Traduccin-lingstica contrastiva Ingls Espaol

Todas las lenguas comparten algo; por eso se puede hablar de universales lingsticos.Todos los humanos tenemos un cerebro con capacidades y restricciones cognitivas.

Hay lenguas con mayor grado de proximidad, de similitud. Pero las similitudes son relativas Hora y media / one and half hours

Posibilidades:

L1=L2, o al menos lo parezca Que no se encuentra equivalente a la L1 la L2: diferencias estructurales Rincn (ngulo interno) ; esquina (ngulo externo) / corner (in/on) Que las lenguas sean distintas (causstica y variada) Las lenguas presentan formas similares pero funciones distintas Las lenguas presentan formas similares con frecuencias distintas Todo esto se debe a que las lenguas no usan las mimas estrategias para alcanzar los mismos objetivos. Tambin porque las lenguas no tienen los mismos intereses; focalizan, destacan aspectos distintos de la realidad. La lengua es perspectiva. I am a doctor (individual, member of a class) / soy medico (condicin, cualidad)

Tertium comparationis :

Comparar dos lenguas coherentemente a travs de dos vas:

Seleccionando categoras universales, semi-universales, para observar como se realiza en la lengua A y en la lengua B. La expresin de futuro en espaol y en ingls La expresin de causa en X e Y

Utilizando la traduccin como equivalente, traduccin muy precisa.

Construcciones equivalentes:

Conjunto de propiedades pragmticas, semnticas y sintcticas no son iguales al grado de correspondencia con tales parmetros. La equivalencia es cuestin de grado, frecuencia y naturalidad

"I' m feeling blue" - estoy triste /deprimido (action vs state; livid in color; other emotions: fear, anxiety in expression +blue?)

Culture:

Influences all levels of speaking Vocabulary: sex and rape Morpho-syntax: diminutives T/V pronouns of social distance, evidentials, verb mood, etc. Pragmatics: politeness maxims, etc. Textual styles (thinking styles): inductive vs deductive; high context vs low- context transaction,etc.

Key words/ key plates: 1960s' 1970s-1980s 1990s-200

Different foci, different interests

Perspectives:

Expert vs learner approachLinguistic vs socially centered definitions

Main unit of translation: Werels Utterances Thougths/ ideas Texts

Content: focused definitions: Form: unimportant Recipient focused definitious

Meaning and form: Meaning+form+socio-pragmatic+culture (funtional equivalence, natural equivalence) Acts vs processes (ineplaying phases) Reproduction or creation? Further considerations: art/ craft, professional perspectives.

Definitions Lewis (1958) writes that "translate" is a formed form the latin "trans+latus", which means "carried across" (atravesado o atravesar) Etymologically, translation is a "carrying across"Content-Focussed Save the message Message vs transformed to be understood + Cultural: not to sharp a dividing line between language and extralinguistic reality

Corpus linguistics:

The study of language as expressed in samples real words, natural, text: Concordances : a list of words used in a body of work, with their immediate contexts. Collocations Colligations Equivalences or corresponding expressions

17/10/2013

Text could be divided in:

Content based document (contracts, user guides) Form based texts (advertisements, poems)

Localised translation

Language localisation: process of translating a product into different languages or adapting a language for a specific country or region (global languages)

Special type of translation:

-Advertisement spots, slogans and various digital contents

It is important for companies to take such differences into account, for specific regional markets. Preservation of global content, form and desired effect are more important than the exact meaning of words. You have to adapt the language to the country.

Continuum?

Many authors are against these separations between general translation and specialized ones.

Maria Cecilia " These trends from disciplines related to translation studies come to re-enforce my view of the translation process as a totally, whatever the kind of text to be translated and its degree of specialisation.

The various text types (from the most technical, functions non-literary text to the most poetical literary ones) might be forming unbroken continuum

Not one "correct" translation

There are several good translations. Reasons for this variation include: The purpose of the translation The translation team itself The receptor language audience for whom the translation is intended

From literal translation to idiomatic translations Literal translation: follows very closely the grammatical and lexical forms of the source text language Idiomatic translation: concerned with communicative meaning of the source text, using the natural, grammatical and lexical item of the receptor language Unduly translation: the ones which changes some info.

Literal, semantic, communicative texts.

Literal translation follows very closely the grammatical and lexical focus of the source text language Literal translation: direct translation. It means "word- by -word" Semantic translation: focussed on source text (not on recipient) Communicative translation: functional, recreation, reformulation, focussed on the audience.

Semantic vs communicative :Newmark

Semantic translationCommunicative translation

Author-centredReader-centred

Pursues author's thought process. Related to thoughtPursues author's intention. Related to speech

Concerned with author as individualAdapts and makes the thought and cultural content of original more accessible to the reader

Semantic and syntactic oriented. Length of sentences, position and integrity of clauses, word position , preserved whenever is possible.Effect oriented. Formal features or original sacrificed, more readily

Faithful, more literalFaithful, freer.

