Texto Idioma Vernáculo

8/17/2019 Texto Idioma Vernáculo

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UNIVERSIDAD DE SAN CARLOS DE GUATEMALAFACULTAD DE HUMANIDADESEXTENSIÓN SAN PEDRO SOLOMAPEM. Y TÉCNICO EN ADMINISTRACIÓN EDUCATIVA

TEXTO PARALELO

JAQUELYN KARINA PASCUAL HERNÁNDEZCARNET No. 2 !"!2!#$

LICENCIADO%ENRIQUE MATEO FRANCISCO ANDRÉS

SAN PEDRO SOLOMA& MAYO DE 2 !'


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E( )*+,+- + +, /- T+0 o P1*1(+(o +( 3/*,oI 4o51 V+*-63/(o N47+(+, I 8 II + (1U-47+*,4 1 S1- C1*(o, + G/1 +51(1&+0 +-,49- S1- P+ *o So(o51& + 4 1 o )o* J1:/+(8- K1*4-1 P1,3/1( H+*-6- +; 3o--


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ÍNDICEContenido Página

O>JETIVOS............................................................................................................................. IG+-+*1(.................................................................................................................................I

E,)+3?@43o,...........................................................................................................................I

PRESENTACIÓN.................................................................................................................... II

UNIDAD !............................................................................................................................... !

!.! A3/+* o, D+ P1; ..........................................................................................................!

!.2 D+@4-4349-......................................................................................................................!!.# P*o3+,o.........................................................................................................................!

!." G*1 o + 3/5)(454+- o.................................................................................................2

!.$ C/5)(454+- o + ! ' 1 2 " ......................................................................................2

!.' V+- 1B1, 8 +,7+- 1B1,.................................................................................................#

!.'.! V+- 1B1,..................................................................................................................#

!.'.2 D+,7+- 1B1,............................................................................................................$!.'.# Do3+ 13/+* o, .......................................................................................................

!. Co5+- 1*4o....................................................................................................................

UNIDAD 2...............................................................................................................................

2.! Co,5o74,49- D+ Lo, P/+ (o, .......................................................................................

2.2 L1 Co,5o74,49-.............................................................................................................

2.# Co,5o74,49- +( P/+ (o L1 4-o...................................................................................

2.#.! M+, 4;1B+..............................................................................................................!

2.#.2 Lo31(4;1349- + (1 )o (1349- (1 4-1 +- G/1 +51(1..............................................!

2.#.# E /31349-.............................................................................................................!!

2.#." E3o-o5?1 ..............................................................................................................!!


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2.#.$ A3 474 1 +, + )*o /3349-....................................................................................!!

2.#.' V1(o*+,..................................................................................................................!!

2.#. I 4o51...................................................................................................................!2

2.#. F+, 474 1 +, (1 4-1,.............................................................................................!#

2.#. R+(4 4o,4 1..........................................................................................................!"

2.#.! I +- 4 1 8 o* /((o (1 4-o...................................................................................!"

2.#.!! Fo(3(o* (1 4-o......................................................................................................!$

2." Lo, X4- 1,...................................................................................................................!'

2.".! I 4o51 X4- 1.........................................................................................................!'

2.".2 L1 C*+1349- S+


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2.$.!" M+ 434-1 T*1 434o-1(...........................................................................................#'

2.' L1 Co,5o74,49- M181 .................................................................................................#

2.'.! A,)+3 o, + (1 3o,5o74,49- 5181 .......................................................................#

2.'.2 L1 C*+1349- D+( M/- o S+


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#.# C9 43+, M181,............................................................................................................'2

#.#.! E( C9 4 o D*+, +.................................................................................................'"

#.#.2 E( C9 43+ D+ M1 *4 & T15 4=- Co-o34 o Co5o E( C9 43+ T*o Co* +,41-o........'"

#.#.# E( C9 43+ + P1*?,& T15 4=- Co-o34 o E( C9 4 o P+*+,41-o.............................'$

#.#." E( C9 43+ G*o(4+* ..................................................................................................''

#.#.$ R+(4 49- M181.......................................................................................................'

#." Co5+- 1*4o..................................................................................................................

" UNIDAD "...................................................................................................................... !

".! E,3*4 /*1 M181............................................................................................................ !

".2 Po(? 431 8 So34+ 1..................................................................................................... #

".# Co(1),o M181 ............................................................................................................. '

"." Lo, M181, + Ho8......................................................................................................

".$ Co5+- 1*4o.................................................................................................................. 2

$ UNIDAD $...................................................................................................................... #

$.! Po)o( V/ .................................................................................................................... #

$.!.! A-6(4,4, +( 3o- +-4 o........................................................................................... #

$.2 M1)1 3o-3+) /1( + (1 o *1....................................................................................... '

UNIDAD '.............................................................................................................................

'.! I 4o51,& 41(+3 o, o (+- /1, + G/1 +51(1..........................................................

'.!.! I 4o51 ...................................................................................................................

'.!.2 D41(+3 o.................................................................................................................

'.!.# L+- /1 ..................................................................................................................

'.2 Lo, I 4o51, + G/1 +51(1 .........................................................................................

'.# N


7/135

'.$ E( >4(4- 4,5o +- G/1 +51(1 8 (o, C15 4o, G+-+*134o-1(+,...................................

'.$.! D+@4-4349- D+ >4(4- 4,5o....................................................................................

'.' Co5+- 1*4o ................................................................................................................!

UNIDAD ........................................................................................................................... ! !

.! L1 V4 1 +( A* + 8 E( A* + +- L1 V4 1........................................................................! !

.!.! Q/= )+-,1 1- -/+, *o, 1- +)1,1 o, ...........................................................! !

.!.2 D+, + 3/6- o (1 /51-4 1 1 1 54*1 o (1, 3o,1, o-4 1, .......................! !

.!.# E( 1* + +- (1 74 1.................................................................................................! !

.!." C95o +, 1 -/+, *1 )+*3+)349- +, = 431........................................................! 2

.!.$ O *1 3(1,4@431349- ,+ o-4 o + A8+* ......................................................................................................! $

.2.! E( 1 /+(o V43+- + 3 1- 8 N451 o.....................................................................! $

.# Y D+,)/=, + (1 I-71,49- .....................................................................................!!

.#.! A-4:/4(154+- o& */) /*1 o 3o- 4-/4 1............................................................!!

.#.2 Co5+*34o + 4 +- 4 1 +( 1* + 5181 13 /1( S/ ,4, +-341 1 *17=, +( 1* +......!!$

." Co5+- 1*4o................................................................................................................!!

CONCLUSIONES............................................................................................................... !!

RECOMENDACIONES....................................................................................................... !!

EGRAF A............................................................................................................................ !!

OTRAS FUENTES.............................................................................................................. !!

ANEXOS................................................................................. ¡Error! Marcador no definido.

G1(+*?1 Fo o *6@431............................................................. ¡Error! Marcador no definido.


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O>JETIVOS

General

V1(o*1* (1 3/( /*1 1-3+, *1( + (o, )/+ (o,& 1 )1* 4* + ,/ 3o,5o74,49- 8 1@o* 1(+3+* (o, 71(o*+, + 4 +- 4 1 8 (1 + /31349- 4- +*3/( /*1(.

Espec ficos

Fo5+- 1* (1 4- +*3/( /*1(4 1 8 @o* 1(+3+* (o, 71(o*+, 1-3+, *1(+, 3*+,)+ o& (1 ,o(4 1*4 1 8 o *o,.

A)(431* (o, 3o-o3454+- o, 1 :/4*4 o, +- o*-o 1 (1, +56 431, + -/+, *1 743o 4 41-1.

Co1 8/71* +- (1 @o*51349- + -/+7o, 34/ 1 1-o, 3o- 3o-34+-341 ,o *+ (145)o* 1-341 +( +, / 4o +( 4 4o51 Q 1-Bo 1(.

!


