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Benjamn

Franklin

Name: Valentina Salinas A

Grade: 8th grade A

Date: 1/10/13

Class Type: English


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Summary

1. Introduction (Page 3)1.1. Brief Resume2. Biography

2.1. Early Life2.2. Inventions and scientific inquiries


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Introduction: Brief ResumeBorn in Boston on January 17, 1706, young Franklin struck out on his own in 1723,

eventually finding employment as a journeyman printer in Philadelphia. Franklin's newspaper The Pennsylvania Gazette, his Poor Richard's Almanack, and work as an inventor and

scientist propelled him to the front ranks of Philadelphia society and made him a well-knownfigure throughout the American provinces and England.

In 1757, at age fifty-one Franklin began his career as a diplomat and statesman in Londonwhere he essentially remained until the outbreak of the American Revolution. When Franklin

returned to Philadelphia in 1775, he served as a delegate to the Continental Congress, wherehe was instrumental in drafting the Declaration of Independence and the Articles of

Confederation. Because of his international experience, Franklin was chosen as one the firstministers to France. In Paris Franklin reached his peak of fame, becoming the focal point for

a cultural Franklin-mania among the French intellectual elite. Franklin ultimately helpednegotiate a cessation of hostilities and a peace treaty that officially ended the Revolutionary

War.

Even after his death in 1790, Franklin remained an American celebrity. Shortly after his death,his now famous autobiography was published in France and was followed two years later byBritish and American editions. Perhaps, the last, best summary should be the simple wordsof James Madison taken from his notes on Franklin: "I never passed half an hour in hiscompany without hearing some observat ions or anecdote worth remembering.


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BiographyBenjamin Franklin (January 17, 1706 April 17, 1790) was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. A noted polymath, Franklin was a leading author, printer, political theorist,politician, postmaster, scientist, musician, inventor, satirist, civic activist, statesman, anddiplomat. As a scientist, he was a major figure in the American Enlightenment and the historyof physics for his discoveries and theories regarding electricity. He invented the lightning rod,bifocals, the Franklin stove, a carriage odometer, and the glass 'armonica'. He facilitatedmany civic organizations, including a fire department and a university.

Franklin earned the title of "The First American" for his early and indefatigable campaigningfor colonial unity; as an author and spokesman in London for several colonies, then as thefirst United States Ambassador to France, he exemplified the emerging American nation.Franklin was foundational in defining the American ethos as a marriage of the practical


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values of thrift, hard work, education, community spirit, self-governing institutions, andopposition to authoritarianism both political and religious, with the scientific and tolerantvalues of the Enlightenment. In the words of historian Henry Steele Commager, "In a Franklincould be merged the virtues of Puritanism without its defects, the illumination of theEnlightenment without its heat." To Walter Isaacson, this makes Franklin "the mostaccomplished American of his age and the most influential in inventing the type of society

America would become."

Franklin, always proud of his working class roots, became a successful newspaper editor andprinter in Philadelphia, the leading city in the colonies. He was also partners with WilliamGoddard and Joseph Galloway the three of whom published the Pennsylvania Chronicle, anewspaper that was known for its revolutionary sentiments and criticisms of the Britishmonarchy in the American colonies. He became wealthy publishing Poor Richard's Almanackand The Pennsylvania Gazette. When Benjamin was 15 his brother started The New EnglandCourant the first "newspaper" in Boston. Though there were two papers in the city beforeJames's Courant, they only reprinted news from abroad. James's paper carried articles,opinion pieces written by James's friends, advertisements, and news of ship schedules.

Early Life

Franklin as printer

Benjamin wanted to write for the paper too, but he knew that James would never let him.

After all, Benjamin was just a lowly apprentice. So Ben began writing letters at night andsigning them with the name of a fictional widow, Silence Dogood. Dogood was filled withadvice and very critical of the world around her, particularly concerning the issue of howwomen were treated. Ben would sneak the letters under the print shop door at night so noone knew who was writing the pieces. They were a smash hit, and everyone wanted to knowwho the real Silence Dogood. was

After 16 letters, Ben confessed that he had been writing the letters all along. While James'sfriends thought Ben was quite precocious and funny, James scolded his brother and wasvery jealous of the attention paid to him.