InformativeEffective

Usually more awkward, more details, more complex, but brieferEasy reading, more natural, smoother, simpler, clearer, more direct, more conventional, conforming to particular register of language, but longer.

Deberes, leer los de ht1 , y hacer los ejercicios. Tengo que subirlos al campus virtual.

Units of translation

Some introductory issues

Intuitive notion of unit of translation?

There are different levels units. There are texts that are really conventionalized. For instance: contracts, you reproduce the same thing to the other language and it can be a unit. There are many texts that have the same pattern.

Issues for theoretical debate on translation units:

"Translators do not translate whole texts in one fell swoop. They proceed a little at a time, and as they do each spurt, each segment forms a fragment of bi-text in their minds. Not only is the whole text a bit-text, but each segment combines ST and TT" 'these segments, in turn, are correlated both so-called "translation units" A translation unit is a segment of a text which the translator treats as a single cognitive unit for the purposes of establishing and equivalence. The length of the text (or sense) segment used as a working unit varies The larger these units are, the better chance of idiomatic translation The shorter, the less readable the resulting text.

Working translation units depend on Type of translation (to rhetorical, stylistic, contextual criteria) and the nature of documents (pre-formulated patterns, technical texts)

A clear example would be a text that is not conventionalized, and because of that we need to divide en small units But in the case of el padre nuestro we considered it as a whole unit because is conventionalized.

The ideal unit:

Translating whole texts in one fell swoop (Toury)-----Often unfeasible Segmentation into manageable Translation units---- Key phase in translation process.

Translation units of a different scope

Translation units: there are three types: macro units, foci (compound), atoms (distribution).

Translation macro-unit: Is the largest unit which the translator needs to consider. The text as a whole: what kind of text, are we dealing with? Decision about choice of translation are made by taking the text into account

Translation focus: "the section of text which the translator focusses on at any one time" The clause as being concerned with the commonest translation focus.

Translation atom: "the smallest segment of the utterance where the cohesion of signs is such that they cannot be translated separately"

First sense of UT (UT: Translation unit) Expression of a single element of thought Uts sometimes correspond to single words; sometimes to more than one word; sometimes to part of a word

Smaller than a word: hermosisima, entreabiertos, misjudge. Corresponding to a word Multi-word units: is the object of study of phraseology.

Multi-words units: phraseological considerations.

Appropiate combinations of words. We use "prefabricated speech", pre-patterned "building-blocks" Words become "glued" together in our minds: (nuclear family, make a decision, river bank)

In other words:

Language: occurrences of words + partners- are more or less probable Language users rely to a very high extent on ready-made language "lexical chunks", which can be easily combined to form sentences. When these ready-made chunks do not fulfil the speaker's immediate needs, he innovates.Phraseology:

Study of relatively stable word-groups with partially or fully transferred meaning (more or less idiomatized):

Frozen or fixed status: face value, bad apple, etc. Vs Free combinations: semilleros de nostalgia, madruga el corazn

Problem:

Degree of stabilization It's not an either / or phenomenon, but a gradual one Words have more or less expected partners.

Expected partners

Lexical-co-occurrence (collocations): guardia civil but not guardia mastica Semantic preferences Phraseology: problem

The in-between:

Issues, labels, etc. Acc to perspectives Frequency of co-occurrence, Degree of semantic transparency, Degree of lexicalization (fossilization) Of conventionality (idiomaticity):

hombre de hierro (vs hombre de paja) , resounding success/ xito rotundo; Endure sacrifices, wars, dramas, tragedies ,symptons

Phraseology (cline) (skip)

Usually the most stable, the most lexicalized, the most idiomatized units are also the most opaque and effect most meaning of component, but not always.

Finer types (highly conventional)

Phrasal verbs: Make up with

Siamese twins (also irreversible binomials)

25/10/2013

Analizando el texto de Darwin: WHEN on board H.M.S. 'Beagle,' as naturalist, I was much struck with certain facts in the distribution of the organic beings inhabiting South America, and in the geological relations of the present to the past inhabitants of that continent. These facts, as will be seen in the latter chapters of this volume, seemed to throw some light on the origin of speciesthat mystery of mysteries, as it has been called by one of our greatest philosophers. On my return home, it occurred to me, in 1837, that something might perhaps be made out on this question by patiently accumulating and reflecting on/all sorts of facts which could possibly have any bearing on it. After five years' work I allowed myself to speculate on the subject, and drew up some short notes; these I enlarged in 1844 into a sketch of the conclusions, which then seemed to me probable; from that period to the present day I have steadily pursued the same object. I hope that I may be excused for entering on these personal details, as I give them to show that I have not been hasty in /coming to a decision. Darwin: The Origin of species.

They are words that usually are translated together. Of course there are more posibilities but these are more creative.

Correccin:

Frecuent collocations:

On my return home It occurred to me All sorts of After (five) years work I allowed myself to Seemed to me From to the present day Personal details Come to a decision.