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PRESENTACIÓN

E( )*+,+- + +0 o )1*1(+(o +, 1 )+ 4349- +( 31 + *6 43o +( 3/*,o& +( L43E-*4:/+ M1 +o F*1-34,3o A- *=, + (1 U-47+*,4 1 S1- C1*(o, + G/1 +51(1& F13/( 1H/51-4 1 +,& E0 +-,49- S1- P+ *o So(o51& H/+ /+ +-1- o +( 3/*,o I 4o51 V+*-63/(o I8 II.

E- (1 U-4 1 !& +-3o- *15o, +( +51% A3/+* o, + P1;& ,/ +@4-4349-& )*o*1 o + 3/5)(454+- o& 7+- 1B1, 8 +,7+- 1B1, 8 /- 3o5+- 1*4o *+(134o-1 o 1( +51.

L1 U-4 1 2 )*+,+- 1 (1 Co,5o74,49- + (o, )/+ (o,& ,4+- o +, o, +( )/+ (oL1 4-o& X4-31& G1*?@/-1 8 M181& ,+ 1- 1 3o-o3+* ,/, 3*++-341,& 3o, /5 *+,& *1 4+ /31349- 8 1(45+- 1349-.

E- (1 U-4 1 # ,+ 5+-34o-1- 71*4o, +51,& +- *+ +((o, ,+ +-3/+- *1 (11*:/4 +3 /*1 5181& 1, *o-o5?1 5181& 39 43+, 5181, 8 *+(4 49- 5181. A:/? 1)*+- +*+5o

(1, 3(1,+, + 1*:/4 +3 /*1& 395o (o, 5181, +,3/ *?1- (1 )o,4349- +( ,o( 8 (1 (/-1 1 *17=,+ (1 1, *o-o5?1 5181 8 +- (o, 39 43+, 5181, 3o-o3+*+5o, 1( /-o, + (o, 5+-,1B+,

3o- +-4 o, +- +, o, (4 *o,.

L1 U-4 1 " 4-3(/8+ (o, +51,% E,3*4 /*1 5181& :/+ ,o- (4@o, :/+ 5/+, *1-1( /-o, + (o, 5+-,1B+, )(1,51 o, +- 39 43+, o 1*:/4 +3 /*1, )o(? 431 8 ,o34+ 1 & -o,

1 (1 + 395o o +*-1 1- (o, 5181, 8 3o-@o*51 1- ,/ +, 1 /, ,o341( 3o(1),o 5181&-o, +0)(431 1 :/= ,+ + 49 ,/ +,1)1*4349- 8 (o, 5181, + o8 -o, 4- 431 395o 1 4 o315 41- o (1 3/( /*1 5181 +- +( *1-,3/**4* + (o, 1 o,.

L1 U-4 1 $ +, /- 1-6(4,4, +( (4 *o Po)o( V/ & 15 4=- 4-3(/8+ /- 51)13o-3+) /1(& +( 3/1( *+7+5+- + +0)(431 +- :/= 3o-,4, +- (1, # )1* +, + 43 o (4 *o.

L1 U-4 1 ' -o, 1 /-1 +0)(431349- + (o, =*54-o, I 4o51,& 41(+3 o, 8 (+- /1,+ G/1 +51(1& 15 4=- 3o- 4+-+ o o, (o, 4 4o51, :/+ ,+ 1 (1- +- G/1 +51(1&

-


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! UNIDAD !

!.! Ac erdos De Pa"

!.2 Definici#n

Lo, A3/+* o, + P1; ,o- /-1 o3+-1 + 13/+* o, :/+ @/+*o- ,/,3*4 o, )o* +(Go 4+*-o + (1 R+)< (431 + G/1 +51(1 8 (1 U-4 1 R+7o(/34o-1*41 N134G/1 +51( +31 URNG & +- *+ ! ! 8 ! '& )1*1 1(31-;1* ,o(/34o-+, )13?@43(o, )*4-34)1(+, )*o (+51, :/+ +-+*9 +( Co-@(43 o A*51 o I- +*-o G1*3?1& ,.@! .

E- )1(1 *1, 56, ,45)(+,& ,o- (o, 13/+* o, :/+ )/,4+*o- @4- 1 (1 /+**1 8+3*+ 1*o- (1 )1; +- *+ +( EB=*34 o + G/1 +51(1 8 (1 +-o54-1 1 G/+**4(

3o-@(43 o :/+ 1;o 9 1( )1?, /*1- + 56, + *+, =31 1,.

L1 @4*51 +( 13/+* o @4-1( 8 +@4-4 47o ,+ ((+79 1 31 o +( 2 + 434+5+- +( P1(134o N134o-1( + (1 C/( /*1. E( +-@*+- 154+- o +5)+;9 +- ! ' 8 +B9 ,1( o + 2$ +- *+ 5/+* o, 8 +,1)1*+34 o, Co54,49- )1*1 +E,3(1*+3454+- o H4, 9*43o& ,.@.& ). ! .

U- 4-@o*5+ 47/( 1 o +- ! )o* +( ,13+* o + J/1- Jo,= G+*1* 4Co-+ ++ +*54-9 :/+ 56, +( )o* 34+- o + (1, 51,13*+, :/+ ,+ *+ 4, *1*o- +- (1/+**1 8 :/+ +B1*o- 54(+, + 5/+* o, @/+*o- 3o5+ 4 1, )o* +( EB=*34

G/1 +51(1 E( 4-@o*5+ REHMI& ,.@. .!.# Proceso

E( )*o3+,o + -+ o341349- + (1 )1; 4-4349 +- ! 8 3o-3(/89 +( 2 + 434+5+ ! '& 3o- (1 @4*51 +( A3/+* o + )1; @4*5+ 8 /*1 +*1& +( 3/1( ,4- +

13/+* o, @4*51 o, )o* +( Go 4+*-o 8 (1 URNG )1*1 )o-+* @4- 1( Co-@(43 o AI- +*-o Co- o*+& 2 & ). " .

E( )/- o + )1* 4 1 )1*1 (1


11/135

Lo, )*+,4 +- +, + G/1 +51(1 :/+ )1* 434)1*o- +- (1 -+ o341349- + (o, A3/+* o+ P1;& :/+ 3o- +5)(1- # 3o5)*o54,o, +,)+3?@43o,& ,o- V4-434o C+*+;o

A*=71(o& :/4+- o +*-9 + ! ' 1 ! !& Jo* + S+**1-o E(?1,& + ! ! 1 !R154*o + L+9- C1*)4o& + ! # 1 ! '& 8 Á(71*o A*;< I*4 o8+-& + ! ' 1 2

Co- o*+& 2 & ). " .

!." Grado de c $pli$ien%o

L1 +0)*+,49-c $pli$ien%o de los Ac erdos de Pa" ,+ *+@4+*+ 1 (1 1)(431349o 1(& )1*341( o -/(1 + (o, 3o5)*o54,o, 1 :/4*4 o, *1, (1 @4*51 + (o, A3/+

+ P1;. E, o, 13/+* o, @/+*o- ,/,3*4 o, )o* +( Go 4+*-o + (1 R+)< (431 G/1 +51(1 8 (1 U-4 1 R+7o(/34o-1*41 N134o-1( G/1 +51( +31 URNG & ! ! 8 ! '& 8 ,/ 1)(431349- +, /-1 1*+1 +( Go 4+*-o 8 + o o, (o, ,+3 o*+, +(1 ,o34+ 1 -134o-1(%

Lo, A3/+* o, + P1; 3o-, 4 /8+- /-1 71(4o,1 +**154+- 1 )1*1 (1 *+3o-, */3349+ (1 4-, 4 /34o-1(4 1 +5o3*6 431. S/ 1)(431349- :/+ 1 1 +- 51-o, +( o 4+

8 (1 7o(/- 1 + (o, ,+3 o*+, )o(? 43o,& (1 1)*o 1349- + (1 ,o34+ 1 -134o-1(7+*4@431349- + (1 3o5/-4 1 4- +*-134o-1(. S4- +5 1* o& )+,+ 1 (1 7o(/-3o5)*o54,o +( o 4+*-o + ((+71* 1 (1 )*63 431 (o, 3o5)*o54,o, + (o, A3/+* o

