Un Nuevo Modelo para un Tiempo Nuevo

8/20/2019 Un Nuevo Modelo para un Tiempo Nuevo

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KFI[ALCD

SD DSCXJ LJKCBJ

UAWA SD [FCLUJ DSCXJ

CYUAÑA, 7513? KFA@DÙY[FIJ KCB YCWXFIFJUßGBFIJ KC WAKFJ, [CBCXFYFÙD V YCWXFIFJY

FD[CWAI[FXJY

UWJUSCY[AY UAWA SDA IFSKAKADÌAKCLJIWÁ[FIA


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Sd ljkcbj ducvj para ud tfclpj ducvj

7

Autjrcs?

Cdrfquc Gustaladtc Walìrcz

Wahacb Kìaz Arfas

Uckrj Yjbcr Wjoas

Laducb A`ufbar @utfærrcz

Laricb Ialainj Yalpcr

Ijd apjrtaifjdcs kc ?

Oavfcr Iabbcoj @abbc`j

A`ustìd @ariìa Latfbba

Ád`cb @ariìa Iastfbbcoj

Abcoadkrj Ucrabcs Abgcrt

Wjgcrtj Aparfif Larfdj

Urjhcsfjdabcs kc IW[XC

Hjtj`rahìa

Walùd Ycdcdt

Laquctaifùd y Yjpjrtc Fdhjrlátfij

Ojsæ Larìa Oflædcz Bùpcz

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ÌDKFIC

Fdtrjkuiifùd. Wazjdcs para ud fdhjrlc .............................................................................. 3

F. Bc`ftflfkak kcb Ycrvfifj Uÿgbfij ...................................................................................... 15

1. Bc`ftflfkak cd ba Sdfùd Curjpca ............................................................................ 11

7. Dcicsfkak kcb Ycrvfifj Uÿgbfij cd Cspaña ........................................................... 1;

9. Wcdtagfbfkak sjifab. Urjpucstas kc [cbckctjkjs (U[s) ..................................... 1>

FF. Ijdtratj ijd ba ifukakadìa? lfsfjdcs kcb scrvfifj pÿgbfij ........................................ 711. Ijlprjlfsj ijd bjs ifukakadjs. ......................................................................... 77

7. Ladkatj-larij y ijdtratj-prj`rala. (Xcr U[s) ................................ .............. 79

9. Bjs ijdtcdfkjs kcb scrvfifj pÿgbfij kc W[XC. (Xcr U[s) ................................ .. 78

a. Ijdtcdfkjs cd [XC. (Xcr U[s) ................................... ................................ 76

g. Ijdtcdfkjs cd WDC. (Xcr U[s) .................................................................. 99

i. Ycrvfifjs fdtcraitfvjs. (Xcr U[s) ............................................................. 93

;. Kcrcinj kc aiicsj y partfifpaifùd sfstclátfia. (Xcr U[s) ............................. 98

3. Cb Ycrvfifj Uÿgbfij cd ba Cra kf`ftab. (Xcr U[s) ..................................... .............. 96

8. [radsparcdifa pÿgbfia. (Xcr U[s) .................................... .................................... .. ;9

0. Cqufbfgrfj y kcsicdtrabfzaifùd cd ba prjkuiifùd, apjyj a ba prjkuiifùdfdkcpcdkfcdtc. (Xcr U[s) ...................................... .................................... .............. ;3

>. Ijjpcraifùd y prjyciifùd iubturab fdtcrdaifjdab. (Xcr U[s) ........................... ;>

FFF. @cstfùd y ijdtrjb kcljirátfijs kcb Ycrvfifj Uÿgbfij. (Xcr U[s) ........................... ;6

1. Fdkcpcdkcdifa ckftjrfab y pburabfslj sjifab. (Xcr U[s) ................................. ... 37

7. Cb Ijdscoj Aukfjvfsuab kc Cspaña, (Xcr U[s) ................................ ..................... 3;9. Ijncsfùd tcrrftjrfab. Bas rakfjtcbcvfsfjdcs autjdùlfias y bjiabcs. (Xcr U[s)

..................................................................................................................................... 85

;. Cb Ijdscoj Yjifab. (Xcr U[s) ................................................................................... 80

3. Ijdscoj kc Aklfdfstraifùd, Urcsfkcdifa y Kfrciifùd @cdcrab. (Xcr U[s) ..... 05

8. Ijdscoj kc Fdhjrlatfvjs, (Xcr U[s) ...................................................................... 08

0. Iarrcra prjhcsfjdab fdtcrda y partfifpaifùd kc bjs tragaoakjrcs. (Xcr U[s) 0>

FX. Hfdadifaifùd kcb Ycrvfifj Uÿgbfij? suhfifcdtc, cstagbc, rcspjdsagbc ..................... >91. Cb kfdcrj pÿgbfij. (Xcr U[s) ...................................... .................................... .......... >6


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7. Bas tasas, (Xcr U[s) ................................................................................................. 6;

9. Ba hfdadifaifùd pugbfiftarfa, (Xcr U[s) ................................................................. 60

;. Hfdadifaifùd rcspjdsagbc y sjbfkarfa. (Xcr U[s) .................................. .............. 66

X. Ijdsfkcraifjdcs hfdabcs ................................................................................................ 155

Wchcrcdifas y gfgbfj`rahìa .................................................................................................. 157


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WA_JDCY UAWA SD FDHJWLC


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Cb kfa`dùstfij kc ba cvjbuifùd rcifcdtc kcb scrvfifj pÿgbfij kc rakfj y tcbcvfsfùd cdCspaña y kc su sftuaifùd aituab rcsubta hudkalcdtab para cdtcdkcr sus prjhudkasiarcdifas y cb kcsapc`j ircifcdtc kc ba sjifckak cspañjba.

Wchjrlas bcàbcs parifabcs c fdijncrcdtcs cdtrc sì, ijdtrarrchjrlas pcrfùkfias y,sjgrc tjkj, fdiulpbflfcdtjs sfstclátfijs kc ba rcùbaifùd pjr partc kc bjs partfkjspjbìtfijs quc sc nad abtcrdakj cd cb pjkcr, nad agjiakj cd ba aituabfkak ab scrvfifjpÿgbfij a ba pcjr sftuaifùd kc su nfstjrfa.

V tjkj cbbj cd ijdtrakfiifùd hrjdtab ijd su dcicsfkak y cxf`cdifa flpcrfjsas pjrpartc kc ba sjifckak cspañjba? prflcrj pjr ba ijdicdtraifùd cxtrcla kc bjs lckfjsprfvakjs= cd scùdkj buàr pjr bjs rctjs kc ud csicdarfj kf`ftab quc, oudtj a `radkcsprjlcsas, alcdaza ijd ducvas kfsirflfdaifjdcs sjifabcs= cd ÿbtflj tærlfdj, baibara cvjbuifùd kc ba sjifckak cspañjba naifa uda layjr tradsparcdifa y udapartfifpaifùd kfrcita kc ba ifukakadìa, fdækftas kcskc ba tradsfifùd, pbadtca iaka vcz

lás ba ur`cdifa kc ud ducvj sfstcla kc ijludfiaifùd sjifab cd cb quc cb cspaifjpÿgbfij pucka cdijdtrar tadtj ud autædtfij pburabfslj ijlj cb aiicsj a udafdhjrlaifùd, uda iubtura, c fdibusj ud cdtrctcdflfcdtj, kc iabfkak aijrkcs ijd udakcljiraifa prjhudkfzaka.

Akclás, y pjr vcz prflcra, ijlj rcijdjicd luinjs cxpcrtjs fdtcrdaifjdabcs, cd bacra kc Fdtcrdct y kc su artfiubaifùd ircifcdtc ijd cb aukfjvfsuab, cb scrvfifj pÿgbfijkfspjdc kc bas ncrralfcdtas dcicsarfas y pjr tadtj tfcdc ba rcspjdsagfbfkak kcprjljvcr ba prjkuiifùd iubturab y kc ijdjiflfcdtj pjr tjka ba sjifckak (Ladscbb y[rclgbay, 7519), bbcvadkj a iagj bj quc sc ijdjic ijlj cstratc`fa IJUC (IrcatcJdic, Uugbfsn Cvcrywcrc )? ud buàr kc ircaifùd, lfb buàrcs kc kfhusfùd para tjkjs yiaka udj kc bjs ifukakadjs, iugrfcdkj sus dcicsfkakcs y kcladkas (Dfsscd, 7558).

IJD[C^[J? SD CYICDAWFJ KC[CWFJWAKJ.

Cb gabadic aituabfzakj kcb scrvfifj pÿgbfij cd Cspaña, a csiaba cstatab, autjdùlfia ybjiab, cs asì ud ijdtcxtj prcvfj flprcsifdkfgbc para hudkalcdtar y cxpbfiar basprjpucstas dcicsarfas y pjsfgbcs quc na cbagjrakj [cbckctjkjs.

Cb prjgbcla, akclás, cs quc ya dj nay luinj tfclpj kfspjdfgbc. Cb kctcrfjrjfdkuifkj y gusiakj kcb prcstf`fj kc ba rakfjtcbcvfsfùd pÿgbfia y ba iaìka kc susaukfcdifas alcdazad ijd ircar sftuaifjdcs kfhìifblcdtc rcvcrsfgbcs, agjiadkj a bjslckfjs pÿgbfijs a uda cxfstcdifa lar`fdab y rcsfkuab, bj quc supjdkrìa ud `ravc

kctcrfjrj kc ba iabfkak kc ba kcljiraifa cspañjba. Cd cb ÿbtflj añj, ba aukfcdifasulaka kc bjs iadabcs kc scrvfifj pÿgbfij cspañjbcs (Ba 1 y Ba 7 kc [XC +[cbcvfsfjdcs autjdùlfias) na abiadzakj su lìdflj nfstùrfij, ijd ud 75,> % kcsnarc lckfj cd 751;1.

1 Garbjvcdtj, Adábfsfs tcbcvfsfvj 751;, ijdsubtakj cb 17 oudfj 7513,nttp?//www.garbjvcdtjijludfiaifjd.cs/fla`cs/pugbfiaifjdcs/adabfsfs-tcbcvfsfvj-751;-Garbjvcdtj.pkh


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Hucdtc? Madtar Lckfa y Lcljrfa Ycrvfifj Uÿgbfij W[XC

[cdcljs quc atrcvcrdjs pjr tadtj a rcabfzar ud cocrififj, arrfcsàkj pcrjflprcsifdkfgbc, kc fla`fdaifùd y kc vabcdtìa, cd tjrdj a udas prjpucstasfddjvakjras audquc rcabfstas, vfagbcs pcrj aukaics.

Lás aud, pjrquc, kcskc lÿbtfpbcs pcrspcitfvas, asfstfljs a uda ibara ‒irfsfs kcbc`ftflfkak kcljirátfia“ (Iastcbbs, 7517). Cstc asicdsj kcb sìdkrjlc kc bakcsahciifùd ifukakada, quc ahcita a bas cstruituras kc ba kcljiraifarcprcscdtatfva, ijlj partfkjs, parbalcdtjs, cbciifjdcs, c fdibusj lckfjs ypcrfjkfstas, ‒dj kcgc scr fdtcrprctakj ijlj uda irfsfs kc ba pjbìtfia, sfdj ijljprjicsj kc ialgfj“, ijd uda cxf`cdifa kc ducvas hjrlas kc partfifpaifùd pjbìtfia yprjhudkfzaifùd kc ba kcljiraifa, ijd ducvjs rcprcscdtadtcs kc ba sjifckak ifvfb ykc buina ijdtra ba ijrrupifùd gusiadkj ba rc`cdcraifùd kcb sfstcla pjbìtfij (Mcadcy Hccdstra, 751;).

Cd ud algfcdtc `bjgab kc fdækftas ljvfbfzaifjdcs sjifabcs kc prjtcsta (kcskc

Fsbadkfa cd 755>, pasadkj pjr bas prflavcras áragcs y cb 13-L cspañjb cd 7511,nasta Njd` Mjd` cd 751;) ba aiifùd kfrcita ijbcitfva sc ijlgfda ijd ba aiifùdijdcitfva arrafàka cd ba fdtcrijdcxfùd sjifab (Gcddctt y Yc`crgcr`, 7519).

Yc agrc asì pasj uda ducva ijdicpifùd kcljirátfia bfàka ab Jpcd @jvcrdlcdt , quccxf`c ud flpjrtadtc cocrififj, dj sùbj kc tradsparcdifa fdhjrlatfva kc bjs aitjspÿgbfijs, sfdj talgfæd kc cdtcdkcr ba kcljiraifa ijlj ud prjicsj kc ijdstruiifùdijbcitfva kc ba sjifckak cd cb quc bjs ifukakadjs oucàd ud papcb aitfvj ijlj‒prjkuitjrcs kc `jgcrdadza“. Sda tradshjrlaifùd prjhudka, kc partfifpaifùd yijdtrjb kfrcitjs pjr bjs ifukakadjs/usuarfjs quc bas ducvas rckcs naicd njy pjsfgbcy quc rcsubta pcrhcitalcdtc ‒ijlpatfgbc ijd ba rcspjdsagfbfkak (aiijudtagfbfty ),ijd ba chfiaifa y ba chfifcdifa kcb gucd `jgfcrdj“ (Hrcfrc, 7519).

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USD[J KC UAW[FKA.

Ijdtra ba tcdtaifùd kc clpczar sfclprc kc ducvj, prjpjdcljs tjlar ijlj pudtjkc partfka cb Fdhjrlc kcb Ijdscoj para ba Wchjrla kc 7553 (FIW, 7553), y ba bcy kcW[XC kc 7558. Ucrj kcgcljs fr lás abbá, cd ijdsjdadifa ijd ba jbcaka kcrc`cdcraifùd y kc partfifpaifùd kcljirátfia quc ba sjifckak cspañjba vfcdccxf`fcdkj cd bjs ÿbtfljs tfclpjs. Wcspctadkj bas ijlpctcdifas kc bjs Uarbalcdtjs,ijlj rcprcscdtaifùd `cdufda kc ba sjifckak cspañjba, cs prcifsj kar vjzkfrcitalcdtc a ba sjifckak ifvfb y sus cdtfkakcs rcprcscdtatfvas a csiaba cstatab ybjiab ijbjiádkjbas cd cb ijrazùd kc ba `cstfùd y kcb ijdtrjb kc sus lfsfjdcs= akclás,cs prcifsj gusiar ud ducvj ljkcbj vfagbc y sjstcdfgbc kc hfdadifaifùd kcb scrvfifjpÿgbfij y prjiurar ba tjla kc ijdifcdifa ifukakada sjgrc su iapaifkak para fdhbufrcd bjs lckfjs kc ijludfiaifùd sjifab pÿgbfijs.

SD @WAD IJLUWJLFYJ YJIFAB.

Ijlj rcibalad bjs fdvcstfàkjrcs kcb Ijdscoj kc Curjpa, cb scrvfifj pÿgbfij kcgcscr jgoctj kc ud `rad Uaitj Yjifab, susirftj cdtrc sus prjhcsfjdabcs y ba sjifckakifvfb, rugrfiakj pjr cb Uarbalcdtj y àradtfzakj pjr bjs @jgfcrdjs (Dfsscd, 7558).

Cd hfd, bas prjpucstas kc [cbckctjkjs dj prctcdkcd sustftufr a bas kcifsfjdcskcljirátfias kcskc ba gasc sjifab sfdj aitfvarbas, prcstádkjbc cbclcdtjs kc adábfsfsy kc aiifùd. Cd ijdtra kc tjka vfsfùd tcidjirátfia, kc tjka prctcdsfùd kcijdstftufrdjs cd ‒fd`cdfcrjs sjifabcs“, cdtcdkcljs ducstra hudifùd ijlj udbagjratjrfj kc rchbcxfùd kc cxpcrtjs aiakælfijs y prjhcsfjdabcs ab scrvfifj kc ba

sjifckak cspañjba, para hudkalcdtar cb kcgatc pÿgbfij y ba tjla kc kcifsfjdcs kcsus rcprcscdtadtcs huturjs.

JGOC[FXJY ICD[WABCY.

Fdkcpcdkcdifa, cstagfbfkak, rcspjdsagfbfkak y partfifpaifùd.

Cstjs kcgcd scr bjs cocs kc ud ducvj ijdtratj kcb scrvfifj pÿgbfij kc ijludfiaifùdijd ba ifukakadìa. Uara quc pcrvfva uda ducva W[XC cs iruifab prcscrvar sufdkcpcdkcdifa, ascùrar ba cstagfbfkak cijdùlfia y àradtfzar uda `cstfùdrcspjdsagbc quc sfrva ab fdtcræs pÿgbfij y quc rfdka iucdtas adtc ba sjifckak ijdpartfifpaifùd sfstclátfia kc csta ÿbtfla.

