sarba da lhtgs eau`ètbcgs, Fhy gtrhs `èqubehs qua -―sgng nnavhe rgdbnngs, (mblurh 881).

8.1:. HYNBCHCBÓE AE [email protected] `âtgdg vhna phrh an trhth`baetg da pbazhs paquaøhs. Sa a`pnah sgjra tgdg

ae mèjrbchs da `helgs y da ouluatas.

Nhs pbazhs sa cgngche h lrhean ae ue th`jgr, hsTcg`g an prgductg da ravastb —`baetg. An th`jgr as egr`hn, facfg da `hdarh g da àthn, prgvbstg da ue aoa, hnrada-d...r* dan cuhn lbrh h ueh vangcbdhd vhrbhjna da :9 h 39 r.p .` . Sa daoh sba`pra ueh p a -quaøh hjarturh,phrh qua shnlhe ngs vhpgras da dbsgnvaeta y gtrh `hygr, phrh nh chrlh ycaschrlh dan tgean.

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Hnluehs bedustrbhs ushe th`jgras parmgrhdgs brralunhràeta pgr hluoarbrgs, fhcbâedgngs lb.cr a? jhrgs da su àdbdh, nnaegs da prgductg. Ae hnluegs chsgs, sa gjtbaeae à og¡as àasunthdgs, dèedgna ue `gvb`baetg fanbcgbdhn.

Salÿe an hchjhdg qua sa dasaa, sa nnaeh an th`jgr cge pbazhs fhsth ue pgrcaethoa qua vhrbh aetra 19 y 29 %.

Sa puadae amactuhr ae ân, gparhcbgeas dbvarshs, thnas cg`g an nbohdg, (fhcbaedglbrhr nhs pbazhs cge nboh), an thphdg da pgrgs, an jhrebzhdg y an nhchdg. Sa puadae hpnb-chr jhrebcas ùy dbstbetgs? lg`h nhch, ebtrgcanunósbcgs, sbetâtbcgs da hcabtas, sachetas,Th`jbâe sa puada phrhmbehr pbazhs.

8,13. HYNBCHCBÓE YGZ BE@AZSBÓE.

Sa jhsh ae ue prbecbpbg ùy saecbnng? sa su arla nh pbazh ae ueh cujh qua cge —taelh an jhrebz g nh pbeturh, sa shch y sa daoh sachr. An raedb`baetg ae `htarbh as próxb`g hn 899 %.

Cuhedg nh hpnbchcbóe sa rahnbzh cgrracthàeta, cge prgductgs h puetg y sgjra -gjoatgs jbae hdhpthdgs h nh beàrsbóe, sa gjtbaeae chnbdhdas da hchjhdg egthjnas. Sbe -a`jhrlg, sb nhs mgr`hs da nhs pbazhs eg sa prasthe, sa prgducae h àeudg ascurrbdurhs.Anpuetg pgr an qua sa prgduca lgtag hn pgear nh pbazh h sachr, quadh jhstheta `hn. Fhy -gjoatgs qua eg sa puadae jhrebzhr acgeó`bchàeta `hs qua pgr beàrsbóe, thnas cg`g —pbas da ùajnas, jhrrgtas, `helgs, hnluegs ouluatas, atc. Sge hrtàcungs qua tbaeae mgr-

`hs saecbnnhs, cge pgcgs ÿelunhs vbvgs,Ngs prgductgs da sachdg rèpbdg, thnas cg`g ngs ebtrgcanunósbcgs, sa dajae astu —

dbhr, aspacbhnàeta ae muecbóe da su hpnbchcbóe pgr beàrsbóe. Ngs lnbcargmrènbcgs y ngspgnburathegs, sa hpnbche ùy jbae th`jbâe. Nh vbscgsbdhd dan prgductg sa daja `hetaearùy cgestheta. Sa asthjnaca ae muecbóe da nh vangcbdhd da shnbdh, Cusetg `hygr sah,àeg;8 daja sar nh vbscgsbdhd y racbprgchàeta. Sa gjtbaeae àogras chnbdhdas cge trhjhogsnaetgs,

- An jhøg da beàrsbóe;

Sa fhca da cfhph. Sus dbàesbgeas sa chncunhe ae muecbóe da nhs pbazhs qua sa -dajae trhthr y da su eÿàrg. An jhrebz sa daja `hetaear h vbscgsbdhd cgestheta y pgr ngthetg, h ta`parhturh cgestheta, Ae nhs besthnhcbgeas b`pgrthetas, jbae cgecajbdhs, an jh89 astè hcgpnhdg h ue dapósbtg nnaeg da pbeturh. Ae âsta sa vhe høhdbaedg `ès prgductgsy `ès dbsgnvaetas phrh cg`paeshr nh avhpgrhcbóe pgr nh suparmbcba dan jhøg. Qeh jg`jh

cbrcunhr an jhrebz aetra ngs dgs jhøgs, phrh gjtaear ueh fg`glaeabdhd cgestheta, -hs?' cg`g an mbntrhdg dan prgductg.

- Hphrhtg da beàrsbóe*

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Ae nhs besthnhcbgeas b`pgrthetas, nhs pbazhs sa suspaedae da ue trhespgrthdgr hâragqua sa curvh pgr aecb`h dan jhøg phrh qua nhs pbazhs astâe ae ân , da 1 h 81 saluedgs. Aenh zgeh da lgtag, ueh raluarh davuanva an prgductg racglbdg.

Yhrh trhjhogs da àegr b`pgrthecbh, sa cuanlhe ngs gjoatgs ae sgpgrtas fgrbzgeth-nas cuygs gvb`baetgs da sujbdh sge hccbgehdgs pgr ue `gtgr, (mblurh 88=), g pgr ue sbsta-`h da cgetrhpasg cge mraeg da hnaths, (mblurh 88<).

Sa dbstbeluae dgs tbpgs da beàrsbóe, salÿe nh vangcbdhd da sujbdh da nhs pbazhs.

Nh beàrsbóe naeth sa rahnbzh cge prgductgs da lrhe vbscgsbdhd, h vangcbdhdas cg`praedbdhs aetra 89 y 49 ``/`beutg. "~

Sa gjtbaeae uy juaegs rasunthdgs pgr ue hpnbchcbóe ae dgs chphs. Ae laearhn sa-utbnbzh ueh vangcbdhd hygr phrh nh sujbdh ae nh saluedh chph qua ae nh prbàrh. Nhs va-ngcbdhdas puadae sar pgr aoa`png?

8: chph 89 h :1 ``/ beutg:: chph 39 h 41 ` /`beutg

Nh beàrsbóe rèpbdh sa rahnbzh cge prgductgs da vbscgsbdhd ranhtbvhàeta anavhdh,parg bemarbgr h nh da ngs bedbchdgs hetarbgràeta. Nhs vangcbdhdas da sujbdh sge suparbgrash 49 ``/`beutg.

Sa rahnbzhe th`jbâe hpnbchcbgeas ae dgs chphs. An hspactg dan hchjhdg as shtàsmhctgrbg, parg bemarbgr hn da nh be arsbóe naeth. ~~

- Sachdg daspuâs da nh beàrsbóe?

Sa daja avbthr ue sachdg da hsbhdg rèpbdg. Nh ta`parhturh daja sar nh dan h jbaeta, ratrhshedg an sachdg,avbthedg nhs cgrrbaetas da hbra, y `hetaebaedg nhs pbazhs ae uehhtg`ósmarh jhstheta chrlhdh da dbsgnvaetas.

Da asta gdg, sa mhvgraca an ascurrbdg dan axcasg da jhrebz, y sa avbth nh mgr`h-cbóe da jurjuohs, qua sa dajae da taàr sba`pra, sgjra tgdg ae nh phrta bemarbgr da nhs pbazhs. Nhs jurjuohs hphracae ae ngs nulhras cge aspasgr axcasbvg g cuhedg an sachdg as da hsbhdg rèpbdg.

- Hcgedbcbgeh`baetg da ngs thnnaras da beàrsbóe?

Dajae da asthr jbae hcgedbcbgehdgs da ta`parhturh y cge ueh nblarh sgjraprasbóe -phrh avbthr an pgnvg. Nh vaetbnhcbóe da hsbhdg muarta, prgduca ueh hygr avhpgrhcbóe dadbsgnvaetas ae an jhøg; hn sar âstgs `hs daesgs qua an hbra, sa daja hspbrhr hn ebvan dan suang.

óó



8 .14. HYNBCHCBÓE YGZ ZBALG (MNG\ CGHTBEL).

An prgcadb`baetg cgesbsta ae ralhr da racfhzg nhs pbazhs jhog ue lrhe eÿàrg da

cfgrrgs aetracruzhdgs.Nh besthnhcbóe as tgthnàeta hutg`ètbch, nhs pbazhs sa suspaedae da ue trhespgr-

thdgr qua htrhvbash an tÿean da rgcbhdg. Nh dbspgsbcbóe, nh grbaethcbóe y an eÿàrg da -punvarbzhdgras dapaedae da nh mgr h da nh pbazh, yh qua ebelÿe puetg daja quadhr sbejhrebz.

Chdh punvarbzhdgr prgyacth h ueh prasbóe da <99 h 699 l. ue cfgrrg cg`phctg -da pbeturh da 6 h 89 ``. da dbèàtrg.

Sa fhcae phshr nhs pbazhs,daspuâs da nh hpnbchcbóe, pgr ue tÿean shturhdg da vh-

pgr da dbsgnvaetas, ae an qua sa bluhnh nh panTcunhUbe ascurrbr. Hn `bs`g tba`pg, an ax-casg da prgductg, jgtah y sa racuparh. Sa astb`h qua sa racgla hnradadgr dan 2< % danaxcasg da pbeturh.

An prgcadb`baetg pg7 rgcbhdg phraca àogr ae hnluegs chsgs qua an da beàrsbóe,pgrqua prèctbchàeta tgdgs ngs gjoatgs sa puadae trhthr, yh qua an vgnuàe da prgductgae sarvbcbg, eg as `ès qua da ue 1 h ue 89 % dan eacashrbg phrh nh beàrsbóe. Ae ch` —jbg, an aelhecfa da nhs pbazhs hn trhespgrthdgr, sa daja astudbhr,phrh qua nh hccbóe dangs cfgrrgs eg nhs dascuanlua.

Qeh besthnhcbóe `gdareh da ralhdg, as nblarh y gcuph pgcg asphcbg. Sa rahnbzhe

h àeudg besthnhcbgeas ae va rtbch n. Sa pravâe dbspgsbtbvgs hutg`ètbcgs phrh ralunhr nh -vbscgsbdhd, nh ta`parhturh da ngs prgductgs, nh hlbthcbóe y nh mbntrhcbóe. Nh besthnhcbóeastè tgthnàeta carrhdh, ng qua suprbà ngs rbaslgs da pgnvg. Th`jbâe nnavhe ue sbsta`hda prgtaccbóe cgetrh becaedbgs.

Nh nb`pbazh dan cgeouetg sa rahnbzh mècbnàeta hn mbehn dan trhjhog, pgr ueh muata cgrrbaeta da dbsgnvaetas, qua sa racuparhe phrh an housta da nh vbscgsbdhd dan prgduc'tg.

8.11. HYNBCHCBÓE AE FBNAZH.

Sa a`pnah phrh pbethr gjoatgs da paquaøh saccbóe y parmbn cgestheta, thnas cg`g`helgs, nèpbcas, `gnd.urhs, jhrrgtbnngs da chohs.

An `htarbhn as rudbàethrbg y cgesbsta ae ue sb`pna jhøg cge dgs hjarturhs carrh-dhs pgr ueh `htarbh anès tbch, qua par`bta an phsg da nh pbazh , hsalurhedg nh asthequab —dhd.

9<



:. SACHDG HCANAZHDG DA NGS JHZEBCAS HYNBCHDGS SGJZA @HDAZH

An sachdg h ta`parhturh h`jbaeta da nhs panàcunhs da jhrebz, axbla ae laearhnùcfg tba`pg. An tba`pg da sachdg as ae phrtbcunhr ùy nhrlg, ae an chsg da ue hch-jhdg punbdg da hnth chnbdhd, ae an qua as pracbsg asparhr hn sachdg cg`pnatg da nh panbcunh hetas da nbohr. Ygr aoa`png, phrh ngs jhrebcas ebtrgcanunósbcgs, sa eacasbthe dgsg tras dbhs. Sa daja egthr qua ùcfgs thnnaras eg raspathe asgs tba`pgs y qua pgr annggjtbaeae jhrebzhdgs da chnbdhd bemarbgr, yh qua an sachdg prgsblua daspuâs dan punbdg,pgr ng qua sa prgduca hntarhcbóe da nh suparmbcba. Ngs tba`pgs the nhrlgs da sachdg,prasaethe dgs becgevaebaetas. Qeg da anngs, as nh eacasbdhd da dadbchr ue asphcbg ùy -lrheda phrh hn`hcaehr nhs pbazhs `baetrhs sa sache. Ae an chsg da jhrebcas ebt rgcanu-nósbcgs, sa eacasbth hn`hcaehr nh prgduccbóe da tras dbhs.

Gtrg da ngs becgevaebaetas, as qua an cbcng da hchjhdg as ùy nhrlg. Qtbnbzhedg ue jhrebz canunósbcg, an hchjhdg durh sabs dàhs.

8 dàh? taøbdg hn hluh::.dbh? thphpgrgs3a r dbh? hpnbchcbóe dan jhrebz4: y 1: dbhs? sachdg=: dbh ? nbohdg y punbdg.

Avbdaetaàeta asta tbpg da hchjhdg as an `ès nhrlg, sb`pnbmbcèedgsa h àeudg,pgr ng qua sóng sa cgesbdarh tba`pg da sachdg an eacashrbg phrh qua sa puadh `heaohr -an ùajna sbe qua sa datarbgra.

Sbe a`jhrlg, becnusg ae an chsg dan hchjhdg ae jrutg da pbstgnhdg, as betarasheta pravar an sachdg hcanarhdg, dajbdg h nhs chrhctaràstbchs da ngs prgductgs hpnbchdgs. -As ng qua gcurra, pgr aoa`png, cge ngs jhrebcas y nhs nhchs lnbcargmtènbchs, qua tbaeae -ue sachdg ùy naetg. Egr`hnàeta eg as pgsbjna hpnbchr dgs chphs sucasbvhs ae an `bs-`g dbh, h àegs qua sa trhta da prgductgs aspacbhnas. Bluhnàeta, ngs ùajnas jhrebzh-dgs cge prgductgs lnbcargmtènbcgs eg sa puadae `heaohrhe qua sa datarbgrae, `ès qua -daspuâs da ue tba`pg da sachdg becg`phtbjna cge nh mhjrbchcbóe ae sarba.

Nh utbnbzhcbóe da jhrebcas pgnbâstaras, fh par`btbdg sb`pnbmbchr y hcgrthr an cbcnda hchjhdg, dajbdg h nh suprasbóe dan thphpgrgs y h nh rhpbdaz da sachdg.

An sachdg hcanarhdg da jhrebcas, sa daja astudbhr, ae muecbóe dan sgpgrta, da¡ -

=2



tbpg da jhrebz y dan sbsta`h da chnamhccbóe

:.8 . Bemnuaecbh dan sgpgrta da `hdarh

Nh ehturhnazh dan sgpgrta, b`pgea cbartgs prbecbpbgs jèsbcgs ae ng qua cgecbarea h nh ta`parhturh da sachdg, ae ranhcbóe cge nh fuàdhd da nh `hdarh.

Eg sa fh dambebdg euech cge pracbsbóe, nh ta`parhturh nà`bta qua puada hd`btbr nh `hdarh. Dapaeda asaecbhnàeta dan tbpg da sgpgrta, da su fuàdhd, da nh ehturhnazh da nh cfhph, y dan tba`pg durheta an cuhn sa daja `hetaear nh ta`parhturh.

HsT, nh `hdarh `hcbzh sgpgrth pagr nh ta`parhturh anavhdh, qua ue thjnarg -cgetrhcfhphdg y sarè `hs dbmàcbn hcanarhr an sachdg da ue jhrrtàz sgjra ueh cfhph da rg-jna, qua sgjra ue thjnarg da mbjrhs. Hda`ès, an sachdg h ta`parhturh anavhdh, qua puada sar pravbstg phrh `hdarh cge an 6 % da fuàdhd, eg as pgsbjna sgj;a `hda.h cge an

An sgpgrta eg puada aetgecas tgnarhr ueh ta`parhturh anavhdh, `ès qua sà ansachdg tbaea ueh durhcbóe nb`bthdh.

Ygr aoa`png, sa puada axpgear sbe da`hsbhdgs rbaslgs, ue thjnarg cgetrhcfh-phdg cge an 6 % da fuàdhd, h ueh rhdbhcbóe bembhtrgoh qua prgduzch ueh ta`parhturhhnlg suparbgr h 899:C durheta uegs `beutgs. Yarg, ae laearhn, an nà`bta axtra`g phrh —

ue sgpgrta cgetrhcfhphdg astè hnradadgr da 899:C, cge u.eh durhcbóe dan sachdg da uegs`beutgs. Yhrh sachdgs ès nhrlgs eg sa puadae sgjraphshr 69:C a becnusg =9: C..Hda`hscgevbaea hcgedbcbgehr nh fuàdhd dan hbra dan sachdarg, da `gdg qua sa `hetaelh cgestheta nh fuàdhd da nh `hdarh (vâhesa Curvhs da aqubnbjrbg fblrgscópbcg da nh `hdarh,-mblurh, 886).

Ygr aoa`png, sb sa qubara sachr h ueh ta`parhturh da =9:C, ue jhrebz hpnbch-dg sgjra ue thjnarg cgetrhcfhphdg cge an 6 % da fuàdhd, nh curvh da aqubnbjrbg fblrgscópbcg da nh `hdarh bedbch qua sa daja ralunhr nh fuàdhd dan sachdarg hn 11 %,

:.:. Bemnuaecbh dan tbpg da jhrebz

Ngs prgductgs bemnuyae pgr su prgcasg da aeduracb`baetg, qua puadae sar dangs sblubaetas tbpgs?

h), Aeduracb`baetg pgr avhpgrhcbóe da dbsgnvaetas; jhrebcas ebtrgcanunósbcgs, vbeànbcgs"j,, Aeduracb`baetg pgr avhpgrhcbóe da dbsgnvaetas salubdh da trhesmgr`hcbóe quà`bch? -

(gxbdhcbóe, pgn ¡cgedaeshcbóe, pgnbhdbcbóe). H vacas nh trhesmgr`hcbóe quà`bch sa-øhnbzh ae ph.ta hn mhjrbchr an jhrebz, tar`beèedgsa cuhedg sa hpnbch; urah-mgr`g!.



pgnburatheg.

c). Aeduracb`baetg pgr cgpgnbàrbzhc¡óe?,pgn¡âsraoas eg shturhdgs.

Sa tbaeae,pgr thetg, dgs cnhsas da prgductgs, ngs qua nnavhe dbsgnvaetas y ngs -qua eg ngs nnavhe, qua sge ngs pgn¡astaras.

:..:8. SACHDG DA YZGDQCTGS CGE DBSGN]AETAS.

Aenàma ngs prgductgs cge dbsgnvaetas, ngs `ès utbnbzhdgs sge ngs ebtrgcanunósbcgs.

Nh prasaecbh da dbsgnvaetas ae chetbdhdas qua hnchezhe fhsth an 69 % m axbla -ue tba`pg da prasachdg h nh ta`parhturh h`jbaeta y ueh raegvhcbóe da hbra ae an sachc.

darg.:.:88. Tba`pg da prasachdg.

Ae laearhn sa rahnbzh sba`pra hetas dan sachdg hcanarhdg, ue prasachdg h nh —ta`parhturh h`jbaeta, cuyh durhcbóe as vhrbhjna salÿe an prgductg utbnbzhdg y salÿe -qua sa trhta dan sachdg aetra dgs chphs g dan sachdg mbehn. As `hs rhzgehjna, sbe a`jhrlg, ae nulhr da hdgpthr nh ta`parhturh h`jbaeta, utbnbzhr cg`g ta`parhturh da prasachdg:1:C.

An prasachdg as bedbspaeshjna, yh qua cgrraspgeda h nh avhpgrhcbóe da ngs dbsgn

vaetas qua as nh prbàrh mhsa dan aeduracb`baetg dan jhrebz qua, pramaraetaàeta, sa -daja rahnbzhr h ta`parhturh eg anavhdh.

An prasachdg par`bta h nh panTcunh bluhnhrsa pgr ascurrbdg. Hpnbchedg ueh ta`-parhturh anavhdh beàdbhthàeta daspuâs da nh hpnbchcbóe, sa puadae prasaethr ngs s b -lubaetas damactgs?

8:. Nh vbscgsbdhd craca ùy daprbsh y nh suparmbcba dasbluhn,dajàdh hn pbstgnhdg, sa mb oh, gjtaebâedgsa ueh "pban da ehrheoh" ùy muarta , qua huàeth an tba`pg da n b - ohdg.

::. Ngs dbsgnvaetas sa avhpgrhe prbàrg ae nh suparmbcba da nh panàcunh, dgeda sa mgr`hrèpbdhàeta ueh chph b`paràhjna qua eg daoh shnbr h ngs da nh phrta bemarbgr cgeng qua sa.rasquajrhoh nh panàcunh g sa mgr`he jurjuohs. Da cuhnqubar `hearh, sa;"r-prgduca ueh rataecbóe da dbsgnvaetas qua paroudbch h nh chnbdhd dan ravastb`baetg,

3: . Nh avhpgrhcbóe da ngs dbsgnvaetas prgduca ueh dbs`beucbóe da ta`parhturh ae nhpanàcunh, qua sb as ùy rèpbdh, puada grblbehr cgedaeshcbóe da vhpgr da hluh, quaprgduca `hecfhs jnhechs.