+ P1;& ,o *+ o o +( A3/+* o + I +- 4 1 8 D+*+3 o, + (o, P/+I- ? +-1, & +- +( )*o3+,o )o(? 43o :/+ +74-o 3o- )o, +*4o*4 1 + (1 @4*51)1; -o ,+ +74 +-349 +,1 7o(/- 1 )o(? 431. E( 13/+* o 4- ? +-1 AIDPI +, +( :

1 5o 471 o 56, *+1334o-+, + *+3 1;o 1- o +- (1 ,o34+ 1 3474( 8 )o(? 431&+- (1, +,@+*1, + o 4+*-o. U-1 +74 +-341 + +((o& @/+ (1 -+ 1 471 + )o/1 +51( +31 1 1)*o 1* (1, )*o)/+, 1, + *+@o*51, (1 Co-, 4 /349- Po(? 431

R+)< (431 + G/1 +51(1 +- ! . Co- o*+& 2 & ). "

!.$ C $pli$ien%o de &''( a )**+

E( )*o3+,o + 1)(431349- + +, o, 13/+* o, 1 +0)+*45+- 1 o 47+*,14@43/( 1 +,& 1( )/- o :/+ 1 )1* 4* + ,/ ,/,3*4)349- ,+ 1- 4(/4 o 1 1 (1 @1(

7o(/- 1 )o(? 431 8 o)o,4349- ,4, +56 431 + 1( /-o, ,+3 o*+, 5/8 )o +*o,o,%

E( )*o3+,o + 1)(431349- + (o, A3/+* o, + P1; 1 +, 1 o )(1 1 o +4@43/( 1 +,& + 4 o 1 (1 @1( 1 + 7o(/- 1 )o(? 431 *+1(& (1 o)o,4349- ,4

,+3 o*+, 5/8 )o +*o,o, :/+ 1- 74, o 1@+3 1 o, ,/, 4- +*+,+, 8 (1, 31*+-341,)*o)41, +( )1?,. S+ 1 )*o /34 o& )/+,& (1 ,4 /1349- )1*1 9B431 + :/+ /-,o34+ 1 3474( +, 1**1 1 )o* +( 3o-@(43 o 8 ,/515+- + = 4(& 1 ,4 o ((1

2


12/135


13/135

". E, /- +*+3 o +( )/+ (o + G/1 +51(1 3o-o3+* )(+-15+- + (1 7+* 1,o *+ (1, 74o(134o-+, + (o, +*+3 o, /51-o, 8 (o, +3 o, +74o(+-341 o3/**4 o, +- +( 51*3o +( +-@*+- 154+- o 1*51 o 4- +*-o.

$. E( *+3o-o3454+- o + (1 4 +- 4 1 8 +*+3 o, + (o, )/+ (o, 4- ? +

+, @/- 15+- 1( )1*1 (1 3o-, */3349- + /-1 -1349- + /-4 1 -134o-1(5/( 4= -431& )(/*43/( /*1( 8 5/( 4(4- +.

'. L1 P1; F4*5+ 8 D/*1 +*1 + + 345+- 1*,+ ,o *+ /- +,1**o((o,o34o+3o-9543o )1* 434)1 47o o*4+- 1 o 1( 4+- 3o5


14/135

!!. L1 4-3o*)o*1349- + (1 URNG 1 (1 (+ 1(4 1 +- 3o- 434o-+, + ,+ /*48 4 -4 1 3o-, 4 /8+ /- @13 o* + 4- +*=, -134o-1(& :/+ *+,)o-o B+ 47o + (1 3o-34(41349- 8 +( )+*@+334o-154+- o + /- ,4

+5o3*6 43o ,4- +03(/,4o-+,.

)% (1 o*1. :/+ 1- o 1 171-;1 o +( )14, +, + (1 @4*5

!.'.2 Des/en%a-as

O*4 4-1*o- +( 3o-@(43 o 8 :/+ +B1*o- /- *6 43o ,1( o + 56, + 2$7?3 451, + 51,13*+, 8 +,1)1*434o-+,& ,o *+ o o +- *+ (1, )o (134o-4- ? +-1,& ,4 /+- 4- 13 1,.

A31)1*154+- o 8 3o-3+- *1349- + (1 4+**1& +,1(oBo, 74o(+- o,& 1,+,44-,+ /*4 1 1(45+- 1*41 8 (1 45)(+5+- 1349- + 5+ 1)*o8+3

4 *o+(=3 *43o,& )+ *o(+*o,& 54-+*o, 8 + 5o-o3/( 47o, + 31 1 8 )1@*431-1 +, 6- -/+715+- + +-,4o-1- o (1 ,4 /1349- +- +( )1?,. P1*1+71(/1* (1 ,4 /1349- +- :/+ ,+ +-3/+- *1 G/1 +51(1 1 +,31,1, ,+51-1, +(1 o51 + )o,+,49- +( -/+7o o 4+*-o +( +0 +-+*1( O o P=*+;& S

41(o 9 3o- A-1 L/4,1 Mo*1(+,& 4*+3 471 + (1 U-49- V+*1)13+-,+O* 1-4;134o-+, C15)+,4-1, UVOC .

C95o +, 6 G/1 +51(1 +- 7?,)+*1 + 3o-5+5o*1* !$ 1 o, + (1 @4*51 +(o, A3/+* o, + P1;

No ,+ 1 3/5)(4 o 31,4 -1 1 8 -o 18 4-, 4 /34o-+, :/+ 7+(+- )o* +(*+,)+ o + (o, A3/+* o,. Co- 4-


15/135

E, 6- 45)/(,1- o 5+ 1)*o8+3 o, 4 *o+(=3 *43o,& )+ *o(+*o, 8 54-+*o,+0)1- 4+- o +( 3/( 47o + 31 1 + 1;CIE 8 +( G*/)o P+((N431*1 /1.

),% WWW. oo (+.3o5.W, * ,,([: +,7+- 1B1,\ +$o,\13/+* o,\ +$1;\+-\ /1 +51(1

'


16/135

!.'.# Doce ac erdos

A 3o- 4-/1349- ,+ )*+,+- 1- (o, o3+ 13/+* o, :/+ @/+*o- ,/,3*4 o, /*1- + (1,

-+ o34134o-+, + )1;%

No.

No$0re del ac erdo L 1ar fec2a des scripci#n

&. A3/+* o 51*3o ,o *+ +5o3*1 4;1349- )1*1(1


17/135

Fuente: “Acuerdo de paz” (1997, p. 418)

!. Co$en%ario

No +, +01 +*1 o ,+ 1(1* :/+ )o3o, + (o, 34/ 1 1-o, 3o5/-+, 8 3o**4+- +,&,o *+ o o *+,4 +- +, +- 34/ 1 +,& 3+(+ *1- +( 1-47+*,1*4o + (o, 13/+* o, +


18/135

+ 4 o 1 71*41, *1;o-+,& +- *+ +((1, :/+ (o, )*o (+51, 1- ,+*4o, 8 1 o 41- +, (1 G/1 +51(1 13 /1( 13+- :/+ (1 )*o(o- 1 1 8 ,1- *4+- 1 /+**1 4- +*-1 ,+1*+3o* 1 1 518o*4 1*415+- + )o* :/4+-+, @/+*o- ,/, 7?3 451, 4*+3 1,% 74

/=*@1-o, 8 )1 *+, :/+ )+* 4+*o- 1 ,/, 4Bo,& 5/+* o, )o* (1 13349- 4*+3 14- 4*+3 1 + 3/1(:/4+*1 + (o, 1- o,.

