Universidad de Buenos Aires Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias

CÁTEDRA: INGLÉS TÉCNICO

TEXTOS

Roberto Cataldo

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Índice

TRABAJO PRÁCTICO PAGINA

1) “Animal Welfare. What Is Animal Welfare? 3

2) “Study Suggests H1N1 Virus More Dangerous Than Suspected” 5

3) “Veterinary Public Health and Feed and Food Safety (VPH) 7

4) “New MRI Is Open to Patients” 9

5) “Solving the Mystery of Genetics – Research Projects at MSU” 10

6) “Studies to Improve Treatment of Bone Cancer” 13

7) “PennHIP Procedure Available at VTH” 15

8) “Use of IR to Treat Intrahepatic Shunt” 17

9) “Food Supply Veterinary Medicine (FSVM) 19

10) “What is Veterinary Public Health (VPH) ? 21

11) “New Theory May Help Avoid Navicular” 24

12) “Veterinary Research: The Next Generation” 26

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TRABAJO PRÁCTICO 1

Animal WelfareWhat is animal welfare?

AVMA - American Veterinary Medical Association, 2010

Animal welfare is the ethical responsibility of ensuring animal well-being. Animal well-being is the condition in which animals experience good health, are able to effectively cope with their environment, and are able to express a diversity of species-typical behaviors

1. Protecting an animal's welfare means providing for its physical and mental needs.

2. Ensuring animal welfare is a human responsibility that includes consideration for all aspects of animal well-being, including proper housing, management, nutrition, disease prevention and treatment, responsible care, humane handling, and, when necessary, humane euthanasia.

There are numerous perspectives on animal welfare that are influenced by a person's values and experiences. There are also various means of measuring animal welfare, including (but not limited to) health, productivity, behavior, and physiological responses.

The American Veterinary Medical Association has defined its commitment to animal welfare through the adoption of the following Animal Welfare Principles that serves as guidance when the Association develops policies and takes action to ensure the welfare of animals:AVMA Animal Welfare PrinciplesThe AVMA, as a medical authority for the health and welfare of animals, offers the following eight integrated principles for developing and evaluating animal welfare policies, resolutions, and actions.• The responsible use of animals for human purposes, such as companionship, food, fiber, recreation, work, education, exhibition, and research conducted for the benefit of both humans and animals, is consistent with the Veterinarian's Oath. • Decisions regarding animal care, use, and welfare shall be made by balancing scientific knowledge and professional judgment with consideration of ethical and societal values. • Animals must be provided water, food, proper handling, health care, and an environment appropriate to their care and use, with thoughtful consideration for their species-typical biology and behavior. • Animals should be cared for in ways that minimize fear, pain, stress, and suffering. • Procedures related to animal housing, management, care, and use should be continuously evaluated, and when indicated, refined or replaced. • Conservation and management of animal populations should be humane, socially responsible, and scientifically prudent.

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• Animals shall be treated with respect and dignity throughout their lives and, when necessary, provided a humane death. • The veterinary profession shall continually strive to improve animal health and welfare through scientific research, education, collaboration, advocacy, and the development of legislation and regulations.

Adapted from the AVMA – the American Vetrerinary Medical Association, 2010. Questions about any of these policies may be directed to animalwelfare@avma.org.

EJERCITACIÓN

1. Lea el título ¿Reconoce algunas palabras? ¿Cuál será el tema principal del mismo?2. ¿Qué entiende por “proteger el bienestar del animal”? ¿Cuál es su punto de vista?3. ¿Confirma su expectativa inicial?4. Subraye palabras o frases claves. 5. ¿Qué puntos indica AVMA (The American Veterinary Medical Association?6. Resuma los ocho principios de la Asociación – cada uno en dos renglones como máximo

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TRABAJO PRÁCTICO 2

Study Suggests H1N1 Virus More Dangerous Than Suspected

PHOTO CREDIT: Courtesy Dr. Yoshihiro Kawaoka

The pandemic H1N1 flu virus (red) has been shown to be more virulent than scientists

previously believed. The filamentous shape of the virus, which in this image has recently

budded from infected cells, is also unusual.

The new H1N1 influenza virus is more pathogenic than seasonal influenza viruses according to an international team of researchers led by Dr. Yoshihiro Kawaoka, of the UW School of Veterinary Medicine’s Institute for Influenza Viral Research. 

In a study published in Nature, Dr. Kawaoka detailed the new virus’s pathogenic qualities.

In contrast with run-of-the-mill seasonal flu viruses, the H1N1virus exhibits an ability to infect cells deep in the lungs, where it can cause pneumonia and, in severe cases, death in humans.  Seasonal viruses typically infect only cells in the upper respiratory system.

Dr. Kawaoka, a professor of pathobiological sciences at the UW-Madison School of Veterinary Medicine and a leading authority on influenza says that there is a misunderstanding about this virus and that people think this pathogen may be similar to seasonal influenza. This study shows that is not the case. There is clear evidence the virus is different than seasonal influenza.”

Dr. Kawaoka says that while finding the H1N1 virus to be a more serious pathogen than previously reported is worrisome, the new study also indicates that existing and experimental antiviral drugs can form an effective first line of defense against the virus and slow its spread.

He also agrees that there are currently three approved antiviral compounds. His team tested the efficacy of two of those compounds and the two

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experimental antiviral drugs in mice adding that the existing and experimental drugs work well in animal models, suggesting they will work in humans.

Antiviral drugs are viewed as a first line of defense since development and production of mass quantities of vaccines take months at best.

In addition to his appointment at UW-Madison, Dr. Kawaoka also is a professor at the University of Tokyo.  The new study was funded by grants from the U.S. National Institutes of Health, and the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology.