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:.:8:. Durhcbóe dan prasachdg.

]hràh salÿe nh ehturhnazh dan prgductg; su mgrùnhcbóe y an lrgsgr da nh panàcu-nh. Ae an chsg da sachdg aetra dgs chphs, cgevbaea hdgpthr ue tba`pg cg`g `àeb`g aqubvhnaeta hn eacashrbg phrh qua quada nbjra da nh hccbóe dan pgnvg. Yhrh ngs ebtrgcanunó-sbcgs sa cgesbdarhe eacashrbgs da 1 h :9 `beutgs. Yhrh an sachdg mbehn nh durhcbóe as `hygr.

:.:83. ]aetbnhcbóe durheta an prasachdg .

Nh avhpgrhcbóe da dbsgnvaetas as ùy betaesh ae an prasachdg, pgr ng qua sa da-ja pgear vaetbnhcbóe mgrzhdh phrh avbthr ngs rbaslgs da hcuùnhcbóe da dbsgnvaetas ae anhbra, qua hda`ès puadae ratrhshr an sachdg. Ae nh mblurh 882 sa va Oh curvh da avhpgrhcbóe da dbsgnvaetas da ueh panTcunh da jhrebz ebtrgcanunósbcg.

Eg fhy ralnhs pracbshs ae ng qua sa rambara h nh vaetbnhcbóe ae muecbóe da nhavhpgrhcbóe da dbsgnvaetas. Egr`hnàeta, saràh pracbsg chncunhr nh chetbdhd da dbsgnvaetaqua sa avhpgrh y asthjnacar an vgnuàe da hbra eacashrbg. Ngs ralnhàetgs da salurgs —hàrbchegs, pravâe <1 `3. da hbra mrascg pgr nbtrg da dbsgnvaeta. H vacas sa mboh sb`pnaàeta ue cbartg eÿàrg da raegvhcbgeas dan hbra qua vhràhe da =9 h 8:9 pgr fgrh.

:.:84. Ta`parhturh da sachdg.@adbgs da chnamhccbóe.

An sgpgrta eg as an ÿebcg mhctgr qua nb`bth nh ta`parhturh. Ngs jhrebcas ebtrgca —

nunósàcgs sgpgrthe `hn,ta`parhturhs suparbgras h 69:C. Nh tâcebch da chnamhccbóe pgerhygs bemrhrrgogs, prasaeth pgcg betarâs cuhedg sa trhth da panàcunhs danlhdhs y trhesphraetas r qua hjsgrjae pgcg nhs rhdbhcbgeas. Ae laearhn, nh chnamhccbóe pgr cgevaccbóe cge-vbaea `hs phrh an sachdg da ngs jhrebcas cge dbsgnvaetas. Sa puadae ushr a`bsgras bemrh'rrgogs, sbe a`jhrlg, cg`g sb`pnas rhdbhdgras.

:.:81. Hscaesg da nh ta`parhturh ae an sachdarg.

Daja sar prglrasbvg! Ae an sachdg aetra chphs, daspuâs dan prasachdg, nh sujbdhpuada sar rèpbdh, dan grdae da 49:C pgr `beutg. Yhrh an sachdg mbehn, eg sa sgjraphsh,-cge jhrebcas ebtrgcanunósbcgs, 9,1 h 8:C pgr `beutg.

:.:8=. ]aetbnhcbóe durheta an sachdg.

Ae nh mblurh 882 sa vâ qua nh avhpgrhcbóe da ngs dbsgnvaetas as ùy dâjbn, das —puas da 39 `beutgs da sachdg h nh ta`parhturh h`jbaeta. Ygr an ng, ae an sachdg fhy -ùy pgcgs dbsgnvaetas y nh vaetbnhcbóe daja sar raducbdh.

: 7 8<. Durhcbóe dan sachdg.

]hrTh salÿe nh ta`parhturh dan sachdg, an sbsta`h da chnamhccbóe, nh ehturhnazhdan prgductg y su mgrùnhcbóe y an lrhdg da saquadhd h hnchezhr. Yuada trhthrsa da sa —

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chdg aetra chphs, g jbae qua par`bth an `heaog da nhs pbazhs. Nh mblurh 8:9 ùastrh nhdurhcbóe dan sachdg da ueh chph da jhrebz ebtrgcanunósbcg da 9,9: ``, da lrgsgr hetasda nh hpnbchcbóe da nh chph sblubaeta. Nh curvh da nh mblurh 8:8, dè ngs tba`pgs da sa-chdg da ueh panàcunh da jhrebz ebtrgcanunósbcg da 9,8 ``. da lrgsgr ae muecbóe da n h -ta`parhturh, cge ue prasachdg da : fgrhs. Nh saquadhd hnchezhdh as nh qua par`bta annbohdg. *

:.::.SACHDX.DAJHZE BCAS YGNBASTAZAS. (YZGDQCTGS SBE DBSGN]AETAS).

Asta sachdg eg phraca sar da lrhe b`pgrthecbh, yh qua, becnusg h nh ta`parhtu-rh h`jbaeta, an aeduracb`baetg as ùy rèpbdg.

Nh mblurh 8::, raprasaeth nh curvh da aeduracb`baetg da ue jhrebz pgnbâstar h -:1:C. Sa puada nbohr asta jhrebz h nhs 81 fgrhs. An sachdg hcanarhdg as sbe a`jhrlg,bedbspaeshjna phrh an hchjhdg ae cgetbeug, hutg`htbzhdg.

:.::8. Yrbecbpbg muedhàethn.

As prèctbchàeta b`pgsbjna hcanarhr an tba`pg da lanbmbchcbóe da nh panàcunh yae tgdg prgcasg da sachdg hcanarhdg, daja da fhjar ue prasachdg bebcbhn h ta`parhtu-rh h`jbaeta qua dura ng qua nh lanbmbchcbóe. Sbe a`jhrlg, fhy tâcebchs qua par`bthe -raducbr an tba`pg da lanbmbchcbóe, thnas cg`g an prachnaeth`baetg dan sgpgrta, nh lanb-mbchcbóe h 39:C y nh mgrùnhcbóe hdacuhdh dan prgductg.

:.:::. Yrasachdg.

An prasachdg sa daja amactuhr h nh ta`parhturh h`jbaeta, ae nhs cgedbcbgeas axpuasths ae an chpàtung sgjra Ogs jhrebcas pgnbâstaras, (Ybeturhs y jhrebcas phrh nh `hdar.rh, HBTB@). Su durhcbóe daja sar cg`g `àeb`g da :9 `beutgs.

An sachdg dan pgnbâstar sa dbstbelua, pgrqua eg fhy dbsgnvaetas qua avhpgrhr, -pgr ng qua eg as eacashrbh nh vaetbnhcbóe phrh huàethr nh vangcbdhd da sachdg. Sa hdvbarta,sbe a`jhrlg, ueh avhpgrhcbóe da astbraeg, durheta an prasachdg, da ue 1 % aecgedbcbgeas egr`hnas, qua daja raducbrsa tgdg ng qua sa puadh.

Qeh vaetbnhcbóe muarta huàeth nh avhpgrhcbóe da astbraeg y prgduca hrrulhs -ae nh panàcunh.

Cgesbdârasa ue thnnar qua trhjhoa 899 `: dbhrbgs cge pgnbâstar . Sa rahnbzh nh -hpnbchcbóe cge ueh jhrebzhdgrh da cgrtbeh durheta ueh fgrh. Nh chetbdhd hpnbchdh dajhrebz as da =9 nbtrgs. Sa prgduca ueh avhpgrhcbóe da 3 nbtrgs da astbraeg durheta uehfgrh. Cgethedg <1 `3. da hbra pgr nbtrg da astbraeg, sa eacasbthrèe ::1 `3. Sb an saahdarg tbaea 8:9 `3., anng supgea ueh chetbdhd the paquaøh da hbra, qua eg fhca mhntheb vaetbnhdgr. Jhsth fhcar dgs hjarturhs, ueh da aetrhdh y gtrh da shnbdh, qua prgduz-che ueh vaetbnhcbóe ehturhn.

]

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As pracbsg saøhnhr qua an prgjna`h as dbstbetg sb an prasachdg sa rahnbzh ae ue ngchn gcuphdg pgr parsgehn ae an qua nhs cgedbcbgeas fblbâebchs sge b`pgrthetas. Ae ngs -

Asthdgs Qebdgs, eg sa hd`bta ueh cgecaetrhcbóe da astbraeg suparbgr h 4:9 `l/`3. ae -an ngchn da trhjhog, ae ueh ¡grehdh da 6 fgrhs.

Ae an aoa`png hetarbgr, sarèe eacashrbgs 3.999 ? 9,4:9 0 <.843 `3. da hbra pgrfgrh.

:.::3. Sachdg hcanarhdg prgpbhàeta dbcfg.

- Sachdg pgr cgevaccbóe?

An sachdg eg puada rahnbzhrsa `ès.qua cge ueh vaetbnhcbóe betareh qua raphrth

jbae an chngr. Nh mblurh 8:3, raprasaeth nhs curvhs da aeduracb`baetg dan pgnbâstar h-ta`parhturhs da 49, 19 y =9:C. Sa prgduca ae tgdgs ngs chsgs ueh lrhe hcanarhcbóe dansachdg. An sachdg qua sa hnchezh hn chjg da 81 fgrhs, h :1:C, sa cgesblua ae 3 fgrhs39 `beutgs h 49:C, ae : fgrhs h 19:C y ae 8 fgrh 89 `beutgs,h =9:C. H asths ta`parhturhs as pramarbjna hcgedbcbgehr nh ht`ósmarh dan sachdarg h ueh fuàdhd datar`behdhae muecbóe da nh da nh `hdarh, phrh qua âsth eg sa saqua th`jbâe. Sa avbthe da asta - `gdg damgr`hcbgeas ùy `hrchdhs, dajbdhs h qua nh chrh cujbarth da pgnbâstar as ùyb`paràhjna.

- Sachdg pgr rhygs bemrhrrgogs;

Ngs pgn¡astaras sge prèctbchàeta ngs prbàrgs jhrebcas phrh nh `hdarh, qua sapuadae sachr utbnbzhedg rhcbgehnàeta nhs rhdbhcbgeas bemrhrrgohs.

Nh mblurh 8:4, raprasaeth nh curvh da aeduracb`baetg da ue jhrebz pgnbâstar -ae ue fgreg axparbàethn aqubphdg cge nè`phrhs anâctrbchs bemrhrrgohs, cge ueh pgtaecbh da 8.<19 \/`:. Cg`phrhedg cge nh mblurh 8::, sa gjsarvh qua sa hnchezh ae 6 -`beutgs, an lrhdg da saquadhd qua sa cgesblua ae 81 fgrhs h :1:C.

Fhy vhrbgs tbpgs da a`bsgras bemrhrrgogs, qua sa puadae fhcar muecbgehr ae uecbartg betarvhng da ta`parhturh.

:.3. Ngs sachdargs phrh jhrebcas

:.38. SACHDG YGZ CGE]ACCBÓE.

Sa cgesbdarhe dgs tbpgs da sachdargs, ngs da tÿean y ngs da cè`hrh.

:.388.Sachdargs da tÿean.

Ae anngs, nhs pbazhs qua sa dajae s-achr, cbrcunhe naethàeta da ue axtra`g Þ -

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gtrg. Sa dbstbeluae dgs tbpgs.

Ngs sachdargs da vaetbnhcbóe saecbnnh nnavhe ue sgng dbspgsbtbvg da hbrahcbóe, -

cgestbtuTdg pgr ue vaetbnhdgr y ue hargtar`g. An hbra cbrcunh ae saetbdg bevarsg h nhs -pbazhs. Da asta `gdg, an hbra h ta`parhturh y asthdg fàlrg`âtrbcg hdacuhdgs, phsh prbàrg sgjra ngs prgductgs qua astèe chsb sacgs y h àdbdh qua hvhezh sa aemàTh, chrlèe-dgsa da vhpgras da dbsgnvaetas. Sa gjtbaea hsà" ue sachdg prglrasbvg ùy mhvgrhjna.

Sbe a`jhrlg, eg sa puadae cgestrubr sachdargs ùy nhrlgs, da asta tbpg, yh qua·daspuâs da racgrrar ueh cbarth ngelbtud, an hbra sgjrachrlhdg da vhpgras da dbsgnvaetasy mrbó, eg rahnbzh sachdg hnlueg.

Gtrg becgevaebaeta as qua eg sa puadae cgetrgnhr nhs cgedbcbgeas da sachdg hng nhrlg dan tÿean. Sgng sa puada fhcar h nh aetrhdh.

Hn sar, da tgdhs mgr`hs, jhstheta nhrlgs astgs sachdargs, an hbra tbaea qua cbrcunhr h vangcbdhdas ùy anavhdhs, ng qua as becg`phtbjna, h àeudg, cge nh gjtaecbóe -da juaegs rasunthdgs.

Ngs sachdargs da vaetbnhcbóe `ÿntbpna par`btae raàdbhr astgs becgevaebaetas. -Cg`praedae vhrbhs zgehs, chdh ueh cge vaetbnhcbóe, chnamhccbóe y cgetrgn bedapaedbaetas. Nhs pbazhs ae su racgrrbdg sa sgàtae h tgdhs nhs cgedbcbgeas da ue cbcng cg`pnatgda sachdgs prasachdg, sachdg y aemrbh`baetg.

An daspnhzh`baetg sa rahnbzh sgjra ue chrrg `gvbdg `heuhnàeta g sgjra ue à

dbg da trhespgrta hutg`ètbcg.:,38:. Sachdargs da cè`hrh.

Cg`praedae nhs sblubaetas phrtas;

8:. Nh cè`hrh.*::. Dbspgsbtbvgs da hcgedbcbgeh`baetg?

sbsta`h da chnamhccbóesbsta`h da fu`bdbmbchcbóesbsta`h da vaetbnhcbóe

3:. Dbspgsbtbvgs da cgetrgnc

- Nh cè`hrh da sachdg?

Nhs dbàesbgeas da nh cè`hrh sa chncunhe da `gdg qua sa gjtaelh ueh prgduc-cbóe datar`behdh. Sbe a`jhrlg, axbsta ue BT`bta `èxb`g qua eg sa daja sgjraphshr, sbsa qubara gjtaear ue sachdg fg`glâeag. Ae ngelbtuU/bg sa daja phshr da 81 a Ae he-cfurh y hnturh, an `èxb`g daja sar da : h 3 `.

Ngs sachdargs dajae taear ue suang juaeg, asthjna y rasbstaeta, ravastbdg da -

•<1'



ueh chph da fgr`blóe pnheh y nbsh, phrh mhcbnbthr an trhespgrta y avbthr nh prgduccbóe ÓJ pgnvg.

Ngs ùrgs dajae sar hbsnhetas a b`paràhjnas, rasbstaetas h nhs dbnhthcbgeas y cgetrhccbgeas dajbdhs h bgs ch`jbgs da ta`parhturh. An hbsnh`baetg daja sar juaeg phrh dbs-`beubr an cgesu`g da aearlTh ae nh chnamhccbóe y avbthr nh cgedaeshcbóe da hluh ae nhsphradas betarehs. Yuadae cgestrubrsa ngs ùrgs da hnjhøbnarbh, da fgr`blóe g da àthn.

- Ngs dbspgsbtbvgs da cgetrgn?

Daetrg dan sachdarg sa dajae cgetrgnhr nh ta`parhturh y an asthdg fblrg`âtrbcg -dan hbra . Yhrh anng, , sa ushe ngs psbcróàtrgs. Sa cg`pgeae da dgs tar`óàtrgs. Qeg da -anngs, nnh`hdg sacg, bedbch nh ta`parhturh. An gtrg, nnh`hdg fÿàdg, nnavh ueh tanh b`pralehdh da hluh hnradadgr dan junjg. Nh dbmaraecbh da ta`parhturhs aetra h`jgs tar`gàtrgs dh an asthdg fblrg`âtrbcg dan hbra, cgesunthedg uehs thjnhs. Yhrh qua nh àdbdhdan tar`óàtrg fÿàdg sah vhnbdh, as pracbsg qua nh vangcbdhd dan hbra sah, cg`g `bfb`g, da 8,1 `/saluedg. Cgevbaea pgr thetg, ascglar cubdhdgshàeta an nulhr ae qua sadaja cgngchr an psbcróàtrg, qua pgr gtrh phrta, daja asthr sbtuhdg carch da nh aetrhdhda hbra y daja sar mècbnàeta hccasbjna.

Ngs dgs tar`óàtrgs dajae asthr jhstheta hnaohdgs ueg da gtrg (da 89 h :9 c`) phrh qua an tar`óàtrg fÿàdg eg bemnuyh ae an sacg. Sa dajae `hetaear h`jgs hn hjrblgdan chngr rhdbheta.

Ngs psbcróàtrgs puadae sar ralbstrhdgras, par`btbaedg datacthr cuhnqubar heg`h-nàh.

- Ngs dbspgsbtbvgs da `hrcfh hutg`ètbch?

Yhrh mhcbnbthr nh vblbnhecbh da nh `hrcfh dan sachdarg, as có`gdg rahnbzhr nhs —gparhcbgeas da ralunhcbóe cge ue dbspgsbtbvg hutg`ètbcg, cgetrgnhdg pgr ue psbcróàtrgralbstrhdgr.

Nh ralunhcbóe da nh ta`parhturh cgesbstabae `hetaear nh qua sa ascgoh bebcbhnàeta.Yhrh an ng, jhsth cgngchr ae nh aetrhdh da vhpgr,ae nhs jhtaràhs da chnamhccbóe, ueh -vènvunh hccbgehdh pgr ue tar`gsthtg. Asta `bda cgetbeuhàeta nh ta`parhturh, hjrbaedgnh vènvunh sb as da`hsbhdg jhoh y carrèedgnh sb as hnth.

An asthdg fblrg`âtrbcg sa puada ralunhr dan `bs`g `gdg, racujrbaedg an junjg -da ue tar`gsthtg cge ueh lhsh fÿàdh. Asta hctÿh sgjra an dbspgsbtbvg da fu`bdàmbchcbóe.

Tgdgs astgs hphrhtgs puadae sar da hccbgeh`baetg anâctrbcg, eau`ètbcg g fbdrèu-nbcg.

- Muecbgeh`baetg tgthnàeta hutg`ètbcg;

Sa puada pravar nh puasth ae `hrcfónh phrhdh dan sachdarg y su muecbgeh`baÿbg,

<=



5alÿe ue prglrh`h praasthjnacbdg. Yhrh anng, sa eacasbth ehturhnàeta ue `htarbhn ùcfg`ès chrg,

:.--/. SACHDAZGS DA BEMZHZZGOGSNh hjsgrcbóe da nhs rhdbhcbgeas bemrhrrgohs pgr nhs panTcunhs da jhrebz, prgduca ueh

anavhcbóe da ta`parhturh, qua huàeth nh vangcbdhd da sachdg.

:,3:8 . Laebhnbdhdas sgjra nh trhes`bsbóe da chngr pgr rhdbhcbgeas bemrhrrgohs.

Tgdg cuarpg chnaethdg a`bta rhdbhcbgeas bemrhrrgohs, qua sge da ehturhnazh anactrg`hleâsbch, sbtuhdhs aetra nhs rhdbhcbgeas vbsbjnas y nhs gedhs farzbhrhs. Sa chrhctarbzhe -pgr su ngelbtud da gedh, axprashdh ae helstrg` (8 H: 0 8/89.999/4 ) g ae `barhs {^/È ~ 8/8 .999 ``), Nhs rhdbhcbgeas bemrhrrgohs sa axtbaedae ae <.=99 H: y 4.89 H:.

Sa prgphlhe h nh vangcbdhd da nh nuz. Sb sa betarpgea ueh susthecbh ae su ch`pg -da hccbóe , nh aearlàh da rhdbhcbóe sa puada ramnaohr, hjsgr ar g trhes`btbr. Ngs maeóàegsda ramrhccbóe /dbmusbóe sa prgducae bluhn qua ae an chsg da nh nuz. Ae an prgjna`h dan sachdg da jhrebcas , betarash qua su hjsgrcbóe pgr nh panàcunh sah ng ès anavhdh qua sa puadh. Nh pârdbdh pgr ramnaxbóe sa puada cgesbdarhr cg`g eunh ae an chsg da ngs jhrebcas, dhdh su trhesphraecbh. Ae ch`jbg, nh trhes`bsbóe as anavhdh. Dapaeda da nh ngelbtud dâ ge-dh da nh rhdbhcbóe, da nh ehturhnazh dan hlnutbeheta y dan lrgsgr da nh panàcunh.