H13+ ! 1 o, -o 1 ?1 -134 o +( "2 )o* 34+- o + (o, /1 +51( +3o, :/+ 747+-o8. Q/4+-+, ,+ +-3/+- *1- 3o5+-;1- o (1 +*3+*1 =31 1 + ,/ 74 1 +*1-

1 o(+,3+- +,. To 1 +, 1 51,471 )o (1349- -o )/+ + *+3o* 1* (1 *1 + 41 +/+**1 4- +*-1 )o*:/+ -o (1 74749 o +-?1 /-1 + 1 5/8 3o* 1. D/*1- + ,/ 74

1 /( 1& +, o, 34/ 1 1-o, ,o(o 1- 7474 o +- /- )1?, ,4- +-@*+- 154+- o 1*51+- *+ +*51-o,& )+*o ,? (+, 1 o31 o 7+* +( *+,/( 1 o + (1, 13 /134o-+, 3*45+- o* 1-4;1 o. L1 74o(+-341 ,/@*4 1 +- +, o, 5o5+- o, ,+ 4@+*+-341 + (1

/7o (/ 1* +- +( )+*?o o +( 3o-@(43 o& +- :/+ -o +*1 +-+*1(4;1 1& ,4-o +,)+3E( +5o* 1 1334o-+, +**o*4, 1, +, 1 o*1 5/3 o 56, B/, 4@431 o :/+ +- +,1 =)o3

4, 9*431.P+,+ 1 (o, +5o*+, + 1( /-o, */)o,& (o, 13/+* o, + )1; -o /74+*o-& +-*+1(4 1 & (o, +@+3 o, +,)+*1 o, +- (1 ,o34+ 1 /1 +51( +31. D+ 1( /-1 51-,+ @/+*o- +,71-+34+- o& 8 )o* +((o 1 o*1 +, -+3+,1*4o *+7474*(o, 8 ,o *+ +0)(431*(o, 3o- /- +,)?*4 / *+1(4, 1 8 3*? 43o 13+*31 + (o :/+ ,+ )/+ + 3/5)(*+1(5+- + + +((o, 1 o*1 :/+ ,o- 1- 4, 4- 1, (1, 3o- 434o-+, 4, 9*431, G/1 +51(1& +( I, 5o 8 +( 5/- o.


19/135

2 UNIDAD 2

2.! Cos$o/isi#n De Los P e0los

2.2 La Cos$o/isi#n

U-1 3o,5o74,49- +, /- 3o-B/- o + )*+,/)o,434o-+, :/+ ,o, +-+5o, 13+*31 + (13o-, 4 /349- 6,431 + -/+, *o 5/- o.

P 4((4), 8 >*oW- 43+- :/+ ]U-1 3o,5o74,49- +,& 1- +, o o& /-1 +0)(431349- 8 /-14- +*)*+ 1349- +( 5/- o 8& ,+ /- o& /-1 1)(431349- + +, 1 74,49- 1 (1 74 1

=*54-o, 56, ,45)(+,& -/+, *1 3o,5o74,49- +, /-1 74,49- +( 5/- o 8 /-1 74,49-)1*1 +( 5/- o .

1(, 8 M4 (+ o- )*o7++- (o :/+ 3*++5o, +, (1 +0)(431349- 56, ,/34- 1 83o5)*+-,4 (+% ]U-1 3o,5o74,49- )*o7++ /- 5o +(o +( 5/- o :/+ /?1 1 ,/,

1 +*+- +, +- +( 5/- o.]2.# Cos$o/isi#n del P e0lo Ladino

S/, o*? +-+, 1 1- +- +( ,4 (o XVI& )o3o 4+5)o +,)/=, +( ,/* 454+- o + (1@154(41, + 5+, 4;o,& + 4 o 1 /-4o-+, 518o*5+- + 74o(+- 1, 8 o *1, )134@43,1- *+ 4- ? +-1 8 ,1- *+ +,)1 o(1.

P*o 1 (+5+- +& +( 5+, 4;1B+ 3o5+-;9 1 ,/3+ +* + @o*51 )1*1(+(1 1 (1 3o-:/4,D+ 1 ? :/+& 1 (o, )o3o, 1 o, + =, 1& 81 +04, ?1 /-1 -/5+*o,1 +-+*1349- +

5+, 4;o,.L1 5/B+* 4- ? +-1 @/+ 3o-3+ 4 1 13+ $ 1 o, 3o5o )*+,+1 + /+**1& +:/+ (o, 3o-:/4, 1 o*+, ,+ 3*+?1- 3o- +*+3 o ,o *+ +((1,]. C(1/ 41 D1*8& ! $ .

E, @/- 15+- 1( 8 -+3+,1*4o ,1 +* :/+ /*1- + (1 )*45+*1 54 1 +( ,4 (o XV+- *+ (1 171(1-3 1 + (o, )/+ (o, 8 -134o-+, o*4 4-1*41,& )*o /34 1, )o* (1

/+**1, + 3o-:/4, 1& B/; 154+- o,& )+*,+3/34o-+,& 1**1,154+- o, + 34/ 1*+ /334o-+, 8 1,+- 154+- o, 1 /- -/+7o o* +- )o(? 43o& @/+*o- -134+- o -/+71,@o*51, + o* 1-4;1349- ,o341( + 4 +- 4 1 3/( /*1(.

Po* (o :/+ (1 3/( /*1 (1 4-1 ,+ +5)+;9 1 @o*51* )o* (o, 5+, 4;o,& /- )*o3+,o :/+(+, *4- 1*?1 4 +- 4 1 & (4 +* 1 8 4 -4 1 & )o* o *1 )1* + (1 *+,4, +-33o- (1 *+-o71349- + (1 3/( /*1 5181 )o* (1, -134o-+, + 4- ? +-1,& 3o- (o :/+ ,+1,+ /*1*?1 ,/ 4 +- 4 1 & 4 -4 1 & 3o5/-431349-& +,)4*4 /1(4 1 & )*o*+, /1* o )/+, 18 :/+ *+3o* 1* :/+ (o, 4- ? +-1, + ?1- )1 1* (o, *4 / o, :/+(+, 45)o-?1- (o, 3o-:/4, 1 o*+, 8 3o(o-4;1 o*+,& 1 +56, + )*o3/*1* ,/,o, +-454+- o )*o)4o.

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E- 5+ 4o + +, 1 ,4 /1349- 4-B/, 1 :/+ ,+ 1 *+ 1 1 (1 4, o*41 + G/1 +51,/3+ 4+*o- 45)o* 1- +, 4- +*315 4o, 8 *+(134o-+, 4- +*3/( /*1(+, +- *+ (o, )/+:/+ 3o-@o*51*?1- 56, 1 +(1- + (1 -1349- /1 +51( +31.

2.#.! Mes%i"a-e

C(1/ 41 D1*8& +,3*4 +& ] + + 3o5)*+- +*,+ 3o5o @*/ o + /- 3o5))*o3+,o + 3o-:/4, 1 8 3o(o-4;1349- + G/1 +51(1. C/1- o ,+ 1(/ + 1(1 )1(1 *1 ]5+, 4;o]& ,+ 13+ *+@+*+-341 1 1:/+((1, )+*,o-1, :/+-134+*o- 3o5o *+,/( 1 o + (1 /-49- + ,1- *+ +,)1 o(1 3o- (14- ? +-1& +, +34*& ,+ 1 (1 +- =*54-o, )*4-34)1(5+- + 4o(9 43o,.

E- 315 4o& (1 )1(1 *1 ](1 4-o] 1(/ + 1 /-1 *+1(4 1 ,o34o3/( /*1(. E+34*& +( 5+, 4;1B+ 4+-+ 3o-,+3/+-341, +- (o, 315)o, = -43o 8 3/( /*1

Po, +*4o*5+- + 1 (1 + 1)1 + (1 3o-:/4, 1& +( 4-3*+5+- o + 5+, 4;o, ,+ + 49 56, 4+- 1 (1 *+(1349- +- *+ (o, 54,5o, 5+, 4;o,.

É, o, +-?1- (4 +* 1 )1*1 5o74(4;1*,+ + /- )/+ (o 1 o *o& -o +)1 1* *4 / o& 51- +-?1- /-1 )o,4349- ,o341( *+(1 4715+- + ,/)+*4o*

+ (o, 4- ? +-1,& )+*o 5/8 4-@+*4o* 1 (1 + (o, +,)1 o(+,.