Syntatically stable: (for example)

Struck with Be made out of Have any bearing on Speculate on Drew up+ Dobj Be excused for -ing Be hasty in -ing, etc. One of -est.. Could possibly I hope I may...

Texto de obama:

I just received a very gracious call from Senator McCain. He fought long and hard in this campaign, and he's fought even longer and harder for the country he loves. He has endured sacrifices for America that most of us cannot begin to imagine, and we are better off for the service rendered by this brave and selfless leader. I congratulate him and Governor Palin for all they have achieved, and I look forward to working with them to renew this nation's promise in the months ahead. I want to thank my partner in this journey, a man who campaigned from his heart and spoke for the men and women he grew up with on the streets of Scranton and rode with on that train home to Delaware, the Vice President-elect of the United States, Joe Biden To my campaign manager David Plouffe, my chief strategist David Axelrod, and the best campaign team ever assembled in the history of politics - you made this happen, and I am forever grateful for what you've sacrificed to get it done. But above all, I will never forget who this victory truly belongs to - it belongs to you. I was never the likeliest candidate for this office. We didn't start with much money or many endorsements. Our campaign was not hatched in the halls of Washington - it began in the backyards of Des Moines and the living rooms of Concord and the front porches of Charleston. It was built by working men and women who dug into what little savings they had to give five dollars and ten dollars and twenty dollars to this cause. It grew strength from the young people who rejected the myth of their generation's apathy; who left their homes and their families for jobs that offered little pay and less sleep; from the not-so- young people who braved the bitter cold and scorching heat to knock on the doors of perfect strangers; from the millions of Americans who volunteered, and organized, and proved that more than two centuries later, a government of the people, by the people and for the people has not perished from this Earth. This is your victory (Mr. OBAMAs speech Chicago, IL | November 04, 2008)

Idioms: they are expression that you cannot recognized if you dont have a dictionary

Idioms: To be better of I look forward to (working) Long and hard

There are quotes that are conventionalized: A government of the people, by the people and for the people (lincoln: gettysburg address: "democracy")

Also institutionalized:The Vice President-elect of the USA Backyard, livingrooms.

Collocations: Endure sacrifaces Services rendered To renew a promise Partner in a journey To ride on a train Candidate for an office Front porches Little savings Grew strenghts from Reject the myth Left their homes (for jobs) Jobs offering little pay To brave the cold Bitter cold Scorching heat Perfect stranger Campaign hatched in

Collocation ( more or less recurrent, stable) In the months ahead In the history of Iiam forever grateful for To get it done Working men and women The nor-so-young people More than (2 centuries later)

syntactic Receive a call from Fight for Most of Congratulate someone for To grow up with Best (team) Ever (assembled Belong to Candidate for Dug into Give savings to (the cause) To knock on the door of Perish from

Discoursive: (to link different ideas, or to stablish jerarquas) to above all PARDO BAZN Qu edad contara yo a la sazn? Once o doce aos? Ms bien seran trece, porque antes es demasiado temprano para enamorarse tan de veras; pero no me atrevo a asegurar nada, considerando que en los pases meridionales madruga mucho el corazn, dado que esta vscera tenga la culpa de semejantes trastornos. Me qued como embelesado al mirarla. Un rayo de sol se filtraba por la vidriera y hera la seductora imagen, que pareca querer desprenderse del fondo oscuro y venir hacia m. Era una criatura hermossima, como yo no la haba visto jams sino en mis sueos de adolescente, cuando los primeros estremecimientos de la pubertad me causaban, al caer la tarde, vagas tristezas y anhelos indefinibles. Podra la dama del retrato frisar en los veinte y pico; no era una virgencita cndida, capullo a medio abrir, sino una mujer en quien ya resplandeca todo el fulgor de la belleza. Tena la cara oval, pero no muy prolongada; los labios carnosos, entreabiertos y risueos; los ojos lnguidamente entornados, y un hoyuelo en la barba, que pareca abierto por la yema del dedo juguetn de Cupido. Su peinado era extrao y gracioso: un grupo compacto a manera de pia de bucles al lado de las sienes, y un cesto de trenzas en lo alto de la cabeza. Este peinado antiguo, que arremangaba en la nuca, descubra toda la morbidez de la fresca garganta, donde el hoyo de la barbilla se repeta ms delicado y suave. En cuanto al vestido... Yo no acierto a resolver si nuestras abuelas eran de suyo menos recatadas de lo que son nuestras esposas, o si los confesores de antao gastaban manga ms ancha que los de hogao. Y me inclino a creer esto ltimo, porque har unos sesenta aos las hembras se preciaban de cristianas y devotas, y no desobedecan a su director de conciencia en cosa tan grave y patente. Pardo Bazn: Primer amor

Idiom-like A la sazn Ms bien (tan) de veras (veinte) y pico A medio (abrir) Eran de suyo Antao...hogao (then and now) (gastar) manga ancha Har unos aos.