Ngs hlnutbehetas sbetâtbcgs phrh jhrebcas, prasaethe curvhs da trhes`bsbóe dbstbeths,parg nhs jhedhs da hjsgrcbóe sa sbtÿhe ae nhs `bs`hs ngelbtudas da gedh; Sa hdvbarta ueh -

jhedh hecfh da hjsgrcbóe aetra 8 o* y : /* cge ue prbàr `èxb`g sbtuhdg fhcbh 8,3-8,4yQ y gt rg `hygr aetra 8,2 y : ,1O* . Fhy gtrhs jhedhs da lrhe hjsgrcbóe aetra 3 y 3,1yUy aetra "< y 8: Q ,

Nh hjsgrcbóe eg as an ÿebcg mhctgr qua betarvbaea ae an sachdg dan jhrebz. Ae ân chsg da jhrebcas cuyg lrgsgr astè cg`praedbdg aetra 9,9: y 9,8 `` ,, nh hjsgrcbóe as paqua-øh. Hphrma da ngs pgnbâstaras, ngs jhrebcas cgrrbaetas eg sgjraphshe astgs lrgsgras. Nh rhdbhcbóe as hjsgrjbdh pgr an sgpgrta y an chngr sa trhes`bta pgr cgeduccbóe. Ae nh `hygràh d â -ngs chsgs eg fhy qua pragcuphrsa da nh ngelbtud da gedh.

Ngs pgnbâstaras ar ch`jbg, hnchezhe lrgsgras da 9,= ``. Qeh juaeh hjsgrcbóe da -

nh rhdbhcbó--? pgr nh panàcunh? puada raducbr nh chnamhccbóe dan sgpgrta, qua as sba`pra dasr.mhvgrhjna, huàethedg nh vangcbdhd dan sachdg. Yhrh anng sa daja ascglar ue a`bsgr da ÀX.mrhrrgogs hdacuhdg, qua a`bUh an `èxb`g da aearlTh, da nh ngelbtud da gedh cgrraspgedbaeta hn `èxb`g da hjsgrcbóe da nh panàcunh.

:.3::. Ngs a`bsgras da bemrhrrgogs.

- N-syas da nh a`bsbó- da Uhygs bemrhrrgogs?

Nh aearlàh rhdbheta, a`bFdh pgr ue cuarpg, dapaeda da nh ehturhnazh dan UbU.bg y

<<



da su ta`parhturh. Ae Màsbch sa nnh`h cuarpg ealrg, hquan qua h ueh ta`parhturh dhdh,a`bta an `èxb`g da aearlàh. Ae nh prèc tbch, ngs a bsgras sóng sa hprgxb`he hn cuarpg -ealrg. Nhs rhdbhcbgeas bemrhrrgohs, a`btbdhs pgr an cuarpg ealrg, gjadacae h nhs sb.U???!•-;tas nayas?

8:. Nay da Stamhe-Jgntz`hee;

Nh aearlàh -gthn rhdbhdh pgr an cuarpg ealrg ae ue saluedg, as prgpgrcbgehn h-su suparmbcba y h nh cuhrth pgtaecbh da nh ta`parhturh hjsgnuth

\ 0 K S T 4

::. Nay da \bae?

Nhs curvhs da a`bsbóe sge heènglhs h nhs da nh mblurh 8:1. Nh a`bsbóe.sa rahnbzhsba`pra ae ueh h`pnbh lh`h da ngelbtudas da gedh. Sa gjsarvh ue `èxb`g da aearlTh -phrh ueh da annhs. Nh nay da \bae , bedbch qua nh ngelbtud da gedh phrh nh qua sa gjsarvh ue `èxb`g da aearlmh a`btbdh, as bevarshàeta prgpgrcbgehn h nh ta`parhturh hjsg-nu th . Cuhetg `hygr as nh ta`parhturh, àegr as nh ngelbtud da gedh cgrraspgedbaeta hnh aearlàh `èxb`h

B` x T 0 Cgestheta

Ae nh mblurh 6, sa va qua,cuhetg àegr as nh ta`parhturh, `ès ralunhràeta saraphrta nh aearlàh ae nh zgeh da a`bsbóe.

-.Cgesacuaecbhs prèctbchs da nhs nayas da a`bsbóe da nhs rhdbhcbgeas bemrhrrgohs?

Zaspactg da ngelbtud da gedh sa vâ qua,hctuhedg sgjra nh ta`parhturh dan a`b-sgr, bemrhrrgog, sa puada gjtaear nh ngelbtud da nhs gedhs àogr hjsgrjbdhs pgr nh panàcu-nh. Astg eg tbaea utbnbdhd `ès qua ae an chsg da ngs pgnbâstaras. Eg sa daja gnvbdhr qua,cuhedg sa `gdbmbch nh ta`parhturh, nh aearlàh a`btbdh as prgpgrcbgehn h su cuhrth pgtaecbh. .

Ae ng qua sa rambara h nhs dbàesbgeas dan a`bsgr, su suparmbcba as muecbóe da nhta`parhturh. Hn cracar nh ta`parhturh phrh bluhn aearlàh a`btbdh, nh suparmbcba daja -dbs`beubr lrhedaàeta.

Nh * Tarcbh dan dbspgsbtbvg da chnamhccbóe vhrbh cge nh ta`parhturh, yh qua nh `hsh da ngs a`bsgras astè ae ranhcbóe dbracth cge nh suparmbcba.

An raedb`baetg aearlâtbcg sa va bemnuTdg pgr an facfg da qua, phrhnanhàeta hnh trhes`bsbóe da chngr pgr rhdbhcbóe, sa prgducae betarch`jbgs aetra an a`bsgr y anhbra h`jbaeta pgr cgeduccbóe y cgevaccbóe, qua astèe ae ranhcbóe dbracth cge nh suparmb 'a dan a`bsgr.

<6



- Dbmaraetas tbpgs da a`bsgras bemrhrrgogs?

Axbstae cuhtrg tbpgs da a`bsgras bemrhrrgogs,qua sa dbstbeluae pgr su ta`parhturh

da muecbgeh`baetg y pgr su muaeta da aearlàh? anactrbcbdhd g lhs. Sge nhs nè`phrhs b e -mrhrrgohs anâctrbchs, nhs nè`phrhs da cuhrzg, ngs pheanas rhdbhetas anâctrbcgs y ngs da -lhs.

h). Nè`phrhs bemrhrrgohs anâctrbchs.

Sge heènglhs h nhs nè`phrhs bechedascaetas phrh bnu`behcbóe. Nnavhe?

Qe mbnhàetg da tuelstaeg, qua sa pgea h ::99:C.Qeh aevgnvaeta da vbdrbg ae mgr`h da jg`jbnnh g tujg, nnaeh da -lhs bearta; astè àthnbzhdh axtarbgràeta ae nh `bthd pgstarbgr, ph

rh dbrblbr nh rhdbhcbóe; an rastg astè nblarhàeta asàrbnhdg, phrh-uebmgr`bzhr an mnuog a`btbdg.Qe dbspgsbtbvg da mbohcbóe da nh nè`phrh.

Nhs jg`jbnnhs `ès utbnbzhdhs phrh an sachdg sge asmârbchs g asmargphrhjónbchs.

Nhs fhy da dbmaraetas pgtaecbhs, aetra 899 y 3<1 \, sbaedg nhs `ès cgrrbaetas,nhs da :19 \.

Nhs jg`jbnnhs cbnbedrbchs sge ae laearhn da pgch pgtaecbh y sa a`pnahe phrh chnamhccbgeas dâjbnas.

Nh raphrtbcbóe aspactrhn da ueh nè`phrh bemrhrrgoh, qua muecbgeh h :.419: K,saraprasaeth ae nh mblurh 8:=. Qeh phrta da nh aearlàh sa pbarda ae rhdbhcbgeas nu`begshs.An `èxb`g da a`bsbóe sa prgduca h 8,: @ , as dacbr , ae an bemrhrrgog cgrtg.

Nhs nè`phrhs bemrhrrgohs sge ngs a`bsgras qua muecbgehe h ta`parhturh `ès anavhdh , ngs qua gcuphe àegs asphcbg y ngs da àegr bearcbh târ`bch.

Nh aearlàh racbjbdh pgr chdh puetg da ue gjoatg, as muecbóe da su dbsthecbh h-nh nè`phrh y hn aoa da âsth. Nh mblurh 8:< dè, phrh nè`phrhs asmargphrhjónbchs, nh r a -phrtbcbóe da nh aearlàh ae muecbóe da dgs phrèàtrgs.

Nhs besthnhcbgeas da sachdg pgr bemrhrrgogs sa chrhctarbzhe pgr nh pgtaecbh anâc-trbch qua sa besthnh, nh cuhn cgedbcbgeh nh aearlàh rhdbhdh. Nh pgtaecbh, axprashdh aeKw/` :, as muecbóe da nh ta`parhturh qua sa daja hnchezhr ae nh panàcunh da jhrebz gda nh vangcbdhd ae hnchezhr ueh ta`parhturh dhdh.

H àeudg, sa pravâ nh besthnhcbóe pgr axcasg, ralunèedgnh pgr dbs`beucbóe danh'taesbóe g dascgeacthedg nè`phrhs.

<2



Cuhedg sa dasah, cg`g as egr`hn, gjtaear cgedbcbgeas da sachdg bdâetbchs aechdh puetg da nh suparmbcba jhrebzhdh, as bedbspaeshjna qua sa cgngquae cgevaebaeta-àeta nhs nè`phrhs.

Ae prbàr nulhr sa daja `hetaear ueh dbsthecbh cgestheta aetra nhs nè`phrhs ynh suparmbcba da nh pbazh. Nh mblurh 8:< ùastrh nh bemnuaecbh da nh dbsthecbh sgjraaearlàh racbjbdh ae chdh puetg. Hda`ès, nh dbsthecbh axbstaeta aetra nhs nh`phrhs y-su pgsbcbóe raspactbvh, daja par`btbr cg`paeshr nhs cgesacuaecbhs dan facfg da qua -nh aearlTh rhdbheta dbs`beuya h phrtbr dan aoa da chdh ueh da nhs nè`phrhs. Ae laearhndajae asthr aqubdbsthetas h ueh dbsthecbh D bluhn h nh dbsthecbh aetra nhs nè`phrhs ynh suparmbcba da nh pbazh. (Mblurh 8:6).

Nhs nè`phrhs sa puadae dbstrbjubr h trasjgnbnng, ng qua hsalurh an àogr raphrtgda aearlmh, g ae cuhdrg, `ès saecbnng, parg àegs rhcbgehn.

H phrtbr da ueh cbarth durhcbóe da sachdg, ngs maeóàegs da ramnaxbóe y cgevaccbóe cgetrbjuyae h uebmgr`bzhr nhs cgedbcbgeas da chnamhccbóe.

j). Nè`phrhs da cuhrzg? •

Sge jhstheta phracbdhs h nhs nè`phrhs bemrhrrgohs. An anaàetg rhdbheta as ue -fbng da hnahcbóe aspacbhn h ueh ta`parhturh da 8.999 h 8.899:C aecarrhdg ae ueh aevgnvaeta da sànbca trhesnÿcbdh. An a`bsgr tbaea mgr`h da tujg da ngelbtud vhrbhjna a e -tra :19 y :.999 ``. Nnavh ae sus axtra`gs, dbspgsbtbvgs da suoacbóe y da hnbàethcbóeda aearlmh anâctrbch.

Ae ranhcbóe cge nhs nè`phrhs bemrhrrgohs, nh aevgnvaeta puada hdqubrbr ueh ta`parhturh ùcfg `ès hnth, prasaethedg h vacas panblrg. An cgeouetg as sbe a`jhrlg `hsrgjustg y tbaea ueh rasbstaecbh parmacth hn cfgqua târ`bcg; as pgsbjna hrrgohr hluh mrbhsgjra ue tujg ae muecbgeh`baetg, sbe qua phsa ehdh.

Nh raphrtbcbóe aspactrhn da ue tujg da cuhrzg qua muecbgeh h 8.:19: k, sa ra-cgla ae nh mblurh 839. An `èxb`g da aearlTh sa prgduca hnradadgr da :,1 NH.. Nh hjsgrcbóe pgr ngs hlnutbehetas grlèebcgs, as puas, àogr.

Nh aearlTh as rhdbhdh ae tgdhs dbraccbgeas. Yhrh dbrblbrnh, sa høhda ue ramnac

tgr. Cg`g ae an chsg da nhs nè`phrhs, nh aearlbh racbjbdh as muecbóe da nh dbsthe-cbh hn tujg.

Ngs prbecbpbgs laearhnas da nh besthnhcbóe da nè`phrhs sge vènbdgs phrh ngs a`bsgras da cuhrzg.

Sa daja cgesarvhr ueh dbsthecbh cgestheta aetra nhs suparmbcbas jhrebzhdhs y —¡gs tujgs. Astgs sa dbspgeae phrhnanhàeta, cge saphrhcbgeas qua dapaedae da nh pg—

69



taecbh eacashrbh.

Nh pgtaecbh besthnhdh sa pravâ ae axcasg y sa ralunh pgr ngs `âtgdgs bedbchdgs

hetarbgràeta. Sa puada `gdbmbchr nh ngelbtud da gedh a`btbdh, bemnuyaedg sgjra nh -ta`parhturh dan mbnhàetg.

c). Yheanas rhdbhetas anâctrbcgs?

Astèe pravbstgs phrh prgduccbóe da bemrhrrgogs nhrlgs. Astèe cgestbtubdgs pgr uehpnhch da vbdrbg ta`pnhdg, cge ueh chrh racujbarth pgr ueh pbeturh cgeductgrh da nh -anactrbcbdhd. Nh pbeturh htrhvashdh pgr nh cgrrbaeta/Chnbaeth uebmgrààeta nh pnhch davbdrbg.

Qe ramnactgr dbspuastg pgr aecb`h da nh chrh cgeductgrh, b`pbda nhs pârdbdhs daaeableh pgr nh chrh pgstarbgr. An a`bsgr muecbgeh aetra :<1 y 319:C.

Ae laearhn sge pgcg cgrrbaetas,

d). Yheanas rhdbhetas h lhs?

Sge da mgr`h cuhdrhdh g racthelunhr, taebaedg ueh suparmbcba da a`bsbóe chnae-thdh pgr àcfargs da lhs (prgpheg, jutheg, lhs da funnh, lhs ehturhn, atc.).

Fhy dgs tbpgs da pheanas, ngs gscurgs y ngs nu`begsgs.

Ngs pheanas gscurgs (mblurh 838), astèe cgestbtubdgs pgr ueh pnhch da muedbcbóe -cge earvbgs, ueh rh`ph da chnamhccbóe y ueh cè`hrh hbsnheta.

Nh pnhch da muedbcbóe tbaea ueh chrh pnheh ae jrutg y gtrh prgvbsth da earvbgs -gedunhdgs. Nnavh ae su jhsa, pgr danheta , ue rajgrda qua nh ramuarzh y avbth nhs damg r-`hcbgeas hn ebvan dan qua`hdgr. Ygr datrès, ae nh phrta suparbgr, nnavh dgs shnbaetas phrh hrtbcunhrsa cge nh cè`hrh hbsnheta.

Nh rh`ph da chnamhccbóe, nnavh dgs nnh`hs hzunas, aetra chdh dgs earvbgs. An —qua`hdgr, astè cgestrubdg da `gdg qua sa hsalura ueh aetrhdh da hbra prb`hrbg dâjbn, -(hbra prb`hrbg? lhs 0 8), ng qua par`bta gjtaear nnh`hs jhstheta nhrlhs y avbthr ue chnaeth`baetg axhlarhdg da nh jhsa dan phean, sb an mualg a`pbazh ae an beyactgr.

Nh cè`hrh hbsnheta cgetbaea ue nhdrbnng da `htarbhn ramrhcthrbg, cge su chrh he-tarbgr pnheh y cge nh pgstarbgr racujbarth da cfhph da hcarg. Nh cè`hrh sa hrtbcunh cgenh pnhch pgr nh phrta suparbgr, pudbâedgsa vhrbhr, pgr àdbg da tgrebnngs, nh dbsthecbh -9 r; a an nhdrbnng y ngs earvbgs pgr hjh¡g, sbe `gdbmbchr, saesbjnaàeta, an asphcbg da sh8 bdh da ngs lhsas qua`hdgs.

Ngs pheanas sa mhjrbche ae =99 x =99 ``, 399 x 199 ``. y 499 x 499 ``.

68



An lhstg da lhs sa mboh bebcbhnàeta, ralunèedgsa daspuâs ae muecbóe da nh becnb-ehcbóe dan phean. Cuhetg `ès próxb`h h nh fgrbzgethn astâ nh chrh a`bsgrh, `hygr dajasar nh dbsthecbh aetra an ramrhcthrbg y ngs earvbgs. Ae ue phean jbae ralunhdg, sa gjtbaeaae ngs lhsas qua`hdgs da 89 h 88 % da CGg cge ue àedbca da cg`justbóe CG/CG:'bemarbgr h 1 `bnâsb`hs. Nh cg`justbóe as aetgecas axcanaeta, sbe eacasbdhd da cfbàeahs.

Nh ta`parhturh àdbh da nh chrh a`bsgrh as da 499:C, cgrraspgedbaedg an `èxb-`g da rhdbhcbóe h ueh ngelbtud da gedh da 4,3 ¡8.

Ngs a`bsgras nu`begsgs sa daeg`behe hsb" pgrqua, muecbgehedg h ueh ta`parhturhdan grdae da 299:C, a`btae phrta da su aearlàh ae mgr`h da nuz.

Nh mblurh 83: raprasaeth ue cgrta asqua`ètbcg da ue a`bsgr da asta tbpg,

Nh chnamhccbóe da nh suparmbcba a`bsgrh sa rahnbzh salÿe ue prbecbpbg dbstbetg hetarbgr. Ae vaz da axbstbr ueh pnhch chnaethdh pgr su chrh pgstarbgr, sa qua`h lhs ae nhsuparmbcba da ueh pnhqubth facfh da `htarbh raprhcrhb ¡h da hccbóe chthnàtbch, parmgrhdpgr ùntbtud da chehnbcungs pgr ngs qua nnalh ueh àzcnh da hbra y lhs.

Asta sbsta`h da chnamhccbóe puada sar panblrgsg ae an chsg dan sachdg, ae pbasaecbh da dbsgnvaetas grlèebcgs bemnh`hjnas.

Ngs a`bsgras astèe cgestbtubdgs pgr'vhrbhs pnhqubrhs rauebdhs ae mbnhs.

Nh ta`parhturh da muecbgeh`baetg as da uegs 299:C, cgrraspgedbaedg an `èxb`g

da aearlàh h ueh ngelbtud da gedh da :,1 Q .- Cgestruccbóe da sachdargs bemrhrrgogs?

An sachdg pgr bemrhrrgogs axbla cbarths cgedbcbgeas?

8:. Ngs tba`pgs da sachdg sge ùy cgrtgs, pgr ng qua âsta sa daja dashrrgnnhr ae cgetbeug,?••) cge hnbàethcbóe hutg-`htbzhdh da nhs pbazhs h sachr.

:: . Nhs chrhctaràstbchs phrtbcunhras da asth chnamhccbóe eg par`btae amactuhr rhcbgehnàeta ès qua an sachdg da ùajnas jhrebzhdgs da mgr`hs ùy saecbnnhs. Sa fh vbstg yh -

qua ngs jhrebcas qua àogr sa sache sge ngs pgnbâstaras, qua amactbvhàeta sa hpnbcheae laearhn sgjra suparmbcbas pnhehs.

Nh mhjrbchcbóe da ue tÿean da bemrhrrgogs as ùy saecbnnh, yh qua jhsth `gethr bgs a`bsgras sgjra an trhespgrthdgr. Dasda nualg ngs a`bsgras anâctrbcgs sge ùcfg `ès mucbnasda besthnhr qua ngs da lhs, yh qua phrh âstgs fhy qua dbspgear nh hnbàethcbóe da lus y nhavhcuhcbóe da fu`gs.

Sbe a`jhrlg, as pracbsg taear ae cuaeth nhs pârdbdhs pgr cgeduccbóe y cge va ca óepgb ¡g qua cgevbaea cgestrubr an sachdarg cge phradas ramnacthetas y chngrbmulhdh*t

6:



3. HCHJHDG DA NHS SQYAZMBCBAS JHZEB_HDHS

3 . 8 . Zhsphdg da ngs jhrebcas ebtrgcanunósbcgs

Fhsth fhca pgcg, ngs ÿebcgs `âtgdgs utbnbzhdgs phrh an hchjhdg da ngs jhrebcasebtrgcanunósbcgs arhe an nbohdg y nh bluhnhcbóe. H`jgs `âtgdgs tbaeae vaethohs a becgevaebaetas.

An nbohdg dh juaegs rasunthdgs, parg raqubara ùcfg tba`pg, shnvg qua sa a`—pnaae nbohdgrhs da jhedh, hn àegs phrh nhs suparmbcbas pnhehs lrhedas.

Nh bluhnhcbóe as ue `âtgdg rèpbdg, parg nhs suparmbcbas gjtaebdhs eg sge ùy-pnhehs y pgr gtrh phrta, eg sa puada hpnbchr h jhrebcas thnas cg`g ngs da urah, mgr`gn,pgnbâstar, atc.

Nh tâcebch dan rhsphdg, as da grblae dheâs, fhjbaedg sbdg betrgducbdh ae Mrhecbh ae 8214. Tbaea ueh lrhe axtaesbóe ae Hna`hebh y Suacbh.

Yhrh qua nh dascrbpcbóe dan `âtgdg sah `hs cgecrath, sa tg`h an chsg da chohsda tanavbsgr, da suparmbcbas pnhehs, cge hrbsths radgedahdhs y jhedhs astracfhs jhrebzhdhs ae nh phrta danhetarh, Tbaeae ueh suparmbcba jhrebzhdh da 8 `:. hprgxb`hdhàeta.Yhshe hetas dan rhsphdg pgr an taøbdg, nh hpnbchcbóe dan thphpgrgs y nh da jhrebz eb trg-canunósbcg cge pbstgnh ae tras chphs cruzhdhs (cgesu`g? 9,6 nbtrgs pgr choh).