2.#.2 Locali"aci#n de la po0laci#n ladina en G a%e$ala

L1 1- *o)9(o 1 C(1/ 41 D1*8 1@4*51 +- ,/ +, / 4o 4 /(1 o L1 4-oO*4+- +& :/+ (1 )o (1349- (1 4-1 + G/1 +51(1 -o +, /- (o:/+

o5o =-+o +- ,/, 51-4@+, 134o-+, @?,431, 8 3/( /*1(+,& ,4-o )o* +3o- *1*4o +, 5/8 + +*o =-+1.

E- (o, 4@+*+- +, (/ 1*+, +- o- + 1 4 1& +04, +- @o*51, )1* 43/(11 (1* +- o-1349- + (1 7o;& 7o31 /(1*4o& + 3. & + +, 43/(

3o5)o* 1*,+.

T15 4=-& (1, *1 434o-+, 71*?1- + /-1 *+ 49- (1 4-1 1 o *1& +( o*4+)1?, +, 6,4315+- + (1 4-o. E- +, 1 *+ 49-& +04, +- )/+ (o, + (1 4-o5+, 4;o, 8 + (1 4-o, -o 5+, 4;o,& +, +34*& 3o-@o*51 o, )o* +,)1 o(++5)o *+34 o, :/+ )*o 1 (+5+- + -o /74+*o- 5+, 4;1B+.

E- (o, 5/-434)4o, / 431 o, +- *+ 4o-+, +,)+341(5+- + 4- ? +-1,& 1


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2.#.# Ed caci#n

T4+-+- 518o* 133+,o 1 (1 + /31349-& 81 :/+ (1, 3(1,+, ,+ 45)1* +- +-+,)1 o(& (o :/+ 13+ :/+ (1 518o*?1 o3/)+ (o, 31* o, )< (43o,. S4-+5 1* o +- (1 13 /1(4 1 ,+ 45)/(,1- )*o *151, + + /31349-

4(4- +,& )1*1 :/+ (o, *+)*+,+- 1- +, + (o, o *o, )/+ (+, +- 1- (1o)o* /-4 1 + + /31*,+ +- ,/ (+- /1 51 +*-1.

2.#." Econo$ a

L1 ,4 /1349- +3o-95431 71*?1 1/-:/+ (1 518o*?1 747+ +- )o *+;1& 1(4 /1( :/+ 5/3 o, 4- ? +-1,& 1*?@/-1, 8 04-31,.

2.#.$ Ac%i/idades de prod cci#n

A3 /1(5+- + 71*?1- +)+- 4+- o +( (/ 1* o- + 747+-& +- *+ +, 1

)/+ + +-3o- *1* (1 1 *43/( /*1& (1 1-1 +*?1& +( 3o5+*34o 8 +( *1-,

E- ,/, )*4-34)4o,& 74-o (1 5+;3(1 + 5+, 4;o, +- *+ ,?& )o* (o :/+ 747?1-1(*+ + o* + (1, 34/ 1 +, 3o- +( o@434o + 1* +,1-o,. L/+ o 3/1- o

+,)(1;1*o- 1( o*4+- + +( )1?,& o- + 1 ?1 )o31 )o (1349- 4- ? +-,+ 5/( 4)(431*o- B/- o 1 1( /-o, 3*4o((o, 8 ,+ + 431*o- 1 (1 1 *43/( /*

1-1 +*?1.

2.#.' ,alores

L1 74 1(4 1 + (1 3/( /*1 (1 4-1 @/+ 345+- 1 1 +- +( ,+-o + (1, @1+- o- + (1 51 *+ 1 +,+5)+ 1 o /-1 @/-349- +34,471&)1* 43/(1*5+- + )o* ,/ ,1 4 /*?1& 71(o*& (1 o*4o,4 1 + 451 4-1349-

U- 71(o* @/- 15+- 1( +- (1 74 1 +( 5+, 4;o +, +( -


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1 54-4, *1 471, 8 +3o-95431,& 1,? 3o5o& +- (1, +@4-434o-+, B/*? 43E, 1 o + G/1 +51(1.

2.#. Idio$a

E( 4 4o51 o@4341( +, +( +,)1 o(& +, /-1 )o (1349- 5/8 47+*,1 8 5/+, *

*1, o, + 3/( /*1 4,)1-1 8 + (1 4- ? +-1 1 (1 7+;. E, 6 +- o o +( )1?,&3o- 518o* )*+,+-341 +- (1 31)4 1(& +- (o, +)1* 15+- o, + o*4+- +&-o* + 8 (1 3o, 1 ,/*.

L1, 13 474 1 +, + )*o /3349- ,o- 4, 4- 1, +)+- 4+- o +( (/ 1* o-747+-& +- *+ +, 1, 13 474 1 +, +, 6- (1 1 *43/( /*1& (1 1-1 +3o5+*34o 8 +( *1-,)o* +.

E( )/+ (o (1 4-o 4+-+ 518o* 133+,o 1 (1 + /31349- 81 :/+ +, 1 ,+45)1* + +- +,)1 o(& (o 3/1( )+*54 + +- ,/ 518o*?1 :/+ o3/)+- (o, 31* o,

)< (43o,. E- (1 13 /1(4 1 +( )1?, +, 6 45)/(,1- o )*o *151, ++ /31349- 4(4- +,& )1*1 :/+ (o, *+)*+,+- 1- +, + (o, o *o, )/+ (o,+- 1- (1 o)o* /-4 1 + + /31*,+ +- ,/ )*45+*1 (+- /1.

N1 /*1(5+- + :/+ +04, +- ,/, 4@+*+-341, +- *+ (o, 4@+*+- +, */)o(1 4-o,& ,+


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2.#. Reli1iosidad

A (1 )1* + (1, *+(4 4o-+, o@4341(+, 3o5o (1 31 9(431& (1 )*o +,E71- =(431& ,+ +,1**o((1 /-1 *+(4 49- )o)/(1*& +- G/1 +51(1 3o5o *+, o + A5=*431 L1 4-1& +, +( ,o)o* + 8 (1 @/+*;1 +,)4*4 /1( )1*1 +-@-+3+,4 1 +,& /* +-341, 8 31*+-341, 51 +*41(+,.

E- (1 *+(4 4o,4 1 )o)/(1* )*+ o54-1- 456 +-+, 54(1 *o,1, + C*4, oV?* +-+, 8 S1- o, 1/-:/+ 5/3 o, + +, o, 13 o, -o +, =- 1)*o 1 o,)o* (1, 1/ o*4 1 +, + (1 4 (+,41. E, /-1 5+;3(1 B/ +o3*4, 41-1 5+;3(13o- +(+5+- o, + 3o,5o74,49- 5181 8 +(+5+- o, + *+(4 4o-+,o*4+- 1(+,.

E- (1, @4+, 1, )1 *o-1(+,& (1 3+(+ *1349- + (1 -174 1 8 (1 ,+51-1 ,1-+( )/+ (o (1 4-o 8 +( 4- ? +-1 +0)*+,1 ,/ @+*7o* +- 31- 4 1 + *4

+(1- + + ,?5 o(o, ,1 *1 o, +,)+* 1- o ,+- 454+- o, + +*51- 1 .

C1 1 :/4+- 4+-+ +( +*+3 o + )*13 431* ,/, *4 o,& 15 4=- (1, 3*+++ ,/ )*o)41 *+(4 49- 8 1 +56, (1 o (4 1349- + *+,)+ 1* ,4 (o, o *

)*13 431- 3*++-341, 4@+*+- +,.

2.#.! Iden%idad or1 llo ladino

Lo, (1 4-o, -o )/+ +- +-o* /((+3+*,+ + /-1 3/( /*1 54(+-1*41 :/+1(31-;1*1 ,/ +,)(+- o* 5/3 o 1- +, + :/+ (o, +/*o)+o, ((+ 1*1- 1

A5=*431& )/+, (1, + -41, 8 3/( /*1, 5+, 4;1, 1)1*+34+*o- 3/1- o (o,

+,)1 o(+, ,+ 5+;3(1*o- 4o(9 4315+- + 3o- (1, 5/B+*+, 4- ? +-1, 8+( 5+, 4;1B+ +5)+;9 1 3o-, 4 /4* /-1 3*+34+- + *+1(4 1 -o ,o(15+-

+5o *6@431 8 +3o-95431& ,4-o 15 4=- 3/( /*1( 8 )o(? 431.