Csas cxf`cdifas cstád rcij`fkas c fdibusj kcsarrjbbakas ijd kctabbc cd cb Kfitalcdsjgrc ba rchjrla kc bjs lckfjs kc tftubarfkak pÿgbfia (7553). Luinas kc cbbas scladtfcdcd, cd gucda lckfka, cd bas aituabcs bcycs y djrlas quc rcùbad cbhudifjdalfcdtj kc ba Ijrpjraifùd W[XC, pcrj cb prjgbcla cs quc csas djrlas dj sciulpbcd df sc naicd iulpbfr kcskc bjs pjkcrcs pÿgbfijs. A cbbj sc suladkchfifcdifas cdrafzakas cd ba habta kc vjbudtak pjbìtfia, ba pcrvcrsfùd kc abùdasrchjrlas bcàbcs y cb prjpfj hudifjdalfcdtj fdtcrdj kc ba Ijrpjraifùd, quc nadijdvcrtfkj a W[XC cd ud ljkcbj iakuij quc cxf`c ialgfjs prjhudkjs. Adabfzar csaskchfifcdifas y csgjzar prjpucstas quc ijdtrfguyad a aituabfzar cb ljkcbj kcijludfiaifùd kc scrvfifj pÿgbfij cs cb jgoctfvj hfdab kc cstc Kfitalcd.

Ujr uda partc, djs prjpjdcljs cxpjdcr y sjlctcr a ba ijdsfkcraifùd kc bjs pjkcrcspÿgbfijs, a`cdtcs y ijbcitfvjs sjifabcs, fdstftuifjdcs flpbfiakas y ifukakadìa cd su


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ijdoudtj, bjs prfdifpfjs quc kcgcd rc`fr cb hudifjdalfcdtj kcb scrvfifj pÿgbfij y, cdpartfiubar, ijlj cstjs prfdifpfjs kcgfcrad cstar prcscdtcs cd ba `cstfùd, bjsijdtcdfkjs y cd bas kfstfdtas prj`ralaifjdcs y scrvfifjs kc ba Ijrpjraifùd W[XC,tadtj cd sus iadabcs trakfifjdabcs kc rakfj y tcbcvfsfùd, ijlj a travæs kc bjs ducvjsscrvfifjs fdtcraitfvjs.

Yustcdtaljs ducstras prjpucstas cd bas prcvfsfjdcs bc`abcs y cd dulcrjsjsapartakjs kc ba rchjrla kc 7553 quc tcdìad bc`ftflfkak kcljirátfia y parbalcdtarfa.V sjlctcljs ab kcgatc pÿgbfij ud ijdoudtj kc prjpucstas fddjvakjras qucijdsfkcraljs vfagbcs cd cb ducvj cdtjrdj sjifab y lubtflckfa.

Akclás kc pbadtcar ducstrj kfa`dùstfij kc ba sftuaifùd, aspfraljs a quc basprjpucstas cbagjrakas puckad scrvfr kc `uìa para rc`cdcrar ud ljkcbj kc scrvfifjpÿgbfij kc ijludfiaifùd, akaptakj a ba rcabfkak sjifab y quc iucdtc akclás ijd bapartfifpaifùd kc bjs ifukakadjs cd ba kchfdfifùd y cb iulpbflfcdtj kc sus jgoctfvjs.

Ijdsfkcraljs quc bas prjpucstas quc sjlctcljs a kcgatc a csiaba cstatab kcgcdcstar ijjrkfdakas talgfæd ijd ba rchbcxfùd kc ba rakfjtcbcvfsfùd a csiaba rc`fjdab ybjiab.

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F. BC@F[FLFKAK KCB YCWXFIFJ UßGBFIJ


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Ba bc`ftflfkak sjifab, kcljirátfia y bcàb kcb scrvfifj pÿgbfij kc rakfjkfhusfùd csfdiucstfjdagbc a tcdjr tadtj kc ba kjitrfda kc ba Sdfùd Curjpca ijlj kc basprcvfsfjdcs ijdstftuifjdabcs cspañjbas y kc su bc`fsbaifùd aituab. Ucrj algjs pbadjsrcùbatjrfjs cxf`cd ijdkfifjdcs prcifsas quc àradtficd ba aituaifùd kcb scrvfifjpÿgbfij para bjs hfdcs prcvfstjs.

1.- BC@F[FLFKAK CD BA SDFÙD CSWJUCA

Wcsubta supcrhbuj y rcftcratfvj rcijrkar a cstas abturas quc cb scrvfifj pÿgbfij kcrakfjtcbcvfsfùd cs ud ladkatj flpcratfvj kc ducstrj ljkcbj sjifab curjpcj, pjrluinj quc iaka Cstakj lfclgrj tcdà ba iapaifkak kc akciuarbj a bas sftuaifjdcsdaifjdabcs. Nay quc rcijrkar bas lcdifjdcs y iftas cd cb lfslj scdtfkj kcbUrjtjijbj kc Álstcrkal kc 1660, fdijrpjrakj ab [ratakj kc Bfsgja ijd vabjr

ijdstftuifjdab

7

, quc ijdiucrka ijd ba Iarta kc bjs Kcrcinjs Hudkalcdtabcs kc baSdfùd kc 75509 para atcdkcr a bas ‒dcicsfkakcs sjifabcs, iubturabcs y kcljirátfias“kc ba sjifckak y tcdcr cd iucdta quc, fdibusj cd hudifjdcs kc vf`fbadifa, ba Ijlfsfùdkc Gruscbas na ijdhfrlakj ba bc`ftflfkak kcb scrvfifj pÿgbfij cd sus ijludfiaifjdcssjgrc hfdadifaifùd pÿgbfia kc 7551 y 7556;.

Akclás, ba iftaka Iarta ijdsa`ra bjs kcrcinjs kc bfgcrtak kc cxprcsfùd y kcpburabfslj (artìiubj 11), bj quc sc`ÿd cb @rupj kc Abtj Dfvcb ircakj a csc chcitj (Nf`nBcvcb @rjup jd lckfa Hrcckjl & Uburabfsl ) sf`dfhfia ba cxfstcdifa kc rcùbakjrcsaukfjvfsuabcs fdkcpcdkfcdtcs y lckfjs pÿgbfijs ijd ‒cstrfitas rc`bas quc prjnìgadba fdtcrhcrcdifa pjbìtfia y àradtficd su pburabfslj“3.

Wcsubtarìa talgfæd rcpctftfva cd cstc gabadic ba lcdifùd a bas jgbfàifjdcs

cspañjbas ijdtraìkas ijd cb Ijdvcdfj sjgrc prjtciifùd kc ba kfvcrsfkak iubturab kcba SDCYIJ kc 7553, rugrfiakj pjr ba prjpfa S.C. y ratfhfiakj pjr cb Uarbalcdtjcspañjb cd 75588, j bas lÿbtfpbcs prjibalas rcabfzakas cd cb scdj kcb Ijdscoj kcCurjpa, luy aitfvj kcskc naic añjs cd ba kchfdfifùd kc gucdas práitfias cd cstcialpj.

Yjd dulcrjsas talgfæd bas rcsjbuifjdcs kcb Uarbalcdtj Curjpcj cd csc lfsljscdtfkj? pjr coclpbj, y pjr bflftardjs a hcinas rcifcdtcs (9 kc agrfb kc 7517), cbKfarfj Jhfifab kc ba S.C. pugbfiù uda rcsjbuifùd0 quc prjibala cb papcb hudkalcdtab‒kc ud sfstcla kuab curjpcj rcablcdtc cqufbfgrakj cd rakfj y tcbcvfsfùd“, cxf`c udahfdadifaifùd cstagbc y suhfifcdtc, y ‒kcladka a bjs Cstakjs lfclgrjs quc pjdàdhfd a bas fdocrcdifas pjbìtfias cd bj tjiadtc a bjs ijdtcdfkjs jhrcifkjs pjr basjràdfzaifjdcs kc scrvfifj pÿgbfij“.

7 Watfhfiakj pjr cb Wcfdj kc Cspaña pjr Bcy jr`ádfia 6/166> kc 18 kc Kfifclgrc (G.J.C. kc 10-17-166>).

9 Kfarfj Jhfifab S. C. d¿ I978/961 kc 78-15-7517.

; KJI 7551/I975/5; cd K. J. S. C. 13-11-7551 y KJI 7556/I730/51 cd K.J. S.C. 70-15-7556.

3 Xfmc-Hrcfgcrà, X. ct ab. A Hrcc adk Uburabfstfi Lckfa tj Yustafd Curjpcad Kcljiraiy (Cdcrj kc 7519).

8 G.J.C. 17-7-7550.

0 Aprjgaka pjr su Ijlfsfùd kc Iubtura prcvfalcdtc cb 73 kc Djvfclgrc kc 7515 y pjr cb Ubcdj cd 7517(377 vjtjs a havjr ijdtra 77 vjtjs, y 87 agstcdifjdcs).


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Ucrj cb ljkcbj autjrftarfj cs tad ijdjifkj y rcab, quc bjs cstukfjs djrlatfvjs yijlparatfvjs bj iaraitcrfzarjd naic iasf ifdiucdta añjs para luinjs paìscskfitatjrfabcs (Yfcgcrt, Uctcrsjd y Yinrall, 1689 y LaiQuafb, 16>9)= y huc kcsirftjcd bjs añjs 65 ijlj cb ljkcbj kc ‒ba pjbìtfia pjr cdifla kcb sfstclarakfjtcbcvfsfvj“ (Gradts y Yfudc, 166>).

Cd tærlfdjs lás ljkcrdjs, y lcojr akaptakjs a luinjs paìscs curjpcjs,kcljirátfijs, pcrj quc ladtfcdcd tjkavìa ba nfpjtcia nfstùrfia kc bjs rc`ìlcdcsautjrftarfjs cd bjs quc daifù ba rakfjtcbcvfsfùd, puckc rcijrkarsc cb ljkcbj kcijludfiaifùd kc ‒pburabfslj pjbarfzakj“, tfpfhfiakj cd 755; pjr Nabbfd y Ladifdf> para paìscs kc csiasa trakfifùd kcljirátfia, sfd quc cd bjs ÿbtfljs añjs puckaijdstatarsc ba ijdvcr`cdifa kc ljkcbjs quc cstjs autjrcs prjdjstfiagad.6

Ujr csj, cd cb Fdhjrlc kcb Ijdscoj para ba Wchjrla kc bjs lckfjs pÿgbfijs kcb Cstakjkc 7553, sc naiìa nfdiapfæ cd bas cstruituras kc `jgcrdadza y hfdadifaifùd, ijlj

ijdkfifjdcs sfdc qua djd para ahfadzar ud autædtfij scrvfifj pÿgbfij, supcradkj bavìa ‒prfdifpfsta“ y vjbudtarfsta= audquc talgfæd sc scñabaga quc csas cstruituras djàradtfzagad pjr sì sjbas cb æxftj, cd auscdifa kc uda tjla kc ijdifcdifa kc bjsa`cdtcs pjbìtfijs y, sjgrc tjkj, kc ba sjifckak ifvfb. Ujr cbbj sc ijdibuìa quc ba habtakc cstruituras akciuakas ijdkcdaga ab scrvfifj pÿgbfij a ba irfsfs pcrladcdtc, a sukc`rakaifùd y, hfdablcdtc, a su lar`fdaifùd j cxtfdifùd.

Cd parabcbj y a csiaba fdtcrdaifjdab, ud fdhjrlc kc ba SDCYIJ kc csc lfslj añj,rcijdjiìa fùablcdtc quc ‒pjkrìa scr sflpbfsta asulfr quc uda ræpbfia ijlpbcta kccstjs sfstclas y práitfias cd kfhcrcdtcs algfcdtcs, prjkuifrád bjs lfsljsgcdæhfijs rcsubtakjs“. Ujrquc ‒ijlj cd jtras cshcras kc aitfvfkak, cb æxftj jhraiasj kcb scrvfifj pÿgbfij kc rakfjkfhusfùd cs kcpcdkfcdtc kc ud dÿlcrj kc

haitjrcs, fdibufkjs su nfstjrfa bjiab, ̀ cj`rahìa, iubtura, ctnjs pjbìtfij, y ijdkfifjdcssjifabcs y cijdùlfias“ (SDCYIJ, 7558).

Wcijrkar csjs cbclcdtjs gásfijs kc gucd `jgfcrdj, kc hjrla sfdtætfia pcrjijdtrastaka ijd bjs ncinjs rcifcdtcs, sc ijdvfcrtc asì cd ud cocrififj vftab kcbadábfsfs kc ba sftuaifùd cspañjba. Lás aud cd cb ijdtcxtj kc ud sfstcla lckfátfij ytcbcvfsfvj quc na cvjbuifjdakj ijdsfkcragbclcdtc cd ba ÿbtfla kæiaka, dj sùbj pjrcb flpubsj kc bjs ialgfjs tcidjbù`fijs j pjr ba irfsfs cijdùlfia sfdj ijljijdsciucdifa kc kcifsfjdcs pjbìtfias y rcùbatjrfas quc, ijd hrciucdifa, scarrjparjd cd csjs haitjrcs para lcojr ljbkcar kc hjrla partfkfsta cb cspaifjpÿgbfij cspañjb.

BJY YCWXFIFJY UßGBFIJY WC@FJDABCY.

Cd cb pbadj kc bjs scrvfifjs pÿgbfijs rc`fjdabcs, cb Ijdscoj kc Curjpa cstagbciìaijlj prfjrfkakcs ijludfiatfvas ? kcsarrjbbar ba kflcdsfùd iubturab kc bjs ijdtcdfkjskf`ftabcs, ba prcscrvaifùd kcb patrfljdfj kf`ftab, rchjrzar ba iapaifkak kc prjkuiifùd

> Nabbfd, K.I., y Ladifdf, U., 755>

6 Ljkcbj lckftcrrádcj j pburabfsta pjbarfzakj, ijrpjratfvj kcljirátfij (icdtrj y djrtc curjpcj) y bfgcrab,prjpfj kc Wcfdj Sdfkj, Frbadka y Alærfia kcb Djrtc. Uuckc vcrsc ud rcsulcd cd Gusquct, O., 7515


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kc ijdtcdfkjs bjiabcs y autùitjdjs y kcb lubtfbfd`òfslj cd Fdtcrdct, c fdicdtfvar baprjkuiifùd kc scrvfifjs iubturabcs y ckuiatfvjs cd ba layjr kfvcrsfkak kc bcdùas15.

Ujr su partc, cb kjiulcdtj hfdab kc ba Ijdhcrcdifa kc Yaraocvj ’icbcgraka cdjitugrc kc 7515 y jràdfzaka pjr ba SCW y cb Ijdscoj kc bas rc`fjdcs curjpcas-rciabiaga quc bas rakfjtcbcvfsfjdcs pÿgbfias rc`fjdabcs cd ba cra kf`ftab ijdstftuycdaitjrcs hudkalcdtabcs para cb kcsarrjbbj kc ba sjifckak kcb ijdjiflfcdtj, paraprjvccr fdhjrlaifùd jgoctfva y prj`ralaifùd ckuiatfva, iubturab y kccdtrctcdflfcdtj kc iabfkak, ijlj ljtjrcs kcb kcsarrjbbj rc`fjdab y kc ba fdvcrsfùdcd bas fdkustrfas ircatfvas.

BA [CBCXFYFÙD BJIAB.

Cd bj quc rcspcita a ba tcbcvfsfùd bjiab ijludftarfa, cb Uarbalcdtj Curjpcj cd su

rcsjbuifùd kc 755> rcibalaga ba dcicsfkak kc csc ‒tcricr scitjr“11= y cb Ijlftæ kcLfdfstrjs kcb Ijdscoj kc Curjpa, cd su kcibaraifùd kc 755617 rcijdjiìa su papcb cdba prjljifùd kc ba ijncsfùd sjifab y kcb kfábj`j fdtcriubturab.

!"

15 Ijdscoj kc Curjpa. [nc Wclft jh Uugbfi Ycrvfic Lckfa fd tnc Fdhjrlatfjd Yjifcty ? Wci (7550), 0-11.

11

Wcsjbuifùd 755>/7511(FDF), kc 73 kc scptfclgrc kc 755>. 17

[nc Wjbc jh Ijlludfty Lckfa fd Urjljtfd` Yjifab Ijncsfjd adk Fdtcriubturab Kfabjùc . 11-7-7556.


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7.- DCICYFKAK KCB YCWXFIFJ UßGBFIJ CD CYUAÑA

Akclás kc bas cxf`cdifas lcdifjdakas ijlj Cstakj-lfclgrj, ba Ijdstftuifùdcspañjba kc 160>, cd su artìiubj 75.1, cstagbcic quc ‒sc rcijdjic y prjtc`c cbkcrcinj a ijludfiar j rcifgfr bfgrclcdtc fdhjrlaifùd vcraz pjr iuabqufcr lckfj kckfhusfùd“= y añakc quc ‒ba bcy rcùbará ba jràdfzaifùd y cb ijdtrjb parbalcdtarfj kcbjs lckfjs kc ijludfiaifùd sjifab kcpcdkfcdtcs kcb Cstakj j kc iuabqufcr cdtcpÿgbfij y àradtfzará cb aiicsj a kfinjs lckfjs kc bjs `rupjs sjifabcs y pjbìtfijssf`dfhfiatfvjs, rcspctadkj cb pburabfslj kc ba sjifckak y kc bas kfvcrsas bcdùas kcCspaña“. Ucrj kcskc cdtjdics ba cvjbuifùd kcb scitjr na suhrfkj ud ialgfj rakfiab.