Before long the Franklins found themselves at odds with Boston's powerful Puritan preachers,the Mathers. Smallpox was a deadly disease in those times, and the Mathers supportedinoculation; the Franklins' believed inoculation only made people sicker. And while most


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Bostonians agreed with the Franklins, they did not like the way James made fun of the clergy,during the debate. Ultimately, James was thrown in jail for his views, and Benjamin was leftto run the paper for several issues.

Upon release from jail, James was not grateful to Ben for keeping the paper going. Insteadhe kept harassing his younger brother and administering beatings from time to time. Bencould not take it and decided to run away in 1723.

Franklin gained international renown as a scientist for his famous experiments in electricityand for his many inventions, especially the lightning rod. He played a major role inestablishing the University of Pennsylvania and was elected the first president of the

American Philosophical Society. Franklin became a national hero in America when hespearheaded the effort to have Parliament repeal the unpopular Stamp Act. An accomplisheddiplomat, he was widely admired among the French as American minister to Paris and was amajor figure in the development of positive Franco-American relations.

For many years he was the British postmaster for the colonies, which enabled him to set upthe first national communications network. He was active in community affairs, colonial andstate politics, as well as national and international affairs. From 1785 to 1788, he served asgovernor of Pennsylvania. Toward the end of his life, he freed his slaves and became one of the most prominent abolitionists.

His colorful life and legacy of scientific and political achievement, and status as one of America's most influential Founding Fathers, have seen Franklin honored on coinage andmoney; warships; the names of many towns, counties, educational institutions, namesakes,and companies; and more than two centuries after his death, countless cultural references.

Inventions and scientific inquiries

Franklin was a prodigious inventor. Among his many creations were the lightning rod, glassarmonica (a glass instrument, not to be confused with the metal harmonica), Franklin stove,bifocal glasses and the flexible urinary catheter. Franklin never patented his inventions; in his

autobiography he wrote, "... as we enjoy great advantages from the inventions of others, weshould be glad of an opportunity to serve others by any invention of ours; and this we shoulddo freely and generously."

His inventions also included social innovations, such as paying forward. Franklin's fascinationwith innovation could be viewed as altruistic; he wrote that his scientific works were to be


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used for increasing efficiency and human improvement. One such improvement was his effortto expedite news services through his printing presses.

Population studies

Franklin had a major influence on the emerging science of demography, or population studies.Thomas Malthus is famous for his rule of population growth and credited Franklin for discovering it. Kammen (1990) and Drake (2011) say Franklin's "Observations on theIncrease of Mankind" (1755) stands alongside Ezra Stiles' "Discourse on Christian Union"(1760) as the leading works of eighteenth century Anglo-American demography; Drakecredits Franklin's "wide readership and prophetic insight."

In the 1730s and 1740s, Franklin began taking notes on population growth, finding that the American population had the fastest growth rates on earth. Emphasizing that populationgrowth depended on food supplies a line of thought later developed by Thomas Malthus Franklin emphasized the abundance of food and available farmland in America. Hecalculated that America's population was doubling every twenty years and would surpass thatof England in a century. In 1751, he drafted "Observations concerning the Increase of Mankind, Peopling of Countries, &c." Four years later, it was anonymously printed in Boston,and it was quickly reproduced in Britain, where it influenced economists Adam Smith andlater Thomas Malthus. Franklin's predictions alarmed British leaders who did not want to besurpassed by the colonies, so they became more willing to impose restrictions on the colonialeconomy.

Franklin was also a pioneer in the study of slave demography, as shown in his 1755 essay.

Atlantic Ocean currents

As deputy postmaster, Franklin became interested in the North Atlantic Ocean circulationpatterns. While in England in 1768, he heard a complaint from the Colonial Board of Customs: Why did it take British packet ships carrying mail several weeks longer to reachNew York than it took an average merchant ship to reach Newport, Rhode Island? Themerchantmen had a longer and more complex voyage because they left from London, whilethe packets left from Falmouth in Cornwall.