Ho8 )o)/(1*5+- + ,+ (+ ((151 (1 4-1 1 3/1(:/4+* )+*,o-1 :/+ -o ,+1/ o 4 +- 4@4:/+ 3o5o 4- ? +-1& 1/-:/+ (o ,+1. Y +, o 4-3(/8+ -+ *o,& 1,46 43o,& o 1 ,/+* + + 5+, 4;o,& 3*4o((o, 8 +0 *1-B+*+,)1 o(+, ((151*o- (1 4-o, 1 (o, 4- 4o, :/+ 13+) 1*o- (1 *+(4 49- 8 (1(+- /1 +*471 1, + Ro51 8 +( (1 ?-& 8 (o, 3o-,4 +*1*o- )+*,o-1(1 4-4;1 1, (1 4-o (1 4-o .

E( o*4 +- + (o, (1 4-o, 3o5o */)o 4@+*+-341 o @/+ 3/( /*1( )*45+4o(9 43o +,)/=,. F/+ /- o*4 +- *1/56 43o )o*:/+ *o 9 + /-1

@*13 /*1 3474(4;1 o*41. E,o 4;o :/+ ,/ (/3 1 )o* (1 ,o *+747+-343o-74* 4+*1 +- +( 1* + + +,31(1* 1 (o, -47+(+, 56, 1( o, +( )o +*3o- 434o-+, + @*1-31 +,7+- 1B1.

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L1 )1* 4349- + 5/- o :/+ 45)(439 (1 Co(o-41& / 439 1( (1 4-o +- *+)o +* 8 (1 ,+*74 /5 *+& +- *+ E,)1 1 8 (o, ,4+*7o, 4- 4o, :

*1 1B1 1- (1 4+**1 )1*1 (o, +-3o5+- +*o,. E- (1 5+ 4 1 +- :/+ (o3*4o((o, 4Bo, + +,)1 o(+, -134 o, 1:/? ,+ 3o-,o(4 1 1- 3o5o /-+, 15+- o ,o341( 1**14 1 o 1( +**4 o*4o 8 :/+ +,1**o((1 1 ,+- 45)1 *49 43o, 3o5o (o, :/+ )/+ (1- (1 o *1 + R1@1+( L1- ?71* &(1 4-o, +-3o- *1 1- +- +((o, o *o @*+- + 3o- *1 +( 3/1( 3o5 1 4* )o,o *+747+-341.

A/-:/+ F/+- +, 8 G/;56-& E*43 o(@ 8 o *o, +5/+, *1- :/+ 81 +- +(,4 (o XVIII -o 1 ?1 +- M+,o15=*431 4- 4o, )/*o, )o*:/+ (1 5+;3(1

1 ?1 ,4 o 4- +-,1& (1 )/*+;1 +( 4- 4o ,+ /?1 74 +- + 3o5o ,+-+ 4 +- 4 1 3o- *1*41 1 (1, o *1, 4 +- 4 1 +, + (1 Co(o-

+,)1 o(1& (1 3*4o((1 8 (1 (1 4-1 / o o *1, @o*51, + ,+* 5+, 4;o ,+ ,/ ,/54+*o- +- (1 (1 4-4 1 .

Ho8 1- o (o, 3*4o((o, 3o5o (o, 4- ? +-1, :/+ ,+ 13+- ((151* 5181, & ,4 /+- *+3(151- o /-1 )/*+;1 = -431& 3/( /*1( 8 *1341( :/+

*+,/( 1 / o,1 1 (1 (/; +( +,1**o((o 4, 9*43o 8 +( )+* 4-1; 5+, 4;4o(9 43o 8 3/( /*1( + (1 A5=*431 L1 4-1.

L1 3/( /*1 + (1 Co(o-41& (1 I- +)+- +-341 8 (1 R+7o(/349- L4 +*1(5+, 4;15+- + 3*4o((1.

2.#.!! 7olclor ladino

E- (1, @4+, 1, )1 *o-1(+, ,o *+747+- 14(+,& 1-;1, 8 3+*+5o-41,. Eo- + )o +5o, o ,+*71* 4*+3 15+- + (1 ,o *+747+-341 + (1, 1-;1

1- 4 /1,& 3o5o (1, 1-;1, + (o, 5o*o, 8 3*4, 41-o, :/+ ,o-3o-+04o-+, 4*+3 1, 3o- (1 3/( /*1 o334 +- 1(.

L1, 1-;1, + 5o*o, 8 3*4, 41-o, + C 4:/45/(1& (1 1-;1 3/8o +51+, +( 5/- o 6*1 +& +( 3+*3o 1 A* +(& (1 31? 1 + Ro51& G14@+F4+*1 *6,.

E- *+ 1( /-o, 14(+, 4- +*+,1- +, +, 6- +( )1(o + 34- 1,& 1-;1

@(o*+, 8 +( + (o, 5+0431-o, 8 (o, 14(+, + 4 1- +, :/+ ,o-3o5)1* 4 o, )o* (1 *+ 49- 5181. S+ *+1(4;1- 1 +56, 14(+, ,o341(+, 8@4+, 1, +- *+(1349- 1 (o, B/+ o, @(o*1(+, +(o*4+- + + G/1 +513+* 15+- (4 +*1*4o +, + *1- 45)o* 1-341 )1* 434)1- o (1, *+4-1,

151, + o-o* +(+ 4 1, )o* (1 3o5/-4 1 .

!'


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2." Los Xin8as

A/-:/+ +( o*4 +- + (o, X4- 1, o 17?1 -o ,+ 1 +, 1 (+34 o )(+-15+- +. No ,+,1 + + ,/ o*4 +- 81 :/+ @/+*o- +,3/ 4+* o, )o* P+ *o + A(71*1 o /*1- + 3o-:/4, 1 +- !$ $. E( 3*o-4, 1 >+*-1( D?1, +( C1, 4((o 43+ :/+ @/+ /-o + (o)/+ (o, :/+ o@*+349 (1 518o* *+,4, +-341 1 (1 3o-:/4, 1. Lo, X4- 1, @/+*o@4-1(5+- + +**o 1 o, )o* (o, +,)1 o(+, 8 @/+*o- 3o-@4-1 o, 1 ,+* +,3(17o,. F/+*o (4 1 o, 1 13o5)1 1* 1 P+ *o + A(71*1 o +- ,/ 3o-:/4, 1.

D/*1- + +( )+*?o o )o,3(6,43o (o, X4- 1 1 4 1*o- /-1 @*1-B1 :/+ ,+ +0 +- ?1 (o, 13 /1(+, +)1* 15+- o, + E,3/4- (1& S1- 1 Ro,1& J/ 41)1 8 J1(1)1.

S+


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/- -13454+- o + 1 /1. C1 1 o 1 +54 ?1 /- ,o-4 o 4@+*+- + 1( 311, 1 :/+ +( o5 *+ 1)*+- 49 (1 @o*51 +- :/+ (1, -o 1, ,+ +- *+(1;1 1-

)1*1 3*+1* 5+* +* 2 %!#2 .