Sa daoh sachr an jhrebz durheta 46 fgrhs hetas da nh tar`behcbóe.

3.88. ' DASCZBYCBÓE DA NH GYAZHCBÓE.

An gparhrbg dbspgea da tras rhsphdgras, qua sa dbstbeluae pgr su lrgsgr. Yhrh andasjhsthdg, sa a`pnah an e:. =, qua as an `ès lruasg. An rhsphdg betaràdbg sa fhca-cge an e:. 1 y an mbehn, cge an e7. 4.

Hetas da cgàezhr an trhjhog, an gjrarg dh ue phsa cge pbadrh da hmbnbhr hn -rhsphdgr, racbaetaàeta hmbnhdg.

3.888. Dasjhsthdg,Yhrh ¡hs suparmbcbas pnhehs, an gparhrbg sa cgngch ae nh pgsbcbóe bedbchdh ae -

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nhs mblurhs 833 y 834, dhedg phsgs sucasbvgs phrhnangs h nh mbjrh, da `gdg oua nh cucfbnbh mgrà 41: cge nh dbraccbóe da ngs phsas. Asth pgsbcbóe par`bta hn gjrarg rhsphr da -bzqubardh h daracfh y da daracfh h bzqubardh.

Nhs phrtas radgedahdhs sa rhsphe parpaedbcunhràeta, `hetaebaedg an rhsphdgrchsb phrhnang h nh dbraccbóe da ngs phsas, da `gdg qua sa hctÿa sgjra an `èxb`g da su-parmbcba ae chdh phsa.

3.88:. Zhsphdg betaràdbg.

Ae nhs suparmbcbas pnhehs ngs phsas sa amactÿhe phrhnanhàeta h nh mbjrh, parg angparhrbg sa cgngch ae nh pgsbcbóe bedbchdh ae nhs mblurhs 831 y 83= y sóng trhjhoh ae uesaetbdg.

Ae nhs phrtas radgedahdhs eg sa amactÿh rhsphdg betaràdbg laearhnàeta,

3.883. Hchjhdg.

An rhsphdg da hchjhdg sa rahnbzh cge an rhsphdgr r&.H. An rasunthdg mbehn d a -paeda da nh suhvbdhd ae an `gvb`baetg dan rhsphdgr. An gjrarg daja trhjhohr nh suparmbcbâ da `gdg qua nhs `hrchs da rhsphdg sahe ng àegs hphraetas qua sah pgsbjna daspuâsdan punbdg. Ae asth ÿntb`h gparhcbóe, sa dajae fhcar dashphracar nhs rhyhs lrhedas quapuadhe surlbr ae an dasjhsthdg.

Yhrh nhs-suparmbcbas pnhehs nh tâcebch as nh `bs`h qua phrh an phsa betaràdbg,parg ngs phsas sge `ès próxb`gs y nh prasbóe sgjra an jhrebz àegr.

Ae nhs phrtas radgedahdhs sa sblua nh mbjrh. Yhrh lubhr àogr an rhsphdgr sa hpg-yhe nblarhàeta nhs phn`hs da nhs `hegs sgjra nh suparmbcba.

^ £ n : . GZLHEB_HCBÓE DAN YQASTG DA ZHSYHDG.

Yhrh an rhsphdg da jhrebcas ebtrgcanungs bcgs, an gjrarg daja dbspgear da 8: rhsphdgras da nhs sblubaetas cnhsas, phrh ueh ¡grehdh da trhjhog?

4 rhsphdgras dan e:. ó4 •"• " emb. 14 " " e: . 4

Sb eg sa rahnbzh phsa betaràdbg, sa eacasbthe?

6 rhsphdgras dan e:. =1 " " e: . 11 " " e: . 4

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Ae ng qua sa rambara hn rhsphdg da jhrebcas da pgnbâstar, sa cg`pruajh qua, huequa an trhjhog as ós rèpbdg qua cge ngs ebtrgcanunósbcgs, ngs rhsphdgras sa dashmbnhe -ès daprbsh. Sa eacasbthe pgr thetg, 81 rhsphdgras da nhs sblubaetas cnhsas?

1 rhsphdgras dan e:, ó1 " " e:,m 11 " " e¹. 4

. Ngs rhsphdgras sa cgngche ae oualgs da 8: ó 81, ae chohs cge ùaschs, cuyg mgedg vh mgrrhdg cge ueh hn`gfhdbnnh jnhedh y suhva , phrh qua an mbng eg tgqua h nh `hda¡h.

H chdh puastg da rhsphdg sa na dajae hsblehr dgs oualgs da rhsphdgras, phrh ta-ear ueg ae muecbgeh`baetg `baetrhs sa hmbnh an gtrg.

An gparhrbg tbaea hda`ÿs ueh pbadrh da hmbnhr y ue mrhscg da hcabta da vhsanbeh.Chdh dbaz `beutgs da trhjhog sa raphsh an mbng ae nh pbadrh, daspuâs da fhjarng `gohdgcge hcabta.

3.83, HMBNHDG DA NGS ZHSYHDGZAS,

Ngs rhsphdgras sa hmbnhe ae ueh `èqubeh aspacbhn Lru`-Swaesae, (mblurh 83<).Su muecbgeh`baetg as ùy saecbnng y sa aoacuth sgjra ngs chetgs y sgjra ngs nhdgs.

3.838, Hmbnhdg da chetgs, (Mblurh 836).

An hmbnhdg da chetgs as cruzhdg. An rhsphdgr (8) sa hpgyh pgr an chetg sgjra uecbnbedrg da muedbcbóe (:) qua lbrh ae ue jhøg qua cgetbaea ueh phsth hjrhsbvh. An hmb-nhdg sa rahnbzh pgr cg`jbehcbóe da dgs `gvb`baetgs, ueg hntarehtbvg da trhsnhcbóe fg-rbzgethn dan rhsphdgr y gtrg da rgthcbóe dan cbnbedrga

3.83:, Hmbnhdg da ngs nhdgs.

Th`jbâe as cruzhdg. An rhsphdgr, hda`ès dan `gvb`baetg fgrbzgethn, sa navhenh vab rbchnàema h betarvhngs datar`behdgs aetra dgs `grdhzhs (3) qua suprbàe nh r a -jhjh aelaedrhdh pgr an hmbnhdg sgjra an cbnbedo'g.

Nh hmbnhdgrh tbaea dgs puastgs da trhjhog, qua mbecbgehe sb`âtrbchàeta y quana par`btae hmbnhr dgs rhsphdgras h nh vaz,

3m 833, Durhcbóe da nh gpaàhcbóe da hmbnhdg,

Nh durhcbóe dan hmbnhdg egr`hn as da 8,19 h : `beutgs. Yhrh rhsphdgras euavgsg darar¡grhdgs, sa eacasbrhe da 4 h 6 `beutgs salÿe su asthdg. Cg`g târ`beg àdbg s-apuadae tg`hr 3 `beutgs.

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3.84. ]AETHOHS A BECGE]AEBAETAS DAN @ÂTGDG DA ZHSYHDG CG@YHZHDGCGE AN NBOHDG Fß@ADG.

- ]aethohs?

8:. Acgeg`àh da `heg da gjrh?

As nh vaethoh prbecbphn. Jhsèedgsa ae an aoa`png cbthdg, sa astb`h qua ue gparhrrbg rhsph :9 tanavbsgras da 8 rr5:. da suparmbcba, ae ueh ¡grehdh da 2 fgrhs, as dacbr, :<`beutgs pgr tanavbsgr y pgr `: . Sb sa cgesbdarh qua an hchjhdg as pgr nbohdg, nh prgduccbóe dascbaeda h 83 tanavbsgras, as dacbr, 4: `beutgs phrh chdh ueg. Sa cg`pruajh aetgecas ue hfgrrg da tba`pg dan 31 %. Ae laearhn sa astb`h qua an hfgrrg as da :9 h 49pgr cbaetg, salÿe an th`høg y nh mgr`h da nhs suparmbcbas.

An hfgrrg da `heg da gjrh sa daja cgesbdarhr th`jbâe phrh an punb dg . Ngs tanavbsgras bedbchdgs sa punae ae 86 `beutgs. Sa gjtbaea an jrbnng `ès rèpbdhàeta ae ueh su-parmbcba rhsphdh qua ae ueh nbohdh. Ae ch`jbg, fhy qua a`pnahr phrta dan tba`pg da punbdg ae anb`behr hnluegs damactgs befaraetas hn rhsphdg. Ygr anng, asth ÿntb`h acgeg`àhda tba`pg eg daja cgesbdarhrsa.

; :: . Nb`pbazh dan trhjhog?

Eg axbsta rbaslg da aesucbhr an ùajna cge hluh ohjgegsh, eb qua sa fbecfa nh`hdarh. Ngs gjrargs prambarae rhsphr h nb ohr.

3:. @aegr rbaslg da parmgrhcbgeas-ae nhs hrbsths?

Sa puada avbthr besbstbr axcasbvhàeta ae nhs hrbsths, ng cuhn as dbmàcbn cge nhs ¡hdgrhs.

- Becgevaebaetas?

8:. Damactgs da suparmbcba?

Nhs suparmbcbas rhsphdhs sge àegs pnhehs qua nhs nbohdhs. Yuadae hphracar dasb-luhndhdas daspuâs dan punbdg, sb an gparhrbg eg as ùy fèjbn.

::. Zbaslg da rhyhs?

Yuadae prgducbrsa rhyhs ùy lrhedas, dbmbcbnas da anb`behr, sb an pbstgnhdg sa fhfacfg ae ht`ósmarh cge pgnvg.

3: . B`pgsbjbnbdhd da hpnbchcbóe ae cbarths suparmbcbas;

Avbdaetaàeta nhs zgehs `gndahdhs sóng sa puadae nbohr h `heg g bluhnhr. Ygr -LÀTL phrta, nhs suparmbcbas pnhehs ùy lrhedas cgevbaea nbohrnhs ae nbohdgrhs da jhedh.

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3.:88. Yhtbe, (nb¡hdgrh da jhedh saecbnnh).

Nh ngelbtud dan pht` daja da sar nh hygr pgsbjna. As pramarbjna qua sah da ueh

sgnh pbazh ae an saetbdg da nh jhedh, sbaedg su hecfurh nblarhàeta bemarbgr h nh da âs-th. Da asta gdg sa avbth qua rhyae hn jhrebz Ogs jgrdas da nh nboh. Sa racujra nh suparmàcba dan pht` cge ue mbantrg g ueh gquath. As pracbsg avbthr nh tanh lrhmbthdh g nh ta -nh sb`pna, sgjra nh qua sa puada hcuùnhr an pgnvg, `hrchedg an jhrebz h trhvâs da nh -nboh.

3.:8:. Hjrhsbvg.

- Sgpgrta dan hjrhsbvg?

An sgpgrta as ue phpan da pasg H, J,C, ó D, salÿe nh `èqubeh utbnbzhdh?

Nbohdgrhs pgrtètbnas? phpan H.Nàohdgrhs da jhedh saecbnnh? phpan J ó C.Nbohdgrhs cge vblh? phpan C ó D.

As betarasheta ushr an phpan da hygr mnaxbjbnbdhd pgsbjna phrh "saetbr" aogr antrhjhog. An sgpgrta D astè prèctbchàeta sustbtuTdg pgr an C.

-Hjrhsbvg?

An hjrhsbvg as chrjuró da sbnbcbg ae dbstrbjucbóe asphcbhdh. Sa daja bluhnhr an -

aspasgr dan hjrhsbvg.- Lrhegs .utbnbzhdgs?

Sa fhca an nbohdg ae dgs phsas?

(prbàr phsa? lrhegs :69 ó 3:9Jhrebcas )

(saluedg phsa? lrheg 499

(prbàr phsa; lrhegs 819 ó 869

Nhchs )(saluedg phsa? lrhegs ::9 ó :49

Nhs nhchs sa trhjhohe cge ue lrheg `ès lruasg pgrqua a jgthe `ès.an hjrhsbvg ypgrqua nh chnbdhd dan hchjhdg, sgjra tgdg cge ueh nhch jnhech, eg tbaea qua sab the -anavhdh cg`g phrh ngs jhrebcas.

Hnluegs aspacbhnbsths astb`he qua an trhjhog da punbdg as paroudbchdg pgr ue n b - ohdg facfg cge ue lrheg ès mbeg hn dan eÿ arg 499.



3.:83. ]angcbdhdas da nbohdg.

An prbàr phsa cge an eÿarg :69 ó 3:9 sa fhca h 89-8: `/sal. Asth vangcbdhd,ranhtbvhàeta dâjbn, par bta ue nbohdg "saesbtbvg", rathrdèedgsa an a jgth baetg dânhnboh.

An saluedg phsa cge an eÿàrg 499 sa puada fhcar h :9-:4 /sal.

3.:84. Saetbdg dan nbohdg.

Qeh tâcebch uy mhvgrhjna phrh nh chnbdhd y phrh mhcbnbthr an nbohdg y an punbdgcgesbsta ae cruzhr ngs phsas da nbohdg. Sbe nnalhr h cruzhr 29: ngs phsas, ng qua as dàmT—cbn phrh pbazhs lrhedas, sa puadae cruzhr 39: ó 81: h ue nhdg y h gtrg da nh mbjrh. Sadaja avbthr qua an saetbdg dan ÿntb`g phsa da nbohdg sah an `bs`g qua an dan punbdg.

3.:81 . Aspasgr da nh panàcunh hrrhechdh pgr an nbohdg.

Hnluegs aspacbhnbsths gpbehe qua nhs panàcunhs da pgnbâstar cge phrhmbeh tbaeae -ueh chph suparmbcbhn aegs durh qua fhy qua anb`behr ae an nbohdg y astb`he quâ su aspasgr as da 9,969 ` . Sa axpnbch nh prasaecbh da asth chph ès jnhedh, pgr nh av hpgrh-cbóe suparmbcbhn dan astbtaeg, qua paroudbch nh pgnbàrbzhcbóe. Asth axpnbchcbóe asthràh oustbmbchdh, sb durheta an aeduracb baetg Oh panàcunh par heacbarh astètbch ae tgdh su -`hsh, parg sa prgducae cgrrbaetas hscaedaetas y dascaedaetas, qua fg`glabebzhe su cgestbtucbóe.

Da cuhnqubar mgr`h an crbtarbg hdgpthdg phrh datar`behr an tba`pg da nbohdg, asnh dashphrbcbóe da ngs puetgs eg nbohdgs , qua cgetrhstae óptbchàeta cge nh suparmbcba -nbohdh. Ae asta g aetg sa gjsarvh qua an lrgsgr dan jhrebz hrrhechdg vhrbh aetra 9,899y 9,819 ``.

3.:8=. Hspbrhcbóe da pgnvg.

Nhs nbohdgrhs dajae asthr praphrhdhs phrh qua nh hspbrhcbóe puadh hctuhr ae tgdgsngs puetgs da nh jhedh, aspacbhnàeta h nh daracfh da chdh pgnah. Ngs sbsta hs da hspbrhcbóe cge mbntrhdg pgr hluh, phracae ùy ambchcas y nb`bthe ngs rbaslgs da becaedbg ae ra-nhcbóe cge ngs sbsta hs sacgs. Eg fhy qua gnvbdhr qua an pgnvg dan pgnbâstar as uy panb-lrgsg dasda an puetg da vbsth da ngs rbaslgs da becaedbg. Ngs mbntrgs da hluh cgesbstae sb`pnaàeta ae ueh cgrtbeh da hluh h trhvâs da nh qua phsh an hbra (mblurh 832).

Ae hnluehs a prashs, nh hspbrhcbóe da nhs nbohdgrhs astè uebdh h nh laearhn da hnbàethcbóe da nh chndarh.

3.:8<. Cgesu`g da hjrhsbvg.

An lrhdg da pgnbàrbzhcbóe da nh panmcunh, bemnuya cgesbdarhjna aeta sgjra an a`jgthdg da nhs nbohs y, pgr thetg, ae an cgesu g. Qe aeduracb`baetg besumbcbaeta g suparmb

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cbhn huàeth ùcfg an a`jgthdg.

Nhs chushs da ueh saudgpgnbàrbzhcbóe puadae sar, ueh durhcbóe besumbcbaeta dan

sachdg; ta`parhturh bemarbgr h :9:C; lrgsgr da nh panàcunh da`hsbhdg dâjbn qua grblbea -ueh cpph da phrhmbeh besumbcbaeta phrh avbthr cbarth befbjbcbóe pgr an hbra y nb`bthravhpgrhcbóe dan astbraeg.

Yarg becnusg ae cgedbcbgeas bdahnas da pgnbàrbzhcbóe, an a`jgthdg as rèpbdg,Saracg`baedh an a`pnag da hjrhsbvgs da raphrtbcbóe asphcbhdh, qua dbs`beuya nh vangcbdhdda a`jgthdg.

3.::. JHZEB_HDGS DA YGNBASTAZ @HTAS G SHTBEHDGS.

Nh rahnbzhcbóe da suparmbcbas `htas g shtbehdhs eg pnhetah pgr sT `bs`h prgjna`hsprèctbcgs. Axbsta sbe a`jhrlg ueh dbmb cunthd, nh da cgesalubr an `bs`g lrhdg da jrbnng ae.tgdh ueh phrtbdh da pbazhs, yh qua an jrbnng gmraca ueh lh`h ùy h`pnbh dasda an `hta,raprasaethdg pgr ueh suparmbcba nbohdh cge an eÿàrg 499, hn punbdg.

An prgcadb`baetg da gjtaecbóe da suparmbcbas shtbehdhs `ès cgrrbaeta, cgesbsta aeushr ùøaqubnnhs da nheh da hcarg. Sa mrgth sb`pnaàeta nh suparmbcba jhrebzhdh, pravbhàeta nbohdh, cge nh ùøaqubnbh y ue nbjrbmbchera? hluh -ohjgegsh, wfbta spbrbr, caoh gqubdg da punbr (pgnbsf) pramarbâedgsa astgs dgs ÿntb`gs prgductgs.

Nh àchebzhcbóe dan nbohdg fh facfg qua cbartgs mhjrbchetas prgduzche jhedhs danheh da hcarg, (mblurh 849), Sa prgducae asths jhedhs ae cuhtrg tbpgs da lrhegs, bedbch-dgs salÿe nh mbeurh cracbaeta, :, 8 , 9 , : /9 . Asth euàrhcbóe eg tbaea ebelueh nanhcbóecge nh da nhs nbohs . Nhs vangcbdhdas da jhedh racgàedhdhs sge, 8: `/sals phrh ngs lrh-egs lruasgs, y ó `/sal, phrh ngs mbegs. An eÿàrg 9 sa a`pnah phrh an hchjhdg shtbehdg,An a`pnag da nujrbmbchetas (hluh ohjgegsh, atc.) sa cgesbdarh supârmnug.

Fhy ue euavg prgductg phrh shtbehr? sa trhth da lrhegs da hjrhsbvgs dbsparsgs ae -ueh aspacba da aspu h da fbngs da eynge eg taobdgs. Ngs prbàrgs aeshygs phracae mhvgrhjnas phrh nh gjtaecbóe da suparmbcbas sa`b-qphtas, (mblurh 848),

Nhs nbohdgrhs @AZBT, sbrvae th`jbâe phrh astgs mbeas, (mblurhs 84: y 843).

3.:3. ZHSYHDG DA NGS JHZEBCAS DA YGNBASTAZ.

Nh tâcebch dab rhsphdg,qua sustbtuya hb nbohdg ae an chsg da ngs jhrebcas eàr.?gcanunósbcgs, eg sa puada a`pnahr phrh an pgnbâstar, pgr su lrhe durazh.

Sa ush sbe a`jhrlg, phrh ngs chetgs y nhs suparmbcbas Oa dbàesbgeas rhnas, qua -eg sa puadhe trhjhohr h `èqubeh.

3.:4. YQNBDG DA NGS JHZEBCAS DA YGNÀASTAZ.

An punbdg cgesbsta ae prgducbr ueh suparmbcba jrbnnheta pgr an daslhsta y an chn

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prgvgchdgs pgr mrgth`baetg cge ue órlheg da punbdg uethdg cge ueh phsth hjrhsbvh.Fhyh nh vaz hrrhech`baetg da `htarbh a bluhnhcbóe pgr hccbóe dan chbgr sgjra nh panàcunh,qua prasaeth sba`pra ueh nblarh tar`gpnhstbcbdhd.

3.:48 . Yunbdgrhs pgrtètbnas.

Nhs punbdgrhs pgrtètbnas eg sa a`pnahe `ès qua ae ngs thnnaras da chrèctar hrtasheg g ae hquanngs ae qua ngs gtrgs tbpgs da `èqubeh eg sge utbnbzhjnas. Sa sbluae a`pnahedg phrh an nustrhdg.

Sa cgegcae tras tbpgs da punbdgrhs pgrtètbnas;

- Nhs punbdgrhs anâctrbchs, (mblurh 844),- Nhs punbdgrhs eau`ètbchs, (mblurh 841),- Nhs punbdgrhs anâctrbchs da trhes`bsbóe mn axb jna , (mblurh 84=).

Tgdhs asths `èqubehs sge rgthtbvhs; an órlheg da punbdg puada sar da pban da cgr-darg, da mbantrg, da hnlgdóe g da aspu`h pnèstbch, (`gntgprae).