Anjra jgscrvaljs quc cb csicdarfj aukfjvfsuab cspañjb na ialgfakj hucrtclcdtccd ba ÿbtfla kæiaka, aircicdtadkj ba dcicsfkak kc ud ijdtrapcsj hucrtc kcb scrvfifjpÿgbfij a tjkjs bjs dfvcbcs. V cbbj sustadifablcdtc pjr kjs haitjrcs? cb jbf`jpjbfj

rchjrzakj cd cb álgftj prfvakj, y ba tradsfifùd aicbcraka a ba Cra Kf`ftab.Ujr tadtj bas lfsfjdcs quc ba bcy cdijlfcdka ab scrvfifj pÿgbfij sfùcd cstadkj lásvf`cdtcs quc dudia, audquc cd abùdjs aspcitjs sc cstád vfcdkj supcrakas pjr baaicbcraifùd kcb ialgfj tcidjbù`fij y bas ducvas kcladkas y dcicsfkakcs kc bjsusuarfjs, cspcifablcdtc cd bj quc rcspcita a bjs scrvfifjs cd bìdca y lubtfpbatahjrlacd bjs quc W[XC cstaga ouàdkj ud papcb hudkalcdtab y quc anjra ijrrcd cb rfcs`jkc vcrsc lar`fdakjs.

SD KSJUJBFJ IAYF UCWHCI[J.

Cd cb álgftj prfvakj kc ba rakfj y ba tcbcvfsfùd asfstfljs a ba ijdsjbfkaifùd kcjbf`jpjbfjs sustcdtakjs cd luy pjijs `radkcs `rupjs prfvakjs lubtflckfa qucnaicd flpjsfgbc cd ba práitfia ba ijlpctcdifa ijlcrifab.

Ba rakfj, scùdkj lckfj lasfvj cd jrkcd a su pcdctraifùd cd bjs njàrcs cspañjbcs(81,> %), lucstra ud padjrala ijdicdtrakj y luy icdtrabfzakj cd bjs lcriakjspugbfiftarfjs y cd ba aukfcdifa kc prj`ralaifjdcs `cdcrabfstas. Cd 7517, trcsiakcdas kc álgftj cstatab (YCW, IJUC y Jdka Icrj) ijdtrjbagad ud 67,> % kc bjsfd`rcsjs pugbfiftarfjs (979,0 LC), lás aud ijd Uudtj Wakfj, lfcdtras quc ifcdtjs kcclfsjras, autjdùlfias j bjiabcs sc kfsputagad ud rcstj kcb 3,1 % (IL[, 7517). Cd7519, kc 910,>1 LC kc fdvcrsfùd pugbfiftarfa cd ba rakfj, csas iuatrj iakcdasprfvakas sulagad ud 63 % kcb tjtab, lfcdtras quc para cb rcstj, fdibufka ba rakfjpÿgbfia autjdùlfia, quckaga ud rcstj lìdflj kc 1;,9> LC (IDLI, 751;).

Cd ba tcbcvfsfùd, cb kujpjbfj kc bficdifas quc sc ladtuvj kuradtc qufdic añjs cdCspaña (1665-7553) sc na vfstj rchjrzakj, `raifas ab bbalakj ‒kcirctj prj-ijdicdtraifùd“, quc pcrlftfù bas husfjdcs cdtrc clprcsas ab cbcvar cb bfstùdpcrlftfkj nasta ud 70 % kcb snarc lckfj19. Ba kcstruiifùd tclprada kc bjs huàicsbj`rjs kc pburabfslj rcprcscdtakjs pjr cb sur`flfcdtj kc ducvas iakcdas cd 755;-7553, sc sabkù ijd ba ijdsjbfkaifùd kc ud kujpjbfj iuyj kjlfdfj, alpbfakj aiakcdas, sc rchjrzù akclás ijd ba krástfia rcgaoa kc cxf`cdifas a bjs

19 Wcab Kcirctj bcy 1/7556, kc 79 kc hcgrcrj. G.J.C. 7;-7-7556 ? Sd sjbj tftubar dj pjkrá tcdcr

partfifpaifjdcs sf`dfhfiatfvas cd prcstakjrcs kc scrvfifjs kc ijludfiaifùd aukfjvfsuab quc aiulubcd láskc kjs lÿbtfpbcs ’jinj iadabcs’ y cd tjkj iasj kcgcd àradtfzarsc ud lìdflj kc trcs jpcrakjrcs prfvakjscstatabcs.


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ijdicsfjdarfjs prfvakjs quc supusj ba Bcy @cdcrab kcb Aukfjvfsuab kc 7515?abaràlfcdtj y prùrrjà autjlátfia kc bas ijdicsfjdcs= kcsrcùbaifùd kc bapugbfifkak ijlcrifab nasta bìlftcs fdsùbftjs cd ba rcùbaifùd curjpca (cspcifablcdtccd ba pugbfifkak fdkfrcita y cd cb tfclpj kc bas prjljifjdcs)= y kfslfduifùd kcjgbfàifjdcs rcspcitj ab ifdc y ba prjkuiifùd aukfjvfsuab.

Ijlj cra kc prcvcr, tras cstc kcsarlc rcùbatjrfj ijlcdzù ba agsjrifùd pjr bas kjs`radkcs iakcdas ibásfias kc bjs ducvjs iadabcs, rápfkalcdtc rcabfzaka cdtrc[cbcifdij y ba Iuatrj y prjdtj dc`jifaka y ijdsulaka cdtrc Adtcda 9 y ba Ycxta(7517), ijd cb apjyj kcb @jgfcrdj kcb Uartfkj Ujpubar para cbflfdar ba layjr partckc bas sabvaùarkas flpucstas pjr ba Ijlfsfùd kc ba Ijlpctcdifa.

Asì, y tras ud chìlcrj pcrìjkj kc scfs añjs kc layjr ijdiurrcdifa, Lckfasct yAtrcslckfa sulagad cd 7519 ud 3>,; % kc ba aukfcdifa pcrj ijdicdtragad ud>3,>0 % kcb lcriakj pugbfiftarfj. (IDLI, 7519), quc sc ladtcdìa cd 751;

práitfialcdtc fùab (ud >3,0 % sc`ÿd Fdhjakcx, 7513).

Cs kcifr, cd tærlfdjs kc ijdiurrcdifa cd cstc scitjr tad prjibfvc a aiulubar bafdvcrsfùd cd bjs àdakjrcs kc iujtas lasfvas, bjs rcstadtcs ijlpctfkjrcsrcsubtagad ijlpbctalcdtc lar`fdabcs cd cb lcriakj. Asì bj atcstfùad bjs ifcrrcskc iadabcs pjr qufcgra cijdùlfia suickfkjs cdtrc 7517 y 751; y cb prjicsjircifcdtc kc arrfcdkjs, sugarrfcdkjs y hradqufifas kc iadabcs [K[ pjr bas laojrs cstakjudfkcdscs.

FD@WCYJY UJW USGBFIFKAK 751;

@rupjs Lfbbjdcs curjs Ujricdtaoc Iujta

Lckfasct >98 ;;,7

Atrcslckfa 0>; ;1,3

[jtab [X daifjdab cd agfcrtj 1.051,1 65

[jtab [X autjdùlfias 17>,0 8,>

[jtab [X bjiab 1,9 5,1

[jtab iadabcs pa`j 36,9 9,1

Hucdtc? Fdhjakcx

Kc csta hjrla, cb padjrala kc bas iakcdas prfvakas cd cb tfclpj tradsiurrfkj kcladkatj kcb Uartfkj Ujpubar cstá lariakj pjr ba ijdsjbfkaifùd kc ud kujpjbfj iasfpcrhcitj. Nagfcdkj agsjrgfkj gucda partc kcb lcriakj pugbfiftarfj quc adtcsijrrcspjdkìa a [XC, bjs kjs `radkcs `rupjs tcbcvfsfvjs prfvakjs nad ijdscùfkj cdgucda lckfka, pcsc a ba irfsfs kcb lcriakj pugbfiftarfj, ladtcdcr udjs gcdchfifjs

dctjs djtagbcs? 919 LC cd 7515, 710 LC cd 7511= 35,78 cd 7519 y 158,79 LC cd 751;.(IDLX? Lcljrfas y gabadics clprcsarfabcs).


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Cd ijdtrastc ijd csc avadic kc ba ijdicdtraifùd ijlcrifab, sc aicdtÿacvfkcdtclcdtc ba dcicsfkak kc ud scrvfifj pÿgbfij ijd pcsj sjifab quc cqufbfgrc cbsfstcla aukfjvfsuab cspañjb. Yfd clgar`j, cb scrvfifj pÿgbfij na rctrjickfkj kcskc7515 cd tjkjs bjs parálctrjs ibavcs kcb ljkcbj sjifab curjpcj? fdkcpcdkcdifa,cstagfbfkak, partfifpaifùd y rcspjdsagfbfkak.

[abcs cxf`cdifas, rcij`fkas c fdibusj kcsarrjbbakas ijd kctabbc cd cb Fdhjrlc sjgrc barchjrla kc bjs lckfjs kc tftubarfkak pÿgbfia kc 7553 y quc sc ladtfcdcd vf`cdtcshjrlablcdtc cd bas aituabcs bcycs y djrlas quc rcùbad cb hudifjdalfcdtj kc baIjrpjraifùd W[XC, sc nad vfstj kctcrfjrakas prjhudkalcdtc pjr bas lckfkasbc`fsbatfvas akjptakas cd ba scùdka bc`fsbatura kcb @jgfcrdj sjifabfsta (7556-7515)y cspcifablcdtc pjr ba ijdtrarrchjrla bbcvaka a iagj pjr cb @jgfcrdj kcb UU cd7517 (vcr Gustaladtc, 7519= Bbjrcds, Buzùd y @rau, 7517)1;.

Lás abbá kc tjka fdtcrprctaifùd, bas aukfcdifas cspañjbas nad iastfàkj

lasfvalcdtc csc ducvj ljkcbj, clpuoadkj a Ba 1 y ab `rupj cdtcrj IW[XC a udatcricra pjsfifùd kc aukfcdifas (1>,6 % hrcdtc ab 7>,1 % kc Lckfasct y cb 73,> % kcAdtcda 9 cd 7517= 18,0 % cd 751; hrcdtc ab 95,0 % kc Lckfasct y ud 70,0 % kcAtrcslckfa), ijd pærkfka sfstclátfia asflfslj kc su bfkcraz`j cd fdhjrlatfvjs, cdgcdchfifj kc bjs kjs `rupjs prfvakjs kjlfdadtcs. Ba 1 huc tcricra cd fdhjrlatfvjs kcbudcs a kjlfd`j, kc sjgrclcsa y djinc, ijd ud 17,8 % kc snarc , tras [cbcifdij(1;,3 %) y Adtcda 9 (19,1 %) cd 751;, sc`ÿd ifhras kc Madtar Lckfa.

Hucdtc? Madtar Lckfa

1; ‒W[XC aiaga kc pcrkcr abùdjs kc bjs layjrcs avadics cd vfagfbfkak cijdùlfia, fdkcpcdkcdifa

prjhcsfjdab y gucd `jgfcrdj quc nagìa ijdscùfkj cdtrc 755; y 7515“ (Bbjrcds, Buzùd y @rau, 7517, pá`.;>).

!

#

$!

$#

%!

%#

,


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Sd ducvj `jbpc a ba iapaifkak kc W[XC para atcdkcr a bas dcicsfkakcs cstatabcs kcbscrvfifj pÿgbfij na sfkj bbcvakj a iagj kc hjrla sugrcptfifa cd 7513 ab rckuifr baiapaifkak kc ba Ijrpjraifùd kc kjs tcrifjs kcb lÿbtfpbc cd [K[ W@C7 a sjbj cb35%13.

!"

13 Cb Wcab Kcirctj >53/751; (G.J.C. kcb 7;-6) asf`daga a ba Ijrpjraifùd cb lÿbtfpbc kf`ftab kc ijgcrtura

cstatab W@C1 y kjs tcrifjs kcb W@C7. Sd añj lás tarkc (Jrkcd FC[/800/7513, GJC kcb 1> kc agrfb,),W[XC rcdudifa a partc kc csc lÿbtfpbc naifcdkj kukjsa ba clfsfùd cd NK kc ab`udj kc sus iadabcs.


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9.- WCD[AGFBFKAK YJIFAB

Ba bù`fia kcb scrvfifj pÿgbfij curjpcj cstá prcsfkfka pjr ba fkca kc rcdtagfbfkaksjifab, quc prckjlfda alpbfalcdtc pjr cdifla kc tjka rcdtagfbfkak cijdùlfiakfrcita. Csa rcdtagfbfkak sjifab sc kcibfda cd tærlfdjs kcljirátfijs (pburabfsljfkcjbù`fij y partfifpaifùd kcljirátfia), kc aiicsfgfbfkak pbcda a bjs scrvfifjsaukfjvfsuabcs para bas pcrsjdas ijd kfsiapaifkak= kc kfvcrsfkak iubturab (prjljifùdy kfhusfùd kc iubtura kc iabfkak)= y kc kchcdsa kc vabjrcs y kcrcinjs nuladjs ysjifabcs, kcskc ba buina pjr ba fùabkak kc `ædcrj y jrf`cd raifab nasta ba cxprcsfùd ykchcdsa kc bas lfdjrìas y cb apjyj fdhjrlatfvj y kc vabjrcs kcb Cstakj kc Gfcdcstar.

Ba lckfifùd kc ba rcdtagfbfkak sjifab cs uda práitfia ijdsjbfkaka cd bjs prfdifpabcslckfjs pÿgbfijs kc ducstrj cdtjrdj curjpcj y su pugbfiaifùd pcrfùkfia akqufcrc udaflpjrtadifa djtagbc cd su bc`ftflaifùd, ijlj rchbcoad fdibusj kjiulcdtjs

fdtcrdaifjdabcs kc ba SDCYIJ18

.Cb usj kc bjs fdkfiakjrcs quc rchbcoad cb pburabfslj pjbìtfij y sjifab sc na ijdvcrtfkjya cd uda práitfia sfstclátfia kc bjs scrvfifjs pÿgbfijs y kc bas autjrfkakcsaukfjvfsuabcs curjpcas y nad ijlcdzakj a praitfiarsc asflfslj cd abùdasrc`fjdcs cspañjbas ijd Ijdscoj Aukfjvfsuab prjpfj, ijlj Iatabuña j Adkabuiìa10. Barcdtagfbfkak sjifab cd`bjga csjs aspcitjs pcrj bbcà luinj lás abbá y sc rchbcoa cdud ijdoudtj kc fdkfiakjrcs quc lfkcd ba rcpcriusfùd kcb scrvfifj pÿgbfij sjgrc baifukakadìa.

Ba rcdtagfbfkak sjifab kcb scrvfifj pÿgbfij sc asfcdta sfdùbarlcdtc cd aqucbbjsijdtcdfkjs iuya kfhusfùd iulpbc uda flpjrtadtc hudifùd cd cb álgftj kc backuiaifùd, ba sabuk, ba iubtura, cb kcpjrtc, ba aiicsfgfbfkak para bas pcrsjdas ijdkfsiapaifkak, ba fùabkak kc `ædcrj, cb cocrififj chcitfvj kc bjs kcrcinjshudkalcdtabcs y, cd `cdcrab, cd bas ialpañas kc ijdifcdifaifùd ifukakada, iuyjflpaitj kcskc cb ijdoudtj kc ba jhcrta kc prj`ralas va luinj lás abbá kc basialpañas fdstftuifjdabcs pbadfhfiakas.

Cb scrvfifj pÿgbfij talgfæd iulpbc ud papcb rcbcvadtc cd tærlfdjs kc fddjvaifùdiubturab y ircatfva (fdibuycdkj cb kcsarrjbbj kc ducvjs hjrlatjs aukfjvfsuabcs) yakqufcrc ud papcb cscdifab cd ba abhagctfzaifùd y aiicsj a bas ducvas tcidjbj`ìas yrckcs kf`ftabcs.

18 Cstc cstukfj naic rchcrcdifa a fdkfiakjrcs kc iabfkak kc bas clfsjras pÿgbfias y kcstaia quc ? ‒Ujrtratarsc kc fdstftuifjdcs lckfátfias kcstfdakas a hjrlar c fdhjrlar a ba ifukakadìa cd djlgrc kc bjsvabjrcs kcljirátfijs, sjgrc ba gasc kc bjs kcrcinjs nuladjs y ijd hfdadifaifùd pÿgbfia, bas clfsjraspÿgbfias cstád daturablcdtc jgbfàkas a rcdkfr iucdtas. Ujr tab ljtfvj, prcifsad fdkfiakjrcs, pucssjbalcdtc lckfadtc fdkfiakjrcs sc puckc prcscdtar uda rcdkfifùd kc iucdtas jgoctfva, quc lucstrc sfnugj lcojras j rctrasjs, sjgrc gascs raifjdabcs kc ijlparaifùd, cd cb kcsclpcñj kc bjs scrvfifjsprcstakjs y su `cstfùd“. Cd rcsulcd, iuadkj dj nay fdkfiakjrcs, dj nay `cstfùd tradsparcdtc dfkcljiraifa cd bas clfsjras pÿgbfias. Cstc kjiulcdtj kchfdc nasta 1>> fdkfiakjrcs kc rcdtagfbfkak sjifab.