Franklin put the question to his cousin Timothy Folger, a Nantucket whaler captain, who told

him that merchant ships routinely avoided a strong eastbound mid-ocean current. The mailpacket captains sailed dead into it, thus fighting an adverse current of 3 miles per hour (5km/h). Franklin worked with Folger and other experienced ship captains, learning enough tochart the current and name it the Gulf Stream, by which it is still known today.

Franklin published his Gulf Stream chart in 1770 in England, where it was completely ignored.Subsequent versions were printed in France in 1778 and the U.S. in 1786. The British editionof the chart, which was the original, was so thoroughly ignored that everyone assumed it was


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lost forever until Phil Richardson, a Woods Hole Oceanographer and Gulf Stream expert,discovered it in Bibliothque Nationale in Paris in 1980. This find received front pagecoverage in the New York Times.

It took many years for British sea captains to adopt Franklin's advice on navigating the

current; once they did, they were able to trim two weeks from their sailing time In 1853, theoceanographer and cartographer Matthew Fontaine Maury noted that Franklin only chartedand codified the Gulf Stream, he did not discover it:

Though it was Dr. Franklin and Captain Tim Folger, who first turned the Gulf Stream tonautical account, the discovery that there was a Gulf Stream cannot be said to belong toeither of them, for its existence was known to Peter Martyr d'Anghiera, and to Sir HumphreyGilbert, in the 16th century.

Electricity

His discoveries resulted from his investigations of electricity. Franklin proposed that "vitreous"and "resinous" electricity were not different types of "electrical fluid" (as electricity was calledthen), but the same electrical fluid under different pressures. He was the first to label them aspositive and negative respectively, and he was the first to discover the principle of conservation of charge.

In 1750 he published a proposal for an experiment to prove that lightning is electricity byflying a kite in a storm that appeared capable of becoming a lightning storm. On May 10,1752 Thomas-Franois Dalibard of France conducted Franklin's experiment using a 40-foot(12 m)-tall iron rod instead of a kite, and he extracted electrical sparks from a cloud. On June15 Franklin may possibly have conducted his famous kite experiment in Philadelphia,successfully extracting sparks from a cloud. Franklin's experiment was not written up withcredit until Joseph Priestley's 1767 History and Present Status of Electricity; the evidenceshows that Franklin was insulated (not in a conducting path, where he would have been indanger of electrocution). Others, such as Prof. Georg Wilhelm Richmann were indeedelectrocuted during the months following Franklin's experiment.

In his writings, Franklin indicates that he was aware of the dangers and offered alternativeways to demonstrate that lightning was electrical, as shown by his use of the concept of electrical ground. If Franklin did perform this experiment, he may not have done it in the waythat is often described, flying the kite and waiting to be struck by lightning, as it could havebeen dangerous. Instead he used the kite to collect some electric charge from a storm cloud,which implied that lightning was electrical.

On October 19 in a letter to England explaining directions for repeating the experiment,Franklin wrote:


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When rain has wet the kite twine so that it can conduct the electric fire freely, you will find itstreams out plentifully from the key at the approach of your knuckle, and with this key a phial,or Leiden jar, may be charged: and from electric fire thus obtained spirits may be kindled, andall other electric experiments [may be] performed which are usually done by the help of arubber glass globe or tube; and therefore the sameness of the electrical matter with that of lightening completely demonstrated.