Nhs punbdgrhs anâctrbchs y eau`ètbchs sge ùy có`gdhs da a`pnag, parg tbaeae —hnluegs becgevaebaetas. Nhs prbàrhs chracae da rgjustaz y pasg; nhs saluedhs cgesuàeùcfh aearlàh y fhcae ùcfg rubdg. Ygr anng sa prambarae nhs punbdgrhs anâctrbchs datrhes`bsbóe mnaxbjna, qua sa puadae aqubphr cge `gtgras trbmèsbcgs, pgtaetas y rgjustgs.

Yhrh asta tbpg da punbdg, sa ushe phsths da punbr bTqubdhs, aspacbhnas phrh pgnbâsstaras.

3.:4:. Yunbdgrhs mbohs.

Sa puadae cnhsbmbchr salÿe an órlheg da punbdg? jhedh g dbscg,

- Yunbdgrhs da jhedh;

Sa ushe nhs `bs`hs `èqubehs qua phrh an nbohdg; ae nulhr da ueh jhedh da 8 bPh, nh`hqubeh B navh'ueh jhedh phrh punbr. Nh jhedh ès cgrrbaeta as nh qua sa nnh`h cg C'e —àeta, jhedh da `gquath, (mblurh 84<), cge sgpgrta da tanh g pnèstbcg, huequa yh axbs-tae jhedhs da mba B trg, ès jhrhths.

Nhs jhedhs da `gquath tbaeae , ae ranhcbóe cge nhs da mbantrg, nhs chrhctarnsbtbchssblubaetas?

h), @aegr hdfaraecbh h nh suparmbcba y pgr thetg, trhjhog da pagr chnbdhd.j). Zaedb`baetg suparbgr.c). @aegr chnaeth`baetg.d). @aegr rbaslg da rhyh, yh qua ae an mbantrg sa mgr`he hlngàrhcbgeas da pgnvga). @aegr cgesu`g dan prgductg da punbr, yh qua nh `gquath ng ratbaea àogr.

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m). @aegs cubdhdgs da cgesarvhcbóe.

Fhy jhedhs da `gquaths cgestbtubdhs pgr ueh àzcnh da nheh y sbshn; âsta nas dÿue pgdar `grdbaeta `hygr. Sa ushe phth hchjhdgs da pgnbâstar sgàrgs (betarbgras da —ùajnas), sbe nbohdg pravbg.

An prgductg da punb r, heènglg hn qua sa a`pnah cge nhs `èqubehs pgrtètbnas, sahpnbch `heuhnàeta sgjra nh suparmbcba qua fhy qua punbr g pgr punvarbzhcbóe sgjra nhjhedh, cge ue dbspgsbtbvg besthnhdg ae nh `èqubeh. Sa puadae ushr th`jbâe cabhs sachs,

Nh jhedh da `gquath sa a`pnah h ueh vangcbdhd da 89-8: `/sal. ó :9-:4 `/sl.Sa raa`pnhzh an pht` ushdg ae an nbohdg pgr ue capbnng cge pang da eynge y sa lrhmbthan dgrsg da nh jhedh. Asth.eg tbaea ue saetbdg da lbrg pramaraeta, sbaedg àogr bevartbr-ng chdh 89 fgrhs da tb hjhog. Hda`ès dan tba`pg da utbnbzhcbóe as betarasheta cgesarvhrnhs jhedhs ae ue racbpbaeta carrhdg phrh avbmhr qua sa dasaquae.

Nhs punbdgrhs da jhedh dhe dbracthàeta suparmbcbas punbdhs da ùy juaeh cb...; 5dhd. Cgevbaeae phrh ngs thnnaras paquaøgs g àdbhegs.

Ae ngs thnnaras lrhedas sge ès a`pnahdhs nhs punbdgrhs sa b-hutg`ètbchs da ¡gd¡Egs, `ès rèpbdhs, parg eg dhe nh `bs`h chnbdhd da hchjhdg cuhedg tbaeae ue sgng ·gdbnbg. . . .

- Yunbdgrhs da dbscgs?

An órlheg da punbdg astè mgr`hdg pgr ue cgeouetg da dbscgs, daeg`behdg rgdbnngg cbnbedrg. Fhy ùcfhs cnhsas da punbdgrhs da dbscgs qua sa dbmaraecbhe pgr an `gdg da`gvar nhs pbazhs h punbr.

- Tgreg da punbr? (mblurhs 846 y 842).

Sge `èqubehs ùy rudbàethrbhs cge ue aoa qua nnavh ae sus axtra`gs dgs dbscgsda punbr. Nh vangcbdhd nbeahn da ngs `bs gs daja sar da :4 `/sal. huequa puadae raearvhrbhs vangcbdhdas pgr àdbg da ue oualg da pgnahs g ue vhrbhdgr. An gparhrbg hpnbch -`heuhnàeta an gjoatg h punbr sgjra ngs dbscgs. Sa trhth ae laearhn da gjoatgs da paquaøhs dbàesbgeas da mgr`hs cg`pnaohs g `gndurhs. An prgductg da punbr as ueh phbrh mg?-0-`hdh pgr ue hjrhsbvg dbsparsg ae ueh carh durh.

- Tgreg da àsh?

Asths punbdgrhs sge ÿtbnas, phrh an punbdg da ùajnas paquaøgs `gethdgs, yh quapar`btae phshr mècbnàeta da ueh chrh h gtrh y punbr mgr`hs cg`pnbchdhs. Ae.prbecbpbg,sge heènglhs h nhs hetarbgras, cge nh dbmaraecbh da qua an gjoatg astè cgngchdg sgjra -ut.u àsh `óvbn y qua an db·cg da punbdg as th`jbâe `óvbn.

Nh `èqubeh (mblurhs 819 y 818) nnavh ueh ash heènglh h nh da nhs mbohdgrhs ds



h). Taobdg `gethdg ae pnbaluas cgetbeugs (mblurh 8=3), an dbscg asth mgr`hdg pgr ueh -pbnh da taobdgs dgjnhdgs ( : x 6 pgr aoa`png) cuygs pnbaluas sge `hetaebdgs pgr nh -cgrgeh.

j) . Dbscgs cgestbtumdgs pgr anaàetgs saphrhdgs, `gethdgs ae nh parbmarbh da nh cgrgeh,(mblurh 8=4), Asta dbspgsbtbvg par`bta `hetaear ue parmbn da dbscg `hs cgestheta.

An `grdbaeta dan dbscg as muecbóe da nh chetbdhd da taobdg y dan eÿàrg da pnba-luas. Sa cg`pruajh hda`ès, qua cuhedg craca an eÿàrg da pnbaluas, an rbaslg da rhyhdg dbs`beuya, parg craca nh taedaecbh dan taobdg hn a`jgth`baetg y hn aeduracb`baetg.

- Trhth`baetg da ngs taobdgsU

Sgng as eacashrbg trhthr ngs taobdgs cuhedg sa punae àthnas g cuhedg nhs cgedb-cbgeas da trhjhog sge ùy durhs. Zaspactg h ngs jhrebcas, jhsth nh vaetbnhcbóe phrh lh -rhetbzhr ueh durhcbóe cgrracth da ngs dbscgs, cge nh cgedbcbóe da eg axhlarhr nh prasbóeda ngs rgdbnngs sgjra nhs suparmbcbas h punbr. Sóng sa eacasbth ueh dâjbb prasbóe. Hnluehspunbdgrhs tbaeae ue h`parààtrg phrh cg`prgjhr ueh ralunhcbóe cgrracth.

- Cgrgehs y caetrgs da dbscgs;

Nhs cgrgehs sge da pnèstbcg g da hcarg― Ngs dbscgs ushdgs cgrrbaetaàeta nnavhecaetrgs àtènbcgs, sgnbdhrbgs da ngs dbscgs g das`gethjnas. Astèe parmgrhdgs phrh crahr -vaetbnhcbóe y tbaeae earvbhcbgeas phrh dhr rblbdaz hn cgeouetg (mblurh 8=1). Nh tâcebch`ès `gdareh cgesbsta ae ushr dbscgs sbe caetrg, qua sa aelhecfhe ngs uegs h ngs gtrgs asthedg hsalurhdh nh suoacbóe hn aoa da nh `èqubeh pgr nhs luhÞarhs dan axtra`g.

3.:43. Yrgductgs phrh punbr.

Yuadae sar sónbdgs g nàqubdgs»

Ngs sónbdgs sa prasaethe ae mgr`h da jhrrhs nnh`hdhs "pheas". Astèe cgestbtubdgspgr ue. hjrhsbvg dbsparsg ae ueh carh durh.

An uethdg dan dbscg sa fhca pgr mrgth`baetg asthedg pravbhàeta b`pralehdg aehcabta `bearhn c ' •

Sa ushe chdh vaz `ès ngs nàqubdgs punbdgras qua tbaeae nhs sblubaetas vaethohs7

h). Zaphrtbcbóe ès fg`glâeah ae nh suparmbcba da ngs dbscgs.j). An taobdg hjsgrja ès prgductg.c) . Nh nujrbmbchcbóe as àogr y an chnaeth`baetg àegr.

Ae ch`jbg, an cgesu`g da prgductg as suparbgr y nhs prgyaccbgeas beavbthjnas —dan `bs`g aesucbhe ngs ngchnas»

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4. DAMACTGS DAN HCHJHDG

Nh pravaecbóe y anb`behcbóe da ngs damactgs, cgestbtuya nh phrta `ès danbchdhdan hchjhdg, yh qua, betarvbaeae ae su hphrbcbóe euàrgsgs mhctgras.

An hchjhdg prasaeth sba`pra nhs cgesacuaecbhs da tgdgs ngs mhnngs tâcebcgs cg-àtbdgs ae nh mhjrbchcbóe dan ùajna. Nh chnbdhd dan dasaergnng g rajhehdg da nh cfhph, nh ehturhnazh da nh cgnh, nh tâcebch dan cfhphdg-, atc, tbaeae bemnuaecbh sgjra aThchjhdg a betarvbaeae ùcfg `ès da ng qua sa pbaesh ae nh hphrbcbóe da damactgs.

Ngs damactgs sa puadae cnhsbmbchr ae tras tbpgs, salÿe qua sa prgduzche durhe-ta an hn`hcaeh`baetg, durheta nh hpnbchcbóe g ue pgcg daspuâs g jbae durheta an ae —vaoacb`baetg dan ravastb`baetgc

4 . 8 . Damactgs b`puthjnas hn h`hcaeh`baetg

Ngs prbecbphnas damactgs qua hphracae durheta an hn`hcaeh`baetg sge prgvgchdgs pgr ueh praphrhcbóe damactugsh da ngs jhrebcas g pgr nhs `hnhs cgedbcbgeas da h n -`hcaehdg.

4.88. SADB@AETHCBÓE DA NHS YBETQZHS.

Nh sadbàethcbóe da nhs pbeturhs as dajbdh hn facfg da qua ngs pblàetgs, dbsparshdgs bebcbhnàeta ae an dbsgnvaeta , tbaeae h dapgsbthrsa prglrasbvhàeta ae an -mgedg dan racbpbaeta, sbaedg su daesbdhd suparbgr h nh dan anaàetg Bmqbd

Sb an tba`pg da hn`hcaeh`baetg as da`hsbhdg nhrlg, ngs pblàetgs mgr`he aean mgedg ue sadbàetg `ès g àegs sónbdg qua eg sa dbsparsh nualg cg`pnathàeta. Ansadbàetg as thetg `hygr, cuhetg `ès daesgs sge ngs pblàetgs (da png`g, jnhecg datbthebg, atc),. y cuhetg `hygr as su prgpgrcbóe ae ranhcbóe cge an ohlnutbeheta.

Nh dbnucbóe axcasbvh g an hn`hcaeh`baetg d ueh ta`parhturh da`hsbhdg anavhdh puadae mhvgracar th`jbâe nh sadbàethcbóe, yh qua prgvgche ueh raduccbóe da nhdaesbdhd y da nh vbscgsbdhd da! dbsgnvaeta.



Nhs cgesacuaecbhs da nh sadbàethcbóe sge, hdahs da nh pârdbdh da prgductg,`gdbmbchcbgeas da nh cgesbstaecbh, an cgngr, an jrbnng y an pgdar cujrbaeta da nh pbeturh. ~~

Yhrh avbthrnh, sa daja raducbr tgdg ng pgsbjna nh durhcbóe dan hn`hcaeh`baetg,`hetaebaedg nhs pbeturhs ae ngchnas h :9:C.

Yhrh pravaebrnh, sa racg`baedh hn`hcaehr ngs racbpbaetas tu jhdgs, fhcbâedg-ngs lbrhr da vaz ae cuhedg, g cgngchr ngs jgtas g jbdgeas cge an mgedg hn hbra. Da t g-dgs gdgs sa daja ra`gvar nh pbeturh ae an `g aetg dan a`pnag phrh radbsparshr ngs pblàetgs dapgsbthdgs.

4 .8: . MGZ@HCBÓE DA CGSTZHS

Axbsta taedaecbh h nh mgr`hcbóe da cgstrhs ae nh suparmbcba da ngs jhrebcas h jcTsa da hcabtas sachetas. Asta damactg sa daja h nh prasaecbh da chetbdhdas axcasbvhs dahcabtas ùy rahctbvgs.

Nh mgr`hcbóe da cgstrhs sa aecuaetrh mhvgracbdh pgr ue hn`hcaeh`baetg h ta`-parhturh axcasbvh, pgr axpgsbcbóe h nh nuz y pgr nh prasaecbh da da`hsbhdg hbra ae ueracbpbaeta `hn carrhdg g pgcg nnaeg.

4 .83 . ASYASH@BAETG R LANBMBCHCBGE

Hnluegs prgductgs puadae aspashrsa muartaàeta, sbaedg dbmàcbnas da hpnbchr.Astg puada taear vhrbhs chushs.

Qeh da annhs as nh avhpgrhcbóe hccbdaethn da dbsgnvaetas dajbdh h ue" racbpbae-ta, `hn carrhdg g pgcg nnaeg g jbae h ueh ta parhturh da hn`hcaeh`baetg axcasbvh. Anhn`hcaeh`baetg h jhoh ta`parhturh, th`jbâe aspash ngs prgductgs, parg anmg eg as uedamactg, pgrqua, hn pgearngs h nh ta`parhturh da hpnbchcbóe, racuparhe su cgesbstae-cbh hdacuhdh.

Gtrh da nhs chushs as nh rahccbóe da ngs pbl aetgs cge an hlnutbeheta (pgr aoa`

png< dan óxbdg da zbec cge hnluegs hcabtas).Mbehnàeta, puada sar prgducbdg pgr ue hn`hcaeh`baetg axcasbvhàeta nhrlg.

Anng sa prasaeth, sgjra tgdg, ae ngs prgductgs qua sa aeduracae pgr pgnbàrbzhcbóe gpgr pgnbcgedaeshcbóe.

Cge an tba`pg sa prgduca ueh cbarth pgnbàrbzhcbóe, cge ng qua huàeth nh vbscgsbdhd. Ngs pgnb-bsgcbhehtgs (Das gedur) sge aspacbhnàeta saesbjnas h durhcbgeas axcfbvhs da hn`hcaeh`baetg cuhedg sa prasaethe ae dbsgnucbóe y sa trhesmgr`he rèpbdh-àeta ae ueh `hsh durh beutbnbzhjna.

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4.84. YAZDBDH DA ZAHCTB]BDHD

Sa prgduca ae ngs prgductgs qua sâ aeduracae pgr trhesmgr`hcbóe quà`bch (pgnb-cgedaeshcbóe, cgpgnbàrbzhcbóe) jhog an amactg da ue chthnbzhdgr» Sa `hebmbasth ae an`gàetg da nh hpnbchcbóe pgr ue huàetg ae an tba`pg da sachdg p pgr nh b`pgsbjbnb —dhd dan `bs`g.

Sa daja laearhnàeta h ue `hn hn`hcaeh`baetg dan chthnbzhdgr pgr ueh d u r h -cbóe axcasbvh dan `bs`g, pgr ueh ta`parhturh da`hsbhdg anavhdh g pgr axpgsbcbóe h nhnuz.

Cuhedg ngs pgnbâstaras nnavhe an hcanarhdgr becgrpgrhdg, nh pârdbdh da rahctbvbUdhd huàeth cge an tba`pg, eg dajbaedg durhr an hn`hcaeh`baetg `ès da 3 àsas.

4.81. SAYHZHCBÓE DA NH YHZHMBEH

Astg sa rambara sóng h ngs pgnbâstaras qua cgetbaeae phrhmbeh. Nh sgnujbnbdhd da âsth dbs`beuya muartaàeta cge nh ta`parhturh.

Sb as ùy jhoh, nh phrhmbeh puada saphrhrsa tgthnàeta da nh rasbeh, dapgsbtèe-dgsa sgjra nhs phradas dan racbpbaeta g mgr`hedg ueh cgstrh ae nh suparmbcba dan prgduc-tg. Sa hcgesaoh eg hn`hcaehr h ueh ta`parhturh bemarbgr h 89:C.

Becnusg sb nhs ta`parhturhs da hn`hcaeh`baetg sge próxb`hs h 89:C, sa daja pg-ear an prgductg h :9:C, hetas da nh hpnbchcbóe, ra`gvbâedgng jbae phrh dbsparshr nh ph*rhmbeh»

Yhrh qua ueh `hsh da :1 Kl. da jhrebz phsa da 89 h :9:C, sa eacasbth ue hn`hcaeh`baetg h :9:C jhstheta nhrlg.

4.:. Damactgs qua sa prgducae durheta nh hpnbchcbóe y an sachdg dan prgductg

4.:8. YBSTGNHDG AE SACG

An pbstgnhdg ae sacg sa `hebmbasth pgr suparmbcbas tarrgshs g vanhdhs. Hda ès nh-hdfaraecbh dan jhrebz sa raduca, pgr ng qua puadae hphracar asch`hs.

Ngs jhrebcas canunósbcgs y vbemnbcgs sge `ès prgpaesgs h asta damactg. Ngs vbemnbags, sgjra tgdg, mgr`he h vacas "tanhs da hrhøh". Nhs prbecbphnas chushs da asta damac-tg sge;

- Dbsthecbh da pbstgnhdg axcasbvh- Cfgrrg da`hsbhdg hecfg

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- Yrasbóe dan hbra da pbstgnhdh axcasbvh ae ranhcbóe cge an lhstg da prgductg.- Cgeductg g jgqubnnh da nh pbstgnh da dbàesbgeas da`hsbhdg paquaøhs phrh nh

vbscgsbdhd dan prgductg.

- Ta`parhturh dan thnnar da hpnbchcbóe axcasbvh.- Ygrcaethoa axcasbvh, da dbsgnvaetas nblargs.

4.::. ASCQZZBDQZHS

Yuadae prgcadar da ueh dbsthecbh da pbstgnhdg da`hsbhdg paquaøh. Suanae hphracar ae nhs suparmbcbas vartbchnas, sb sa hpnbch an prgductg h chphs da`hsbhdg lruashs.Nh prasbóe dan hbra axcasbvh, puada prgvgchr an ascurrbdg da ue jhrebz pgnbâstar sgjrangs chetgs da ue phean fg rbzgethn. Bluhnàeta ue pgnbastar pravbstg phrh an jhrebzhdg -fgrbzgethn y qua hchjh da sar hpnbchdg tbaeda h ascurrbr cuhedg sa becnbeh ue pgcg an -

phean y thetg `ès, cuhetg `hs dasphcbg sa prgduca nh lanbmbchcbóe.

4.:3 G HZZQLHS

Nhs hrrulhs sa prgducae ae ngs jhrebcas pgnbastaras racbâe hpnbchdgs, axpuastgsh nhs cgrrbaetas da hbra. As asaecbhn durheta nh lanbmbchcbóe, `hetaear nhs pbazhs jhrebzhdhs ae ue racbetg eg vaetbnhdg.

4.:4. "YBAN DA EHZHEOH"

Salÿe Fhes y Lagrl @hrwajaà, nh "pban da ehrhrm oh" sa prgduca pgr suparpgsb-cbóe da dgs chphs, da nhs cuhnas, nh bemarbgr tbaea `hygr daesbdhd y àegr taesbóe su -parmbcbhn qua nh suparbgr. An maeóàeg as thetg `ès `hrchdg, cuhetg àegs sach asth nhprbàrh chph ae an `gàetg ae qua sa hpnbch nh saluedh. Yarg, becnusg cuhedg nh chphbemarbgr phraca sach, an fuàdacbrebaetg prgducbdg pgr an jhrebz qua sa hpnbch, jhsth -phrh prgvgchr an maeóàeg.

An prgcasg da mgr`hcbóe da nh "pban da ehrheoh" sarTh an sblubaetas nh `htarbh -qua mgr`h nh chph bemarbgr, sujbràh h trhvâs da nh suparbgr fhsth nh suparmbcba, chyaedgdaspuâs. Astgs `gvb`baetgs da cgevaccbóe crahràhe ueh "cânunh" cge jgrdas anavhdgs -

ae ranhcbóe cge an caetrg.Sb sgng sa hpnbchsa ueh chph, nh "pban da ehrheoh" sa puada prgducbr, sbaedg vè

B Bdh nh tagràh hetarbgr. Ae amactg, nh avhpgrhcbóe suparmbcbhn dbs`beuya nh taesbóe nh suparmbcba da nh panàcunh, cge ng-qua sa prgduca ueh fatarglaeabdhd aqubvhnaeta h -nh axbstaecbh da vhrbhs chphs.

Asta damactg sa prasaeth sgjra tgdg cuhedg sa a`pnahe prgductgs cge lrhe prgpgrcbóe da dbsgnvaetas, cg`g ngs canunósbcgs. An maeóàeg puada taear `ès b`pgrthecbh sban pgrcaethoa da.dbsgnvaetas nblargs as axcasbvg phrh nh ta`parhturh da sachdg.