2.".2 La Creaci#n 9e1:n la C os$o/isi#n Xin8a

A- +, 5/8 1- +,& +( 3*+1 o* 3*+o +( 34+(o 3o5o (1 31,1 )1*1 :/+ +)/ 4+*1 7474* 8 3*+o 15 4=- (1 (/-1& 3*+o (1 4+**1 )1*1 :/+ @/+*1 (1

+ (1, o *1, 3*+134o-+, :/+ 74-4+*1- +,)/=,& /- ?1 + +,o 3*+o /- ,+* )1*+34 o 1( o5 *+ +*1 +( ,o(& +, + +-?1 (1 54,49- + 3(1*+3+* )o* )1,1*1& )1*1 :/+ / 4+*1 (/;& )/+, 1 ?1 +- (1, o,3/*4 1 +, 5/3 o,51(+, 8 ,+*+, +0 *1 o, :/+ 13?1- 1 o 1 (1 4+**1 8 3/1- o ((+ 1 1 +,o(& +, o, ,+*+, ,+ +,3o- ?1- + 1Bo + (1 4+**1 )1*1 :/+ +( ,o( -o (+:/+51*1 +, o +, 1 1 5/8 4+- 1 (o, oBo, +( 3*+1 o* )+*o 3o- +( 4+5)o+( ,o( :/+*?1 +,31-,1* 8 ,+ 13+*31 1 1 (o, 6* o(+, 8 (o, :/+51 1 3o-,/ +-+* ?1& +,)1- 1 1 1 (o, 1-451(+, :/+ 31,4 (o, 51 1 1 +( 31(o* 8 1,?1- /7o )o* /- 3o* o 4+5)o 1, 1 :/+ +( 3*+1 o* 74+- o :/+ 31/,1 1)*o (+51, (o ((+7o 1( 34+(o )1*1 :/+ 1(/5 *1*1 +, + (+Bo, 8 1,? (o 4;o 8(o, 51(o, ,+ *+@/- 4+*o- +- (1, 4-4+ (1,& +- (o )*o@/- o + (1 4+**1.

L1 (/-1 +, (1 51 *+ + (1 4+**1 +((1 +, (1 :/+ 1 74 1 1 o o, (o, ,+*+:/+ 18 +- (1 54,51 4+**1.

L1 (/-1 15 4=- 4-@(/8+ +- 1* o(+, )o* +B+5)(o +( 3o* + + /- 6* o( 51 +*1 )1*1 3o-, */4* /-1 31,1& +( )/- +*o ,+ + + + 3o* 1* +- (/-1

((+-1 )1*1 :/+ -o ,+ )4:/+ 8 ,+ )/+ 1 +,31,31*1* )1*1 :/+ (1 3o* +;1,+ ,+:/+ 8 )+,+ 5+-o, +- (o, +3 o, + (1, -/+71, 31,1,.L1 (/-1 :/+ -o, 1 +- +- *1 o +, 1 54,51 (/-1 -o, 1*1 -13+* 8 +, (1:/+ -o, 71 ((+71* 1( o *o 5/- o 3/1- o 5/*15o,.

L1 3*+1349- +( o5 *+ 15 4=- @/+ /- )*o3+,o& )*45+*o +( 3*+1((151 o T4W40 o OW 1B-1 T1 1 o59 /-o, 6* o(+, 8 +,3o 49 /- 6* o)4 o 8 3*+o + +( 1( o5 *+ )+*o +, + 1)+-1, )o ?1 3154-1* 8 -o )o ?1*+3o* 1*,+ + ,/ 3*+1 o*& +- o-3+, +( 3*+1 o* ,+ +3+)34o-o 8 3*+

o5 *+ + 1**o& /,3o +( 1**o 56, @4-o +- /- +**+-o 15)(4o& 5o( +o 1( o5 *+& +, + ,4 (+ /, o& +( o5 *+ 3154-1 1 8 (+ *+-1 *1 +3454+- o, +- ,/, 3+*+5o-41,& T4W40 o OW 1B-1 T1 1 +, 13o- +- o :/+ 4;o 31+* (1 ((/741 3o- @/+* +, 74+- o, 1 51-+*1 3 / 1,3o,& :/+ +, 4;o 1( o5 *+.

E( 3*+1 o* +-4+- o (1 +0)+*4+-341 1- +*4o* 5o( +o -/+715+- +o5 *+ +( 1**o :/+ 1 ?1 / 4(4;1 o& /,3o /-o, 6* o(+, ,+3o, + 4;o

!

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/-1 *1- o /+*1& 3/1- o +, 1 +, 1 1 +- ,/ +,)(+- o* 3o(o3o 1( o5 *++- *+ (1, *1,1,& 8 1( 31 o +( 4+5)o (o, ,13o 8 +Bo :/+ ,+ +-@*41*(/+ o 3o**49 /-1 *4,1 8 +( o5 *+ 3o5+-;9 1 3154-1* 8 OW 1B-1 T1

4;o 31+* /-1 *1- ((/741 3o- @/+* + 3 / 1,3o 8 +( o5 *+ -o ,+ +, 4;o)o*:/+ +, 1 1 3o,4 o 8 +( o5 *+ 4;o (1, 3+*+5o-41, 1 ,/ 3*+1 o* +-(/ 1* o- + @/+ 3*+1 o& (/+ o +( 3*+1 o* 4;o 1 (1 5/B+* 33o5)1 +*1 +( o5 *+ 8 (o 4;o 15 4=- + 1**o 8 1,? 5/( 4)(431*o-

4+**1. T+0 o o51 o + (1 3o-7+*,1349- 3o- S+ 1, 46- H+*-6- +;&G/1;131)1- S1- 1 Ro,1 .

Co5o +5o, 74, o +( o5 *+ @/+ +3 o + 51 +*41(+, -1 /*1(+,&3/1- o 5/+*1 15 4=- ,+ 3o-7+* 4*6 +- +( +(+5+- o +( 3/1( @/+ +3

+( 1**o & )o* +,o (1, +- +, + (1, 3o5/-4 1 +, 04- 1, +)o,4 1- 1 ,/,5/+* o, +- @o,1, 4*+3 1, +- (1 4+**1 )1*1 3/5)(4* 3o- +( 43 o (1 -o, 1 3*+1 o 8 -o, 1 1 o + 3o5+*& +- o-3+, 1 o*1 81 5/+* o,

-o,o *o, +-+5o, :/+ 1*(+ + 3o5+*& 1 +((1 -/+, *1 51 *+ . E( o5 *+8 (1 5/B+* 1- -134 o + 4+**1 8 1 (1 4+**1 +- *6- :/+ ((+ 1*.

E( o5 *+ 15 4=- -+3+,4 1 + (o, 1-451(+, )1*1 18/ 1* +- +(51- +-454+- o 8 *+- 454+- o + ,/, 3/( 47o,& (+ ,4*7+- )1*1 1(45+- 1

4*+3 15+- + + +((o,& )1*1 )*+7+-4*,+ o 3/*1*,+. Po* +B+5)(o& +( ,4*7+ )1*1 3o5+* (o, 4-,+3 o, :/+ 7/+(1- ,o *+ (o, 1**o;1(+, 8 @*4Bo(1*+((o, 3/4 1- + (o, +**+-o, ,+5 *1 o, 3/1- o +( o5 *+ o 5/B+* +, 6

+,31-,1- o +- ,/ 31,1& 54+- *1, (o, /+ o, + (o, 3/( 47o, ,+ *+)o-+-+ ,/, @/+*;1, (o, 1-451(+, +, 6- *1 1B1- o.

A +56, (o, )4B/8+, (+, ,4*7+- 1( ,+* /51-o )1*1 3o- *o(1* (1 o; + (o,-4 o,. Lo 1- +*4o* *+@(+B1 :/+ +( o5 *+ 8 5/B+* -o )/+ +- 7474* ,4)*+,+-341 + (1, )(1- 1,& 1-451(+,& ,4- (1 )*+,+-341 +( 54,5o ,+*

/51-o 8 + (1 @/+*;1 +-+* = 431 + (o, 1, *o, +( /-47+*,o.

2.".# Carac%er s%ica del P e0lo Xin8a

L1, 5o- 1 1, ,o- ,1 *1 1, 18 6* o(+, 5/8 +- *o + (1, 5o- 1 1,&:/+ ,o- 3o-,4 +*1 o, 3o5o 4- o31 (+, 8 ,4 1( /4+- ,+ 1 *+7+ 1 o31*(o,

+- *6- :/+ 13+) 1* (o, 31, 4 o, :/+ (o, o (1, +56, 45)o- 1- )o*:/+(o, 6* o(+, ,o- 3o-,4 +*1 o, 3o5o (o, 1 /+(o, 747o, :/+ 56, 4+5)o +7474* 4+-+-. D+ (1, 5o- 1 1, ,o(o ,+ )/+ +- o +-+* @*/ 1,& 1(45+-:/+ -o (1 +, */81-& ,+ +0 *1+- 15 4=- 6* o(+, ,+3o, o :/+ 1- 31? o 1(1, :/+ *1 1, )o* 3/1(:/4+* o *o 5o 47o 5+-o, )o* (1 51-o +( o5 *+ o5/B+*.