SDCYIJ, 7517 ‒Fdkfiakjrcs kc iabfkak kc bas clfsjras pÿgbfias - Cvabuaifùd ijdtclpjrádca“. Kfspjdfgbccd? nttp?//udcskji.udcsij.jr`/fla`cs/5571/557188/718818Y.pkh ]Ijdsubtakj 1 oudfj 7513\

10 Cb Ijdscbb Aukfjvfsuab kc Iatabudya cbagjra pcrfùkfialcdtc ud ‒Fdhjrlc sjgrc b»jgscrvadàa kcb

pburabfslj pjbìtfi a ba [cbcvfsfù a ba Wåkfj“. Cd Adkabuiìa, cb pbcdj kcb Ijdscoj Aukfjvfsuab kc Adkabuiìaaprjgù cb 10-17-751; ud kjiulcdtj tftubakj ‒Fdkfiakjrcs y lctjkjbj`ìa para cvabuar ba flparifabfkakfdhjrlatfva kc bjs lckfjs aukfjvfsuabcs kc tftubarfkak pÿgbfia.


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Yfd clgar`j, ba ifukakadìa cspañjba dj na kfspucstj, nasta anjra, kc udjs lckfjsijlprjlctfkjs ijd ba fkca kc uda ijludfiaifùd kc ‒fdtcræs sjifab“. V cstjs nadiarcifkj kc tjka vabjraifùd kc flpaitj sjifab cd cstc scdtfkj asì ijlj, cd ÿbtfljtærlfdj, kc su iuadtfhfiaifùd cijdùlfia ijlj fdvcrsfùd cd iapftab sjifab.

Cb Fdhjrlc kcb Ijdscoj para ba Wchjrla pbadtcaga ya cd 7553 fdkfiakjrcs kc ijdtrjbpara lckfr cb pburabfslj y ba kfvcrsfkak (FIW 7553, pá`s. >3->0). Ucrj ba ÿdfiaapbfiaifùd práitfia, luy bflftaka, huc ba pucsta cd larina pjr W[XC kc ud prjycitjpfbjtj cd agrfb kc 7519, cd cb iuab ud ijdsubtjr ljdftjrfzù kuradtc uda sclada tjkjsbjs cspaifjs fdhjrlatfvjs kc Ba 1, Ba 7 y cb iadab 7; Njras, ijd cb hfd kc fkcdtfhfiarbjs ijdtcdfkjs quc sc puckcd ijdsfkcrar kc fdtcræs sjifab, ijlj prcvcdifùd kc basabuk, kc ba jgcsfkak fdhadtfb, kcb iádicr, buina ijdtra cb aijsj csijbar, ba vfjbcdifakc `ædcrj j bjs aiifkcdtcs kc tráhfij. Csjs lcdsaocs kc abiadic sjifab sc trakuocrjda bj quc sc bbalad cd pugbfifkak @WUs1> y sc bcs apbfiù cb kcdjlfdakj ‒ìdkfic kc

rcdtagfbfkak sjifab“. Ba ijdibusfùd kc cstc prjycitj pfbjtj huc quc [XC puckc bbc`ar a clftfr, sjbalcdtc

cd cspaifjs fdhjrlatfvjs, 835 njras ab añj kc lcdsaocs ijd ijdtcdfkjs sjifabcs,

quc ijdtfcdcd 37.>55 @WU y quc tfcdcd uda trakuiifùd icriada a bjs 15; lfbbjdcs

kc curjs cd tærlfdjs pugbfiftarfjs16.

!"

1> Bjs @UWs (@rjss Watfd` Ujfdt) cs ud fdkfiakjr quc pcrlftc lckfr ba prcsfùd pugbfiftarfa quc sc cocricsjgrc cb pÿgbfij jgoctfvj kc ba ialpaña kuradtc ud pcrfjkj kc tfclpj kctcrlfdakj.

16 Ijlparcicdifa kcb Urcsfkcdtc IW[XC, Bcjpjbkj @jdzábcz Cincdfquc cd ba Ijlfsfùd Lfxta kc Ijdtrjbparbalcdtarfa cb 78 kc oudfj kc 7519. K.Y. d¿ 86.


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WCD[AGFBFKAK YJIFAB

UWJUSCY[AY KC [CBCKC[JKJY

• Urjpjdcljs ba cbagjraifùd pjr cb Ijdscoj Aukfjvfsuab, cd cb pbazj kc scfslcscs kcskc su ijdstftuifùd, kc ud ijdoudtj kc fdkfiakjrcs kcrcdtagfbfkak sjifab ijlj sfstcla kc lckfifùd sfstclátfia cbagjrakj pjruda ijlfsfùd fdkcpcdkfcdtc kc cxpcrtjs. Csc cbcdij kc fdkfiakjrcs scráijlpbctakj y iuadtfhfiakj pcrfùkfialcdtc, iaka scfs lcscs, pjr cbIjdscoj kc Aklfdfstraifùd, aprjgakj pjr cb Ijdscoj Yjifab y ijdtrjbakj cdsu apbfiaifùd pjr cb Ijdscoj kcb Aukfjvfsuab, quc tcdkrá ba jgbfàifùd kcnaicr pÿgbfijs bjs rcsubtakjs kc csc prjickflfcdtj cd su sftfj Pcg.

•

Sd apartakj cscdifab kc cstjs fdkfiakjrcs kcgcrá lckfr pcrfùkfialcdtc bafdkcpcdkcdifa y pburabfslj kc bjs ijdtcdfkjs fdhjrlatfvjs, tadtj cdtærlfdjs pjbìtfijs ijlj kc pburabfslj sjifab. Fdkfiakjrcs kc cstc sfstclapuckcd scr? pburabfkak sjifab y pjbìtfia, varfckak, `rakj kc ijdtcdfkjsabtcrdatfvjs, fddjvaifùd j prcscdifa kc ijdtcdfkjs ijd prjyciifùd sjifab,atcdifùd a bas lfdjrìas, fùabkak kc `ædcrj, kfáspjras kc fdlf`radtcs,rcbf`fjdcs, aiicsfgfbfkak para pcrsjdas ijd kfsiapaifkak, cti.

• Jtrj iapìtubj gásfij kcb fdhjrlc quc rcsubtc kc apbfiar bjs fdkfiakjrcs,kcgcrá cstar kckfiakj a ba lckfifùd kc ba kfvcrsfkak iubturab rchbcoaka cdbas prj`ralaifjdcs kcb scrvfifj pÿgbfij, sfùfcdkj bas fdkfiaifjdcs yrcijlcdkaifjdcs rcabfzakas pjr ba SDCYIJ cd bjs ÿbtfljs añjs?

kfvcrsfkak jhcrtaka, pcrj talgfæd prjta`jdfzaka cd bjs ijdtcdfkjs=kfvcrsfkak cd cb aiicsj, tadtj cd cb ijdsulj bfdcab ijlj cb ijdsulj a baiarta.

• Ba pugbfifkak fdstftuifjdab clftfka cspcifablcdtc cd apjyj kcb Cstakj kcgfcdcstar, kc bjs kcrcinjs ifukakadjs, kcb apjyj a bas lfdjrìas y pjr bafùabkak, kcgc scr ijdtagfbfzaka cd tærlfdjs cijdùlfijs ijlj partcfdkfsiutfgbc kc csa rcdtagfbfkak sjifab.

• Cstas lfslas prcvfsfjdcs kcgcd apbfiarsc cstrfitalcdtc cd cb álgftj kcba rakfjkfhusfùd autjdùlfia.


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FF. IJD[WA[J IJD BA IFSKAKADFA? LFYFJDCY KCB

YCWXFIFJ UßGBFIJ


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1.- IJLUWJLFYJ IJD BJY IFSKAKADJY

A pcsar kc bas prcvfsfjdcs ijdstftuifjdabcs sjgrc ba rcùbaifùd kc bjs lckfjspÿgbfijs y kc bas suicsfvas bc`fsbaifjdcs, cb scrvfifj pÿgbfij na iarcifkjnfstùrfialcdtc cd Cspaña -fdibuycdkj ba kchfdfifùd lás prcifsa kc ba bcy kc rchjrlakc 7558- kc uda ijdircifùd kc bas lfsfjdcs kcb scrvfifj pÿgbfij cd ijdtcdfkjs yprj`ralaifjdcs, cd prjkuiifjdcs prjpfas y aocdas, y cd iuadtj a ba partfifpaifùdifukakada cd su jhcrta y cd sus prj`ralas.

Cb scrvfifj pÿgbfij kcgc cstar ab scrvfifj kc bjs ifukakadjs y kc sus asjifaifjdcsifvfbcs, kc bas layjrìas y kc bas lfdjrìas, y sus ijdtcdfkjs kcgcd atcdkcrkfrcitalcdtc a sus kcladkas y dcicsfkakcs fdhjrlatfvas, iubturabcs y ckuiatfvas,kc hfiifùd y cdtrctcdflfcdtj, àradtfzadkj kc hjrla udfvcrsab y `ratufta udaprj`ralaifùd kc iabfkak.

Cb Uarbalcdtj cs cb àradtc láxflj kc cstc ijlprjlfsj quc kcgc scr ijdtrjbakj yrchrcdkakj pcrladcdtclcdtc, lás abbá y pjr cdifla kc bjs partfkjs pjbìtfijs qucsùbj sjd su fdstrulcdtj kc rcprcscdtaifùd.

Ucrj ba partfifpaifùd kc ba sjifckak ifvfb, njy pcrhcitalcdtc vfagbc a travæs kc basducvas rckcs, kcgc scr uda vìa sfstclátfia para prjgar y kcifkfr bjs ijdtcdfkjs yscrvfifjs quc kcladkad cd iaka tfclpj bjs ifukakadjs, kfstadifádkjsc asì kc tjkatcdtaifùd kc kcspjtfslj j patcrdabfslj fbustrakj.

Ujr cbbj cd cb ijdoudtj kc cstc fdhjrlc sc prjpjdcd, akclás kc ialgfjs cd bjscxfstcdtcs, uda scrfc kc djvckjsjs lciadfsljs kc partfifpaifùd kfrcita kc bjsifukakadjs quc sc ijdirctad cd ud Ijdscoj Yjifab, uda pbatahjrla kcdjlfdaka

‒Ifukakadjs pjr cb scrvfifj pÿgbfij kc W[X“ y ud lciadfslj kc fdtcrvcdifùdkcdjlfdakj ‒Aiifùd Kfrcita Ifukakada“.

!"


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7.- LADKA[J-LAWIJ V IJD[WA[J-UWJ@WALA

Ba Bcy 10/7558, kc ba rakfj y ba tcbcvfsfùd kc tftubarfkak cstatab, ijdtclpba bajgbfàifùd kc susirfgfr ijd cb Cstakj ud ladkatj larij ijd uda vf`cdifa kc 6 añjscd cb quc sc ijdirctarád bjs jgoctfvjs `cdcrabcs kc ba hudifùd kc scrvfifj pÿgbfijquc tfcdc cdijlcdkakjs ba Ijrpjraifùd. Bjs Ubcdjs kcb Ijd`rcsj kc bjs Kfputakjs ykcb Ycdakj aprjgarjd cstc ladkatj-larij para ijdirctar bjs jgoctfvjs `cdcrabcs ybìdcas cstratæ`fias kcb scrvfifj pÿgbfij cscdifab kc ba Ijrpjraifùd W[XC75. Ucrj cbladkatj larij, a csiasj tfclpj ya kc su vcdiflfcdtj, dj puckc ijdirctar baslfsfjdcs kcb scrvfifj pÿgbfij kc hjrla iuadtfhfiaka y vcrfhfiagbc, pjr bj quc rcsubtakfhìifb kc ijdtrjbar cb iulpbflfcdtj.

Ba bcy kc rchjrla kc 7558, ba B@A kc 7515, y cb prjpfj ladkatj larij cxf`ìad baaprjgaifùd kc ud ijdtratj prj`rala iaka trcs añjs, quc kcgìa scr aprjgakj pjr cb

Uarbalcdtj, ijd iatábj`js prcifsjs kc bas hudifjdcs kc scrvfifj pÿgbfij. Cstjsijdtratjs kcgìad fdijrpjrar fdkfiakjrcs kc scùflfcdtj iuadtftatfvjs y iuabftatfvjs,ijdtrjbakjs pjr ba Ijlfsfùd kc ijdtrjb parbalcdtarfj, y pjr ba autjrfkak aukfjvfsuabfdkcpcdkfcdtc= pcrj cb ijdtratj-prj`rala dudia na sfkj hjrlabfzakj df ijd cb@jgfcrdj df ijd cb Uarbalcdtj, pcsc a bjs pbazjs bcàbcs pcrcdtjrfjs fdscrtakjs cd babcy kc rchjrla kc 7558 y cd ba B@A kc 7515 (1>5 kìas cd cstc ÿbtflj iasj ‒cd pbazjláxflj flprjrrjàgbc“, art. ;1).

Cd auscdifa kc tab fdstrulcdtj bcàb, sc na ijdtfduakj ijdsfkcradkj jhfifablcdtcquc tjka ba aitfvfkak kc W[XC cs kc scrvfifj pÿgbfij, ijlj lucstrad bjs fdhjrlcsÿbtfljs kc W[XC sjgrc cb iulpbflfcdtj kcb scrvfifj pÿgbfij, cd kjdkc sc fdibuycd bjsprj`ralas y ijdtcdfkjs lás kfsparcs, sfd iuadtfhfiaifùd abùda71. Cb adudifj kc ba

IDLI cd 7513 kc cvabuar cb iulpbflfcdtj kcb scrvfifj pÿgbfij kc W[XC cd cbcocrififj adtcrfjr, sfd rchcrcdifa pjsfgbc a ud ijdtratj prj`rala fdækftj, y sucxtcrdabfzaifùd kc cstc scrvfifj ab dj ijdtar ijd lckfjs prjpfjs, sùbj coclpbfhfia bafdakciuaifùd kc csta ijlfsfùd ùgcrdalcdtabfzaka y lcriadtfb a bas hudifjdcs qucbc nad sfkj atrfgufkjs cd cb scitjr aukfjvfsuab77.

Cd iuadtj a bas W[X.AA, cb padjrala cs iaùtfij, ya quc audquc ba B@A kc 7515cxf`ìa talgfæd ladkatjs larij y ijdtratjs prj`rala para cstas cdtfkakcs (art. ;1),sc`ÿd adábfsfs rcifcdtcs sùbj trcs cdtcs pÿgbfijs ijdtagad ijd ladkatjs-larij cd7511 y iuatrj nagìad hfrlakj ijdtratjs-prj`rala abùda vcz, ba lftak kc bjs iuabcsya cstagad iakuiakjs cd csc pcrìjkj (Hcrdádkcz Abjdsj y Hcrdádkcz Xfsj, 7511).Luy pjias kc cstas cdtfkakcs nad bbcdakj csa baùda kcskc cdtjdics, ijlj W[XA

75 G.J.C. 95 oudfj 755>.

71 Kc csta hjrla, cd ba lcljrfas kc W[XC, sc kcstaiaga cd latcrfa kc prj`ralas iubturabcs kc ba prflcra

iakcda ‒ba alpbfa ijgcrtura kc bjs cdifcrrjs kc Yad Hcrlìd“ (pá`. 75), y cd ba 7 sc rcsabta cb cstrcdj kcrcabftfcs àstrjdùlfijs ijlj ‒Lastcr Inch“, patrjifdakj pjr ‒su fdtcræs iubturab“. Ba ijdicpifùd jhfifab kcbscrvfifj pÿgbfij sc agrìa akclás a bjs agudkadtcs prj`ralas para clpbcj y clprcdkckjrcs quc nadpjgbakj ba prj`ralaifùd kcskc 7517, y kc W[XC Fdtcrdaifjdab sc rcsabta su apjyj sfstclátfij a ba ‒lariaCspaña“. (W[XC. Lcljrfa sjgrc cb iulpbflfcdtj kc bas hudifjdcs kc scrvfifj pÿgbfij y ba rcspjdsagfbfkaksjifab ijrpjratfva. W[XC. Fdhjrlc kc prj`rcsj. Uaitj Ludkfab JDS. 7519) 77

Ba IDLI ijdickfù cd 7513, ijd uda rcludcraifùd kc 1,3 LC para kjs añjs, csta bagjr kc cvabuaifùdkcb scrvfifj pÿgbfij kc W[XC a Madtar Lckfa, hfbfab kc ba lubtfdaifjdab pugbfiftarfa PUU.

nttp?//cijtcuvc.cbcijdjlfsta.cs/fdhjrlatfvjs/djtfifas/8300>>>/59/13/Ba-IDLI-vf`fbara-ba-flparifabfkak-y-cb-rf`jr-kc-bjs-tcbckfarfjs-kc-[XC.ntlb


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7;

cd 7517. Akclás, y ab alparj kc ba rchjrla kc ba B@A kc 7515, sc nad pcrlftfkjprjicsjs kc cxtcrdabfzaifùd agusfvjs kc bas W[X.AA. quc abiadzad cd jiasfjdcs a bafdhjrlaifùd, lfsfùd cscdifab kcb scrvfifj pÿgbfij, c fdibusj a ba `cstfùd ijlpbcta kcba rakfjkfhusfùd pÿgbfia, kcsdaturabfzadkj ijlpbctalcdtc su bc`ftflfkak y suslfsfjdcs sjifabcs.