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Ae an chsg dan pgnbâstar, sa puada prasaethr ue damactg heènglg, dajbdg h nh -avhpgrhcbóe axhlarhdh dan astbraeg, prgvgchdh pgr dbvarshs chushs; Ygnbàrbzhcbóe da`hsbhdg rèpbdh, qua b`pbda nh mgr`hcbóe da ueh phethnnh ambchz da phrhmbeh, y ta`pa

rhturh da sachdg axcasbvh durheta nh la B bmb cha bge. Nh ta`parhturh da sachdg bemnuya -ae nh vangcbdhd da pgnbàrbzhcbóe.

Ngs pgnbâstaras hpnbchdgs ae suparmbcbas vartbchnas prasaethe ue hspactg da "pbanda ehrheoh" b`pgsbjna da avbthr, pgrqua sge prgductgs tbxgtrópbcgs, da cgesbstaecbh anavhdh.

An prgductg hpnbchdg ae chphs lruashs, eg ascurra, parg ngs damactgs da suparmbcbâ befaraetas h nh ehturhnazh dan prgductg eg sa puadae bluhnhr durheta an sachdg, yhqua ngs prgductgs tbxgtrópbcgs sa lanbmbche, cuhedg daohe da sar hlbthdgs.

Ygr anng, an nbohdg dan pgnbastar phrh suparmbcbas vartbchnas axbla `ès hjrhsbvgsy `ès `heg da gjrh qua an da ngs pgnbâstaras grdbehrbgs.

4.:1. JNHEXQAG, MGZ@HCBÓE DA ]ANHDQZHS.

An damactg da jnhequag hphraca ae an sachdg da jhrebcas hn hncgfgn, canunósb-cgs y vbeànbcgs. As prgvgchdg h àeudg pgr nh fuàdhd ht`gsmârbch qua sa cgedaesh aenh suparmbcba da nh panàcunh, mgr`hedg cge an prgductg ueh aspacba da aùnsbóe da cg-ngr jnhequacbeg,,

Nh fuàdhd qua prgvgch an jnhequag puada th`jbâe prgcadar da nh `hdarh sg-jra nh qua sa hpnbch an prgductg g dan hbra da pbstgnhdg.

Asth cgedaeshcbóe puada dashphracar aspgetèeahàeta pgr avhpgrhcbóe g pgr -ue trhth`baetg, cuhedg sa fh prgducbdg yh an jnhequag.

Sbe a`jhrlg, ae nh `hygr phrta da ngs chsgs, eg sa cgesblua racuparhr an hspaatg egr`hn, dajbdg h qua an hbra nnaeh bgs fuacgs gcuphdgs pgr nhs phrtàcunhs da hluh,-dhedg ue hspactg pgrgsg y nacfgsg h nh panàcunh.

Nhs prbecbphnas chushs sge;

- Fuàdhd ht`gsmârbch axcasbvh? Sb.an asthdg fblrg`âtrbcg dan hbra dan thnnar -as suparbgr hn 69 %, fhy lrhe panblrg da cgedaeshcbóeU Nh avhpgrhcbóe da dbsgnvaetasae an sachdg prgduca ueh egthjna dbs`beucbóe da nh ta`parhturh ae nh suparmbcba da nhpanàcunh, prgvgchedg nh cgedaeshcbóe dan vhpgr da hluh. Asta maeóàeg as sgjra tgdgb`pgrtheta ae ngs jhrebcas ebtrgcanunósbcgs.

Nh cgedaeshcbóe da vhpgr da hluh ae nh suparmbcba da ueh panàcunh eg as paroudbcbhn, sb durheta an sachdg, nh avhpgrhcbóe da hluh as `ès rèpbdh qua nh da ngs dbsgn-vaetas, yh qua aetgecas an vang sóng sarè ta`pgrhn. Ae ch`jbg, an hspactg da nh panT-

898



cunh salubrè turjbg, sb gcurra ng cgetrhrbg.

- Ygrcaethoa axcasbvg da dbsgnvaetas da jhog puetg da ajunnbcbóe; Huequa an as-thdg fnlrg`âtrbcg dan hbra eg nnalua hn 69 %, sa puadae prgducbr cgedaeshcbóe, sb an —pgrcaethoa da dbsgnvaetas da jhog puetg da ajunnbcbóe as axcasbvg. Ae amactg, nh vangcdhd da avhpgrhcbóe da ngs dbsgnvaetas craca, sbaedg lrheda nh dbs`beucbóe da ta`parh-turh ae nh suparmbcba da nh panàcunh.

- Thnnar da hchjhdg da`hsbhdg mrbó g cge muartas cgrrbaetas da hbra? An phsg da pbazhs jhrebzhdhs da ue ngchn mràg h gtrg chnbaeta mhvgraca nh cgedaeshcbóe da vhpgr*

- Hbra da pbstgnhdg fÿàdg, h chush da `hn muecbgeh`baetg dan sbsta`h da mbntrhdg? Yhrh raàdbhr asta damactg eg sa daja rahnbzhr nh hpnbchcbóe `ès qua cuhedg nh ta`-

parhturh y nh fuàdhd dan hbra astèe próxb`hs h nhs óptb`hs, astg as :9:C y =9 %.Sb eg sa tbaeae ngchnas an b`htbzhdgs cge asths cgedbcbgeas, cgevbaea vb lbnhr an

asthdg fblrg`âtrbcg y nh ta`parhturh cge ue psbcróàtrg ralbstrhdgr. Sb sa gjsarvh uehanavhcbóe da nh fuàdhd y ueh.dbs`beucbóe da nh ta`parhturh, cgevbaea, sbe asparhr hnh hphrbcbóe dan vang, høhdbr hn jhrebz dbsgnvaetas da avhpgrhcbóe naeth, nnh`hdgs "nuyaetas hetbvang).

Th`jbâe sa puadae dbs`beubr ngs rbaslgs da vang, dbs`beuyaedg nh prasbóe da hbrada pbstgnhdg.

Cgevbaea th`jbâe avbthr an jhrebzhdg da pbazhs `hn sachdhs.Cuhedg an prgductg eg as prasaethdg cgrrbara pènàeta h nh vbscgsbdhd da hpnbch-

cbóe, fhy qua dbnubrng, thetg `ès cuhetg aegr sah nh ta`pa hturh. Sa racg`baedh utbnW[zhr an dànuyaeta hdacuhdg, su`bebstrhdg pgr an mhjrbcheta dan prgductg.

4.:=. LZHEB_HDG R HYHZBCBÓE DA JQZJQOHS. (Mblurh 8==).

Ae nh prèctbch fhy pgch dbmaraecbh aetra lrhebzgs y jurjuohs. Ngs prbàrgs sge -`ès hnhrlhdgs y lrhedas, htrhvashedg y damgr`hedg nh panàcunh da jhrebz. Tbaeae su grb-

lae ae an sgpgrta y ae su praphrhcbóe. Nhs jurjuohs sge asmârbchs y astèe dbsparshs ae nh`hsh dan jhrebz. Cg`g ngs lrhebzgs, puadae prgvgchr nh damgr`hcbóe da nh suparmbcba danh panbcunh. As db mb cb n sbe a`jhrlg, dbmaraecbhr ueh jurjuoh lrheda y ue lrhebzg. Becnhs chushs qua ngs prgducae puadae sar nhs `bs`hs.

-r Hpnbchcbóe ae chphs da`hsbhdg lruashs? sa prasaeth sgjra tgdg ae prgductgs cgesachdg suparmbcbhn ùy rèpbdg, cge lrhe prgpgrcbóe da dbsgnvaetas, thnas cg`g ngs ebtrg-canunósbcgs. Ngs dbsgnvaetas y dbnuyaetas qua eg puadae avhpgrhrsa hetas dan aeduracà —r baetg suparmbcbhn da nh-panàcunh, prgvgche ue lrhe eÿàrg da jurjuohs dbsa`behdhs ae -nh `hsh dan jhrebz.

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An maeóàeg sa hcaetÿh sb nh ta`parhturh da sachdg as anavhdh.

- Sujchph besumbcbaetaàeta sachg Axcasg da dbsgnvaetas nblargs? gcurra ng `bs-`g qua ae an chsg pracadaeta.

- Ta`parhturh da sachdg anavhdh; ueh ta`parhturh da sachdg anavhdh, hpnbchdhùy rèpbdhàeta, prgvgch ngs `bs`gs becgevaebaetas bedbchdgs, pgr nhs `bs`hs rhzgeas.Yhrh anng, cgevbaea rahnbzhr ue prasachdg h nh ta`parhturh h`jbaeta.

- Ygrgs da nh `hdarh? ngs pgrgs tbaedae h mgr`hr jurjuohs y lrhebzgs thetg `ès -lrhedas, cuhedg `hygras .sge, cg`g gcurra, pgr aoa`png, ae an rgjna . An hbra qua das-praedae ngs pgrgs,daspuâs da nh hpnbchcbóe, quadh aecarrhdg ae an jhrebz sacg suparmb-cbhnàeta . Hnluegs jhrebcas eg nnaehe ngs pgrgs, pgrqua su vbscgsbdhd as ùy lrheda gpgrqua ngs pgrgs astèe pgcg hjbartgs. Jhsthrè aetgecas, durheta an sachdg, ueh sb`pnaanavhcbóe da ta`parhturh, phrh qua nh dbnhthcbóe dan hbra aecarrhdg ae ngs pgrgs, prg-vgqua lrhebzgs.

Sa puadae avbthr astgs becgevaebaetas hpnbchedg ue thphpgrós. Sb eg sa puada -fhcar, pgr rhzgeas da acgeg`àh, fhy qua hpnbchr ueh prbàrh chph da b`prasbóe da jhrebz ùy dbnubdg» Nh tâcebch da prachnaeth`baetg da nh `hdarh, hetas da nh hpnbchcbóe,avbth th`jbâe nh hphrbcbóe da lrhebzgs, dbnhthedg an hbra da ngs pgrgs pravbhàeta,

Cuhedg sa jhrebzh cge pgnbâstar, sa avbth asta damactg, mrgthedg pravbhàeta -cge ue trhpg b`pralehdg ae pgnbâstar dbnubdg. Sb eg sa fhca hsT, sa daja pravar ue tba`pg sumbcbaeta da lanbmbchcbóe phrh qua nhs jurjuohs puadhe sujbr h nh suparmbcba.

- Fuàdhd da nh `hdarh? Nh fuàdhd da nh `hdarh puada prgducbr jurjuohs dadgs `hearhs, rahccbgehedg quà`bchàeta cge hnluegs cg`pgeaetas da ngs jhrebcas g U hctuhedg pgr prasbóe da vhpgr.

Nh hccbóe da nh fuàdhd sa fh axpnbchdg hn dascrbjbr-an sachdg hcanarhdg da ngsjhrebcas, da`gstrèedgsa qua as bedbspaeshjna ralunhr nh fuàdhd dan sachdarg ae m u e -cbóe da nh ta`parhturh da sachdg y da nh fuàdhd dan sgpgrta, phrh eautrhnbzhr asta ÿoW tb`g mhctgr.

- Zataecbóe da dbsgnvaetas? Cuhedg sa hpnbche ngs jhrebcas, hnluegs dbsgnvaetas

àdbgs g pashdgs puadae rahccbgehr cge nhs rasbehs G lg`hs da hnluehs `hdarhs g cge -nhs cgnhs. Nh avhpgrhcbóe pgstarbgr da astgs dbsgnvaetas puada prgducbr lrhebzgs jhog nhbemnuaecbh da nh ta`parhturh*

Ae ng qua sa rambara h nh hccbóe da nhs rasbehs da nh `hdarh, an maeóàeg puadahphracar ae hnluehs aspacbas da chgjh. Ngs dbsgnvaetas rataebdgs puadae prgvgchr an -lrhebzhdg pgr amactg da ueh anavhcbóe da ta`parhturh daspuâs dan aeduracb`baetg da -nh panàcunh.

Bluhnàeta, hnluehs cgnhs, cg`g nhs aùnsbgeas da hcathtg da pgnbvàebng g nhs -

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cgnhs da pbanas sge ùy saesbjnas h nh hccbóe da cbartgs dbsgnvaetas, parg as avbdaeta -qua an amactg da nh cgnh eg sa puada prgducbr sb eg axbstae mbntrhcbgeas da annh g maeae nh cfhph. As phrtbcunhràeta dasmhvgrhjna nh hccbóe da nhs cgnhs vbeànbchs sgjra ngs

jhrebcas da pgnbâstar, qua sa axpnbch salÿe hnluegs hutgras pgr nh hccbóe dan astbraeg -qua sgnujbnbrh nh cgnh,thetg `ès, cuhetg àegr as an lrhdg da pgnbàrbzhcbóe.

Ae ng qua sa rambara h nhs rasbehs, sa trhth da ue ta`h pgcg astudbhdg, pgr ng quaeg fhy ueh sgnucbóe dambebtbvh. Sa puadae cgesalubr, sbe a`jhrlg, rasunthdgs hcapthjnassachedg prgngelhdhàeta h hnmh ta`parhturh nhs cfhphs phrh pgnbàrbzhr nhs rasbehs, fh-cbâedgnhs àegs saesbjnas h ngs dbsgnvaetasa

Th`jbâe sa puadae hbsnhr cge ueh sujchph aspacbhn, qua puada sar ue jhrebz sbedbsgnvaeta grlèebcg g ue pgnburatheg.

Ae ng qua sa rambara h nhs cgnhs, sa puadae sustbtubr nhs vbeànbchs, qua sge nhs `èpanblrgshs, pgr nhs tar`gaeduracbjnas. Th`jbâe sa puada hbsnhr an mgedg cge ueh chph -eautrh.

Sa puada th`jbâe huàethr an lrgsgr da nh cfhph y utbnbzhr ueh cgnh jbae astu-dbhdh dasda an puetg da vbsth da nhs chrlhs y dan cgetaebdg da hluh.

- Yrgductg hpnbchdg da`hsbhdg daprbsh, , daspuâs da ueh muarta hlb thcbóe. Yra —sbóe da pbstgnhdg axcasbvh? tgdgs ngs prgductgs qua sa aeduracae pgr hdbcbóe da ue chthnbzhdgr, sa dajae hlbthr hetas da! a`pnag, phrh fg`glaeabzhr nh àzcnh, shnvg ae ngs -chsgs ae qua sa utbnbzh ue sbsta`h qua par`bta avbthr Oh àzcnh pravbh (pbstgnh da dgjnahnbàethcbóe, jhrebzhdgrh da cgrtbeh). Cg`g nh hlbthcbóe crah jurjuohs ae nh `hsh danprgductg, nh panàcunh da jhrebz puada prasaethr asta damactg sb sa hpnbch beàdbhthàetasgjra tgdg cge ngs pgn ¡astaras.

Qe pbstgnhdg h prasbóe axcasbvh, prgduca an `bs`g amactg. Ae an chsg da nhs jhrebzhdgrhs da cgrtbeh, anng puada prgcadar da ue damactg da nh jg`jh g da ue cbrcubtg daprgductg laearhdgr da jurjuohs.

- Dbnuyaeta besumbcbaetaàeta àzcnhdg cge ue prgductg cgesbstaeta.

- Hbra da pbstgnhdg fÿàdg.

4.:<. CZÈTAZAS R YBCHDQZHS

Ngs crètaras sa prasaethe jhog mgr`h da cujaths, cuyh prgmuedbdhd as, h àeudg,bluhn hn lrgsgr da nh panàcunh . Sa nhs gjsarvh sba`pra hetas da qua an sachdg hvheca B e -sumbcbaeta phrh anb`behr nh hccbóe dan pgnvg.

Suanae dajarsa h nh becg`phtbjbnbdhd dan jhrebz cge an sgpgrtâ g nh sujchph. Nhssbnbcgehs, nhs `hecfhs da lrhsh y an pgnvg, suanae sar ngs raspgeshjnas.

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Nh hphrbcbóe da pbchdurhs ,ae an chsg dan pgnbâstar, puada sar prgducbdh pgr uehda nhs sblubaetas chushs?

- Tba`pg da la B ¡m ¡cha bge da`hsbhdg cgrtg, dajbdg h Qeh `hnh dgsbmbchcbóe danchthnbzhdgr, dan hcanarhdgr g da nh phrhmbeh, g da ueh ta`parhturh da sachdg axcasbvh.

h Ta`parhturh dan prgductg ó dan sgpgrta da`hsbhdg jhoh.

- Fuàdhd axcasbvh dan sgpgrta.

- Fuàdhd ae an hbra da punvarbzhcbóe.

- Ygnvgs.

4.:6 C YANÀCQNHS TAZZGSHS G LZHEQNGSHS

Yuada sar prgvgchdg asta damactg pgr nhs sblubaetas chushs?

- Ygnvg ht`gsmârbcg? An pgnvg puada `hecfhr nh suparmbcba da nh panàcunh aetraan `gàetg da nh hpnbchcbóe y hquân ae qua sa sach ng sumbcbaeta phrh qua eg sa paluaan pgnvg. Cuhetg `ès tgrdh ae hnchezhrsa astg, `ès rbaslg fhy da qua sa dapgsbta an -pgnvg.

Sa puada dbs`beubr asta rbaslg tg`hedg hnluehs àdbdhs?

h). A`pnag da prgductgs da sachdg rèpbdg.j). @hetaear ngs thnnaras da hchjhdg ae nblarh sgjraprasbóe.c). Yrgscrbjbr8 ngs ùrgs da hnjhøbnarTh sbe ravastb`baetg ae ngs qua sa hcuùnh

an pgnvg, qua sa dbsparsh jhog nh bemnuaecbh da ngs cgrrbaetas da hbratd). Avbthr nhs cgrrbaetas da hbra.a). Saphrhr pgr thjbquas nhs dbvarshs saccbgeas da hchjhdg? pbstgnhdg, sachdg,

nbohdg y punbdg. •

- B`purazhs da ngs prgduhUgs? Yuadae sar dajbdhs h? .

h). Hlralhdgs da pbl aetgs prgcadaetas da sadb aetgs qua eg sa puadae vgnvarh pgear ae suspaesbóe.

j) c Cgstrhs. .c)« Hlngàrhdgs da pblàetgs hnradadgr da phrtàcunhs da cgstrhs,d). YhrtTcunhs da cgrcfg qua sa daspraedae da bgs thpgeas hn hjrbrngs.

Sa avbthe asths b`purazhs, mbntrhedg sba`pra bgs prgductgs hetas da su utbnbzh-cbóe, sgjra tgdg sb sa fhe hn`hcaehdg ae `hnhs cgedbcbgeas*

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4. :2 . DBMBCQNTHDAS DA SACHDG •

- Yrgductgs qua sa sache pgr avhpgrhcbóe da dbsgnvaetas; ngs `ès a`pnahdgs sge .

ngs ebtrgcanunósbcgs. Qe ratrhsg ae an sachdg sa daja sba`pra h ueh ta`parhturh hs jh¡h da ng egr`hn, g h ue pgrcaethoa anavhdg da dbsgnvaetas pashdgs. Nh hpnbchcbóe ae -chphs da`hsbhdg lruashs puada sar th`jbâe chush da ue huàetg dan tba`pg da sachdg*

- Yrgductgs qua sa sache pgr avhpgrhcbóe da dbsgnvaetas, salubdh da gxbdhcbóe7Sge ngs hcabtas sachetas y ngs jhrebcas lnbcargmtènbcgs.

Nhs chushs axpuasths hetarbgràeta cgecurrae th`jbâe ae Oh prbàrh mhsa da avhpgrhc bge ―

Nh gxbdhcbóe pgstarbgr as hcanarhdh pgr nh hdbcbóe da ue chthnbzhdgr g da ue sa

cheta. Qeh prgpgrcbóe dâjbn g axcasbvh dan `bs`g puada prgvgchr ue tba`pg da sachdghegr`hnàeta nhrlg. Hnluegs cg`pgeaetas da nh `hdarh puadae hctuhr bluhnàeta cg- •`g befbjbdgras da nh gxbdhcbóe. Ygr aoa`png, nh cngrgmgr`h dan brgkg y nhs rasbehs da -hnluegs phnbshedrgs.

Nh fuàdhd da nh `hdarh suparbgr hn :9 % th`jbâe ratrhsh ùcfg an sachdg 9

4 . 3 . Damactgs qua sa prgducae durheta an aevaoacb`baetg da nh panàcunh

4.3.8. LZBATHSNhs lrbaths puadae sar da dbvarsh axtaesbóe. Ygr aoa`png, puadae hmacthr h tgdg

an lrgsgr da nh panàcunh, hnhrlèedgsa phrhnanhàeta h nh mbjrh da nh `hdarh . Th`jbâe -puada mgr hrsa ueh rad da lrbaths qua hmacta.h tgdh nh suparmbcba. Nhs lrbaths puadae sarsuparmbcbhnas g nnalhr fhsth an sgpgrta. Nh rad da lrbaths puada taear dbmaraetas mgr`hs;puada sar h`pnbh a brralunhr, cge lrbaths ùy nhrlhs; th`jbâe puada sar ùy hprathdh,-cge lrbaths brralunhras g phrhnanhs parpaedbcunhras h nh mbjrh aetra lrbaths nhrlhs, sbtuh-dhs laearhnàeta ae ngs nà`btas da cracb`baetg (mblurh 8=<).