Adapted and excerpted from a story by Terry Devitt – Univeristy of Wisconsin, November 2009

EJERCITACIÓN

1. Lea el título – ¿De qué trata el texto – qué sabe del tema?2. ¿Cuál es la opinión del Dr Kawaoka?3. ¿Cómo contrasta el virus H1N1 con los otros virus estacionales?4. ¿Cómo puede resumir el estudio llevado a cabo por el Dr Kawaoka y su equipo?5. ¿A qué conclusión llega Ud.? 6. ¿Está de acuerdo con el artículo? 7. ¿Qué palabras le resultaron fáciles de interpretar? ¿Cuáles no?

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TRABAJO PRÁCTICO 3

Veterinary Public Health and Feed a nd Food Safety (VPH) FAO, WHO and OIE define Veterinary Public Health (VPH) as "The contributions to the physical, mental and social well being of humans through an understanding and application of veterinary science".

Veterinary public health contributes to public health through the knowledge, skills and resources of veterinary science. This generally relates to the understanding, prevention and control of zoonotic diseases and food safety issues. The scope of VPH is clearly multidisciplinary, involving not only veterinarians in public and private sectors, but also other health and agriculture professionals, communication experts and scientists as well as paraprofessionals. An interdisciplinary team approach to problem solving, research, control programs and communication is essential for the improvement of human health in a significant and sustainable manner.

Ensuring safe food is paramount for the protection of human health and for enhancement of the quality of life. Safe food plays an important role, whether domestically produced and consumed, imported or exported. In addition, the production of safe food represents an opportunity for income generation and market access. Over the last decades, the food chain approach has been recognized as an important step forward to ensure food safety from production up to consumption. This approach requires the commitment of all players in the food chain, involving producers, traders, processors, distributors, competent authorities as well as consumers.

The role of animal feed in the production of safe food is also recognized worldwide, and several events have underlined its impacts on public health, feed and food trade, and food security. Concerns prompted by the outbreak of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), and other more common food problems associated with Salmonella, enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli and other contaminants, have encouraged professionals and the feed industry to scrutinize more closely the causes of these diseases and methods for their control. Measures may require limiting the use of some ingredients or radically changing the way in which they are prepared (processed) or sourced. In some cases the locations where animals are grazed need to be restricted. FAO therefore provides current knowledge on animal feed and its impact on food safety, and orientation and advice on this matter.

Transmission of diseases between animals and human (zoonoses) occurs daily around the globe, whether through agricultural practices or everyday activities. Zoonoses consist of a wide range of diseases and range from endemic zoonoses such as brucellosis, anthrax, bovine tuberculosis, parasitic diseases (hydatic disease, echinococcosis, trichinellosis) and rabies to emerging zoonoses as highly pathogenic avian influenza, Nipah/Hendra disease and Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy.

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The impact on public health and on productive activities is considerable. Risk based programs should therefore aim at preventing or decreasing the transmission of zoonoses, through adequate policy frameworks, prevention and control measures, and education. Attention should also be paid to ecological, cultural, social and ethical aspects regarding the implementation of control programs. Besides zoonoses prevention and control, FAO’s program also aims at minimizing the risk of contamination (biological, chemical and physical) entering the food chain through animal products. FAO is committed to prevent and control the spread of zoonoses and food borne diseases e.g. salmonellosis, campylobacteriosis and Haemolytic-uraemic syndrome (HUS) caused by E.coli O157 and contamination through appropriate programs that: • promote the development and adoption of adequate international, regional and national regulatory frameworks;• enhance communication and cooperation between animal and human health sectors;• improve service delivery and strengthen capacities;• increase professional and public awareness on veterinary public health and food safety issues;• develop and provide relevant information;• foster partnerships, coordination and collaboration among stakeholders;• develop policy making tools.

This is envisaged to be achieved through the establishment of international and regional networks, discussion and information exchange platforms as well as through expert consultations, technical meetings, the implementation of projects and the dissemination of relevant information. Close collaboration is established with other international organizations such as WHO and OIE as well as regional and national institutions, NGO’s and private sector associations.

Over the years the field of veterinary public health/Feed and Food safety has changed. This requires professionals active in this field to have the needed knowledge and skills to address the issues making use of the new insights and tools. Especially with regard to the professionals there is a need to revise and update the existing university curricula and engage in continuing education

Adapted from a publication on ANIMAL PRODUCTION AND HEALTH DIVISION – by FAO – FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONSfor a world without hunger, September, 2009

EJERCITACIÓN

1. ¿Qué le sugiere el título de la publicación?2. ¿Sobre qué tratará el texto a leer? ¿ A qué área pertenece?3. ¿Qué significan las siglas FAO – WHO – OIE? 4. ¿Qué interpreta por el párrafo inicial?5. ¿Qué dice el texto de la salud pública veterinaria?6. ¿Qué rol juega la alimentación animal para la producción de alimentos sanos? 7. ¿Cuál es el rol de FAO?

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8. ¿Cómo se llega a la transmisión de enfermedades a humanos?9. ¿A qué conclusión llega el artículo? ¿Está de acuerdo?10. ¿Qué párrafo(s) le resultó/resultaron interesante(s)?

TRABAJO PR Á CTICO 4

New MRI Is Open to Patients

Este es el título del artículo:

1. ¿De qué tratará el texto?2. Según su respuesta en el paso 1, ¿qué palabras encontrará en el mismo?

New MRI Is Open to Patients

“We now have every modality,” says Dr. Tony Pease, head of diagnostic imaging. “In addition to MRI, we have state-of-the-art ultrasound and CT, fluoroscopy for horses and small animals, and nuclear medicine.”