Collocation (more or less lexicalized) Contar edad Es demasiado temprano para (NO) me atrevo a Tenga la culpa de Me quede . Rayos del sol se filtraban Desprenderse del fondo Fondo oscuro Sueos de adolescentes Causar tristezas Capullo (a medio ) abrir Al caer la tarde Labios carnosos Ojos (ligeramente) entornados Yema del dedo (meronimia: words which constitues a part of sentence) Yo no acierto a Me inclino a .. Hoyuelo en la barbilla

Less than word (they are units because when we translate into a another language we ought to use precise words ) Hermo-sisima (sisima: would be an atom less than a word ) Vigencita (ita) Entreabiertos Hoyuelo Juguetn (tn)

Hyponymy (expected words in a text, in this case: parts of the head) Cara Labios Ojos Hoyuelos Barba Peinado Sienes Cabeza Nuca Garganta

Syntactic/colligation Desprenderse del Preciarse de Desobedecan a Menos de lo que

Discoursive Considerando que Dado que no era sino En cuanto a Si o si.. Esto ltimo

NAMES: DEFINITION

A proper name is a word that answers the purpose of showing what thing it is that we are talking about, but not of telling anything about it. The problem with names is that culturally the concept of names can change. There are cultural differences between the function and use of personal names in Western language cultures and Eastern tradition. Proper names are, to some degree, culturally and linguistically specific although some names are universal, which means one and the same name (name form) is used in more than one language, for instance: the name of the Bible: Santiago=James.

Deictic quality: the point directly to a single concrete referent. Identification of individuals, places, animals or thing. Even the phonetic form determines and limits the name to be culturally specific: Pedro, Pierre

Set of properties expressed a description/ definition: Many ordinary names have had meanings in the language of origin, but since they enter into new languages and cultures over the years, the original meanings are gradually lost: Paloma, Jazmin, Garbancito, etc.

Names may be non-descriptive, but are always informative: age, region, etc. Eneko, Vanesa, Eva Maria. (20 years ago these names were not found)

Conventional names: those seen as unmotivated' for translation, since they apparently do not carry a semantic load; their morphology and phonology do not need to be adapted to the target language system.

Loaded names: those seen as 'motivated' for translation, range from faintly 'suggestive' to overtly expresive

Fiction and non-fiction texts

We have assumed that in fictional texts (comedies, allegories, fairy tales, children's stories ) there is no name that has no informative function at all. Fiction: more loaded and descriptive.

If the information is explicit (descriptive names): the name should be translated. If the information is implicit: the translator is free to compensate the implicit meaning of the name.

For instance: Blancanieves (Snowwhite), la Cenicienta (Cinderella), Juan sin Miedo (Fearless John), etc.

Translation of names: They can be copied They can be transcribed (if it has a different alphabet) They can be substituted or recreated (to get similar effect) They can be translated or phonologically replaced Deletion of a source-text name Insertion of a new one Compensate for the loss by giving additional information in the context.

TRASLATION PROCEDURES:

In translation we have lexical gaps, for instance: Guardia civil-civil guard? Paso de semana santa- scene? Sangra? Cocido- stew? Romera- Go on a pilgrimage? Verbena- Open-air dance? Cacerolada??

Gramatical gaps: I usually- suelo? We dont have, for example: the apostrophes structure. Some pasts, in Spanish, dont exist in English. You have to substitute.

Most common translation procedures:

These are compensation strategies. They are used to fill in these gaps.

Transliteration: mapping form one system of writing into another, word-by-word or, ideally, letter by letter. In the broader sense, transliteration is a necessary process when using words or concepts expressed in a language with a script. (For instance::Pekn. En chino tiene otro alfabeto pero para traducirlo tenemos que utilizar transliteracin)

Borrowing: Translation procedure whereby the translator uses a word or expression from the source text in the target text. In other words the translator takes exactly the word, perhaps is not recommended to do it so often. They are normally printed in italics if they are not considered to have been naturalized in the target language, for example: Software, sidecar, pyjama, mocasines, bistec, etc.

Calque: The translator translates an expression (or occasionally, a word), literally into the target language, translating the elements of the expression word-by-word. In other words, copying the same phrase but with target words. For example: honeymoon-Luna de miel, brainwashing: lavado de cerebro. Transposition: it is concerned with the changes of grammatical categories in translation. Its the most frequent device used by translators, mostly by intuition. For example: forniture (no plural), in Spanish: Muebles (plural); blue balloon: globo azul (Word order)

Modulation: one of the most interesting. Its a change in the point of view. There are many types:

Negating the contrary: Its unnecessary (no es necesario) Changing the affected entity:

Hes said to be(Dicen que es) We were required to... (Se nos pidi que) Percivals eyes closed, and he appeared to sleep: Percival cerr los ojos (The agent changes- en el primero, son los ojos; en el segundo, es Percival quien cierra los ojos.)

Reduction and expansion: Substruction or adding words to the target text. For example: He waved for a porter for (Para llamar a un mozo) With reduction, the translator should make sure that any crucial information is not dropped.