Sa suana cgesbdarhr qua nhs lrbaths nhrlhs chushdhs pgr an sgpgrta, `baetrhs qua -

sge prgducbdhs pgr ue ctatacbmgAstg eg as cg`pnathàeta axhctg, yh qua nhs lrbaths nhrlhs puadae sar th`jbâe

rblbehdhs pgr an jhrebz g pgr su hpnbchcbóe.

chusas? da 8hr lrbaths mhrlUJl s«--sua*amb prasaethr sgjra rgdg aeogs jhrebcas pgcg anèstbcgs, thnas cg`g ngs ebtrgcaàunósbcgs y ngs da urah-mgr`gà phrh punbr* EgsU cgegcae lrbaths ae ngs jhrebcas pgnbâstaras g pgnburathegsa

Ygr anng, ngs utbnbzhdgras dajae avbthr tgdhs nhs chushs qua puadae rg par Fh pa-

89=



nbcunh, (mblurhs 8=6, 8=2, 8<9, 8<8).

h) . Damactgs da dasaergnng g rajhehdgs Ngs qua hs bemnuyae sge nhs maedhs y an

dasaecgnhdg da ngs thjnargs cgetrhcfhphdgs a

Astgs damactgs suanae sar dajbdgs h ue `hn astumhdg da nh `hdarh g h ue housta -behdacuhdg da nhs hqubehs; `hnh pgsbcbóe raspactbvh da nh jhrrh da prasbóe y da nh cu-cfbnnh, `hn èelung da hmbnhdg da nh cucfbnnh, `hnh pgsbcbóe da nh cucfbnnh ae ranhcbóecge an aoa da nhs lhrrhs, ralunhcbóe becgrracth da nh prasbóe aoarcbdh pgr nh jhrrh da -prasbóe«,

Qe adbg da avbthr an becgevaebaeta da nhs maedhs as cgngchr fhcbh muarh an nh-dg "carrhdg" da nh cfhph. Sbe a jhrlg, hn ouethr nhs cfhphs da gdg dacgrhtbvg, uehda annhs tbaea qua asthr mgrzgshaeta dan nhdg `hng.

Cuhedg ueh cfhph tbaea an nhdg "hjbartg" fhcbh hmuarh, sa puada avbthr an rbaslg da nhs maedhs nbohedg aeârlbchàeta phrh qubthr nh phrta raohdh* Ae ch jbg, sb astèfhcbh hmuarh nh chrh carrhdh, an nbohdg daja sar uy nblarg, phrh eg shchr muarh nhs maedhs.

Nhs maedhs sge mracuaetas ae an rgjna, sgjra tgdg ae nhs cfhphs lruashs. Ae amactg nh hdfaraecbh da ngs rhdbgs adunhras h nhs cânunhs qua ngs rgdahe, as hnh ae laea*rhn y jhsthe paquaøgs arrgras da ralunhcbóe phrh prgvgchr maedhs, qua hdaès puadae -htrhvashr tgdg an lrgsgr da nh cfhph.

An sachdg axcasbvg da nhs cfhphs puada prgducbr maedhs h phrtbr da paquaøhs -lrbaths prgducbdhs pgr an dasaergnng g rajhehdg,,

j) a Chetbdhd axcasbvh da cgnh g a`pnag da cgnh rbch ae hluhs H jgs grblbehe-ueh fbecfhzóe ascasbvh da nh cfhph c Ae chsg da praeshdg ae mrbó, eg fhy qua taàr, -yh qua an hluh shna da nh cfhph h adbdh qua mrhluh nh cgnh» Ae ch jbg ae an praeshdgae chnbaeta, nh pgnbàrbzhcbóe da nh cgnh sa amactÿh ae hnluegs `beutgs, da mgr h quanh.cfhph sa aecuaetrh mbohdh cuhedg astè dbnhthdhU H cgetbeuhcbóe, cuhedg nh cfhph -racuparh nh fuadhd egr hn, sa mgrhe maedhs da ratrhccbóe, qua rasquajrhohe an jhr-ebz.

c)9 Cfhphdg cge mbjrhs phrhnanhsU Cfhphr phrhnanhàeta h nhs mbjrhs dan sgpgrtags ue arrgr, pgrquâ eg as pgsbjna h ue jhrebz ebtrgcanunósbcg sgpgrthr sbe hlrbathrsa an - oualg cgeouetg da nh cfhph y dan sgpgrta.

d) . Anhstbcbdhd besumbcbaeta da nh panàcunh da jhrebz; Huequa ngs jhrebcas ebtrg-,canunósbcgs sa chrhctarbzhe pgr su mhnth da mnaxbjbnbdhd, dajae shtbsmhcar ue `àeb`g be—*dbspaeshjna phrh salubr nhs vhrbhcbgeas asthcbgehnas da dbàesbóe da nh cfhph. Sb nh -anhstbcbdhd as sumbcbaeta hn prbecbpbg, puada ae ch jbg dbs beubr muartaàeta pgr amactgda nh a`blrhcbóe da pnhstbmbchetas.

a). Jhrebzhdg da hdarh dahsbhdg fÿadhs Ae nhs chshs gdarehs an asthdg fb-

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lrg`âtrbcg dan hbra puada vhrbhr aetra :1 % ae bevbareg y <9 % ae prb`hvarh y gtgøg -cge ueh ta`parhturh àdbh da :::C, as dacbr, qua an oualg da nh `hdarh sa asthjnacaaetra 1,1 y 83 %. Yhrh sgpgrthr asta oualg, ue jhrebz ebtrgcanunósbcg daja sar jbae as-

tudbhdg, yh qua eg sa daja gnvbdhr qua h nh vaz qua anhstbcbdhd, sa axbla hn-jhrebz uejrbnng asthjna, qua sóng sa puada gjtaear cge ueh durazh hdacuhdh. Ae cgesacuaecbh, -as b`pgsbjna qua ue jhrebz hpnbchdg sgjra `hdarh cge an 81 % da fuàdhd eg sa hlrba-t a .

m). Zatrhccbóe da nh panàcunh da jhrebz? Ygr amactg da su prgpbh ratrhccbóe, ngsjhrebcas ebtrgcanunósbcgs g da urah-mgr`gn puadae hlrbathrsa* Asths taesbgeas sge thetg`hygras, cuhetg `hs lruashs sge nhs panàcunhs, qua dajae avbthrsa pgr anng*

l) c Jg`jahdg da nhs cfhphs? Sa cg`pruajh qua ue jhrebz tbaea `hygr taedaecbhh hlrbathrsa sb nh cfhph asth hjg`jhdh cg`g cgesacuaecbh da ue damactg da aecgnhdg g

da dasaecgnhdg dan cgetrhcfhphdg.f) g @hn nnaehdg da ngs pgrgs ae nhs `hdarhs ùy pgrgshs7 nh panàcunh mgr`h puae

tas sgjra ngs pgrgs y rasunth ùy saesbjna h ngs asmuarzgs.

b)c Anhstbcbdhd da nh nàeah da cgnh? Nh hdfaraecbh da nh panàcunh as àogr, sb ancfhphdg sa fhca cge ueh cgnh ràlbdh.

- Chushs da nhs radas da lrbaths?

. Sa prasaethe sgjra tgdg ae nhs panàcunhs da urah-mgr`gn y puadae dajarsa h nhs -sblubaetas chushs;

h). Hpnbchcbóe ae chphs ùy lruashs»j) 9 Hpnbchcbóe sgjra ueh sujchph besumbcbaetaàeta sachcc)c Axcasg da chthnbzhdgr.d). Taesbgeas betarehs ae nh panàcunh,,a)g Ynhstbmbchcbóe besumbcbaeta dan jhrebz»

Sa fh dbcfg th`jbâe, qua an a`pnag da prgductgs da punbr cge sbnbcgehs, mhvgra 'ca nh hphrbcbóe da radas da lrbaths ae ngs jhrebcas da urah-mgr`gn―

4a 3:. ASTBZHDG DA NH YANÀCQNH (Mblurh 8<:).

Sa prasaeth sgjra tgdg daspuâs dan punbdg.

Sa `hebmbasth pgr pnbaluas phrhnangs h nh mbjrh, qua dbs`beuyae nh chnbdhd da nhsuparmbcba jhrebzhdh. H vacas, as ueh mhsa pravbh da nh hphrbcbóe da lrbaths, qua pua-.Faeeg hphracar,Usb an damactg eg as ùy muarta g an jhrebz as rasbstaeta hn hlrbathdg, -cg`g ngs pgnbâstaras, pgnburathegs y gpóxbdgs.

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Aetra nhs chushs dan astbrhdg sa cbthe* 5

- Nh cgetrhccbóe dan thphpgrgs, qua sâ prgduca h vacas, cuhedg sa hpnbch an -jhrebz sgjra ue thphpgrgs besumbcaetaàeta sacg.

- Nh cgetrhccbóe dan jhrebz, sb sa nboh y puna nh panàcunh cge an jhrebz besumb-cbaetaàeta sacg. O

- Nhs vhrbhcbgeas dbàesbgehnas dan sgpgrta, chushdgs pgr nh fuàdhd dan `bs-`g y pgr nh anhstbcbdhd da nh cgnh. An astbrhdg sa prgduca cge `hs mracuaecbh sgjra cfhphs aecgnhdhs cge cgnhs tar`gpnhstbchs qua cge cgnhs tar`gaeduracbjnas. *""

4.33. CGNGZHCBGEAS, @HECFHSH vacas hphracae cgngrhcbgeas daspuâs da vhrbgs asas dan jhrebzhdg. Nh ch u -

sh phraca sar nh dacgngrhcbóe prglrasbvh da ngs cg`pgeaetas da nh `hdarh jhog nh hccbóeda nh nuz y da ue pF hcbdg dajbdg h nh cgnh g h hnluegs jhrebcas da chthnbzhdgr ècbdg«Nhs ¡ueths da cgnh da urah-mgr`gn, tbaeae pF, qua puadae nnalhr fhsth 3, y jhsth qua-fhyh mbntrhcbgeas da cgnh phrh qua ae nh suparmbcba hphrazch ue pF ècbdg»

Hda`hs fhy tbetas saesbjnas h nh hcbdaz.dan prgductg.

Ae an chsg da cfhphs dacgngrhdhs, sa puadae mgr`hr `hecfhs pgr nh a`blrhcbóenaeth da `htarbhs cgngchetas cgetaebdgs ae an thjnarg, jhog an amactg da nh fuàdhd yda ngs prgductgs da dacgngrhcbóe― Sa, hcgesaoh cuhedg sa ushe cfhphs dacgngrhdhs, ae-cgnhrnhs sgjra thjnargs da aspacbas the jnhechs cg`g sah pgsbjna y sbe `hecfhsa

4.34. HYHZBCBÓE DA ASCH@HS R DASYALHDG DA NH YANÀCQNH, (mblurh 8<3)

Nhs asch hs sa prgducae pgrqua sa daspalhe phrcanhs dâ jhrebz, qua puadae -hmacthr h ueh chph g h tgdg an lrgsgr da nh panTcunh. Sa daja h ueh mhntg da hdfaraecbhdan jhrebz hn sgpgrta.

Asth mhnth da hdfaraecbh puada sar grblbehdh pgr ueh da nhs s'hubaetas chushs7

- An jhrebz eg `goh jbae nh `hdarhs hnluegs jhrebcas, cgreg bgs pgnb astaras, er`gohe jbae `hdarhs taøbdhs hn hluh cge ùcfg cgngrheta»

- Ngs tbetas gscurgs da grblae jbtu`begsg, sge eamhstgs phrh nh hdfara**₮Qm amc >••jhrebcas da cuhnqubar tbpg.

- Ngs cgestbtuyaetas lrhsgs da hnluehs-`hdarhs puadae d»s`kbu$M'àh cmdfara!*rb«b,pgr ueh anavhcbóe hccbdaethn da nh ta`parhturh g da n

89 2



Nh mhnth da hdfaraecbh sgjrâ ueh sujchph sa daja h nh becg`phtbjbnbdhd aetra -«hs dbraraetas chphs* Astg as `uy rhrg ae an jhrebzhdg da `uajnas, yh qua tgdhs nhs ch-ghs suanae sar dan `bs`g jhrebz*

Ae an chsg da bgs pgnb astaras, sa daspalh nh panàcunh h phrtbr da ueh fu adhd danh `hdarh dan 19 % y sgjra nhs mbntrhcbgeas da cgnh da urah-mgr`gn.

* * * * * * * * * * *



1 . MGT GL ZHM ÀH S R D BJQ OGS

888



J

ChrrarhW daoWpPstóeW

M¡l. 8― Dbhlrh`h da ue cg prasgr

Mbla :― Cg`prasgr jbmèsbcgc(8. cbnbedrg da jhoh prasbóe. :. ramrblarheta betar`adbg. 3* cbnbedrg da hnthprasbóe» 4. ramrblarheta mbehn, 1. hn dapgsbtg)*

HQ@AETG DAN ]GNQ@AE HSYBZHGG

Mblc 3C Dbhlrh`hs rahnas



:.3.4.1*=.<

MblurhZalunhdgr caetrbmulgCgethctgr `heg`ârrbcgCbnbedrgs da muedbcbóe .Lrbmg da purlhDapósbtg da hcarg@gtgr@hedg pgr cgrrahs trhpazgbdhnasYnhch da jhsaCbnbedrg y cunhth cge hnaths prgmubv

dhs, aemrbhdhs pgr hbra*'

8:;? Mbntrg da hbra83 Zamrblarheta da hnaths pgr tujgs `ÿntbpnas

8=. Sal`aergb

82C Aelrhsa pgr jhrjgtag:9 c Tujarbh da dascg`prasbóe dan cbnbedrg:8 c Thpóe da nnaehdg y ebvan da hcabta:3, Cblþaøhn

:4 = ]ènvunhs pnhehs cgecâetrbchs *

884



-T-B

rTbG,

k

! ! •

[ ! B

Mbl. 1. @gdgs da trhjhog dan pbstóe.8. Sb`pna amactg:. Dgjna amactg3. Cbnbedrg cg`puastg4. Cbnbrhþrg dbmaraecbhn



8 .

g.<.6.

Mbla < g Cg`prasgr ha dgs cbZalunhdgr caetrrMulgCgethcthr `heg`âtrtcgCbbbedrgs da muedbcbóe@gtgr@hedg pgr cgrrahs trhpazgbdhnasZalunhcbóe da nh cgrrahYnhch da jhsaCbnbedró y cunhth che hnaths prgmuedhs,aemrbhdhs pgr hbra ^/ónvunh hspbrheta dan cèrtar

YFtrg sbOaecbgsg da hbra'

nbedrgs ae ], da hgs mhsas83 ― Zamrblarheta da hnaths cge tujgs`ÿntbpnas

84. Ygnah81C Aoa dan pbstóe mngtheta8=. Sal`aetgs8<«, ]ènvunhs da nh`behs da hcarg begxbc86. Jbanhs82. Aelrhsa pgr jhrjgtag:9a Tujaràh da dascg`prasbóe dan abnber:8 c Thpóe da nnaehdg y ebvan da hcabta

::. Thpóe da vhcbhdg da! hcabta

88=



6. Cg`prasgr da dgs cbnbedrgs ae ]. `gegmèsbcg!

SACCBÓE DA SHNBDH

CQAZYG

JHSA SACCBÓEDAÀ

AETZHDH

CAZZHDG .HJBAZTGMblc 2. Muecbgeh`baetg da ueh vènvunh

88<



' CAZZHDG '

"• HJBAZTG

CGE ]ÈN]QNH SBE ]ÈN]QNH

CGE ]ÈN]QNHS SBE ]ÈN]QNHS

K)· ]ènvunhs anèstbchs

Mbl. O n . ]ènvunh da dbscg lruasg

Mbl, 8:, ]ènvunhs da dbscgs



b-àl, 84

¡l. 83

Mbl. 81 r«l. 8=. ]ènvunh da rataecbóe phrh cg prasgr

882



Mbl. 86

Màl. :9

Mbl. 82

8:8



Mbl. :8.Hj DapósbtgJ. ThphC Cgeductg da prgductgD,, Chjazh da! cgeductgA.. Lrbmg da hbraM v Lrbmg da prgductgL. Aetrhdh da hbraF, ]ènvunh da salurbdhdb ― Hlbthdgr

•O. ZalunhdgrK* ]ènvunh da dascg`prasbóeN. @heó`atrg

Mbl. ::.

8::



MO-2 : S

Mbl. :4 Dascrbpcbóe•H. @gegraductgr da hbra*,

, J. Hlbthdgr rgthtbvg.C. Zalunhcbóe dan ratgreg da pbeturhD. Thph.@gtgr hntarehtbvg phrh hbra»8. Dbstrbjubdgr da hbra:. Oueths-3. Ybstóe4. Cbnbedrg1. Aoa da bevarsbóeó. Cbarra asthecg

*<. Aoa da pbstóe6. Cbarra cgetrh pgnvg2. Shnbdh da nh jg`jh

89. Cgeductg da shnbdh da pbeturh88 a Cgeductg da ratgreg da pbeturh8:. Cgeaxbóe mngtheta aetra `gtgr y jg`jhJg`jh hspbrheta-b`panaeta da pbeturhs

83.w Ybstóe .su`arlbdg84« Chjazh da jg`jh81. Axtra`g da nh vènvunhnó. Cuargs b`pralehdgs cge pnèstbcgs aspacbhnasU<. .]ènvunhs da asmarhs%. ]ènvunh da pba.

8:3



Mbl. :1mc Besthnhcbóe da hnb`aethcbóe pgr cbrcunhcbóe:9:-==9―. Trhesmgr`hdgr da hbra:93-1:<. Mbntrg da pbeturh:9:-649. Zalunhdgr:93-9=9g Qebóe

Mbl. :<

¡:4



Mbl. :6.

^

Mbl. :2. Mbl. 39

• ,*. Mbl. 3 8 .]. An prb`ar phsa caetrhdg ae an jgrda dan thjnarg:. Yrbecbpbg dan phsa3. Hprbata dan lhtbnng4. An caetrg dan cfgrrg ae nh jhsa dan pgsa hetarbgr'



Màl. 3:

Mbl.34

M¡l. 31 Mblc 3=

8:=



8:

83

Mbl. 3<. Asqua`h da muecbgeh`baetg da8 c Aetrhdh da hbra cg`prb`bdg:. Mbntrg da hbra3. Zasbstaecbhs4. Zachnaethdgr da hbra1-=. Musbjna.

<. Hbra chnbaeta6. Tar`ó`atrgs da hbra y da pbeturh2. Nheh da vbdrbg

89. Mbntrg88 a Betarch`jbhdgr da chngr

ue hphrhtg phrh hnbchcbóe ae chnbaeta,8:. Tar`gsthtg83. Aetrhdh da pbeturh mrbh84. Hbra da punvarbzhcbóe81. Hbra da chnamhccbóenó. Aschpa da hbra

8<. Ybeturh chnbaeta86. Tujg da hbra da punvarbzhcbóe82. Tujg da pbeturh chnbaeta:9. ]ènvunh da hbra

8:<



Mbl. 32. Cgetrgn ha QGO5F .w~g.ge

8 ― Dgsbmbchcbóe cgrracth: C Dgsbmbchcbóe becgrracths dbs`beubr lhstgda chthnbzhdgr.

3. Dgsbmbchcbóe becgrracth7 hu`aethr lhstg

. 49

822



Màl. 48 Màl. 4:

Màl. 43



Mbl. 44

@GTGZ EAQ@ÈTBCG

Mbl, 41 Mblc 4=

838



Mà 9. 19Ta Chthnbzhdgr: G Hbra caetrhn3. Zabbeh4G Hbra nhtarhn

¡l c 18

833



bl. 14



Mbl. 11» Lhecfg phrh pbstgnh quahccbgeh nh vaetbnhcbóe

B/ - ]

Aetrhdh O Shnbdh

Asphcbgeg

vaetbnhdgShnbdh

Mbl. 1= Mbl. 1<

]aetbnhdgrda

beyaccbóe

Mblc 16

831



]aetbnhdgr. - d a . ,beyaccbóe

]aetbnhdgr• d a • -

axtrhccbóe

K •à

Mbl. 12

Aetrhdhda hbra

Mbl. =9U Asqua`h da ue cgeouetg da vaetbnhcbóe

? Mbl]ón. Shnbdhs da axtrhccbóe jbae rahnbzhdhs

83=



(y -ma /b

Mbl. =:. Shnbdhs da axtrhccbóe prgtalbdhs

Mblc =3C Mbntrg da hbra

Mbl.-=1

83<



"Mbl. =<. Dbspgsbcbóe da ana`aetgs mbntrhetasphrh dbs`beubr an asphcbg gcuphdg.

Mbl» ==. Ana`aetgs mbntrhetas

836



mbl. =6

Mbl. =2.Dbspgsbcbóe da ana`aetgs mbntrhetasphrh dbs`beubr an asphcbg gcuphdg

Mbl* <8 ,''-,r.tbbepqeh da pbstgnhdh;paøh hspbrhcbóe sach

bl* <9c Cânunhs cbn`drbchs da mbntrhdg

832



Mbl. <: - , .Msqua`h da ueh chjbeh da pbstgnhdg cge

cgrtbeh da hluh sb`pnbmbchdh m ( ' !. B * ' m m "—••.'• / ' b b 5n !/// ,'

Mbl, <3Asqua`h da ueh chjbeh da pbstgnhdg cge

cgrtbeh da hluh sb`pnbmbchdh

Mbl. <1. Chjbeh da pbsrgbhdg cge hspbrhcbóeprg an suang y cgrtbeh da hluh hn mgedg

Mbl. <4. Asqua`h da ueh chjbeh da pbstgnhdgcge hspbrhcbóe pgr an suang.