The MRI facility has everything that is needed for small animals, plus an equine table, anesthesia machine, and monitors, all of which are MRI compatible. This allows MSU to perform MRIs on a wide variety of patient sizes. The advantage of the MSU MRI is that it can:- Enhance soft tissue images- Define brain and spinal cord injuries better than CT- Identify muscle tears and muscle lesions

“We are planning to do research with the MRI, as well as clinical cases,” Pease says. “For example, we want to explore articular cartilage imaging and damage to the meniscus in horses in ways that nobody else in the veterinary field is doing, but is being performed in humans.” The installation of the MRI is the culmination of four years of planning and saving. “We are not paying for the MRI through client charges,” Pease says. “The veterinary school and the VTH have been saving and planning for this for more than four years, and our price structure is designed to cover the maintenance costs. The unit is a tribute to the forward thinking and dedication to excellence in teaching, patient care, and research that has made MSU one of the best veterinary schools in the country.”

MRI examinations are not performed as an outpatient service at this time. If you believe an animal could benefit from an MRI, please contact the VTH for an appointment to a clinical service that will evaluate your animal and prescribe an MRI examination of the appropriate region.

EJERCITACIÓN

1 ¿Qué se entiende por “MRI”?2 ¿Qué animales pueden utilizarlo?3 ¿Cuáles son las ventajas?

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4 ¿Qué ejemplos da?5 ¿Qué significado tiene el uso del MRI?6 ¿Coincide con el autor?7 ¿Llega a la misma conclusión que él?8 ¿Cambió su opinión acerca del tema después de haber leído el texto?

TRABAJO PRÁCTICO 5

Solving the Mystery of GeneticsVigorous genetic research projects at MSU offer insight and hope

Few areas in veterinary and human medicine offer more promise – or challenge – than genetic studies. Few veterinary colleges are better poised to meet the challenges and to deliver the promises than Michigan State University’s College of Veterinary Medicine (MSU CVM).

Dr. John Fyfe, an associate professor in CVM, established an inherited disease research program in the Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics when he came to MSU in 1994.He says we gave it a formal name, the Laboratory of Comparative Medical Genetics when we began offering mutation-based carrier tests to the general public in 2002.

He also adds that as the name implies we are interested in genetic changes that cause disease in any species, including humans. Genetic diseases are considered nature’s “knockout” experiments; they occur spontaneously in all species, and a major mission of the laboratory is to characterize inherited disorders that occur in companion animals so they can be prevented. Investigation of these disorders provides insight into human genetic disorders, as well. Fyfe explains how the whole “knockout” analogy saying that certainly, the various differences in look, behavior and physiology of different species and healthy individuals within a species are determined by differences in DNA. However, some DNA changes are incompatible with gene function. Inherited disease occurs if a DNA mutation eliminates or radically changes the function of an essential gene and if that mutation is present in the DNA of the sperm or egg of an animal that contributes to the next generation.

Because two copies of most genes are present in every cell, half-function of a gene works well enough much of the time. But an unhealthy animal can result when a mutation is present in both copies of the same gene. Fyfe says that the disease from this kind of mutation is inherited as what we call a recessive trait; you don’t see the effect of the mutation unless both chromosomes have it. In domestic animals, this state almost always occurs because the same mutation is inherited from each parent who, in turn, are related to each other.

New spontaneous mutations can lead to new genetic diseases, Fyfe continues, which is what he and his colleagues study. In a different approach, use in many other laboratories, DNA alterations are intentionally produced in certain species of worms, fruit flies, mice, or zebra fish. Researchers then study the changes produced by these genetic alterations.

He also says such a laboratory manipulation that halts expression of a gene is called a gene knockout. In contrast, the spontaneously occurring diseases he investigates are gene knockouts produced by nature. Hence, nature’s ‘knockout experiments’ – referring to the

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words used on the lab’s website – since DNA mutations occur in all species fairly often, all species are subject to such spontaneously occurring genetic diseases.

That is a lot to look into, but CVM is on it – in a big way. In addition to the Laboratory of Comparative Medical Genetics, many other laboratories in the College of Veterinary Medicine are studying genetic disorders. Investigators are looking into cancer in dogs and cats; retinal degeneration that causes blindness, genetic components of asthma and other respiratory disorders, immune deficiencies, and much more.There is a major interdisciplinary aspect to all of this, according to him – it should be obvious – that no one can be an expert in the assessment of all organ systems or areas of physiology. The interdisciplinary nature of our work is that when an animal is brought to us, and if we are convinced that it is exhibiting a genetic disease, one of the most important activities is to delineate everything that is wrong with the animal.

This can require any or many of the clinical specialties of CVM’s Veterinary Teaching Hospital, the pathology service, and further expertise in biochemistry or cell biology. Much of this expertise is available in CVM or elsewhere on the MSU campus, but sometimes we organize essential collaborations with investigators at other institutions worldwide. Breeders and owners are important collaborators, as well.

While I always try to do a portion of the investigation myself, I often find myself organizing and collating the activities and results of other investigators, each providing expertise in a different discipline.

In a sense, you could say that for Fyfe, it all started with giant schnauzers.

About 25 years ago, he began investigating the cause of a disorder in these dogs that caused growth retardation, mild anemia, and poor appetite. Four years of Fyfe’s initial studies showed the culprit to be a vitamin B-12 deficiency and that this deficiency existed because the dogs were incapable of absorbing the vitamin from food.

Fyfe’s studies went on and, with the help of his laboratory staff and graduate students, came to several conclusions:1. The normal physiology of dogs and cats utilizes a protein called intrinsic factor and a receptor-mediated system for vitamin B-12 absorption, just as in humans and other species.2. Vitamin B-12 is essential for dog and cat health; they both develop anemia, white blood cell deficiency, and bone marrow abnormalities when they are B-12 deficient, but the blood cell changes look different than in humans.3. The all important intestinal receptor for vitamin B-12 is a product of two genes, and mutations of either gene cause the same disorder of B-12 malabsorption.

He reports they have studied many disorders over the years. In addition to B-12 malabsorption in five breeds of dogs, they have also studied two types of glycogen storage disease in horses, cats and dogs; three types of congenital hypothyroidism in dogs; and two motor neuron disorders, one dog and one cat.

So what does Fyfe think is the most important result of some 20 years of study? The elimination of mutation carriers from breeding populations, he says.