!"


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73

LADKA[J LAWIJ


• Cb ijlprjlfsj kcb scrvfifj pÿgbfij ijd bjs ifukakadjs kcgc hfoarsc a lckfjpbazj cd ud Ladkatj Larij pjr ducvc añjs, dc`jifakj pjr ba Ijrpjraifùdijd cb Uarbalcdtj (Ijlfsfùd kc ijdtrjb parbalcdtarfj) y aprjgakj pjr cstcijd vabjr kc bcy (FIW, 7553, apartakj 9.7.9.= Bcy 10/7558, art. ;)

• Ba ijdircifùd kc bjs ijlprjlfsjs kcb scrvfifj pÿgbfij a ijrtj pbazj kcgcijdirctarsc cd ud Ijdtratj-prj`rala iaka trcs añjs, dc`jifakj ijd cb@jgfcrdj, aprjgakj cd cb Uarbalcdtj, ijd ijlprjlfsjs iuadtfhfiakjs pjr`ædcrjs y hjrlatjs, njrarfjs y aukfcdifas, kc prjkuiifùd prjpfa cfdkcpcdkfcdtc. Cstc aiucrkj, pbaslakj cd ud fdstrulcdtj bcàb, ijdtcdkráasflfslj ijlprjlfsjs trfcdabcs kc hfdadifaifùd kcb ijstc dctj kc bas

lfsfjdcs kcb scrvfifj pÿgbfij (FIW, 7553, apkj. 9.7.9= Bcy 10/7558, art. ;).• Algjs fdstrulcdtjs bcàbcs kcgcd cstar kfspucstjs cd cb pbazj kc scfs

lcscs a ijdtar kcskc cb fdfifj kc ba prùxfla bc`fsbatura.

• Yclcstrablcdtc, ba Ijrpjraifùd prcscdtará ud fdhjrlc sjgrc cbiulpbflfcdtj kc ba lfsfùd kc scrvfifj pÿgbfij para su aprjgaifùd pjr baIjlfsfùd kc ijdtrjb parbalcdtarfj. Cb fdhjrlc frá aijlpañakj pjr scdkjskfitálcdcs kcb Ijdscoj Yjifab y kcb Ijdscoj Aukfjvfsuab.

• Wchjrlas sflfbarcs kcgcd cxf`frsc para bas rakfjtcbcvfsfjdcs autjdùlfias, ytrasbakarsc a sus bc`fsbaifjdcs rc`fjdabcs, ijlj ijdkfifjdcs lìdflasjgbfàtjrfas para bc`ftflar su daturabcza kc scrvfifjs pÿgbfijs cd Curjpa, y

oustfhfiar ba hfdadifaifùd kc sus ijstcs dctjs quc sjbj a partfr kc anì puckcdcvabuarsc.

• Cd partfiubar, ba rchjrla rcabfzaka cd 7517 kcb artfiubakj kc ba B@A79 kcgcscr rcvcrtfka ìdtc`ralcdtc, flpfkfcdkj ba cxtcrdabfzaifùd kc ba `cstfùd kcbscrvfifj pÿgbfij y kc sus ijdtcdfkjs cstratæ`fijs, cspcifablcdtc kc bafdhjrlaifùd, y adubadkj bas ijdicsfjdcs a clprcsas prfvakas quc sc nayadrcabfzakj cd csc scdtfkj.

79 Bcy 8/7517, quc ljkfhfiù ba B@IA.


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9.- IJD[CDFKJY KCB YCWXFIFJ UßGBFIJ W[XC

Cd cb aituab larij djrlatfvj cspañjb puckc kfstfdùfrsc cdtrc uda prj`ralaifùd`cdcrab quc kcgcd prcstar tjkjs bjs jpcrakjrcs, pÿgbfijs y prfvakjs, y udaprj`ralaifùd kc scrvfifj pÿgbfij a ba quc sùbj cstád jgbfàkjs bjs jpcrakjrcspÿgbfijs. Ba ‒prj`ralaifùd gásfia“ sc kcbflfta prfdifpablcdtc pjr ba vìa kccstagbcicr bflftaifjdcs a bjs prcstakjrcs kcb scrvfifj. Cd ialgfj, ba prj`ralaifùdkc scrvfifj pÿgbfij vfcdc kchfdfka pjr ladkatjs `cdærfijs a bjs jpcrakjrcs pÿgbfijs,quc sc ijdirctad cd prfdifpfjs talgfæd luy alpbfjs quc kcgcd rc`fr baprj`ralaifùd y cd udas jgbfàifjdcs kc prj`ralaifùd lás ijdirctas.

Cd rcsulcd, cb pÿgbfij tfcdc kcrcinj, pjr ud bakj, a uda prj`ralaifùd gásfiarcùbaka para quc dj iafà cd cxicsjs, dj vubdcrc kcrcinjs y ijbagjrc (a travæs kcbas iujtas kc prjkuiifùd) a ba ijncsfùd sjifab y, pjr jtrj, a uda prj`ralaifùd kc

scrvfifj pÿgbfij ijdicgfka para satfshaicr bas dcicsfkakcs kcljirátfias, sjifabcs yiubturabcs cd tærlfdjs tjkavìa luy `cdærfijs.“ (Kìaz Arfas, 7517 p. 86). Djjbvfkcljs quc ba Bcy @cdcrab kc ba Ijludfiaifùd Aukfjvfsuab cstagbcic udasjgbfàifjdcs luy `cdcrabcs para tjkjs bjs jpcrakjrcs pÿgbfijs.

Uara ba Ijrpjraifùd W[XC cstas jgbfàifjdcs prj`ralátfias cstád cstagbcifkas pjrba Bcy 10/7558, ba Bcy 1>/7556, cb Ladkatj Larij kc 7550 y djrlas fdtcrdas ijljbas Kfrcitrfics Gásfias kc Urj`ralaifùd, cb Cstatutj kc Fdhjrlaifùd y cb Bfgrj kcCstfbj.

Cdijdtraljs, pjr ud bakj, bas hudifjdcs y hfdabfkakcs `cdcrabcs kcb scrvfifjkcrfvakas kc ba Bcy 10/7558 (90 ladkatjs), rcftcrakjs buc`j pjr cb Ladkatj Larijcd prfdifpfjs `cdcrabcs y kc prj`ralaifùd (;0 jgbfàifjdcs) y 80 jgbfàifjdcs lásijdirctas, quc puckcd ijdsfkcrarsc bas bìdcas cstratæ`fias kcb scrvfifj (Kìaz Arfas,7517, p. 0;).

Ba ijdicpifùd `cdcrab kc bjs ijdtcdfkjs y prj`ralas quc sc kcsprcdkc kc cstclarij djrlatfvj cs ba sfùfcdtc?

• Ijdoudtj kc iadabcs kc rakfj y tcbcvfsfùd ijd prj`ralaifjdcskfvcrsas y cqufbfgrakas para tjkj tfpj kc pÿgbfijs kcstfdakas asatfshaicr dcicsfkakcs kc fdhjrlaifùd, iubtura y cdtrctcdflfcdtj (art.7.1 Bcy 10/7558)

• Ujsfifùd kcstaiaka cd cb scitjr aukfjvfsuab quc àradtfic ba suhfifcdtcprcscdifa cd ba sjifckak (art. 0.1 Ladkatj Larij).

• Ijdtcdfkjs kc iabfkak cd tjkjs bjs `ædcrjs, quc sfrvad kc rchcrcdifaab ijdoudtj kc bjs lckfjs aukfjvfsuabcs cspañjbcs (art. 71 LadkatjLarij).

• Urj`ralaifùd prjaitfva ab scrvfifj kc bas dcicsfkakcs sjifabcs qucatfcdka a ba fdhadifa y ouvcdtuk y a ba tcricra ckak= prjljtjra kcbkcpjrtc kc gasc y hclcdfdj, ba fdtc`raifùd kc bas lfdjrìas cfdlf`radtcs, kc ba scùrfkak vfab, bjs kcrcinjs kc bjs ijdsulfkjrcs,cti. (art. 71.7 Ladkatj Larij).

• Ijdtcdfkjs akciuakjs para aulcdtar ba aukfcdifa cdtrc bjs 1; y bjs;3 añjs (arts. 76 y 95 Ladkatj Larij).


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• Ijdtcdfkjs kc prjxflfkak lckfadtc kcsijdcxfjdcs tcrrftjrfabcs(Ladkatj Larij art. 99 g)

• Ijgcrtura fdtcrdaifjdab kc ba jhcrta kc rakfj y tcbcvfsfùd cd bas árcaslás pjgbakas kc tjkjs bjs ijdtfdcdtcs (Ladkatj Larij art. 99 i).

Cd kchfdftfva, ijdtcdfkjs `cdcrabcs y cspciìhfijs, quc atfcdkad a dcicsfkakcs`cdcrabcs kc fdhjrlaifùd, hjrlaifùd y cdtrctcdflfcdtj kc bas layjrìas, pcrjtalgfæd a dcicsfkakcs cspciìhfias kc iapas kc pjgbaifùd y quc cd `cdcrab akjptaduda hudifùd prjljtjra kc bjs kcrcinjs, cb kcsarrjbbj pcrsjdab y ijbcitfvj. Cstaijdicpifùd cs pcrhcitalcdtc vábfka, sf gfcd bas jgbf`aifjdcs kcrfvakas dj nadrcifgfkj ba hfdadifaifùd akciuaka, quc kcgcrìa nagcrsc ijdirctakj cd cb IjdtratjUrj`rala.

Cstc ljkcbj cs, dj jgstadtc, prjpfj kc ud scrvfifj pÿgbfij kc ba rakfj tcbcvfsfùd

kjdkc bjs ijdtcdfkjs cd bìdca sjd ijdicgfkjs ijlj ud iadab kc kfstrfguifùd lás.Nasta anjra, cb scrvfifj pÿgbfij dj tcdìa lás rclckfj quc vjbiarsc cd prj`ralaskcstfdakjs a pÿgbfijs `cdcrabcs, fdtcdtadkj iugrfr dcicsfkakcs cspciìhfias a travæskc prj`ralas lfdjrftarfjs iuadkj dj lar`fdabcs. Anjra puckc talgfæd atcdkcrdcicsfkakcs cspciìhfias y pcrsjdabfzar bjs ijdtcdfkjs, pcrj para cbbj rcqufcrcrciursjs cspciìhfijs. Yc prjpjdc, asì, uda rckchfdfifùd cstratæ`fia kc bjs ijdtcdfkjskcb scrvfifj pÿgbfij.

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7>

IJD[CDFKJY UWCHCWCD[CY KCB YCWXFIFJ UßGBFIJ


• Yc naic fdkfspcdsagbc ba ircaifùd kc sfdcr`fas cdtrc bas kfhcrcdtcspbatahjrlas. Yfd agadkjdar ba prjkuiifùd kc ijdtcdfkjs para bjs iadabcstrakfifjdabcs, ba iapaifkak kc prjkuiifùd kc [XC y WDC kcgc pjdcrsc abscrvfifj kc ba ircaifùd kc ducvjs ijdtcdfkjs para pbatahjrlasfdtcraitfvas, pcrj cd sfdcr`fa ijd ba prj`ralaifùd trakfifjdab.

• [jka ba prj`ralaifùd kcgc scr pcdsaka cd tærlfdjs kcb ijdsulj bfdcab ydj bfdcab7; y kc tcbcvfsfùd y rakfj sjifab. [jka ba prj`ralaifùd yijdtcdfkjs kcgcrìad cstar kfspjdfgbcs cd bas pbatahjrlas fdtcraitfvas.

• Kcgc vf`fbarsc quc ba apcrtura kc bjs ijdtcdfkjs dj rckudkc cd udacxpbjtaifùd ijlcrifab pjr tcricrjs, j cd su iasj, bbcàrsc a aiucrkjs ijdcstas clprcsas, sfclprc quc àradtficd cb prfdifpfj kc rcdtagfbfkak sjifab.

• Uartfifpaifùd y ijludfkak. Ba fdtcraitfvfkak y ba partfifpaifùd kcb pÿgbfijkcgcd scr vabjrcs kcsarrjbbakjs tradsvcrsablcdtc, tadtj cd baprj`ralaifùd bfdcab ijlj cd bas pbatahjrlas fdtcraitfvas. [jkjs bjsijdtcdfkjs kcgcd cstar pcdsakjs para ircar ijludfkakcs. Bapartfifpaifùd cd rckcs sjifabcs y ba fdijrpjraifùd kc bjs ijdtcdfkjsircakjs pjr cb pÿgbfij cxf`c ducvas djrlas cd Iùkf`js Kcjdtjbù`fijs yBfgrjs kc Cstfbj.

• Ucrsjdabfzaifùd. Cb tratalfcdtj kc katjs rcij`fkjs cd bas pbatahjrlasfdtcraitfvas kcgc apbfiarsc a uda lcojr kctcrlfdaifùd kc bas dcicsfkakcs

kcb pÿgbfij y a pcrlftfr ba pbcda pcrsjdabfzaifùd kc bjs ijdtcdfkjs. Cbbjrcqufcrc ba ircaifùd kc uda iucdta kc usuarfj , bj quc scrìa udajpjrtudfkak para jhrcicr ba akncsfùd a ba pbatahjrla ‒Ifukakadjs pjr cbYcrvfifj Uÿgbfij“, quc karìa kcrcinj a aiickcr a ijdtcdfkjs cspcifabcs,fdvftaifùd a prj`ralas, kcgatcs cti., akclás kc kcrcinj a partfifpar cdba cbciifùd kcb Ijdscoj Yjifab.

• Cb tratalfcdtj kc katjs sc rcabfzará ijd rcspctj a bjs kcrcinjs kc bjsusuarfjs y sfd dfdùda ubtcrfjr cxpbjtaifùd ijlcrifab. [jkjs bjsijdtcdfkjs y scrvfifjs kcgcd scr pcrsjdabfzagbcs y pcrlftfr ab usuarfj suijdsulj cd kfstfdtas pbatahjrlas cd iuabqufcr tfclpj, buàr y kfspjsftfvj.

7; Cdtcdkcljs pjr ijdsulj bfdcab aqucb cd cb quc cb usuarfj dj bc qucka jtrj rclckfj quc ijdsulfr (vcr)aqucbbj quc sc clftc cd bjs iadabcs kfspjdfgbcs cd agfcrtj, hrcdtc ab dj bfdcab ijdsulj dj bfdcab cd cb quc cbcspcitakjr cbf`c. Uuckc vcrsc uda cxpbfiaifùd kc csta cvjbuifùd cd ba prcscdtaifùd kc Ycr`f Absfda kc 70-^F-751; ]Ijdsubtakj 1-oubfj 7513\?nttps?//www.icbbdcxtcbcijl.ijl/ijdtcdt/upbjaks/7513/5;/Agcrtfs[cbcijlZBaDucva[XZvhh.pkh


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A.- BJY IJD[CDFKJY CD [CBCXFYFÙD CYUAÑJBA

Cd bjs ÿbtfljs añjs, [XC na pcrkfkj cb bfkcraz`j kc ba aukfcdifa. Cstj dj scrìa `ravcsf hucra ud ncinj ifriudsirftj puralcdtc a Ba 1 y ab njrarfj kc láxfla aukfcdifa,pucs ba tcbcvfsfùd pÿgbfia dj kcgc ijdqufstar ba aukfcdifa a iuabqufcr prcifj, tadtjcd bj quc sc rchfcrc a ijstcs, ijlj ab usj kc rciursjs quc rciurrcd ab ljrgj j cbscdsaifjdabfslj. Ifcrtj cs quc ba hra`lcdtaifùd kc bas aukfcdifas ahcita a tjkjs bjsjpcrakjrcs, pcrj cd cb iasj kc [XC cs lás aiusaka. Ba iaìka sc na prjkuifkj cdtjkjs bjs njrarfjs y cd tjkjs bjs iadabcs kcb `rupj.