•849



Mbl. <=

Màl. <<C Chjbeh praphrhdh phrh an phsg da uetrhespgrthdgr hârag.

QP



Mbl. <6. Tÿean da pbstgnhdg cge trhespgrthdgr da pnhthmgr`hs

3 2 483

8 >* U

81 U

tb

¡= - - "-. • • . • . ; ". ? , •- . . . .

Mbl. <2 c8. Zacbpbaeta da pbeturh 6. -@gtgr da hbra phrh nh jg jh: a Tujg da purlh 2 G Zacènaethdgr da pbeturh cge tar`gsthtg3C Jg jh hntarehtbvh da hnth prasbóe P9a Tar`ó`atrg4, H`grtbluhdgr da punshcbóe da nh jg jh 88. Tujgs phrh hnth prasbóe da pbeturh chnbaeta1. Mbntrg da pbeturh» 8:. Ybstgnh sbe hbraóa @heó`atrg phrh nh pbeturh 83a Dapurhdgr<«, Jg jh da aelrhehoas phró cbrcunhcbóe 84 G Shnbdh da hbra

da pbeturh chnbaeta. . 81t Chrrg

84:



Mbl. 68

8. Chjazhn da punvarbzhcbóe ':. Hluoh3 c Nnalhdh da prgductg4 asmhech1. Cbarra da saluedhdó. Oueth da hluoh ae eynóe<. Cuarpg da nh pbstóna

Mbl. 69. Hphrhtg da hpnbchcbóe sb hbrasbe chnaeth`baetg

mbl. 863



Zl.T34< Betarbgr dab dapósbtg `gstrhedg nh nnalhdh

da nh raluarh da racuparhcbóe y an pnhegbecnbehdg qua sbrva phrh cgngchr nh jg`jhU 5. W' • , Mbl. 61 .

Turjg-jg`jh cge `gtgr y cgeductgda hnb`aethcbóe da nh

64» Datenna dâ nh turjgjg`jh

' c ' l. 6<. Jg jh da aelrhehoa cge vhrbhdgr davangcbdhd y cgeductg sacuedhrbg.

Mbl. 66



Saetbdg dahvheca U

R

Cgrtbeh

à

Màl. 29

Mblc 2 8 . Asqua h da raluarhda racuparhcbóe

2:



t • •G

6-6

• **"D

EG

«

chjbeh dapbstg nhdg trhespgrthdgr

sachdargnbohdgrh

jhrebzhdgrha cgrtbeh

jhrebzhdgda chetgs

jhrebzhdgrh daBoohdgrh cgrtbeh

/ /

0» bf

sachdargphrh jhrebz

Astumh phrhprachnaeth`baetg

sachdargphrh jhrebz

trhespgrthdgr• fhcbh an thnnar

da `gethoa

(G

Gà



-bl, 22. (]ar pba màl. 26)

• M b l , 8ÞN

846



dbscg htg`bzhdgr e¹ 8

dbscg htg`bzhdgr e¹ :

Mbl. 898

8 ― TrhespgrthdgrMl. 89:.

=. Jg jh da chthnbzhdgr:. Laearhdgr da hnth taesb 'ge <. Jg jh da pgnbâstar3. Dbscg4. Lhtg fbdrèunbcg1. Tujg ae pgfstbnaeg

6,, Dapósbtg da chthnbzhdgr2C Dapósbtg da pgnbâstar

842



Ch`pg

anâctrbcg

Mbl.894

Màl. 893

Ybeturh

Màl. 891

819



Mbl. 89=8 «, @gtgr: C Aoa hbsnheta3« Dbspgsbtbvg da betrgduccbóe

da nh pbeturh4. Cbnbedrg lbrhtgrbg da dbsparsJe1« Hrbsth da Bgebzhcbóe=. Laearhdgr da hnth

taesbóe<* Yhrtàcunhs da pbeturh prg-

yacthdhs rhdbhn aeta

Mbl. 89<

Mblc 896 .

•818



Mbl. 892

M b l . 8 8 9

81:



Mbl. 88

M à l . 8 8 38. @ash da betrgduca bge: 2 Cbnbedrg jhrebzhdgr3«, Cbnbedrg ralunhdgr4C Cbnbedrg cg`prasgr1C Trhespgrthdgr da avhcuhcbóe

Mbl. 88:

813



vO wvOU-

Mbl. 884. .8 ― Zgdbnng jhrebzhdgr:. Zgdbnng da ralunhcbóe3. Zaluarh da racuparhcbóe4. Nh`behs1. Lhtg eua`ètbcgó. Zgdbnngs da hrrhstra.

Mb l. 8818. @gtgr dan rgdbnng bluhnhdgr;

Jhrrhs da salurbdhd

Zgdbnng da shnbdhZgdbnng bluhnhdgrNh`beh da bluhnhcbóe

=. Aoas dan dbspgsbtbvg da ralunhcbóe da hnturh<g ]gnheta6C Bedbchdgr2. @gtgr laearhn

89. Cèrtar Mbl. nbó

814



—T

8

` b b b

* ]//H ]///H\//H y///H]///H]/\

M « l . 88<

811



ga

c>e

r b c g

f b l r g ` a t

s t h d g

NÞ

8 ]O Q

29

69

<9

=9

19

H G

39:9

89

e

—U——'• W • • — • •

—8 —

— —O,8 —

• —

8 • *

• b———

w````````

Jh w@

0 0 0

- 8 -

- —

—

— —

• — - U

— ' - *

— — —

— —

•BB —

• ' —

— —

r •— - •

0» -- -—

— — ` 9 U

0--—•

, — - "

U - — -

— — •

• 8 •

—

- - -

- . —

— U >

U U

U

— —

• - ' -

F ß

l.—-"U-*U-UUUUU-8

@ADHD

—O1&

< U

:%

•

• —

•

-W - — •

b

9 89 :9 39 H9 19 =9 <9ta`parhturh ae ¹ C

69 29

Mbl. 886

81=



8f

:f

grh

h```

O y

/

-

m

wb``

W**

w```

n

* *

!

:8 « GTG!

Mbl.

69

<1

<9=1

=911194149

313 9

:1

: 9

81

B 9

8 : 34 S = <6 2 89 88 8: 8384818= 8<86 82 :9 :8 :: :3:4 :1:*:< :6:2 39

TB A@ YG AE @BEQTGS

882. Curvh da avhpgrhcbóe da dbsgnvaetas da ueh chphda jhrebz ebtrgcanunósbcg hpnbchdg h pbstgnh h rh-zóe da 8:9 l/`: c

tba`pg ae `beutgs1 = < 6 2 89 88 8: 83 84 81 8=

Mb l. 8:9. Sachdg da ueh chph da jhrebz da 9,9:da lrgsgr. ` ,

81<



899 ¹C29

hg<9

=9

19

• 49

39

:9

89

98 1

^

tbaerpg ae fgrhs3 H 1 = < mt « 89 88 8:

Mbl. 8:8. Durhcbóe dan sachdg da ueh ch-ph da jhrebz da 9,8 ``. da lrgsgr, ae muecbóe da nh ta`parhru

rh.

19D u r a z h ^¹X

3`e:98 9

paedunhr : ` e

8 `e

194939:98 9194939:98 9

4939:9

89: 4 = 6 89 8: 84 8= 86 :9 :: :4 FG Z H S

Mbl. 8::a Curvh da aeduracb`baetg da ue jhrebz pgnbastar h :1:C

816



cA

c

b W

GD

"GCGÀ

h.gE

DX

3,

:.

:.

8

8

:9

349

:9:

4X

:X

8

49

:9

9

Mblc 8:3

• W, 8 : 3 4Yrasachdg39 `b'e Tba`pg da sachdg ae fgrhs

8:4» Curvh da aeduracb`baetg da ue

jhrebz pgnbâstar cge bemrhrrgogs.Hnturh da nhs nh`phrhs7 19 cre»;Ygtaecbh? 8 c<19 w/`: c; Tba`pgda prasachdgl 39 ``»

Hè1 9H 9|

39:9À9

3è19

Cg.

g

39:9

: è19

39:989

8 èsg ;

H939:989

/

H/

/ m

b

b;

•

•

89 8: Q 8= 86 :9

Axpgsbcbóe h bemrhrrgogs ae `be



aeGà

cNÞ

b

///// //

8

br/ * •

)¹K

^ ^

ge¹

^

u—•-

ss

699• • • § • •cr^r^DQQ

^

r

]

— —

8 : 3 4 1 = OONgelbtud da gedh

Mbrl. 8:1. A bsbâe dan cuarpg ealrg h dbmaraetas ta parhturhs

g"6G

gccu

£

899

69

=9

:9

y,R' y, y/ ],

H /Hn

'H r

\H'È\H<//,,

o^ ^

^^ ^

k, s,

9 4.999 6.999 8:.999 8=.999 :9.999

Ngelbtud da gedh aeMbl. 8:=

39.999 49.999gH

8=9



AE 199g

499

399

:99

8 99

9

b b b b r b r ~~NH@YHZH ASMAZGYHZ/tóGNnCHAS@AZBNHDH AKTAZBGZ@AETA :19w- ::9vgnt.

9 1 89 81 :9 :1 39 49 19 =9 <9 - 69 —DBSTHECBH D(ae caetà`atrgs)

Mbl. 8:<

8 D • •

^

D

Mbl. 8:6



8 ,

à B ^b y

o o^ b

] ^

^ 5 ]

^

Ngelbtud da gedh ae `barhs

Màl. . Zhdbhcbóe da ue tujg;emrhrrg¡gda 8999\.- m c -

B ^ •b—bb y R"

v r .E --b-

]

Mbl. 8:2

Mbl. 838. Yhean rhdbheta h lhs

8=:



© Màl. 83:. Xua`hdgr da lhs

8. Aetrhdh da lhs =. Asphcbg pgstarbgr h nhsn: a Beyactgr

3C Aetrhdh da hbra4. _geh da cg`prasbóe1. _geh da axphesbóe

pnhchs<. Grbmbcbgs da nhs pnhchs6

a Ch`prh da cg`justbóe

2. Yhethnnh

W Mbl. 834. Zhsphdg; Dasjhsthdg

F l . BO3. Khsphdg da jhrà b b cus ebtrgcanunósàcgs Mbl. 831. Zhsphdg;? Hchjhdg

8=3



•ràl. 83=. Zhsphdg; Hchjhdg

Mbl. 83<

8=4



¡l. 832,

Mbl. 848. Mbl; 849,

8=1



Mtl. 84:

9

Màl. 843

Mbl. 841. Yunbdgrh eau`ètbch

8==



Mbl. 84=. Yubbdgrh cge jrhzc mnaxbjna

Mbl. 819. Tgreg da punbr da ash

8=<



M»l« 818. Cgeouetg dâ punbdg

Mbl. 81:

M¡l.; .814

Mbl. 811

8=6



Mbla )1=,

Mbl, 81<

Màl. 816

8=2



'l. 8=9

8<9



Màlc 8=4

.Smn* 8=1

8<8



Mbl. 8==. jurjuohs ae ueh chphha.Dh`b;

Mbl. 8=<



Mbl. 8=6. Lrbath vbsth ae hrrbpehcbóe

Mbl. 8=2 ― Maedhs da dasaergnng

8<3



Mbl. 8<:« Astbrhdg dan jhrebz da pgnàâstar

M»l. 8<3. Asch hs ae ueh chph da jhrebz

8<1



B E D B C A

8<<



Yllbe>

8. YZGCADB@BAETGS DA HYNBCHCBÓE DA YBETQZHS R JHZEBCAS 8

8 . 8 . Hpnbchcbóe da pbeturhs y jhrebcas pgr punvarbzhcbóe eau`ètb»c h . « , , . . . g . . . . . . . . t 8

8.88. YZGDQCCBÓE DA HBZA CG@YZB@BDG ./ 8

8 «,888 .Yrbecbpbg da muecbgeh`baetg da ue cg`prasgr da pbstóe :8 mmn 8:G Dambebcbgeas cgecarebaetas h ngs cg prasgras da pbstóe :8 g 883. Cg`prasbóe ae ueh g ae vhrbhs mhsas' .. ,? · . . . . . . . . > 5 . . . . 38.884. Dascrbpcbóe da ue lrupg cg`prasgr .. · « , . . . . . . « . =8.881. Datar`behcbóe da nh pgtaecbh eacashrbh . . . . . . . . . . . .8 8:8.88=. Cgesarvhcbóe da ue cg`prasgr ., . . . . . . . . . . · . . , . -. . . . • 838. 88<. Chushs da nhs heg`hnàhs ae an muecbgeh`baetg da ue -

cg`prasgr * , . . • ' . • • • • . . . • * . . . . . . . . . . . .c . . • • . 83

na 8 : g @HTAZBHN DA HYNBCHCBÓE c .. ... g 84

8. 8: 8. Dapurhcbóe dan hbra y housta da prasbóe . . . . . . . «a . .. * 84Q 8 : : . Hnb`aethcbóe da nhs pbstgnhs cge `htarbhn da jhrebzhdg 8=8.8:3. Nhs pbstgnhs .««,. c g . , , . . . . c . . c . . « . . . . . « , . « , . . . . . . » . . . 8 <8.8:4 g Cgeductgs da hbra y da prgductg . . . . . . · . .. >5 •. •> 5. .. . 8G

nc 83. HC G ED BC BG E H@ B AE TG DA NGS YZGDQCTGS HETAS GA

NH HYNBCHCBÓE .. .c a . . . . . . . . . . . a . . . - . - . . - .. .. .. -. * . . . . . Bg

8GÀ4. ZALQNHCBÓE DAN AXQBYG DA HYNBCHCBÓE . . . . . . . . . . . :9

na 84 8 . @gethoa da dh pbstgnh . ― . , • • . . . . • • • . . . :98.84:. Zalunhcbóe da nh hecfurh dan cfgrrg «,...«,.... g ..«,.« :98.843. Zalunhcbóe da nh shnbdh da prgductg y da nh prasbóe dan

hbra da puOvarbzhcbgh% . . . . a .. . • • • • ; , . « . . « . . . • . • • - :98. 81 . TACE ÀCÈ DAN YBSTGNHDG â-.,..· v . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .• •5 -. . c . . . . : 8



mc- . Yhlbehs

8.818. Chrhctarrstbchs da nh panàcunh da jhrebz. :8

8.81:. Yracbg da cgsta dan pbstgnhdg ::8.813. Hnluegs prbecbpbgs da pbstgnhdg .. :3

8.8=. HYNBCHCBÓE AE CHNBAETA DA JHZEBCAS EBTZGCANQNGSBCGS

8.8=8. Yrbecbphnas vaethohs da ngs jhrebcas hpnbchdgs ae chnbaeta :48.8=:c Hphrhtgs utbnbzhdgs phrh nh hpnbchcbóe da jhrebcas ae ch—

. nàae t a . . . . t a . :1

8.8<. HYHZHTGS DA YBSTGNHDG DA DGJNA HNB@AETHCBÓE :=

8.8<8. Dbspgsbtbvgs da dgsbmbchcbóe • :< 8.8<:. Ybstgnhs da dgjna hnb`aethcbóe 3:

8.86. NH ]AETBNHCBÓE AE NGS THNNAZAS DA YBSTGNHDG 34

8.868. Zalnh`aethcbóe . 348 rmn6:c Ngs sbsta hs da vaetbnhcbóe * 3<8.863. Ngs mbntrgs da hbra ― . ; 328.864. Nhs chjbehs da pbstgnhdg 49

8.:. Hpnbchcbóe da pbeturhs y jhrebcas pgr punvarbzhcbóe sbe hbra(Hbrnass), 41>.

8.3. Hpnbchcbóe da pbeturhs y jhrebcas pgr jhrebzhdgrhs da cgr tbeh» . . . . . 4=

8. 38 . DASCZBYCBÓE R YZBECBYBG DA MQECBG EH@ BAETG

8.388. Nh jhechdh 4<8.38:. An cgeouetg da jhrebzhdg . . . a . . . . c . . . . * . . 4<8.383. An sbsta`h trhespgrthdgr .«, 18

8.3:. CGESBDAZHCBGEAS LAEAZHNAS SGJZA AN MQECBGEH@BAETGDA NHS JHZEB_HDGZHS DA CGZTBEH , . . . . . ― 18

8.33. BETAZÂS DA NHS.JHZEB_HDGZHS DA CGZTBEH 11

8.4..Hpnbchcbóe da pbeturhs y jhrebcas pgr punvarbzhcbóe anactrgstètbch.. 1<

8.48. LAEAZHNBDHDAS . . . . . . . . . . . 1<

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Yhlbehs

8.4:. MHCTGZAS XQA BETAZ]BAEAE AE NH HYNBCHCBÓE ANACTZGS

THTBCH DA NGS JHZEBCAS 168 «,4:8 . Ehturhnazh dan sgpgrta 168C4::. Chrhctaràstbchs da ngs jhrebcas y pbeturhs «,.. .• 16

8C4:3. Mgr`h da ngs gjoatgs . . . . . . . . . . . . • 12

8.43c HYHZHTGS DA YQN]AZB_HCBÓE ANACTZGSTÈTBCH 12

8.438. Hphrhtgs anactrgstètbcgs mbogs . ― · . . . . 1 2na43 :. Hphrhtgs anactrgstètbcgs pgrtètbnas . . . . . . . . . =:

8.1» Gtrgs prgcadb`baetgs da hpnbchcbóe da pbeturhs y jhrebcas . . . . . . =3

8. 18 . HYNBCHCBÓE JHZEB_HDGZH DA ZGDBNNGS . . . . , . =38.1:. HYNBCHCBÓE AE TH@JGZ . W =48.13. HYNBCHCBÓE YGZ BE@AZSBÓE .-.. =18.14. HYNBCHCBÓE YGZ ZBALG (Mngw Cghtbel) .- =<8.11. HYNBCHCBÓE AE FBNAZH =<

:. SACHDG HCANAZHDG DA NGS JHZEBCAS HYNBCHDGS SGJZA @HDAZH =2

: . 8 . Bemnuaecbh dan sgpgrta da `hdarh « . . . « , . . » . . . « . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <9

: C: . Bemnuaecbh dan tbpg da jhrebz <9

:.:8..SACHDG DA YZGDQCTGS CGE DBSGN]AETAS <8

: . :88 . Tba`pg da prasachdg . . . .• . <8

:. :8 :. Durhcbóe dan prasachdg .―. -<::. :83. ]aetbnhcbóe durheta an prasachdg <::. :84. Ta`parhturh da sachdg. @adbgs da chnamhccbóe <::. :81. Hscaesg da nh ta`parhturh ae an sachdg <::. :8=. ]aetbnhcbóe durheta an sachdg <::.:8<. Durhcbóe dan sachdg a <:

: . : : . SACHDG DA JHZE BCAS YGNBASTAZAS <3

:. :: 8. Yrbecbpbg muedh`aethn . . . . ― <3



Yhlbehs

:.:::. Yrasachdg .

:. :: 3. Sachdg hcanarhdg prgpbh`aeta dbcfg .

: .3 . Ngs sachdargs phrh jhrebcas . . . . . . •• -• .

: .3 8 . SACHDG YGZ CGE]ACCBÓE ― . . . . * . , . . , . .

: .3 88* Sachdargs da tuea B .

:.38:. Sachdargs da cè`hrh .. Ca . * . . « , . • » . . . . . . . . . . . . . «5«

:.3: C SACHDAZGS DA BEMZHZZGOGS c.: a 3:8. Laearhnbdhdas sgjra n h trhes`bsbóe . . . ,a . . « . . . . . . a c

:.3::. Ngs a`bsgras da bemobhrcgops

3. HCHJHDG DA NHS SQYAZMBCBAS JHZEB_HDHS

3 . 8 . Zhsphdg da ngs jhrebcas eb trgca nungs b ags .. .

3 . 8 8 . DASCZBYCBÓE DA NH GYAZHCBÓE .. ...3.888. Dasjhsthdg c . . . ' . . . . . . . . . .3.88:. Zhsphdg betar`adbg ...«,3.883» Hchjhdg g c

3.8 :. GZL HEB_HCBÓE DAN YQASTG DA ZHSYHDG . . . . . . .c . . .

3.83. HMBNHDG DA NGS ZHSYHDGZAS

3.838. Hmbnhdg da chetgs

3c 83:. Hmbnhdg da ngs nhdgs3C833. Durhcbóe da nh gparhcbóe da hmbnhdg a c . c . . . . . g3.84. ]AETHOHS A BECGE]AEBAETAS DAN @ÂTGDG DA ZHSYH

DG CG@YHZHDG CGE AN NBOHDG Fß@ADG

3.: G' Nbohdg y punbdg da. ngs jhrebcas da pgnbJstar........ * ..".....

3. :8 . NBOHDG DA JHZEBCAS DA YGNBASTAZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Yhlbehs

4. :6 . YANÀCQNHS TAZZGSHS G LZHEQNGSHS 891

4-À:2. DBMBCQNTHDAS DA SACHDG 89=4 .3 . Damactgs qua sa prgducae durheta an aevaoacb`baetg da nh panàcunh .. 89=

4 . 3 8 . LZBATHS 89=,4.3: . ASTBZHDG DA NH YANÀCQNH 8964* 33 . CGNGZHCBGEAS, @HECFHS 8924.34. HYHZBCBÓE DA ASCH@HS R DASYALHDG DA NH YANBCQNH... @ 892

1. MGTGLZHMÀHS R DBJQOGS . }PP

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