Compensation: (we have to be careful with this) The translator solves the problem of aspect of the source text that cannot take the same for in the target language by replacing these aspects with other elements or forms in the source text.

Paraphrase: replace a word in the source text by a group of words or an expression in the target text. Example: sabra: hebreo- (hijo chumbo) israel nacido en Palestina, no inmigrante. Se escribe en cursiva.

Translator's note: they are footnote or endnote added by the translator to the target text to provide additional information pertaining to the limits of translation, the cultural background or any other explanation.

Adaption: Also known as free translation. The translator replaces a social or cultural reality in the source text with a corresponding reality in the target language. This new reality would be more usual to the audience of the target language. Example: Duelos y quebrantos los sbados: Scraps on Saturdays, Dupond et Dupont: Hernndez y Fernndez.

HT-5 problem of translation, si quiero ir mas profundo tengo que leerlo.

TRANSLATION OF "REALIA" :

Realia: it has a latin origin. "the real thing " as opposed to words which are neither things nor real.

For translation studies /CL: signs, words and more precisely, those words signifying objects of the material culture, especially pertaining to a local culture. Not easy to translate.

Geographic and ethnographic realia:

Example: Hebrew "beit k'nesset" (literally, House of assembly)

You can do a simple transliteration You can paraphrase (Translate to reconstruct in the receiving culture: Gathering house) You can adapt (Church, mosque or temple) Translator' notes Fake words but people can understand

Political and social realia (you have to decide) Regional administrative agencies (i.e. region, province, canton, arrondissement) Organisms and offices (congress, junta) Social and political life (Peronist, tupamaros, Ku Klux Klan) Militrary realia (Phalange, horde, guerrilla)

Translating realia:Translator must decide how to translate based on: Text type Significance of realia within context Type of realia and systemic /cultural role The languages and the acceptability of new collocations and expressions, etc.

Languages and realia (you may lose some kind of meaning)Realia words would be:Hidalgo:Olla: its an special kind of food. Ama: Ejercicio El Quijote: realia Hecho en claseLa Sombra del viento: Ejercicio hecho en clase (pasar aparte)

Children literature:We need to know the translation macro-unit:Author-audience.Children's literature.

We cannot use difficult vocabulary. We need to use everyday expressions and try to find fun words and simple structure, also the rhyming. In English children's book are full of rime. We need to use repetitions, because it helps to understand the story.

Well known phrases, conventional expressions and affective words.

Source text's nameTarget text's nameTranslation procedures or strategies used

Mr. BouncerDon SaltarnTransposition,

Mr. BumpDon Pupas

Mr. GreedyDon GlotnSemantic restriction

Mr. MeanDon Tacaete

Mr silly Don tontainas

Work on Mr Happy:Translation atoms:As well as All the peopleAs wellTranslation procedures: Don feliz (gaviota)- communicative / Mr. Feliz (Laberinto) - semanticReduction: being happy,

Don feliz (gaviota)- communicativeMr. Feliz (Laberinto) - semantic

Translation units

Translation proceduresReduction: being happy Transposition: "nunca" con el "ni"Paraphrase+expansion:(debeis visitar ) Pas de la felicidad Calque: Happyland- felicilandia

Mismatching

Grammar MismatchingsImprimir Ht6 Assignment

Important grammatical differences between English and Spanish. You may think of: Spanish has a lot of inflexions Determiners: en espaol (el, la, los y las; artculos); in English there is not a gramatical distinction between those mentioned: They have the. Determinantes indefinidos: (uno, una, unos, unas). In English, for the singular forms, they only have the a. For plural forms, they use some or any, depending on the sentences. In English, the subject is compulsory. In English, adjectives are always written before the noun.

Tenses : You dont know how happy you have made me. No sabe usted lo feliz que me hace.

Se ha aadido el usted quizs para enfatizar que en la versin inglesa no se refiere a una persona que trata con frecuencia. In English, they have used the Present Perfect, whereas in Spanish its the present, the tense that has been used.

Background: language translatability? Languages share some features: universal language All languages are distincts: self- standing, autonomous system. Languages may be close, distant or similar:

Similarity: its a matter of approach-the closer the comparison, the lower the degree of sameness. Example: the idea of plurality is not the same: hora y media-One and a half hours / another 50 pands.

Some kind of linguistic asymmetries:Structural or lexical gaps- Casillas vacas: Cursi-seny Rincn/Esquina-Corner Heaven/sky-cielo Peter read a book: Pedro lea/ley un libro.

Spanish: use of expressions referring to God, religin, etc. !Vaya por Dios! Ooops, sorry ! A la buena de Dios- carelessly Cost Dios y ayuda terminarlo- Extremely difficult to finish. No hay Dios que entienda esto- no one understand it.