Bjs katjs jhfifabcs ab ifcrrc kcb 91 kc kfifclgrc kc 751;, rcijpfbakjs pjrGarbjvcdtj cd gasc a ifhras kc Madtar Lckfa, fdkfiad quc Ba 1 y bas iakcdasautjdùlfias nad sfkj bjs `radkcs pcroukfiakjs ab rc`fstrar sus lìdfljs nfstùrfijs cdud añj cd quc ducvalcdtc [cbcifdij na vucbtj a àdar ijd ud 1;,3%, scùfka kc

Adtcda 9 ijd ud 19,8%. Ba Ycxta ijdsfùfù su láxflj nfstùrfij ijd ud 0,7%lfcdtras quc Iuatrj sc quckù cd cb 8,>%.

Añj 751;. Hucdtc? Hùrluba [X

Ujr `rupjs clprcsarfabcs cb bfkcraz`j huc para Lckfasct Cspaña, quc abiadzù cb95,0% kc iujta aulcdtadkj cd 1,0 pudtjs su rcsubtakj kcb añj 7519. Atrcslckfa scquckù cd cb 70,0% - ya quc na tcdfkj ud layjr flpaitj pjr cb ifcrrc kc iadabcs-,lfcdtras quc ba IW[XC ijdsfùfù ud 18,0%. Sdfkak Ckftjrfab bbc`ù ab 9,8%y Xjicdtj ab 9,3%.73

73 nttp?//www.hjrlubatv.ijl/aukfcdifas/vcr/nfstjrfij/


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Bjs rcijrtcs cd ba prjkuiifùd, bas bflftaifjdcs cd akqufsfifjdcs kcpjrtfvas yifdclatj`ráhfias (cstagbcifkas pjr ba Bcy >/7556) y ba fdsfstcdifa cd prj`ralas yhjrlatjs pcdsakjs para æpjias pasakas nad kctcrlfdakj quc [XC kcoc kc scrrchcrcdifa y, bj lás `ravc, na pcrkfkj cb bfkcraz`j kc bjs prj`ralas fdhjrlatfvjs, udncinj cd cb quc sfd kuka nad pcsakj bas labas práitfias y ba ladfpubaifùdfdhjrlatfva.

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91

IJD[CDFKJY KC [XC


• Ba 1. Yc ladtcdkrá ijlj iakcda `cdcrabfsta. Yu prj`ralaifùd sccstruiturará cd tjrdj a ba fdhjrlaifùd y cb cdtrctcdflfcdtj. Ycrciupcrarád cspaifjs fdhjrlatfvjs cd njrarfjs kc láxfla aukfcdifa, tadtjkc bjs `ædcrjs kc jpfdfùd ijlj kc prj`ralas kc rcpjrtaocs y ijdtcdfkjskc fdvcstf`aifùd.

• Cd cdtrctcdflfcdtj sc fdvcrtfrá cd ducvjs hjrlatjs kc prjkuiifùd prjpfa.

• Yc apjstará cspcifablcdtc pjr ba hfiifùd y cb ifdc daifjdab y curjpcj. Ba 1kcgcrìa scr talgfæd cb iadab para bjs `radkcs aijdtciflfcdtjs kcpjrtfvjs,

cspcifablcdtc aituaifjdcs kc scbciifjdcs daifjdabcs kc kcpjrtcslayjrftarfjs y Ouc`js Jbìlpfijs. Ladtcdkrìa bas kcsijdcxfjdcsrc`fjdabcs.

• Fdtc`raifùd kc ba prjkuiifùd. Ladtcdfcdkj ba autjdjlìa kc [XC, WDC yscrvfifjs fdtcraitfvjs, parcic aijdscoagbc ba ircaifùd kc `radkcs udfkakcsfdtc`rakas kc prjkuiifùd (Iubtura, Kcpjrtcs, Ifcdifa y [cidjbj`ìa,Cdtrctcdflfcdtj, Hfiifùd, Ifdclatj`ráhfijs c Fdhjrlatfvjs, IjdtcdfkjsYjifabcs), kc bas quc frrakfarád ijdtcdfkjs para tjkas bas pbatahjrlas.

• Yfd`ubarlcdtc, sc prjpjdc flpubsar y hjlcdtar ijdtcdfkjs kc ifcdifa ytcidjbj`ìa, a travæs kc cspaifjs cspciìhfijs y kc hjrla tradsvcrsab, tadtj

cd bjs fdhjrlatfvjs ijlj cd bjs scrvfifjs fdtcraitfvjs. Cstjs ijdtcdfkjscd ba Wakfjtcbcvfsfùd pÿgbfia kcgcd haifbftar cb aiicsj udfvcrsab a basducvas ijrrfcdtcs y tcdkcdifas sjifabcs y scrvfr ijlj ljtjr kcb ialgfjcd ba cra kf`ftab.

• Ba 7. Ladtcdkrá su iaráitcr kc iakcda iubturab. Ijlj nasta anjra, suprj`ralaifùd atcdkcrá cb ifdc fdkcpcdkfcdtc daifjdab y cxtradocrj, bjskjiulcdtabcs, prj`ralas fdhjrlatfvjs y iubturabcs kc prjkuiifùd prjpfa.

• Ijlj djvckak, Ba 7 kcgc scr cb iadab para cdsayar ducvjs hjrlatjs ykfrf`fr uda prj`ralaifùd cspciìhfia ab pÿgbfij lás ojvcd, rciupcradkjtalgfæd uda prj`ralaifùd lusfiab quc dj cstæ kjlfdaka pjr bjs fdtcrcscskc bas `radkcs kfsij`ráhfias. Kcoarìa kc scr ud iadab ijd kcsijdcxfjdcs

rc`fjdabcs.

• Ducvj iadab cstatab-autjdùlfij. Yc prjpjdc ba ircaifùd kc ud iadabdaifjdab ijd kcsijdcxfjdcs tcrrftjrfabcs, hrutj kc ba fdtc`raifùd cd W[XCkc bjs iadabcs autjdùlfijs kc bas Ijludfkakcs quc asì bj kcifkad. Baskcsijdcxfjdcs iugrfrìad tjkjs bjs prj`ralas fdhjrlatfvjs (clftfkjs sfdijlpctcdifa ijd Ba 1) y partc kc ba prj`ralaifùd kc lañada y tarkc. Cdialgfj, ba prj`ralaifùd kc láxfla aukfcdifa tcdkrìa iaráitcr cstatab ysc prjkuifrìa cspciìhfialcdtc para cstc iadab, ijd ba partfifpaifùdprjkuitfva y hfdadifcra kc bas rcspcitfvas ijludfkakcs, ijdhjrlc a susaiucrkjs kc fdtc`raifùd j ijjpcraifùd.


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• Iadab 7; Njras. Ba hudifùd kc aituabfzaifùd fdhjrlatfva na pcrkfkjrcbcvadifa adtc ba pcrladcdtc ahbucdifa kc tftubarcs a tjkj tfpj kc

kfspjsftfvjs. Ladtcdfcdkj bjs gjbctfdcs njrarfjs ijlj rchcrcdifa, baprj`ralaifùd kc cstc iadab tfcdc quc dutrfrsc kc cspaifjs fdhjrlatfvjscspcifabfzakjs quc dj sc bflftcd a sflpbcs la`azfdcs kc tcrtubfa, sfdj qucapjrtcd ijdtcdfkjs kc cbagjraifùd prjpfa. Kcgcd rcvftabfzarsc bastradslfsfjdcs kc aijdtciflfcdtjs cd kfrcitj kc tjkj tfpj, kclasfakjicdtrakas nasta anjra cd bjs cvcdtjs fdstftuifjdabcs y pjbìtfijs, y cvftar bakfhusfùd kc prj`ralas kc arinfvj sfd ijdtcxtuabfzaifùd.

• [cbckcpjrtc. Yc kckfiará sjgrc tjkj ab kcpjrtc lfdjrftarfj, y a bjslayjrftarfjs cd ba lckfka cd quc sc abiadicd aiucrkjs kc ijjpcraifùdijd bas rcspcitfvas hckcraifjdcs kcpjrtfvas. Yc kcgc rcdudifar a ba puoasjgrc bjs `radkcs kcrcinjs kcpjrtfvjs, ijd udjs prcifjs kcslcsurakjsquc bjs jrfcdtad iaka vcz lás naifa iadabcs kc pa`j.

• Ibad. Yc kcgcd pjtcdifar bjs ijdtcdfkjs ckuiatfvjs, rjlpcr bakcpcdkcdifa iasf agsjbuta kc bjs `radkcs cstukfjs y apjstar pjr baprjkuiifùd daifjdab kc adflaifùd.

• Iadab Fdtcrdaifjdab. [XC kcgc ijdicdtrar tjkjs sus rciursjs y suslcojrcs prj`ralas cd ba jhcrta kc ud iadab fdtcrdaifjdab `cdcrabfsta, agasc kc ba prj`ralaifùd kcb rcstj kc iadabcs daifjdabcs, sfd kcshascstclpjrabcs, sfd cxicsj kc prj`ralas kc arinfvj y ijd prj`ralaifùdkfhcrcdifaka para iaka rc`fùd pcrj ijd cspcifab atcdifùd naifaFgcrjalærfia. [jkj cbbj ijdhjrlc a bjs njrarfjs kc clfsfùd y tcdfcdkj cd

iucdta bas pjsfgfbfkakcs tæidfias y bjs kcrcinjs ijdtraituabcs. Yckcgcrìad iaptar y gusiar patrjifdfjs cspciìhfijs pjr árcas `cj`ráhfiaspara cstas clfsfjdcs.

• Ab lcdjs Ba 1, Ba 7 y [cbckcpjrtc kcgcd clftfrsc cd NK.

• Cb ijdoudtj kc ba prj`ralaifùd kc [XC kcgc rcsubtar aiicsfgbc para baspcrsjdas ijd kfsiapaifkak, kc aiucrkj ijd bj cstagbcifkj cd ba Bcy78/7511 y cb Wcab Kcirctj Bc`fsbatfvj 1/7519, pjr cb quc sc aprucga cb[cxtj Wchudkfkj kc ba Bcy @cdcrab kc kcrcinjs kc bas pcrsjdas ijdkfsiapaifkak y kc su fdibusfùd sjifab.


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99

G.- IJD[CDFKJY CD WAKFJ DAIFJDAB KC CYUAÑA

Cd Cspaña, ba rakfj, cb lás vcrsátfb y sjifab kc bjs lckfjs kc lasas, sc naclpjgrcifkj cxprcsfvalcdtc y sus aukfcdifas nad cdvcocifkj. Cb padjralarakfjhùdfij cstá kjlfdakj, kc ud bakj, pjr clfsjras lusfiabcs kc rakfj hùrluba y,pjr jtrj, pjr iakcdas `cdcrabfstas quc praitfiad uda rakfj ijdvcrsaifjdab a gasc kc`radkcs laàzfdcs quc ljdjpjbfzad ba parrfbba. Njy cd kìa cb rakfjycdtc tfcdc kjsabtcrdatfvas? j ba lÿsfia ijlcrifab j ba ijdvcrsaifùd sfd hfd. Dj cxfstcd ijdtcdfkjscspcifabfzakjs df cxpbjtaifùd cxprcsfva kc ba lÿsfia y cb sjdfkj. Ba `cdcraifùd kcbtradsfstjr cdvcocic y ba prj`ralaifùd rakfjhùdfia sc rcprjkuic ibùdfialcdtctclpjraka tras tclpjraka. Lfcdtras, luinjs oùvcdcs dj csiuinad ya sfqufcra barakfj hùrluba, sustftufka pjr uda rakfj lusfiab a ba lckfka (ljkcbj Ypjtfhy).

Cd cb iasj kc WDC, naic luinj quc sc pcrkfù ba gatabba kc bas aukfcdifas ijlj

ijdsciucdifa kc ialgfjs crrátfijs cd bjs ijdkuitjrcs kc bjs `radkcs laàzfdcs ycd bjs hjrlatjs kc sus kfvcrsas clfsjras. Akclás, ba habta kc fdkcpcdkcdifafdhjrlatfva, na lcrlakj, audquc cd lcdjr `rakj quc cd [XC, su irckfgfbfkak yprcstf`fj.

V sfd clgar`j, cb scrvfifj pÿgbfij na ladtcdfkj sus iakcdas cspcifabfzakas(fdhjrlatfva, lÿsfia ibásfia y lÿsfia fdkcpcdkfcdtc, rakfj cd iatabád) sfd jhcrtasijlpctftfvas cd ba rakfj prfvaka. Akclás, cdtcrrakjs a njras fdsjspcinakas cd baparrfbba cxfstcd fdtcrcsadtcs prj`ralas quc pasad iasf ijlpbctalcdtckcsapcrifgfkjs cd bas jdkas. Cd iuabqufcr iasj, WDC cs ba ÿdfia iakcda cspañjba ijdba iapaifkak kc prjkuifr ijdtcdfkjs kfvcrsjs y kc iabfkak cd cb tcrrcdj kc ba iubtura,ba fdhjrlaifùd y cb cdtrctcdflfcdtj.

Yflubtádcalcdtc nay quc ijdsfkcrar quc cd varfjs paìscs curjpcjs sc cstátragaoadkj ya para ba tradsfifùd pbcda a ba rakfj kf`ftab (KAG). Cb Lfdfstrj kc Iubturakc Djrucà na adudifakj quc cb apa`ùd kc ba rakfj HL ijlcdzará cb 11 kc cdcrj kc7510, hcina cd ba iuab sc fdfifará cb prfdifpfj kcb hfd kc bas clfsfjdcs kc rakfj HLtrakfifjdabcs. Ba ducva tcidjbj`ìa pcrlftc lás iadabcs y tcùrfialcdtc láskfvcrsfkak cd cb ijdtcdfkj. Kfdalaria, Yucifa y Yufza talgfæd tfcdcd sus pbadcsluy akcbadtakjs.

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9;

WAKFJ DAIFJDAB KC CYUAÑA


• Ladtcdfcdkj sus iadabcs aituabcs, WDC tfcdc quc ouàr ud flpjrtadtcpapcb cd ba rc`cdcraifùd kcb scrvfifj pÿgbfij aukfjvfsuab y prj`rcsar cd suijdvcrsfùd naifa ud scrvfifj pÿgbfij lubtflckfa.

• WDC kcgc kcoar kc scr ijdsfkcraka ‒ba ncrlada pjgrc kc ba Ijrpjraifùd“.Uara rciupcrar su fdifkcdifa y su irckfgfbfkak sjifab kcgc kjtarsc kcrciursjs cijdùlfijs prjpjrifjdabcs a su ìdkfic kc rcdtagfbfkak sjifab. Djparcic kc rcifgj quc bjs scrvfifjs fdhjrlatfvjs df sfqufcra kfspjdàd cd baaituabfkak kc ud sfstcla ljkcrdfzakj para ba clfsfùd kc kfrcitjs y quc

sus prjhcsfjdabcs kcgad rciurrfr cd jiasfjdcs ab ariafij sfstcla kc basirùdfias tcbchùdfias ijd sus prjpfjs lckfjs.

• Yu prj`ralaifùd ijdvcdifjdab kcgcrìa scr lcdjs rì`fka, ijd gbjqucs lásijrtjs y layjr kfvcrsfkak kc prj`ralas. Ba partfifpaifùd ifukakada djpuckc naicrsc cxibusfvalcdtc a travæs kc bbalakas tcbchùdfias, sfdjijdvjiadkj `radkcs kcgatcs sflubtádcalcdtc cd bas jdkas y cd bas rckcssjifabcs sjgrc bas `radkcs iucstfjdcs kc aituabfkak.

• Kcgc pjtcdifarsc ba prjkuiifùd kc ijdtcdfkjs cspcifabfzakjs ijd kfhusfùdlubtfpbatahjrla, pcrj gusiadkj ircar ijludfkakcs cd tjrdj a csjsijdtcdfkjs cspciìhfijs. V kcgc gusiar ba ijdvcr`cdifa ijd [XC y bjsscrvfifjs fdtcraitfvjs, lckfadtc cb aprjvcinalfcdtj kc rciursjs

ijlpartfkjs. Yc trata kc cvftar kupbfifkakcs sfd quc cbbj kcsclgjquc cd bautfbfzaifùd fdkfsirflfdaka kc sus prjhcsfjdabcs ijlj ‒tragaoakjrcsjrqucsta“.

• Kcgc rchjrzarsc ba kflcdsfùd kc scrvfifj ijludftarfj. Wctjlar baprj`ralaifùd bjiab kc bj quc njy sjd udfkakcs fdhjrlatfvas icrrakas.Ladtcdcr ba jdka ijrta kfrf`fka a larfdjs, cxpatrfakjs y cstukfadtcs kccspañjb cd zjdas rcljtas kjdkc cs flpjsfgbc cb aiicsj a Fdtcrdct.

• WDC kcgc bfkcrar ba fddjvaifùd rakfjhùdfia ijd ijdtcdfkjs kralátfijs,fdhjrlatfvjs, kjiulcdtabcs, ckuiatfvjs j kc cdtrctcdflfcdtj prcstadkjcspcifab atcdifùd a ba hudifùd cxprcsfva kcb sjdfkj.