He continues saying that finding the mutations causing these problems has become easier in the last decade due to contributions from many in the dog and cat genetics community as well as NIH (National Institutes of Health) funding to sequence the dog and cat genomes.

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Whenever their studies lead them to a mutation, they develop a DNA-based mutation detection assay that they offer as a carrier test to the owners and breeders of the animals involved. In this way, they can determine which of their breeding stock are carriers of these recessive diseases and make informed mating decisions. It’s the most effective kind of preventative medicine: the potentially affected animals are not even conceived.

Ongoing studies in Fyfe's lab that may benefit humans include the study of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) in Maine coon cats and congenital hypothyroidism in various dog breeds.Human SMA is he says a common genetic disorder occurring at a rate of 1 in 6000 births and is lethal in infancy or causes lifelong disability. Although less common than SMA, congenital hypothyroidism is important in human medicine because, unless it is diagnosed and treated very early in life, the patient suffers severe and irreversible mental retardation.

He adds that it is a tragedy of lost human potential to miss the diagnosis, but it also costs the health system so much to maintain these individuals over a lifetime that it is less costly to test every newborn infant in the country. Early treatment is crucial.Their studies have benefited from advances in human disease genetics – reciprocally, they always hope that the insights gained in animal studies will lead to prevention or new therapies for the similar human disorders.

Adapted from Dr. John Fyfe´s studies on Solving the Mystery of Genetics, 2009

EJERCITACIÓN

1. Lea el título y anticipe de que tratará el artículo - ¿Qué palabras le resultan conocidas?2. Lea la introducción - ¿está de acuerdo?3. ¿Cómo relaciona Dr Fyfe la genética con la causa de enfermedades? ¿Opina Ud. lo mismo? 4. ¿Qué entiende por “knockout experiments”?5. ¿Qué dice el artículo sobre los laboratorios?6. ¿Cómo comenzó Dr Fyfe su estudio? 7. ¿A qué resultado llegó él? 8. ¿Qué parte del artículo le resultó interesante?9. ¿Qué palabras le resultaron conocidas y lo llevaron a interpretar el texto? ¿Cuáles le dificultaron la comprensión?

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TRABAJO PRÁCTICO 6

Studies to Improve Treatment of Bone C ancer

An image of normal bone stained to detect the presence of beta-catenin within the cells shows very little response to the stain.

A deeper understanding of genetic abnormalities in bone cancer cells, or osteosarcoma, in dogs may yield clues that lead to improved treatment in both canine and human osteosarcoma. That's what Dr. Timothy Stein, an assistant professor of oncology at the UW-Madison School of Veterinary Medicine, hopes to accomplish with a study of spontaneously-occurring tumors in dogs.He and his colleagues at the school's Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital are collecting samples of bone tumors from dogs as part of an NIH-funded study at the UW Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (ICTR). Dr. Stein then looks for differences in genes from dogs that have a higher level of an enzyme, alkaline phosphatase (ALP).

ALP has been associated with a poorer outcome in both dogs and people with osteosarcoma. If there are differences in the genes expressed between tumors from dogs with normal as opposed to elevated levels of ALP, oncologists may be able to develop a new direction for potential cancer treatments.

Dr. Stein is also looking at the role of beta-catenin, a protein important for keeping cells together as well as for cell growth and division, in osteosarcoma cases. Beta-catenin is altered in a variety of cancers, including human osteosarcoma, and may allow these cells to proliferate out of control.He says he is trying to clarify the role of beta-catenin in osteosarcoma – Is it abnormally expressed? That is, is it in cells when it shouldn't be? What, if anything, does it contribute to bone cancer development?

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A cancerous bone sample treated with the same stain clearly shows the presence of beta-catenin in the cells (the beta-catenin turns brown). Dr. Timothy Stein, a veterinary oncologist at the University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Veterinary Medicine, hopes to learn more about whether or how beta-catenin influences bone cancer.

The hope is that breakthroughs in these canine bone cancer studies will yield new treatments for humans as well, because dog and human bone cancers are similar.Dr. Stein encourages animal owners to contact the school's Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital if their pet is diagnosed with cancer and they want options, especially for bone cancer. He says often they have clinical trials available – the trials can help offset the cost of treatment, and there is the potential to help not only the animal being treated, but future animals as well

Adapted from a publication, University of Wisconsin – Madison , November 19, 2009

EJERCITACIÓN

1. ¿Qué le sugiere el título?2. ¿Qué representan los dos gráficos?3. ¿Cómo comienza el artículo? 4. ¿Qué significa ALP – A qué asocia el Dr. Stein ALP ?5. ¿Qué otra proteína menciona? ¿Por qué?6. ¿A qué conclusión llega el artículo?

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TRABAJO PRÁCTICO 7

PennHIP Proce dure Available at VTH

Canine hip dysplasia affects millions of dogs each year and can result in debilitating osteoarthritis (OA) of the hip. PennHIP, short for University of Pennsylvania Hip Improvement Program, is an evidence-based technology to screen canine hips for susceptibility to OA.

Radiologist Dr. Tony Pease is among a network of veterinarians who have been trained and certified to perform the PennHIP procedure, which VTH has been offering since January 2009. Dr Pease says PennHIP is an alternative to OFA [the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals]; both involve radiographic evaluation, but PennHIP can be done as early as 16 weeks, while OFA waits until the dog is two years old and by that time the owner has already made a significant investment in the dog.

The PennHIP method makes use of three separate radiographs: the distraction view, which obtains quantitative measurements of hip joint laxity; the compression view, which obtains hip joint congruity readings; and the hip-extended view, which obtains information regarding the existence of OA in the hip joint. OFA uses the hip-extended view only.

