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Columbia

Trajes, el anaranjado y el blanco

Porque abren las puertas, para enfriarse

[edit] History

Construction began on Columbia in 1975 primarily in Palmdale, California. 

The first flight of Columbia (STS-1) was commanded by John Young (a space veteran fromthe Gemini and Apollo eras) and piloted by Robert Crippen, who had never been in space

 before, but who served as a support crew member for the Skylab missions and Apollo-Soyuz. It launched on April 12, 1981, the 20th anniversary of  human spaceflight, and

returned on April 14, 1981, after orbiting the Earth 36 times. Columbia then undertook 

three further research missions to test its technical characteristics and performance. Its firstoperational mission, with a four-man crew, was STS-5, which launched on November 11,

1982. At this point Columbia was joined by Challenger , which performed the next three

shuttle missions.

In 1983, Columbia undertook its second operational mission (STS-9), this time with six

astronauts, including the first non-American astronaut on a space shuttle, Ulf Merbold. 

Columbia was not used for the next three years, during which time the shuttle fleet was

expanded to include Discovery and Atlantis. 

Columbia returned to space on January 12, 1986, with the launch of  STS-61-C. Themission's crew included Dr. Franklin R. Chang-Diaz, as well as the first sitting member of 

the House of Representatives to venture into space, Bill Nelson. 

Externally, Columbia was the only orbiter in the fleet that had an all-tile thermal protection

system (TPS), although this was later modified to incorporate nomex felt insulation

 blankets on the fuselage and upper wing surfaces. The work was performed during

Columbia returned to space on January 12, 1986, with the launch of  STS-61-C. The

mission's crew included Dr. Franklin R. Chang-Diaz, as well as the first sitting member of 

the House of Representatives to venture into space, Bill Nelson. 

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Columbia was roughly 8,000 lb (3,600 kg) heavier than subsequent orbiters

Externally, Columbia was the only orbiter in the fleet that had an all-tile thermal protectionsystem (TPS), although this was later modified to incorporate nomex felt insulation

 blankets on the fuselage and upper wing surfaces.

Columbia on the launch pad before its first mission.

Columbia launching during STS-1. The original white-painted external tank , as well asColumbia's distinctive black chines, are clearly visible

[edit] Final mission and destruction

 Main articles: STS-107  , Space Shuttle Columbia disaster  , and  Columbia Accident 

 Investigation Board  

On its final mission, Columbia carried a crew of seven astronauts: Rick Husband (commander), Willie McCool (pilot), Michael P. Anderson, Laurel B. Clark , David M.

Brown, Israeli astronaut Ilan Ramon, and Kalpana Chawla. 

On the morning of  February 1, 2003, the shuttle re-entered the atmosphere after a 16-dayscientific mission.  NASA lost radio contact at about 0900 EST, only minutes before the

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expected 0916 landing at Kennedy Space Center in Florida. Video recordings show the

craft breaking up in flames over  Texas, at an altitude of approximately 39 miles (63 km)

and a speed of 12,500 mph (5.6 km/s).

  List of human spaceflights 

 List of Space Shuttle crews 

  List of space shuttle missions 

  Timeline of Space Shuttle missions 

  List of human spaceflights chronologically 

[edit] References

1.  ^ Spaceflight Now | Orbiter Overhaul | The Columbia weight loss plan  2.  ^ Spaceflight Now | Orbiter Overhaul | Flying into the future 

3.  ^ Britt, Robert Roy (30 June 2005). ""PLASMA: What is it?"". Columbia FAQ. Space.com.Retrieved on 2006-09-09. The use of the word "plasma" to describe the gases that entered

the wing is not technically accurate, according to NASA and Boeing aero-thermal engineerswho support the Space Shuttle program at the  NASA Johnson Space Center  in Houston, Texas. They pointed out during the Columbia accident investigations that atmospheric entryheating and its intrusion into damaged left wing was from superheated air, not ionized gas

and not plasma.

[show] v • d • e 

Space Shuttles 

US Space Shuttle

program Soviet Buran

program 

   Enterprise (OV-101,

atmospheric tests, retired)    Pathfinder  (OV-098,

ground tests)   Columbia  (OV-102,

destroyed 2003)   Challenger  (OV-099,

destroyed 1986)    Discovery (OV-103,

active)    Atlantis (OV-104, active) 

   Endeavour  (OV-105,

active) 

  OK-GLI  (Buran

Analog BST-02,aerotester) 

   Buran (Shuttle 1.01,

destroyed 2002)    Ptichka (Shuttle

1.02, 95 – 97%

completed)    Baikal  (Shuttle 2.01,

incomplete)   2.02 (partially

dismantled)   2.03 (dismantled) 

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia" 

Categories: Manned spacecraft | Space Shuttles