• WDC, oudtj ijd cb Fdstftutj W[XC y ba SCW, kcgc scùfr tragaoadkj cd batcidjbj`ìa KAG y cstukfadkj ba flpbadtaifùd cd varfjs paìscs curjpcjsijd cb hfd kc bfkcrar ba tradsfifùd a csta tcidjbj`ìa cd cb huturj. Lfcdtrastadtj, sc kcgc ladtcdcr ba apucsta pjr ba iabfkak y bflpfcza kc ba scñab,kcdudifadkj y vf`fbadkj bas clfsfjdcs quc fdtcrhfcrcd y labj`rad barcicpifùd kc sus clfsfjdcs.

• WDC kcgc ircar ijdtcdfkjs sjdjrjs kfrf f̀kjs a ba fdhadifa a travæs kc udaapbfiaifùd cspciìhfia para kfspjsftfvjs lùvfbcs.


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I.- IJD[CDFKJY CD YCWXFIFJY FD[CWAI[FXJY

[adtj ab kcsarrjbbar ba ijdicpifùd kcb scrvfifj pÿgbfij lubtflckfa ijlj cd barckchfdfifùd cstratæ`fia kc bjs ijdtcdfkjs rcabfzaka ab ijlfcdzj kc cstc apartakj yasc nad kcsarrjbbakj bas bìdcas `cdcrabcs kc bjs scrvfifjs fdtcraitfvjs, vftabcs para cbkcsarrjbbj kcb scrvfifj pÿgbfij kc ijludfiaifùd kc álgftj cstatab. A ijdtfduaifùd scrcij`cd ab`udas prjpucstas ijdirctas sjgrc su jhcrta.

YCWXFIFJY FD[CWAI[FXJY


• Kfhcrcdifar lás dìtfkalcdtc ud pjrtab fdhjrlatfvj kfstfdtj kcb pjrtab`cdcrab kc cdtraka. Wchjrzar ba ircaifùd kc ijdtcdfkjs fdhjrlatfvjscspciìhfijs prjvcdfcdtcs kc WDC y [XC. Kcsarrjbbar ducvjs hjrlatjsfdhjrlatfvjs kcstfdakjs a ducvas pbatahjrlas, cspcifablcdtc kfspjsftfvjslùvfbcs.

• Ijdtfduar kcsarrjbbadkj cb aiicsj cd bìdca ab arinfvj nfstùrfij kc [XC cdsu [cbcvfsfùd a ba Iarta, fdvfrtfcdkj cd ba kf`ftabfzaifùd y kcsirfpifùd kcsus hjdkjs kjiulcdtabcs y cstruiturar csa [cbcvfsfùd a ba Iarta cd árcastclátfias kjdkc sc rcÿda ba prjkuiifùd aituab y ba nfstùrfia, ijlj sc nancinj cd ‒Yjljs Kjiulcdtabcs“.

•

Ladtcdcr cd strcalfd` tjkjs bjs iadabcs bfdcabcs y ircar jtrjs ducvjs,sc`ÿd cb ljkcbj kcb iadab kc tradslfsfjdcs cd kfrcitj ya cxfstcdtc,clpaquctadkj ijdtcdfkjs kfrf`fkjs a sc`lcdtjs cspciìhfijs kc pjgbaifùd,ijlj oùvcdcs y tcricra ckak. Cstjs ducvjs iadabcs pjkrìad cxpbjrarhùrlubas kc patrjifdfj.

• Ircar sfdcr`fas kc bjs scrvfifjs kf`ftabcs ijd ba prj`ralaifùdijdvcdifjdab, dj sùbj cd ba kfhusfùd kc sus ijdtcdfkjs, sfdj ircadkjcspaifjs kc fdtcraiifùd j hjrjs kc kcgatc parabcbjs a ba clfsfùd kckctcrlfdakjs cspaifjs.

• Ircar iadabcs cspciìhfijs para bjs jpcrakjrcs kc FU[X kc pa`j lckfadtcaiucrkj cijdùlfij ijd bjs lfsljs, audquc sfclprc rcspctadkj cbcstrcdj kc bjs ijdtcdfkjs cd agfcrtj y kc aiicsj udfvcrsab.

• Sdfhfiar cb cstfbj kc bas kfstfdtas pá`fdas Pcgs quc ijdhjrlad bjskfhcrcdtcs cspaifjs y prj`ralas. Lcojrar ba aiicsfgfbfkak kc bjs usuarfjsijd ud irftcrfj kc davc`aifùd alagbc, ijncrcdtc y udfhjrlc.


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;.- KCWCINJ KC AIICYJ V UAW[FIFUAIFÙD YFY[CLÁ[FIA

Cb kcrcinj kc aiicsj, fdiucstfjdagbclcdtc jgbfàkj pjr ba Ijdstftuifùd kc 160> (art.75.;), cstá rcij`fkj cd ba bcy kc ba Wakfj y ba [cbcvfsfùd 7558, cd ba quc sc rcijdjica bjs `rupjs sjifabcs y pjbìtfijs sf`dfhfiatfvjs ba haiubtak kc utfbfzar bjs lckfjs kcijludfiaifùd kc tftubarfkak pÿgbfia para tradslftfr y kfhudkfr sus fkcas ab ijdoudtjkc ba sjifckak, ya sca kc hjrla fdkfrcita -àradtfzadkj cb pburabfslj sjifab, quckcgc cstar prcscdtc cd tjka ba prj`ralaifùd a travæs kc bas pcrsjdas yjràdfzaifjdcs quc cxprcscd csa kfvcrsfkak-, ijlj kc hjrla kfrcita ijd cspaifjscd bjs quc bjs prjpfjs ijbcitfvjs sjifabcs rcprcscdtatfvjs kchfdcd y jràdfzad kchjrla autùdjla cb hjrlatj kc sus ijdtcdfkjs.

Cstc kcrcinj na sfkj kcsarrjbbakj cd chcitj pjr ud rc`balcdtj kcb Ijdscoj kc Aklfdfstraifùd kc ba IW[XC78, pcrj su fdsuhfifcdtc y rcstrfitfvj ijdicptj kcb

kcrcinj kc aiicsj bj na ijdvcrtfkj kcspuæs cd uda vìa gurjirátfia c frrcbcvadtc,ijd ijdvjiatjrfas sclcstrabcs y prj`ralaifùd lar`fdab70. Cd auscdifa kc ud larijquc rcùbc y kcsarrjbbc csta haiubtak prcscdifab, sc kcoa ab argftrfj kc rcspjdsagbcsfdkfvfkuabcs ba aparfifùd j dj kc kctcrlfdakjs `rupjs cd cspaifjs ijd fkcdtfkakprjpfa.

Bjs aituabcs ùràdjs kc rcibalaifùd ifukakada ijlj cb Kchcdsjr kcb cspcitakjr ycb jycdtc rcifgcd fddulcragbcs qucoas, sfd quc sc prjkuziad ialgfjs jrcitfhfiaifjdcs kc rcbcvadifa df prjpjrifjdabcs a ba la`dftuk kc bas rcibalaifjdcs.

Cs prcifsj scñabar asflfslj quc cb kcrcinj kc aiicsj cstá rcijdjifkj cd baIjdstftuifùd para tjkjs bjs lckfjs pÿgbfijs, kc hjrla quc su apbfiaifùd chcitfva cdducstras prjpucstas kcgc scr cdtcdkfka a tjkas sus csiabas, fdibuycdkj baskcsijdcxfjdcs rc`fjdabcs kc W[XC, y bas rakfjtcbcvfsfjdcs autjdùlfias yludfifpabcs.

!"

78 Cb Wc`balcdtj kcb Kcrcinj kc Aiicsj vf`cdtc huc aprjgakj pjr cb Ijdscoj kc Aklfdfstraifùd cd su

scsfùd kcb 78 kc oudfj kc 7550, ijd iaráitcr ‒prjvfsfjdab“ nasta ba ircaifùd kcb Ijdscoj Aukfjvfsuab, ycstagbcic ijdvjiatjrfas iaka scfs lcscs, ijd pbazjs kc qufdic kìas para prcscdtar bas sjbfiftukcs,cxibuycdkj kc cdtraka a bas cdtfkakcs quc nayad partfifpakj cd ba ijdvjiatjrfa adtcrfjr. Akclás kc cstas

fdsùbftas ijdkfifjdcs, bas kcdcàifjdcs sjbj puckcd scr rciurrfkas adtc cb prjpfj Ijdscoj kc Aklfdfstraifùd kc W[XC, ‒jìkj cb Ijdscoj Ascsjr“. nttp?//www.rtvc.cs/ijdtcdfkjs/aiicsj/rc`balcdtj.pkh 70 Ba Ijrpjraifùd W[XC pusj cd larina cb kcrcinj kcskc cb 1 kc cdcrj kc 7556, y sc fdibuyù udprjickflfcdtj kc rcibalaifjdcs, kfrf`fkas ab kfrcitjr kc [XC j WDC.


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KCWCINJ KC AIICYJ


• Cb kcrcinj kc aiicsj cs ud ladkatj ijdstftuifjdab fdcbukfgbc, y kcgc scrcocrifkj ‒kc ladcra `bjgab cd cb ijdoudtj kc ba prj`ralaifùd“ y ‒kcladcra kfrcita cd cspaifjs cspciìhfijs kc aiicsj“ cd njrarfjs djlar`fdabcs, ijd bjs lckfjs tæidfijs y prjhcsfjdabcs kcb scrvfifj pÿgbfij.(FIW, 7553, apkj. 9.7.9= Bcy 10/7558, art. 7>). Cd algjs scdtfkjs, cbkcrcinj kc aiicsj sc ijdstftuyc ijlj ud coc cscdifab kc ba jhcrta kcbscrvfifj pÿgbfij.

• Ucrj akclás, ba sjifckak cspañjba vfvc ud prjicsj kc tradshjrlaifùd quc

na cdrafzakj ijd ud ducvj ljkj kc cdtcdkcr ba partfifpaifùd ifukakadacd bas fdstftuifjdcs, ijd rcvftabfzaifùd kc tjkj tfpj kc asjifaifjdcs yijbcitfvjs rcprcscdtatfvjs kc ba sjifckak ifvfb quc apjrtad sus vabjrcs yducvjs sfstclas kc fdtcrrcbaifùd a kfhcrcdtcs csiabas. Kc hjrla quc njy cbkcrcinj kc partfifpaifùd frrakfa a tjkas bas cshcras kc ba vfka pÿgbfia ykcgcrìa ijdvcrtfrsc cd udj kc bjs fdkfiakjrcs y `aradtcs kc ba iabfkakkcljirátfia cd ducstrj paìs. Ujr cbbj, cb prjicsj kc rc`cdcraifùd cd bjslckfjs pÿgbfijs pasa pjr rciupcrar ba ijdhfadza kcb ifukakadj y kar baláxfla partfifpaifùd kfrcita a tjkas bas cdtfkakcs rcprcscdtatfvas kc basjifckak ifvfb.

• Cd bj quc rcspcita a cspaifjs cspciìhfijs kc aiicsj, sc rcvfsará cb

rc`balcdtj aituab para ijdvcrtfrbjs cd cspaifjs sfstclátfijs kfarfjs yijlprjlctcr su prj`ralaifùd cd njrarfjs rcbcvadtcs kc aukfcdifa. Ycrá`cstfjdakj pjr ud pjtcdtc kcpartalcdtj kc Wcdtagfbfkak sjifab y rcbaifùdijd ba aukfcdifa -lás abbá kc uda hf`ura djlfdatfva ijlj ba Kchcdsjrìa kcbcspcitakjr- gaoj ba vf`fbadifa pcrladcdtc kcb Ijdscoj Yjifab, quc aituaráasflfslj ijlj fdstadifa prflcra para bjs rciursjs prcscdtakjs. Akclás,sc cocricrá?

• Cd bjs iadabcs `cdcrabfstas y tclátfijs y cd bjs scrvfifjs fdtcraitfvjs.

• A csiaba cstatab y tcrrftjrfab? lckfadtc ba fdsirfpifùd prcvfa cd bjsijrrcspjdkfcdtcs rc`fstrjs kc cdtfkakcs rcprcscdtatfvas (13 pjr 155kcb ijbcitfvj rcprcscdtakj).

• Cd bj quc rcspcita ab kcrcinj kc aiicsj `bjgab kc bjs ifukakadjs, sckfspjdkrád lciadfsljs pcrfùkfijs y pcrladcdtcs kc ijdsubta a bjscspcitakjrcs y a sus asjifaifjdcs ifvfbcs? cdiucstas, aukfcdifas pjrscitjrcs asjifatfvjs, lafbs, hjrjs, inats, fdibusj cdiucdtrjs scitjrfabcs ypcrfùkfijs ijd asfstcdifa prcscdifab, ab cstfbj kc bjs cdiucdtrjs qucrcabfza ba GGI.

• Cd bjs scrvfifjs cd bìdca c fdtcraitfvjs sc rcabfzarád akclássfstclátfialcdtc tcst kc vabjr pÿgbfij añakfkj, ijdsubta pÿgbfia sjgrc sudcicsfkak y kcladka sjifab, sus ijstcs, sus rcsubtakjs y su vabjrijlparatfvj ijd ba jhcrta prfvaka. (B@A, 7515, art. ;1.9.).


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• Cb Ijdscoj Yjifab scrá cb ijrazùd kc csc kcrcinj kc aiicsj kcljirátfij,

kckfiakj a flpubsar y ijdtrjbar pcrladcdtclcdtc cb cocrififj kc cstapartfifpaifùd pÿgbfia sfstclátfia.

• Cb Árca kc Wcdtagfbfkak Yjifab cd`bjgará ba Kchcdsjrìa kc ba Aukfcdifa, bjsprj`ralas kc partfifpaifùd y ud rc`fstrj kc ‒Ifukakadjs pjr cb YcrvfifjUÿgbfij“. Cstc ÿbtflj sc artfiubará ijd aqucbbas pcrsjdas quc sc kcd kcabta para tcdcr aiicsj a hjrjs, inats y jtras pbatahjrlas kc partfifpaifùdy a bas quc sc kará aiicsj prchcrcdtc a ijdtcdfkjs cspcifabcs. A bjsifukakadjs fdsirftjs cd cstc rc`fstrj sc bcs ijdsubtará hrciucdtclcdtcsjgrc cb kcsarrjbbj kcb scrvfifj pÿgbfij a travæs kc cdiucstas y hjrjs kckcgatc, vfrtuabcs j prcscdifabcs. Cbc`frád, akclás, kjs kc bjs lfclgrjskcb Ijdscoj Yjifab, lckfadtc prjpucstas y vjtj cbcitrùdfij kc tjkjs bjsifukakadjs rc`fstrakjs.

• Sda jràdfzaifùd sflfbar kcgc scr kcsarrjbbaka cd bas W[X.AA. y cd basrakfjtcbcvfsfjdcs bjiabcs ludfifpabcs kc scrvfifj pÿgbfij.

• Fùablcdtc, bas kcsijdcxfjdcs rc`fjdabcs kc W[XC kfspjdkrád kc cspaifjskc aiicsj para bas asjifaifjdcs ifvfbcs rcprcscdtatfvas a su csiabatcrrftjrfab, kc hjrla ijjrkfdaka ijd bjs kc bas W[XAA.

• Bjs ifukakadjs cspañjbcs pjkrád sjbfiftar cb kcgatc pÿgbfij kc asudtjsrcbaifjdakjs ijd cb iulpbflfcdtj kc bjs jgoctfvjs kc IW[XC. Cb IjdscojYjifab cstukfará bas pctfifjdcs apjyakas pjr ab lcdjs 15.555 hfrlas. CbKfrcitjr @cdcrab rcspjdkcrá cd ud prj`rala tcbcvfsakj a bas iucstfjdcspbadtcakas y kcgatfrá ijd trcs rcprcscdtadtcs kc bjs pctfifjdarfjs. CbIjdscoj Yjifab aprjgará ud rc`balcdtj quc rcùbc csta ‒aiifùd kfrcitaifukakada“.


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3.- CB YCWXFIFJ UßGBFIJ CD BA CWA KF@F[AB

Dulcrjsjs kjiulcdtjs fdtcrdaifjdabcs, cspcifablcdtc kc ba Sdfùd Curjpca, kcbIjdscoj kc Curjpa y kc ba prjpfa SDCYIJ nad apcbakj a uda prjhudka akaptaifùdkcb scrvfifj pÿgbfij a ba ducva Cra Kf`ftab, para ladtcdcr sus lfsfjdcs y su pcsjrcbatfvj adtc bas ducvas kcladkas y dcicsfkakcs sjifabcs (Dfsscd, 7558= Wfkkfd`cr,755>= SDCYIJ, 7558), sfd bj iuab cb scrvfifj pÿgbfij frìa pcrkfcdkj fdhbucdifa sjifabnasta su cxtfdifùd.