Dr Pease adds with PennHIP, a distraction index is assigned to each hip joint based on precise measurements and mathematical calculations. The owner´s dog is compared against every other dog in their breed. If there are not enough dogs in the breed to be significant, their dog is matched with every other dog in its weight range. The findings are reported in terms of percentiles. For example, you may learn that your dog is at the 90th percentile for Labrador retrievers. OFA descriptions are more subjective … like ‘excellent,’ ‘good,’ or ‘fair.’

This subjectivity can lead to overestimating or underestimating the problem. Pease cites a recent case of a German shepherd whose OFA shots indicated the dog had mild dysplasia. But the PennHIP shots showed this dog was at the 80th percentile for its breed … actually quite good.

With PennHIP, every case is submitted to the database (good or bad) to make sure there is an accurate representation of the breed. This ensures that the database is not corrupted by receiving reports of only the best films but also emphasizes that there are no “good” or “bad” hips. Rather, if your animal has hips with a lower percentile, it should be bred to a dog with a higher percentile.

Adapted from Dr Tony Pease’s publication, MSU

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EJERCITACIÓN

1. Lea el título - ¿de qué tratará el artículo?2. ¿Sobre qué animales es el estudio?3. ¿Compara y/o diferencia el Dr. Pease - PennHIP y OFA?4. ¿Qué se interpreta por “distraction” en “distraction view” y

“distraction index”?5. ¿A qué subjetividad se refiere el Dr Pease?6. ¿Qué caso reciente cita el Dr Pease?

7. ¿Cómo termina el texto?

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TRABAJO PRÁCTICO 8

Use of IR to Treat Intrahepatic Shunt

A case study of Zander, a chocolate lab, that had an intrahepatic shunt and needed special treatment.

Emilee and Eric Kennedy, of Petoskey, love their dog Zander, a chocolate lab, and when they felt something was wrong with him, they immediately took measures to find out if their suspicions were correct. Sure enough, they discovered that Zander had an intrahepatic shunt and needed special treatment.

He was referred to Dr. Matthew Beal, a specialist in emergency and critical care medicine, who is also the director of Interventional Radiology Services at the VTH. “We were immediately impressed by his knowledge of his field and his caring nature,” says Emilee Kennedy.

At the time, Zander was very thin from a lack of appetite. Beal kept Zander at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital and initiated treatment for severe hepatic encephalopathy and started him on an antibiotic, because Zander had many toxins built up in his system and a very high ammonia level. After being with Beal for two days of very close observation, tests, and lots of tender loving care, Zander was released to Emilee and Eric for the purpose of building up his strength and weight in preparation for a future coil embolization of his intrahepatic shunt in the future. Zander was going to need surgery, and he was not strong enough to come through it yet.

Once Zander was at a satisfactory weight and free from most signs of hepatic encephalopathy, Beal performed the percutaneous transjugular coil embolization procedure. The procedure is performed endovascularly using catheters, guidewires, a stent, and then coils to partially attenuate the shunt (these types of shunts cannot be closed acutely) and improve blood flow into the portal system of the liver, thus improving liver function. The procedure was performed with the aid of fluoroscopic guidance, and Zander went home the following day with only a five millimeter incision over his jugular vein.

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The procedure went very smoothly, but Zander unfortunately developed a large clot in the portal system that resulted in life-threatening portal hypertension. He was rushed back to the fluoroscopy suite, and the clot was lysed with the use of thrombolytic agents (TPA). Zander’s portal pressure decreased, and he was again released home on antihemostatic medications.

Zander was gradually weaned from these medications and those for his liver dysfunction, as well as his prescription diet. He returned for a recheck examination, and a CT scan showed beautiful branching of the portal vein into the liver and very nice development of liver vasculature and size. Zander had gained 25 pounds at the time and was acting very much “like a lab.”

Through all of the stressful times, Emilee and Eric felt assured of Beal’s and his associate’s genuine love for Zander. Beal credits much of Zander’s success to the unwavering commitment of his owners, whom he considers to be some of the best clients he has ever had the opportunity to work with. “They allowed me to do my job with no restrictions,” Beal says.

All of this happened to Zander before he was even one year old, and the Kennedys report that Zander has maintained his good-natured personality through everything.

School of Veterinary Medicine – Michigan State University, 2009

EJERCITACIÓN

1. Lea el título – ¿qué palabras reconoce?2. ¿Qué sabe del tema?3. ¿Qué se entiende por “intrahepatic shunt”?4. ¿Qué síntomas presentaba Zander? 5. ¿Cómo siguió el tratamiento de Zander una vez recuperado?6. ¿Cómo describe Dr Beal los pasos que siguió – qué métodos empleó?

TRABAJO PRÁCTICO 9

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Food Supply Veterinary Medicine (FSVM)Protecting America's Food Supply

Veterinarians protect America's – and the world's – food supply from the farm to the dinner table.

On the farm, practicing veterinarians work to protect the health of animals that produce pork, eggs, poultry, milk, beef, lamb, fish, and other products. Prevention and control of disease are key elements in the practice of veterinary medicine, particularly in animal agriculture, where the focus is on population medicine. This concept of disease prevention and control through herd health is analogous to public health efforts. As veterinarians, charged ethically with promoting public health in addition to protecting animal health and welfare, we have great interest in the prevention, control, and treatment of disease.VigilanceVeterinarians who work for the USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service have the necessary skills to recognize the wide variety of clinical signs in animals submitted for slaughter. Their duties and responsibilities include:

- Surveillance for disease - Monitoring for disease that can increase shedding of bacteria such as Salmonella - Monitoring for disabled animals - Monitoring for signs that might indicate recent drug treatment or exposure to contaminants - Monitoring for disease that might serve as a risk to human health Veterinarians have knowledge and experience in pathology, microbiology, and toxicology to evaluate human health hazards postmortem. GuidanceAt food processing plants, the veterinarian's responsibility is to oversee the entire process for food safety compliance and to assess risks. Veterinary medical skills enable veterinarians to assess and verify Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point food safety plans at production, processing, and retail levels to ensure safe meat and poultry.• Veterinarians also provide the oversight for laboratory analyses of processed meat samples, including supervision of laboratory personnel, oversight of equipment and scientific methods utilized, and evaluation of microbiological and chemical analyses. At the retail and distribution level, corporate veterinarians provide food safety oversight for global food supply corporations. Their positions include oversight of programs and trade of animal commodities.• Federal veterinarians within the Food and Drug Administration also work to provide data to be used by the U.S. Trade Representative in free trade agreement negotiations. ProtectionFinally, Veterinarians are also the predominant, internationally recognized authority to audit and inspect foreign establishments that export animal foods to the U.S. For example, Air Force veterinarians evaluate food safety of local foods provided to military bases overseas. In addition, local public health departments have veterinarians who provide public health and food safety oversight in some jurisdictions.Other ways veterinarians have roles in protecting our food supply include:• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention veterinarians work in food safety outbreaks, in public health crises such as zoonotic disease epidemics, and in importation of animals and animal products.

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• USDA veterinarians also work in grant programs for food supply research, in policy development for regulatory oversight of the U.S. food supply, in executing specific disease eradication and control, and in approving animal vaccines. • FDA veterinarians work in new animal drug reviews and approvals, in identification of chemical and drug residues in foods derived from animals, in dairy and seafood safety and other foods derived from animals. • Veterinarians work as members of Congress, staff to Congress, and to the White House in the Office of Science and Technology Policy. They provide advice on veterinary medical and public health issues, some of which have impacts on the U.S. food supply. • Veterinarians at universities work to perform research to promote food animal production and to educate local producers on new food supply technologies and procedures. • Veterinarians working for individual states ensure that public health and agricultural regulations are followed.

EJERCITACIÓN

1. Lea el título y la introducción – de qué trata la publicación?2. ¿Qué rol cumplen los veterinarios en una granja?3. ¿Qué entiende el autor por prevención de la enfermedad? 4. ¿Bajo qué tres subtítulos se clasifica este publicación?5. Resuma cada uno de ellos – en no más de 5 (cinco) reglones cada uno.6. ¿Está Ud. de acuerdo con el mismo?

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TRABAJO PRÁCTICO 10

Veterinary Public Health (VPH)

What is Veterinary Public Health?

Veterinary Public Health (VPH) was defined by the WHO consultation on "future trends in veterinary public health" held in Teramo, Italy in 1999 as "the sum of all contributions to the physical, mental and social well-being of humans through an understanding and application of veterinary science".Human health is inextricably linked to animal health and production. This link between human and animal populations, and with the surrounding environment, is particularly close in developing regions where animals provide transportation, draught power, fuel and clothing as well as proteins (meat, eggs and milk). In both developing and industrialized countries, however, this can lead to a serious risk to public health with severe economic consequences. A number of communicable diseases (known as zoonoses) are transmitted from animals to humans. Veterinary medicine has a long and distinguished history of contributing to the maintenance and promotion of public health.

Zoonoses and public health

About 75% of the new diseases that have affected humans over the past 10 years have been caused by pathogens originating from an animal or from products of animal origin. Many of these diseases have the potential to spread through various means over long distances and to become global problems.In addition a number of well known and preventable animal diseases that can be transmitted to humans (i.e. zoonoses) such as rabies, brucellosis, leishmaniasis and echinococcosis continue to occur in many countries especially in the developing world where they mostly affect the poorest segment of the human population. They cause a serious amount of deaths and millions of affected people every year.

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All major zoonotic diseases prevent the efficient production of food of animal origin, particularly of much-needed proteins, and create obstacles to international trade in animals and animal products. They are thus an impediment to overall socioeconomic development. From way back veterinary medicine played a major role in the preventing of and interventions against animal diseases including zoonoses.

Core domains

The core domains of VPH include the following: diagnosis, surveillance, epidemiology, control, prevention and elimination of zoonoses; food protection; management of health aspects of laboratory animal facilities and diagnostic laboratories; biomedical research; health education and extension; and production and control of biological products and medical devices. Other VPH core domains may include management of domestic and wild animal populations, protection of drinking-water and the environment, and management of public health emergencies.Veterinary Public Health is an essential part of public health and includes various types of cooperation between the disciplines that link the health triad, people-animals-environment, and all of its interactions.

The role of WHO

VPH activities contribute to WHO's global efforts to strengthen the surveillance of and response to all communicable diseases which are or may emerge as public health threats. In collaboration with its Regional Offices, WHO supports Member States in the surveillance and containment in humans and animals of zoonoses and foodborne zoonotic diseases of public health importance, and animal diseases with known or potential public health implications; and in the surveillance and containment of resistance to antimicrobial agents in animals, with implications for human medicine. VPH activities are currently implemented by WHO Headquarters through the Department of Communicable Diseases Control, Prevention and Eradication (CPE) in close collaboration with the Food Safety program. Focal points exist in all WHO Regional Offices. By its very nature, the VPH program in WHO has been closely linked with various aspects of the work of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) in relation to zoonoses, food safety, and the public health aspects of trade in animals and animal products. There is also much collaboration with WHO collaborating centres, other universities, research centres and institutions.• Identifying and evaluating microbiological hazards to human health of animal origin: new, emerging and re-emerging zoonotic diseases, and foodborne diseases, including those due to antimicrobial resistant bacteria.

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• Developing policies, guidelines, operational research and strategies for the control of zoonotic and foodborne diseases.• Promoting research on zoonotic and foodborne diseases and their management in humans.• Strengthening global surveillance of zoonotic diseases and antimicrobial resistance in foodborne pathogens by enhancing the epidemiological capabilities of national laboratories.• Disseminating relevant information to experts in public health, veterinary science and other scientific disciplines, as well as to consumer groups and the public.• Contributing to field and laboratory investigations of zoonotic and foodborne diseases.• Facilitating active contributions to public health by the veterinary services of Member States, an essential requirement for the cost-effective surveillance and control of zoonotic and foodborne diseases in their animal hosts.• Providing technical and scientific assistance to Member States for their surveillance and control programmes, when requested.