SIMILAR FORMS AND DIFFERENT FUNCTIONSThis is a table Esto es una mesa

Im a doctorSoy mdico

Shes got such a strong characterTiene una personalidad

(s) V (o) He opened the doorAbri la ventana

My car broke downSe me rompi el coche (particularly affected)

I trust herConfo en ella

To spy onEspiar

I lack timeMe falta tiempo

SIMILAR FORMS WITH DIFFERENT FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE Podras pasarme la sal? Psame la sal, por favor. Me pasas la sal?We use each one depending on who we talk to.

WF: LINGUISTIC PREFERENCESENGLISH FAVOURSSPANISH FAVOURS

CompoundsSuffixes

JuxtapositionDdo+Dte structure

Semi-independent preffixes (in between derivation and compounding): overestimate, outstanding, etc.Periphrastic and analytical explicit constructions

ENGLISH WORD INVARIABILITY Fixed Word Order Defining+defined: blue ballonWF and NP: endocentric constructions, more cohesive: wild life (naturaleza salvaje)The final element embraces de previous one: Juxtaposition: it helps the addressee to decode the message Non-explicit links to get to the nuclear noun: Examples:Fishing boatPesquero

Horse showConcurso hpico

Dog ShowExposicin canina

Sound-proofingInsonorizacin

Five-year planPlan quinquenal

Land ReformReforma agraria

Family treerbol genealgico

Finger printsHuellas dactilares

This shows that Spanish is more likely to use derivation rather than compounds, which is a more English feature. A turn-coat politician: chaquetero Christmas Eve: vspera de Navidad Office door: puerta del despacho Film-going public: aficionados al cine PARTICULAR PREFERENCESEnglish has a wide range variety of preffixes to express negation qualities (unlike Spanish): unagressive, unalarmed, unannounced, unanswered, unappetizing, etc. Spanish examples: pacfico (unagressive); poco alarmado (unalarmed). MORE EXAMPLES: DENSITY OF NPs Noun trains. The Trade Union Movement: movimiento sindical. Day-to-day chores of life: cosas cotidianas Old-fashioned car: coche viejo, anticuado The man in charge: el encargado, responsable. VERB ASYMETRIES: TENSE AND MOOD Complex relationship between tense, aspect and mood Complex relationship between tense, aspect, mood and morphological, lexical and discourse structures.Maana a estas horas, ya he habladoQuera pedirte un favorOil float on water Tense and real time (present, past, future) are not coincidentalMaana voy al mdico.Los leones son fieras.Pues ayer llego a clase y me encuentro con que no hay nadie. Clearest tense: past. The future is unknown, so it is very difficult to refer to. The present is difficult to grasp and describe (from the present momento to eternal truths); from revived past to immediate future).TENSES: Presente: Present Imperfecto/indefinido: Past Pretrito perfecto compuesto: Present Perfect Pretrito pluscuamperfecto: Past perfect. USOS DEL PRETRITO IMPERFECTO Accin habitual o repetida en el pasado (aspectual). Puede ir acompaado de expresiones temporales que expresan acto habitual: entonces, todos los das, etc. In English: analytical contructions to supply imperfect. Accin durativa en desarrollo (proceso o progresin, aspectual). For example: Qu hacan ustedes all?; English: was/were + -ing. Estilo indirecto: dijo que vena hoy; English: alternativa analtica en general. En descripciones: semi-aspectual. Ej: era un hombre alto que llevaba corbata; English: alternativa de accin habitual y sustantivacin frecuente. Imperfecto de cortesa: (modal, metfora general, distancia), ej: vena a pedirte un favor; English: past. En principio de narracin: se puede usar tanto el imperfecto como el pretrito perfecto simple, ej: era un da fro de invierno; English: past. El imperfecto no es considerado exactamente como un tiempo verbal, es ms un aspecto. PRETRITO PERFECTO SIMPLE Accin puntual o acabada en el pasado (English: past) Accin repetida y acabada en el pasado, solo si el hablante seala el nmero de veces. FURTHER (ASPECTUAL) CONSIDERATION (FROM A VERY GENERAL APPROACH) Perfecto espaol: pasado con relevancia en el presente, aunque la accin est acabada. Perfect English: pasado que puede prolongarse hacia el futuro (presente espaol): Ive lived here for 5 years/ vivo aqu desde hace 5 aos. El espaol se ocupa del resultado. Sin embargo, el ingls se ocupa del discurrir del tiempo. Presente Simple en ingls: tiempo restringido. La duracin real de un proceso suele expresarse a travs de formas progresivas y su uso es menos frecuente con referencia al futuro. Qu estudias/comes/bebes? Formas progresivas inglesas, menos marcadas que las espaolas. Las formas simples del pasado y presente espaolas mantienen un significado de aspecto imperfectivo del que las correspondientes inglesas carecen: What are you standing out there for?/Qu haces ah fuera? Perspectiva resultativa del espaol vs dinmica del ingls: I come to talk to you/He venido para hablar contigo. Spanish is not very focussed on when the action takes place. MOOD: SUBJUNTIVE VS INDICATIVEExpression of reality/irreality.Subjuntive: marked mood: Wrapping the action with a subjunctive tinge. Perception: focussed on the I (attitudes expressed)Irreality (Irrealis)Irreality: what the subject does not perceive directly from the referential world, but has to imagine in other posible worlds.Non-factual, non-material, non-real (not concrete, perceivable, through senses). Inactuality: comparisons, futures, conditions. Subjective: desires, doubts, uncertainty, fear, needs, possibility, assessment. In English: things are more specific. Obligatory kind of world. Thats why modals are so precise, they mark which condition affect the event, whereas Spanish focusses more on (-).Examples: Lo pinto como me digis (Subjunctive: irreality/non-factual) Lo pinto como me decs/habis dicho