Franklin's electrical experiments led to his invention of the lightning rod. He noted thatconductors with a sharp rather than a smooth point were capable of discharging silently, andat a far greater distance. He surmised that this knowledge could be of use in protectingbuildings from lightning by attaching "upright Rods of Iron, made sharp as a Needle and giltto prevent Rusting, and from the Foot of those Rods a Wire down the outside of the Buildinginto the Ground;...Would not these pointed Rods probably draw the Electrical Fire silently outof a Cloud before it came nigh enough to strike, and thereby secure us from that mostsudden and terrible Mischief!" Following a series of experiments on Franklin's own house,lightning rods were installed on the Academy of Philadelphia (later the University of Pennsylvania) and the Pennsylvania State House (later Independence Hall) in 1752.[42]

In recognition of his work with electricity, Franklin received the Royal Society's Copley Medalin 1753 and in 1756 he became one of the few 18th-century Americans to be elected as aFellow of the Society. The cgs unit of electric charge has been named after him: one franklin(Fr) is equal to one statcoulomb.

Wave theory of light

Franklin was, along with his contemporary Leonhard Euler, the only major scientist whosupported Christiaan Huygens' wave theory of light, which was basically ignored by the restof the scientific community. In the 18th century Newton's corpuscular theory was held to betrue; only after Young's famous slit experiment (1803) were most scientists persuaded tobelieve Huygens' theory.[43]

Meteorology

On October 21, 1743, according to popular myth, a storm moving from the southwest deniedFranklin the opportunity of witnessing a lunar eclipse. Franklin was said to have noted thatthe prevailing winds were actually from the northeast, contrary to what he had expected. Incorrespondence with his brother, Franklin learned that the same storm had not reachedBoston until after the eclipse, despite the fact that Boston is to the northeast of Philadelphia.He deduced that storms do not always travel in the direction of the prevailing wind, a conceptthat greatly influenced meteorology.


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After the Icelandic volcanic eruption of Laki in 1783, and the subsequent harsh Europeanwinter of 1784, Franklin made observations connecting the causal nature of these twoseparate events. He wrote about them in a lecture series.

Concept of cooling

Franklin noted a principle of refrigeration by observing that on a very hot day, he stayedcooler in a wet shirt in a breeze than he did in a dry one. To understand this phenomenonmore clearly Franklin conducted experiments. In 1758 on a warm day in Cambridge, England,Franklin and fellow scientist John Hadley experimented by continually wetting the ball of amercury thermometer with ether and using bellows to evaporate the ether. With eachsubsequent evaporation, the thermometer read a lower temperature, eventually reaching 7 F(14 C). Another thermometer showed the room temperature to be constant at 65 F (18 C).In his letter Cooling by Evaporation, Franklin noted that "one may see the possibility of freezing a m an to death on a warm summers day."

Temperature's effect on electrical conductivity

According to Michael Faraday, Franklin's experiments on the non-conduction of ice are worthmentioning although the law of the general effect of liquefaction on electrolytes is notattributed to Franklin. However, as reported in 1836 by Prof. A. D. Bache of the University of Pennsylvania, the law of the effect of heat on the conduction of bodies otherwise non-conductors, for example, glass, could be attributed to Franklin. Franklin writes, "...A certainquantity of heat will make some bodies good conductors, that will not otherwise conduct..."and again, "...And water, though naturally a good conductor, will not conduct well whenfrozen into ice."

Oceanography findings

An aging Franklin accumulated all his oceanographic findings in Maritime Observations,published by the Philosophical Society's transactions in 1786.[49] It contained ideas for seaanchors, catamaran hulls, watertight compartments, shipboard lightning rods and a soupbowl designed to stay stable in stormy weather.

Decision-making

In a 1772 letter to Joseph Priestley, Franklin lays out the earliest known description of the Pro& Con list, a common decision making technique:

... My Way is, to divide half a Sheet of Paper by a Line into two Columns, writing over the onePro, and over the other Con. Then during three or four Days Consideration I put down under the different Heads short Hints of the different Motives that at different Times occur to me for or against the Measure. When I have thus got them all together in one View, I endeavour toestimate their respective Weights; and where I find two, one on each side, that seem equal, I


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strike them both out: If I find a Reason pro equal to some two Reasons con, I strike out thethree. If I judge some two Reasons con equal to some three Reasons pro, I strike out thefive; and thus proceeding I find at length where the Ballance lies; and if after a Day or two of farther Consideration nothing new that is of Importance occurs on either side, I come to aDetermination accordingly.

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