Adapted form, VPH – WHO (World Health Organization), 2009

EJERCITACIÓN

1. Lea el título y escriba sobre el tema principal2. ¿Cómo define WHO (World Health Organization) a VPH (Veterinary

Public Health)?3. ¿De qué manera humanos y animales contraen enfermedades?4. ¿Qué se entiende por “zoonoses”?5. ¿Qué enfermedades pueden prevenirse – según el artículo? 6. ¿Qué impiden las principales enfermedades transmitidas por

animales? 7. ¿Qué incluye “The core domains of VPH”?8. ¿Cómo resume el artículo el rol de “WHO”? ¿Quiénes participan?

TRABAJO PRÁCTICO 11

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New theory may help avoid navicular

What does a horse’s foot have in common with a Nike running shoe? A lot, according to Dr. Robert Bowker, an associate professor in the College of Veterinary Medicine’s Department of Anatomy. Bowker has put together a new picture of equine foot physiology that suggests vascular systems in the horse foot functions in much the same way that air- or gel-filled running shoes do. He said moving liquids are the best way to dissipate energy and that is why, he adds, some of the major running shoe manufacturers market products that contain liquids in their soles.Dr. Bowker has theorized a "hemodynamic flow" process in which he proposes that much of the blood in horse feet fulfills purposes other than providing nutrients to hoof tissues – adding thatit dissipates energy within feet that is created during the act of galloping, trotting or walking. Currently, equine foot physiology researchers subscribe to one of two anatomical theories — pressure theory or depression theory — which are, in many respects, mirror images of each other – pressure theory says that when the hoof hits the ground, the pressure of the impact hits the frog of the hoof, which causes the back part of the foot to move outward. Depression theory suggests that when impact on the ground occurs, the pastern descends and depresses the digital cushion inside the hoof. According to both theories, these actions push hoof cartilage to the outside, with the digital cushion absorbing the energy. Both theories state that blood is pumped from the hoof at impact. Yet both theories share a single problem. Researchers who attempt to duplicate depression or pressure theory in the lab or on live horses are unable to do so. Problems arise when researchers attempt to account for how the energy of the hoof’s impact with the ground is dissipated as the digital cushion is made of soft, elastic tissue and acts like a spring, so for every action, researchers would expect a reaction of equal force.Yet when they put energy measurement devices into digital cushions, that does not happen.When the hoof is in the air, it registers zero pressure, but when it hits the ground, instead of registering positive pressure, it is actually negative. Bowker’s hemodynamic flow hypothesis suggests this negative pressure is actually created by the outward movement of the hoof cartilage. This movement creates a vacuum action that sucks blood from beneath the coffin into the rear portion of the hoof. As the blood moves to the rear of the hoof through microvessels in the lateral hoof cartilage, it dissipates the energy caused by its impact on the ground, much like fluid-filled running shoes do. In developing this new theory, Bowker observed that horses with good feet have more blood vessels in the lateral cartilage of their hooves than those that had histories of foot problems.Additionally, blood vessels in healthier animals were located inside the lateral cartilage of the hoof, and the digital cushion on these animals tended to be made of cartilaginous material instead of elastic tissue. Bowker’s theory not only proposes a new physiology for horse feet, it also suggests some of the more widely held views in the equine industry should be revised or, at least, reexamined.For example, he presents a wholly different view of the horse foot that sees it as very responsive and adaptable to ground impact. Stimulation of the internal foot structures will result in the development of more efficient ways to dissipate energy and support the horse’s weight, he believes. It also suggests horses with navicular disease may not need to be put down and that hoof trimming techniques might need to be reviewed.Veterinarians need to be trimming hooves so that more of the back part of the foot—including the frog—bears the initial ground impact forces and weight.

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Trimming the foot so that the breakover is much shorter and the frog and back part of the feet support a lot of the horse's weight encourages development of tissues that dissipate more energy when hooves hit the ground. If hooves are trimmed so that the frog rests on the ground, it stimulates the back part of the hoof to grow more fibrous and cartilaginous digital cushions, which appear to be ‘protective’ of the more chronic foot problems. Conversely, with digital cushions constructed of only elastic and fatty tissues with little or no fibrocartilage, the ground impact energy is transmitted to foot bones and ligaments, resulting in internal foot problems, such as navicular disease. Across most of the breeds examined, environmental (i.e. nongenetic) factors seem to be a major contribution to the development of the internal tissues of the back part of the foot. He added that some of these factors include the frog resting on the ground, husbandry of the horse, trimming and shoeing methods, and so forth. Horse feet with good environmental stimulation of the back part of the foot, the digital cushion, and the lateral cartilages will respond by becoming more robust structures to dissipate the initial impact energies and provide better support for the horse when the horse is standingIn those horses that do not have good environmental stimulation of the back part of the foot (for example, a trimmed or recessed frog, rather than one resting on the ground), regardless of the breed, the internal tissues of the back part of the foot will be underdeveloped, which will lead to internal foot problems such as navicular syndrome. According to Bowker, doctors can develop trimming and shoeing methods that can stimulate the back part of the foot — much like physical therapy to the back part of the foot, which will stimulate the internal tissues of the foot — to provide a more efficient system of energy dissipation and provide better support for the weight of the horse Bowker firmly believes that as we begin to understand internal foot biology, we will be able to decrease the incidence of navicular-type and other foot diseases.

Adapted from Dr. Robert Bowker´s publication – College of Veterinary Medicine’s Department of Anatomy, Michigan State University – March, 1999

EJERCITACIÓN

1. Lea el título y de una hipótesis sobre el tema del artículo 2. ¿A qué compara Dr. Bowker el “pie” de un caballo?3. ¿Por qué llega a este sentido? 4. ¿Cómo compara la descripción hecha por los investigadores sobre el tema?5. ¿Qué se entiende por la teoría de la depresión en el caminar de un equino?6. ¿Cuál es la hipótesis de Bowker?7. ¿Qué palabra del título asocia con la teoría de Bowker sobre el tema?8. ¿A qué conclusión se llega?