Se casar con la princesa que habla espaol (real world) Se casar con la princesa que hable espaol (it may not exist) Me pondr una corbata que combina/e bien con esto (subjunctive: non-referential. The identification of the referent is not focussed)ENGLISH: Mood through modal analytical constructions (I can, may, must, should, shallspeak) Referring to/specifying posible worlds: deontic, epistemic. Mood irrelevant: non-preferred meaning: indicative. Use of infinitival constructions. They do not mark the sentence with time information. Examples: It is sad resentment can extend even/Es triste que el rencor alcance hasta los muertos. You might think its a bit rare/Acaso les parezca You cannot expect me to discuss/No esperes que I might go away/ Quiz me vaya What could I give for a kiss!/Qu te diera por un beso!

MOOD IRRELEVANT (SPEAKERS ATTITUDE)I hope it rains/will rain (Espero que llueva)Im sorry youre ill (Siento que ests enfermo)Im afraid they saw me (Temo que me hayan visto)He order her to go (Le orden que se fuera) WORD ORDERSPANISHFree/pragmatic

ENGLISHRigid/Syntactic

English: different from SpanishUse of passive voice: Pronominal verbs (Spanish) vs personal constructions (English). RIGID WO-FLEXIBLE WOENGLISH (rigid wo)SPANISH (Free, flexible wo)

1st position: correct identification subject (main function)Communicative, expressive goals

1st position used to link with some information given before---

Subject: not strongly linkedStronger identification+agent

Subject always goes first Subject does not have to go first

Weaker ID of subject and agentStronger ID + given info, contrastive.

More examples: David hizo la comida/David cooked the meal La foto la hizo un profesional/The picture was taken by a profesional photographer A Kevin le duelen las muelas/Kevin had toothache/fell ill (Kevin was given a present) En la caja hay cinco manzanas/The box contains five apples. (Madrid is very much liked). DIFFERENT CONCEPT OF PASSIVEEnglish: no interest in agent, promotion of non-agents to a 1st postition, OD/OI taken to 1st position.Spanish: different constructions for those functions (we do not need the passive as English does). It is not a different way to describe an action. WO+flexible (ms diferencias verbales ricas) Oraciones impersonales activas en 3 persona. Pasiva refleja Preposiciones que identifican al OD Referentes anafricos: Su vida l la compraba con Construcciones resultativas: +estar, quedar, etc.Further differences:ENGLISH: Menor identificacin del sujeto con las caractersticas agentivas (+human) + volition + sentence +causing change + movement John cleaned the house (clearly agent) John fainted (less agent)/The stick bends; Peter died (less agent) The box contains apples (not agent)SPANISH: Marca gramatical voz media. Me gustan los libros de peces: pronoun (the human entity involved in the process is not the agent)/ Me apetece ir al cine/Le horroriza levantarse temprano/En invierno se caen las hojas. Se puso de pie (reflexivity): the human participant is not prototypically involved in the action of the verb. Me compr unos zapatos: se introduce el pronombre porque normalmente compro cosas para los dems. Me aprend el libro de memoria: I am particularly affected by the action of learning EVENT PERSPECTIVE:SPANISHENGLISH

ResultActivity (or dynamism)

VerbalizationNominalization

AffectiveDescription

Subordination (more explicit expression of relationships between sentences)Coordination