Cd cb iasj cspañjb, kcskc ba rchjrla kc 7558, cb cijsfstcla fdhjrlatfvj naialgfakj djtagbclcdtc, ijd ba cxtcdsfùd kc ba gadka adina ’quc haifbfta cb vìkcjgaoj kcladka’ y ba prjbfhcraifùd kc bas rckcs sjifabcs, quc nad hra`lcdtakj cbcspaifj pÿgbfij cd uda lfrìaka kc ijdvcrsaifjdcs, vcnfiubakas pjr udas pjiasijlpañìas tcidjbù`fias tradsdaifjdabcs, kc ùptfia cxibusfvalcdtc ijlcrifab.

Cb ijdsulj bfdcab dj na lucrtj, ifcrtalcdtc, pcrj ba prj`ralaifùd trakfifjdab csiaka vcz lás ijlpartfka cd bas rckcs sjifabcs cd bj quc sc na kakj cd bbalar batcbcvfsfùd sjifab . Akclás, ba tcbcvfsfùd ijdcitaka a Fdtcrdct ’ba tcbcvfsfùd nìgrfka’pcrlftc añakfr hudifjdcs fdtcraitfvas a ba tcbcvfsfùd bfdcab. Bjs lás oùvcdcsprchfcrcd cb ijdsulj pcrsjdab, y, cd `cdcrab, ircic cxpjdcdifablcdtc cdkfspjsftfvjs lùvfbcs.7>

Njy, cb adábfsfs kc bjs katjs djs pcrlftc ijdjicr lcojr bjs kcscjs y dcicsfkakcs kcba aukfcdifa y pcrsjdabfzar bjs ijdtcdfkjs. V talpjij pjkcljs jbvfkar quc udapartc dj layjrftarfa, pcrj sf`dfhfiatfva, kc bj quc adtcs cra aukfcdifa pasfva, sc naijdvcrtfkj cd prjkuitjra kc ijdtcdfkjs, a lcdukj purj rclfx prjhcsfjdab, pcrj quctalgfæd apjrta cxprcsfjdcs kc ircatfvfkak pcrsjdab y kc ducvas dcicsfkakcssjifabcs daka kcskcñagbcs.

Csta cvjbuifùd na supcrakj ba ijdircifùd kc ba lfsfùd kc scrvfifj pÿgbfij quc ba Bcy10/7558 (art. 9.7 d) rcabfza cd cstjs tærlfdjs? hjlcdtar ba prjkuiifùd kc ijdtcdfkjsaukfjvfsuabcs curjpcjs y cd bcdùas jrf`fdarfas cspañjbas y prjljvcr ba ircaifùd

kf`ftab y lubtflckfa .

Cd tjka Curjpa sc cstá prjkuifcdkj uda cvjbuifùd kcskc bjs scrvfifjs pÿgbfijs kcrakfjtcbcvfsfùd (UYG, Uugbfi Yystcl Grjakiastfd` ) a bjs scrvfifjs pÿgbfijslubtflckfa (UYL, Uugbfi Yystcl Lckfa ).

Cd iuabqufcr iasj, dj nay kuka kc quc cstjs scrvfifjs cd bìdca prjvccd iaka vcz láskc ijdtcdfkjs quc sfrvcd ab iulpbflfcdtj kc ba lfsfùd kc scrvfifj pÿgbfij (JHIJL,751;, p. ;)= y ba ducva ijdicpifùd kcb scrvfifj aukfjvfsuab j lubtflckfa pÿgbfijpcrlftc ircar ducvas hjrlas kc vfdiubaifùd y lubtfpbfia bas pjsfgfbfkakcs kcfdtcraiifùd ijd bjs ifukakadjs76.

Njy, tjka uda bìdca kc pcdsalfcdtj c fdvcstfàifùd fdtcrdaifjdab sjstfcdc quc cbscrvfifj pÿgbfij cs cb cdtjrdj lás akciuakj para kcsarrjbbar ud tcrrcdj iìvfij

7> Uara ijdjicr lcojr csa rcabfkak, cd agrfb kc 7513, Madtar Lckfa y IjlsIjrc bbcàrjd a ud aiucrkj paralckfr cstas aukfcdifas irjss-lckfa cd Cspaña. Xcr? nttp?//larmctfd`kfrcitj.ijl/aituabfkak/lckfjs/madtar-

lckfa-ijlsijrc-lckfrad-bas-aukfcdifas-irjss-lckfa-lcriakj-cspadjb/ ]hcina kc ijdsubta 1 a`jstj 7513\ 76

Ba GGI na adudifakj rcifcdtclcdtc uda rcdjvaifùd tjtab kc GGI jdbfdc gasaka cd ba pcrsjdabfzaifùd kcbjs ijdtcdfkjs, ijd cb prjycitj kcdjlfdakj LyGGI , Cstjs ijdtcdfkjs pcrsjdabfzakjs sc pjkrád ijdsulfrcd iuabqufcr tfclpj, buàr y kfspjsftfvj.


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;5

ijlÿd (ifvfi ijlljds ), cd cb quc bjs ifukakadjs puckad cdbazar y ijlpartfr susijdtcdfkjs, ijd uda scbciifùd prjhcsfjdab y hucra kc ba bù`fia ijlcrifab kc Fdtcrdct(Walscy, 7519).

Yc trata kc akaptar bas lfsfjdcs cscdifabcs kcb scrvfifj pÿgbfij a cstc ducvjcdtjrdj? ircar ijdtcdfkjs quc prjlucvad cb kcsarrjbbj pcrsjdab, ba fdtc`raifùdsjifab y tcrrftjrfab c fdicdtfvcd cb tabcdtj. V kc scrvfr csjs ijdtcdfkjs a tjkjs, cdiuabqufcr ljlcdtj, cd iuabqufcr buàr y cd iuabqufcr pbatahjrla, hjlcdtadkj bapartfifpaifùd cd csa ijdvcrsaifùd ijbcitfva y prjljvfcdkj bjs tclas y kcgatcs kcfdtcræs ̀ cdcrab.

Cd kchfdftfva, cd ud Cstakj kcljirátfij bjs ijdtcdfkjs lubtflckfa kc iabfkak (kc bjsquc kcpcdkcd iaka vcz lás bjs kcrcinjs a ba fdhjrlaifùd, a ba iubtura y, pjr tadtj aba kcljiraifa lfsla) dj puckcd scr cxibusfvalcdtc ud scrvfifj ijlcrifab, pjr bjquc kchcdkcljs quc ud scrvfifj pÿgbfij kf`ftab cs pjsfgbc hrcdtc a ud ‒Fdtcrdct

ijbjdfzakj“ (Huins, 751;).

Cd bj quc ijdifcrdc a W[XC, ba Ijrpjraifùd dj na fdfifakj sfqufcra cb ialfdj cxf`fkjpjr ba djrlatfva curjpca para bjs scrvfifjs cd bìdca, f`djradkj ijlpbctalcdtc bjstcst kc vabjr añakfkj pÿgbfij (pugbfi vabuc tcst ), ijlj àradtìa kc su ijncrcdifa ijd‒bas dcicsfkakcs sjifabcs, kcljirátfias y iubturabcs“ kc iaka tcrrftjrfj, y cbbj pcsca quc ba rcùbaifùd cspañjba bj lcdifjda cxprcsalcdtc (B@A, 7515, art ;1,9). Yfgfcd cs ifcrtj quc, cd cb ijdtcxtj kc rctrjicsjs quc na supucstj para W[XC ba ctapa7517-7513, W[XC Fdtcraitfvjs na ladtcdfkj ud gucd dfvcb kc aicptaifùd? W[XC a baIarta na pucstj bjs ijdtcdfkjs aituabcs c nfstùrfijs a kfspjsfifùd kc tjkjs y cb Bagcs udj kc bjs icdtrjs lás flpjrtadtcs kc fddjvaifùd cd ijludfiaifùd lubtflckfakc Cspaña, a pcsar kc bjs lckfjs luy bflftakjs pucstjs a su kfspjsfifùd.

!"


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YCWXFIFJ LSB[FLCKFA V LSB[FUBA[AHJWLA


• Cb scrvfifj pÿgbfij kc rakfjtcbcvfsfùd kcgc ouàr ud papcb cscdifab cd basrckcs kf`ftabcs para ladtcdcr su pcsj sjifab cd cb huturj= para traspjdcrab ludkj cd bìdca bas hudifjdcs ibásfias kcb scrvfifj pÿgbfij y haifbftar cbaiicsj udfvcrsab a ijdtcdfkjs kf`ftabcs. Ujr csa razùd aicdtualjs bajgbfàifùd kc cdudifar y kcsarrjbbar ud autædtfij Ubad Cstratæ`fij para baCra Kf`ftab? ‒jiasfùd para uda rcircaifùd kcb scrvfifj pÿgbfij cd Cspaña,para fdirclcdtar su ijncsfùd rc`fjdab y su artfiubaifùd kcljirátfia“.(FIW, 7553, pá`s. 110-175).

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Ucrj akclás, y para akciuar cb scrvfifj pÿgbfij ab ducvj cdtjrdjtcidjbù`fij y kc usjs sjifabcs, cb scrvfifj pÿgbfij tfcdc quc prjycitarsclás abbá kc bjs iadabcs trakfifjdabcs kc rakfj y tcbcvfsfùd a tjkas baspbatahjrlas fdtcraitfvas prcscdtcs y huturas. Kc cstc ljkj, su chfiaifa yrcdtagfbfkak dj sc lckfrá ya pjr bas aukfcdifas lasfvas quc puckaijd`rcàr cd ud kctcrlfdakj ljlcdtj, sfdj pjr cb scrvfifj quc jhrczia atjkjs y iaka udj kc sus usuarfjs.

• Nay quc kcsarrjbbar ud ladkatj larij akaptakj a bas ducvas cxf`cdifas ydcicsfkakcs sjifabcs, ijd ijdircifùd pudtuab cd cb ijdtratj prj`rala,vabjradkj y asf`dadkj hfdadifaifùd ijdircta a cstjs ducvjs scrvfifjsfdtcraitfvjs. Cstjs ducvjs scrvfifjs pjkrìad hfdadifarsc parifablcdtc vìa

patrjifdfj, cspcifablcdtc kc clprcsas tcidjbù`fias quc pukfcradijbagjrar cd su kcsarrjbbj.

• Cs prcifsj fdijrpjrar cb ijdicptj kc partfifpaifùd aitfva kc bjsifukakadjs cd ba hjrlubaifùd kcb Ladkatj Larij y cb Ubad Cstratæ`fij. Bafdtcraitfvfkak kcgc scrvfr para ircar uda ijludfkak kc cspcitakjrcs yusuarfjs ijlprjlctfkjs ijd bjs vabjrcs kcb scrvfifj pÿgbfij, ‒Ifukakadjspjr cb Ycrvfifj Uÿgbfij“, ijd fdhbucdifa rcab y kfrcita cd ba jrfcdtaifùd kcsus ijdtcdfkjs y scrvfifjs.

• Csta prjyciifùd kc huturj kcb scrvfifj pÿgbfij cxf`c ladtcdcr ud pjtcdtccspaifj kc F+K+F (fdvcstfàifùd, kcsarrjbbj, fddjvaifùd), tadtj cd ducvjsbcdùaocs y hjrlatjs ijlj cd ducvas ncrralfcdtas fdtcraitfvas qucladtcdàd ba rcbaifùd ijd ba ifukakadìa? Cb FW[XC kcgc scr rcijdvcrtfkjasì cd ‒dÿibcj cstratæ`fij“ kc ba jhcrta kc ijdtcdfkjs lubtflckfa (FIW,7553, pá`. 170), cd`bjgadkj cb aituab Bag.

• Ba Ijrpjraifùd, kakj su iaráitcr kc scrvfifj pÿgbfij, puckc ijjrkfdarscijd clprcsas tcidjbù`fias cd prjycitjs kc fdtcræs sjifab ijd fdifkcdifacd ba lcojra kc ba vfka kc bjs ifukakadjs.


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• Ba Kfrciifùd kc ba Ijrpjraifùd, ijd ba fdtcrvcdifùd kcb Ijdscoj Yjifab y

gaoj ba supcrvfsfùd kcb Ijdscoj Aukfjvfsuab, kcgc prjljvcr sfstclátfiasijdsubtas sjgrc iaka ducvj scrvfifj pjr tjkjs bjs lckfjs y sjpjrtcspjsfgbcs (rcudfjdcs, cdiucstas kfrcitas y cd bìdca, inats, cti.), kcstfdakasa cvabuar ba kcladka kc ducvjs scrvfifjs y ncrralfcdtas ijd jgoctfvjssjifabcs y kfdálfias dj ijlcrifabcs, ljstradkj ba rcbaifùd cdtrc susijstcs y su rcdtagfbfkak sjifab (vabjr añakfkj pÿgbfij kfhcrcdifab).

• Cd ud ducvj scrvfifj pÿgbfij cd rck, ba Ijrpjraifùd kcgc fdtcraituar ijdjtrjs a`cdtcs rcprcscdtadtcs kcb fdtcræs pÿgbfij, ijlj luscjs,gfgbfjtcias, fdstftuifjdcs iubturabcs, udfvcrsfkakcs y clprcsas kcijludfiaifùd sfd ádflj kc buirj.

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Dj kcgc kcsiartarsc ba ijbagjraifùd ijd pcqucñas clprcsasfdkcpcdkfcdtcs cd sur`flfcdtj (start-ups) quc pcrsf`ucd ba ircaifùd kcijdtcdfkjs kc fdtcræs pÿgbfij.


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8.- [WADYUAWCDIFA UßGBFIA

Cd W[XC, trakfifjdablcdtc, ba tradsparcdifa hfdadifcra y kc ijstcs na kcoakj luinjquc kcscar fdibusj adtc cb Uarbalcdtj y su Ijlfsfùd kc ijdtrjb kcb scrvfifj pÿgbfij,nagfædkjsc dcàkj cd luinas jiasfjdcs a ba jpjsfifùd ifhras y katjs kc sucbkjs yijdtrataifjdcs cxtcrdas, gaoj cb prctcxtj rciurrcdtc kc quc pcroukfiagad suijlpctcdifa ijd jtrjs jpcrakjrcs.

Cstc ncinj, quc pcroukfiaga ibaralcdtc ba iapaifkak kc ijdtrjb kcljirátfij kc su`cstfùd, na kctcrlfdakj akclás quc sc nayad prjkuifkj pcrfùkfijs csiádkabjs kcchcitj rctarkakj iuadkj cb [rfgudab kc Iucdtas pugbfiaga sus fdhjrlcs sjgrc ba`cstfùd varfjs añjs kcspuæs, `cdcrablcdtc iuadkj bjs rcspjdsagbcs ya dj jiupagadsus pucstjs, kctcrfjradkj lás aud ba fla`cd kcb scrvfifj pÿgbfij adtc bjsifukakadjs.

Cd bas W[X.AA ba tradsparcdifa ijdtagbc grfbbaga talgfæd pjr auscdifa, nasta cbpudtj kc quc iaka añj cb Jgscrvatjrfj Aukfjvfsuab Curjpcj rciagaga sfd luinjæxftj sus iucdtas, kadkj ijdstadifa cd sus aduarfjs kc ba habta kc katjs.

Ijlj iasf ÿdfij adtcickcdtc pjsftfvj, cd larzj kc 751;, cd Iatabuña sc adudifagaud prjycitj kc bcy quc ijdsa`raga kc hjrla pfjdcra ba tradsparcdifa ijdtagbc naifabjs ifukakadjs, ijd ba parakjoa kc quc cd csc lfslj prjycitj sc agrìa ba pucrta atjkj tfpj kc ijlpatfgfbfkakcs kc sus lfclgrjs ijd bjs fdtcrcscs prfvakjs95. Batradsparcdifa quckaga asì kc`rakaka pjr ducvas jpaifkakcs y prjgagbcs ijdhbfitjskc fdtcrcscs.

[algfæd cd cb ÿbtflj añj nay quc rcijdjicr quc ba Ijrpjraifùd W[XC lcojrù,

a`rupù y alpbfù ba fdhjrlaifùd quc jhrciìa cd su wcg ircadkj kjs ducvjs apartakjskc rcspjdsagfbfkak ijrpjratfva y tradsparcdifa91. Yfd clgar`j, dfdùdj kc cstjsapartakjs agjrka cd prjhudkfkak ba jgbfàka tradsparcdifa fdtcrda j ijdtraituabcxf`fgbc a ud lckfj kc ijludfiaifùd pÿgbfij.

Cd tærlfdjs luinj lás ljkcstjs, bjs fdhjrlcs kcb `rupj [raguijl sjgrctradsparcdifa aukfjvfsuab kad iucdta rcftcrakalcdtc kc bas iarcdifas cd cstcscdtfkj kc bas clprcsas pÿgbfias kc Wakfjtcbcvfsfùd, audquc rc`fstrcd uda bf`cralcojrìa cd sus ÿbtfljs fdhjrlcs. Cd 7511 ba Ijrpjraifùd W[XC rcifgc ud aprjgakj‒fd cxtrclfs“ cd iuadtj a tradspa

Un Nuevo Modelo para un Tiempo Nuevo

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