TRABAJO PRÁCTICO 12

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Veterinary Research: The Next Generation

Graduate students and residents play a vital role at CVM

Dr. Kenneth Pierce has spent a lot of time with Corgis the past couple of years. As a resident in Comparative Ophthalmology at Michigan State University’s College of Veterinary Medicine (MSU CVM), Pierce has been conducting important research on the effects of phosphodiesterase inhibitors on retinal function and vision in dogs with retinal phosphodiesterase mutations. Corgis, it turns out, are great models for this research because “they experience a similar kind of spontaneous genetic mutation found in humans with a condition known as retinitis pigmentosa,” Pierce says.

But Pierce also has spent a lot of time with young veterinary students. “My role as a resident is first to be trained to become a specialist,” he says, “and to pass certification exams and carry on a higher quality of Medicine in Veterinary Ophthalmology. But another important part of the program is to further the education and training of our soon-to-be-veterinarians before they go out and practice. We teach the third- and fourth-year students.”

Pierce, a native of New Orleans, is halfway through his four-year residency at CVM and one of two current residents working with Dr. Simon Petersen-Jones, Professor of Comparative Ophthalmology in the Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences.

Pierce is close to publishing the results of his research on retinal function and vision in these dogs. This study may lead to future and larger studies using this animal model, Pierce hopes.

Pierce also exemplifies the role graduate students and residents play at CVM every day. Their contributions to teaching are important, but perhaps far more crucial is their role in research and what it means for the future of veterinary medicine. In winter term 2009, there were 142 graduate students and about 45 residents at CVM.

“What they’re doing really is pivotal to what we generate here,” says Dr. Susan Ewart, Associate Dean of Research and Graduate Studies. “They’re functional in the labs, they are in the thick of things in terms of learning how to generate and analyze information. And residents also are learning to see cases, working in teams, with a Senior Faculty Member as a leader of those teams. The graduates and residents really have been an integral part of the team, both in terms of generating new information and conveying it to students.”

Petersen-Jones agrees. “Residents are extremely important,” he says. “More important in the long term is giving them a feel or desire to continue to do research. They can certainly help a lot with ongoing projects, but we hope this work lights a spark for research in them. That’s important because we need to encourage the new generation of veterinarians who will drive the subject forward and research in their own areas.”

That certainly is what has happened with one former veterinary and graduate student who recently finished her work at CVM. Dr. Gillian Shaw earned her DVM and MS at MSU

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CVM in 2007. As a veterinary student between 2002 and 2007, Shaw says, “I was provided with several opportunities to cultivate my interest in biomedical research along with my clinical training. My two free summers were spent working in two different research laboratories at MSU, both of which strongly reinforced my desire to pursue biomedical research as a career.”

In all, Shaw worked three years in CVM’s comparative ophthalmology laboratory working on her Master’s Degree. Her research centered on the study of a spontaneous chicken model of a retinopathy to help characterize their unique retinal dystrophy.

“The summer research experience led me to pursue a master’s degree in an NIH-funded (National Institutes of Health) student program with the Comparative Medicine and Integrative Biology Graduate (CMIB) Program at MSU,” Shaw explains. “I continued working with the chicken model of retinopathy under the tutelage of Dr. Petersen-Jones. My research techniques included positional candidate gene screening, immuno-histo-chemistry and electro-retinography using pharmacological dissection.”

Graduate students and residents, in her MSU experience, played significant roles, Shaw says. “Residents at CVM play a huge part in the education of Veterinary students, and in providing care for animals at the teaching hospital,” she says, referring to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital.

“Vet students benefit greatly from interaction with residents. And in general, one could say that residents are valuable in that they are receiving further training to eventually specialize in a field of veterinary medicine and will be capable of contributing to biomedical knowledge that could help both animals and people.”

Grad students also receive advanced training which renders them capable of pursuing biomedical careers regardless of whether they are centered in basic, clinical, human or veterinary research, she believes.

“Veterinarians are unique because of the knowledge they can bring to Biomedical Research,” Shaw says. “They are trained in this from the first day they begin Veterinary School. It’s something I heard many times while I was at MSU, and now that I am at a Medical School, I realize how much our experience and training as DVMs means to Biomedical Research.”

Shaw now lives in Baltimore, Maryland and is participating in a dual program as a resident in Comparative Pathology, and a graduate student with the School of Medicine at Johns Hopkins University.

Meanwhile, Pierce plans to pursue Ophthalmology because of his work with Petersen-Jones, who identified the Corgi retinal genetic mutation upon which Pierce has built some of his research. “I fell in love with it,’ Pierce says of Ophthalmology. “It combines Medicine and Surgery, and I can work with multiple species, not just cats and dogs.”

He made presentations in January 2009 at MSU CVM’s Resident Seminar and at the Michigan Veterinary Conference in East Lansing, Mich. He owes a lot to CVM, he adds.

“They’re really great. The facilities and support staff here really have helped me get things moving and also gave me the ability and resources to research. The infrastructure MSU has is incredibly efficient for grad students and residents.”

Michigan State University, summer/2009EJERCITACIÓN

1. ¿Qué dice el texto sobre el Dr. Kenneth Pierce? (Lea el 1er y el 2do párrafo)?2. ¿Cómo ejemplifica el Dr. Pierce el rol de los graduados y residentes?3. ¿Qué dicen la Vice Decana (Associate Dean), Dr. Susan Ewart, Dr. Petersen-Jones y Dra. Gillian Shaw sobre los graduados y residentes?

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4. Mientras tanto ¿qué planes tienen en conjunto los doctores Pierce y Petersen-Jones?

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