RESULT VS ACTIVITY: ASPECTUAL PREFERENCESThe verb estar istself; we also have the verb resultar (and other verbs). That is why Spanish has more enphasis on result.Adjectives and derived words: Pepe es muy agradecido/cansado/atrevido./Ive seen Pepe saying Result (agradecido)/saying (dynamic meaning).Loosing cause (more dynamic): causa perdida (en espaol ya est perdida). TRANSLATE/GIVE SPANISH EQUIVALENT This is one of the most boring books Ive ever read/Este es uno de los libros ms aburridos que he ledo. ENGLISH: GERUND (ACTIVITY); SPANISH: PAST PARTICIPLE (RESULT) PERFRASIS VERBALES ESPAOLASAccin verbal: perfectivo: acabar de+infinitivo; dejar de+infinitivo; tener+participio y accin repetida en el pasado (te tengo dicho).Examples: llevar ledo, estar acabado, quedar constituido, llegar a pensar, llegar a + infinitivo (in the end the thought of result). Progresivo: estar + gerundio, andar + gerundio.Examples of both: Vino a decir que nos fusemos inmediatamente (He finally told us). In English it has been turned into an adverb. Llegaron a decirle que l no vala para eso: They even told him Volva a cometer el mismo error: He made the same mistake again Seguimos pensando que Pepe es un poco bobo: we still think Ya llevo hechas: he/she has already done Ya tengo visto mucho en esta vida: Ive already seen EVENT PERSPECTIVE: NOMINALIZATION VS VERBALIZATIONNominalization+ingNominal vs verbal density: Estorbar: to be or get in the way of Obstaculizar: to put obstacles in the way of Estrenar: to wear or use something for the 1st timeENGLISH: A=B structures Tom is a slow eater/Tom come despacio.Complex NPs: The car door window control button The opening of the highway through the Rockies by the ministerDynamic prepositions: Two friends over a glass of beer/Dos amigos que estaban tomndose una cerveza -ing from nominal to verbal patterns: Under-aged drinking: para reducir el consumo de alcohol en menores It depends on the person being interviewed: depende del entrevistado. He admitted defeat: se dio por vencido. He enjoys his food: disfruta comiendo Your opposition to the plan: si te opones al plan He would have no ties now: Ya no habra nada que le atara. ENGLISH PREPOSITIONS + DYNAMIC CONTENT (Spanish verbal support) Two friends over a glass of beer/Que estaban tomndose una caa. The inspector on the case/Encargado del caso. The girl in New York: la chica que estaba en Nueva York The reason for his failure is probably/Su fracaso se deba probablemente a DESCRIPTIVE (impersonal) VS AFFECTIVE DESCRIPTION Palabras imgenes (Me faltan los ejemplos!) ENGLISH COORDINATION VS SPANISH SUBORDINATION So I went one backing, reached the main road and sped away as fast as I could: segu marcha atrs y al llegar a la carretera me alej lo ms rpido que pude. The policeman stayed and listened and watched me: El polica se qued, escuchndome y observndome. BACK TO ARTICLESApparently similar: BUTOntological issues: individual matter, quality, class, types, archetypes. El perro de Juan es cojo: individual. El caf es amargo: matter. El azul es mi color favorito: quality. El perro es el mejor amigo del hombre: class Los perros son sus mejores amigos: type. Deja de hacer el payaso: archetypeFunction of articles: different. Articles are referential elements, but that is not only achieved through articles.Lexicalization patterns: phraseology. Definite vs indefinites: not a clear-cut 2-element dichotomy (It means that there is not a clear distinction). Alarcos: el artculo indeterminado is not an article.Languages are perceptive and conceptual: we may see things as if/make them look as if. No pude encontrar el taxi No pude encontrar un taxi No pude encontrar taxi (recategorized as non-countable. Closer to matter Libro de bolsillo: (recategorized as quality, very adjective-like). DEFINITE ARTICLEBasic function: it marks the referent as identifiable, delimited, accessible, known in the universe of discourse.Co-text: Obama tiene un perro. El perro se llama Bob.Context: Situation or encyclopedia, knowledge, humanity?The definite article is culturally known as unique. Uniqueness: El Sol, La Luna, la tierra, el polo norte (The sun, the moon, the earth, the north pole). But: el infierno, el paraso: Hell, paradise.El cielo: the sky, HeavenEnglish: only unique with countable nouns La ta Rosa: Aunt Rose. It is a name, the whole thing. The notion of name is a little bit different. El Rey Juan: King John. DEFINITE: KNOWN AS STEREOTYPED Mirar por la ventana: look out of the window. Coger el autobus: take the bus Ir al teatro: go to the theatre Meterse en la cama: go to bed (!) Cubo de la basura: garbage bin. La mitad de la botella: half the bottle (In Spanish we all know that everything has its mitad, but in English its not so clear). Las golondrinas ya se dejan ver por las calles: swallos(without the article). KNOWN AS INELANIABLE His eyes were full of tears: tena los ojos llenos de lgrimas: tena los ojos llenos de lgrimas. Se meti la mano en el bolsillo: his hand in his pocket. INDEFINITE ARTICLEEnglish: Contextually unknown +grammatical content Marker for entities that are unknown Emphasis on classificationSpanish: Closer to numeral +semantic content Contrastive (cuantitativo, cualitativo) Emphatic (intensity). Metaphorical (less referential: un payaso) Emphasis on predicationExamples: This is a table/Esto es una mesa. Pepe is a teacher/Pepe es profesor (es payaso: un payaso) Trento, a quiet city/Trento, ciudad tranquila del norte de Italia He was wearing a tie/llevaba corbata; ser victima, causa, objeto, presa de algo; tener ascensor; cerrar con llave (these last two examples are written only to show the difference between the sentences with article and without article) Qualifying expressions: closer to adverbs and adjectives (often translated by verbs, verbs-like elements or compound nouns in which the first acts as a modifier).