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+*+3 o, + )o,+,49- + /- 3o5/-+*o 1 o *o 3o5/-+*o o 3o5/-+*1 o4Bo + /- 3o5/-+*o + /+-o, )*4-34)4o, 8 -o 1 +0 *1 o, -o )o*:/+

+04, 1 4,3*454-1349- ,4 -o o *o / o *1 )+*,o-1 -o +- +- +*?1 4@?34(5+- + ,+ +B1*?1 1)(431* (1, -o*51 471, 1-3+, *1(+,.

L1, *+ (1, +, 6- 4,+ 1 1, )1*1 51- +-+* +:/4(4 *4o +- *+ ,/, 1 4 1-8 (1 -1 /*1(+;1. Po* +B+5)(o ,+ 4+-+- @/+- +, + 1 /1 +- +( +**+3o5/-1( +, 1((? o- + ((+ 1- (1, 8 (o, 1 *43/( o*+, 1 ((+-1* ,/, +3o51 +,

+ 1 /1 :/+ (+, ,+*74*6- )1*1 +( 3o-,/5o /*1- + (1, 1* /1, Bo*-1 1,+ *1 1Bo& 4-3(/,o (o, o5 *+, ,+ 1 1- 1( )1,1* o ((+ 1* 1 +, 1

@/+- +, )+*o 15 4=- +- (/ 1*+, 81 +, 1 (+34 o, 3o- 1- +*4o*4 1 . C

o o, ,+ 1 1- +- */)o,& +-+*1(5+- + o o, ,+ *+,)+ 1- 8 3o-747+-,4- */ o* )o*:/+ +, )*63 431 + (1 74 1 41*41 8 o o, 1- 3o-7474 o +-+**+-o, /*1- + ,/, 74 1,. P+*o 1 +56, +04, +- (+8+, :/+ 43+- :/+ (1,

@/+- +, -o + +- + +-+* /+ o +- )1* 43/(1* ,4 -o +, + o o, 8 o+- 3o58R/ =- C1*41, %2

2."." Cos$o/isi#n ; Creencias

a. 9i1nificado de los ColoresLo, 3o(o*+, 4+-+- /- 71(o* +,)4*4 /1( +- (1 3o,5o74,49- X4-31& 51-+B1 1,+4, 3o(o*+, ,1 *1 o,& :/+ *+)*+,+- 1- 4*+334o-+, + *1- 45)o* 1-341+, o, 3o(o*+, ,o- *+,)+ 1 o, +- (1 13 /1(4 1 )o* (o *1- +, 1 /+(o, 8

/?1, +,)4*4 /1(+,. E( 1;/(& 7+* +& *oBo& -+ *o& (1-3o 8 151*4((o& 31+((o, 131**+1 /-1 151 + 71(o*+, :/+ +- ,/ +,+-341 )*+,+- 1 +-+* ?1.

2

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i. TRO?O@S45 o(4;1 1( ,o(& 4-4341 ,/ 1,3+-,o ,o *+ +(o*4;o- + + (1, 5o- 1 1,& 3o(4-1, o 71((+,& 15 4=- *+)*+,+- 1

o*4+- + +( 3o(o* + (1 ,1- *+ X4- 1& +( 3o(o* + 51?; *oBo& +( 3o(*1;1 /51-1 *oB1& ,45 o(4;1 1 (1 @(o* *oB1 7+, 45+- 1 + ,+) 4+5(1 *1- 51 *+ I04W1 4 .

ii. TNEGRO@S45 o(4;1 (1 o,3/*4 1 & (1 -o3 +& +, (+*54-1349- +( ?1& +, +( +,31-,o& +( ,?5 o(o + (1 5/+* + 8*1-:/4(4 1 & o *1, )+*,o-1, (+ 1- /-1 4- +*)*+ 1349- + +5o

51( 1 1 +, + 3o(o* )+*o +, (1 )+*,)+3 471 +- 3o5o (o 7+15o,. E(3o(o* -+ *o ,45 o(4;1 +( 51?; -+ *o 8 (1 *1;1 -+ *1 + (1 /51-4 1 &1,? 54,5o 1 (1 *1- 4B1 + I04W1 4 T;A,ERDE@E, (1 *+)*+,+- 1349- + ( 1 *1- 51 *+ I04W1 4 &-1 /*1(+;1& 15 4=- *+)*+,+- 1 (1, 5o- 1 1,& 3+**o, ,1 *1 o, 8 ,/+* + )1*1 (o, ,+*+, :/+ 3*++- +- ,/ ,45 o(4,5o +, (1 /-4@431349- +(1 4+**1 3o- o o, (o, +(+5+- o,& +, (1 ,45 4o,4, + (o, ,1 *1 o 8 )/*3o- +( o5 *+& ,o- o o, (o, 4Bo, + (1 51 *+ -1 /*1(+;1& 15 4=-+( +(+5+- o + (1 *1- S+*)4+- + M ++ :/+ )*o + + 1( 5/- o + ,/

+, */3349-.

/. T=OLO> AMARILLO@S45 o(4;1 1( 14*+& 1( 4 4o51 X4- 1 1- 4 /,1 *1 o +, +( 74+- o :/+ 1-/-341 (1 ((/741 :/+ *1+ 3o5o 3o-,+3/+-341(1 1 /- 1-341 + (1, 3o,+3 1,& 15 4=- ,45 o(4;1 +( 3o(o* + (1 *1;151*4((1 8 +( 3o(o* + 51?; 151*4((o& (o, 1 /+(o, /?1, +,)4*4 /1(+, / 4(4;1- )1*1 )+ 4* )*o +3349- +- (1, 3+*+5o-41, ,1 *1 1,& 1,? 54,5o,45 o(4;1 +( *1- 15o* + T4W40 1,? +( K4-41& +( )*45+* o5 *+ 3*

+( 6* o( + )4 o 151*4((o 8 31@=& 1,? 15 4=- +, +( +(+5+- o S+*)4+- + 5?, 431 T o(o(o + o*o.

/i. OL=OLO > LANCO@S45 o(4;1 (1 )/*+;1& +( 14*+ :/+ (45)41 (1 4+**+, (1 ((+ 1 1 +( *1- oBo + T4W4;& +, (1 74,4 1 + (o, )1 *+, ,1 *+- (1 4+**1& (1 (/; + (1 51 *+ L/-1& ,/ 3154-1* +- *+ ,/, 4BoT15 4=- *+)*+,+- 1- +( 51?; (1-3o 8 +( 3o(o* + (1 *1;1 (1-31 + (1

/51-4 1 & +, +( ,?5 o(o + (1 (+1( 1 8 45+-,49- + (/;.

2!


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/ii. OTRO9 COLORE9 E04, +- o *o, 3o(o*+,& 3o5o +( 3+(+, +& *o,15o*1 o& 31 1 /-o 4+-+ /- ,45 o(4,5o& 8 :/+ +, 4@+*+- + )1*1 31-4 o 1( -13+*& +, ,/ 3o(o* +(+5+- 1( 8 31* 1 o* + +-+* ?1& +( /,o+, o 3o(o*+, 4+-+ :/+ 7+* 3o- +( ?1 +- :/+ + + ,+* / 4(4;1 o, +- /-13+*+5o-41& )o*:/+ (1, 3+*+5o-41, +)+- +- + (o, ?1, :/+ 51*31(o, +, 1 o, + (1 L/-1.

0. 9i1nificado del C rc lo para El P e0lo Xin8a

E- (1 )+*,)+3 471 +( )/+ (o X4- 1 +( 3?*3/(o +, E,)?*4 / 8 V+* 1 . L1 /+(o, +-,+ 1- :/+ +, 1 +, (1 @o*51 +( C*+1 o*& :/+ o 1 3*+13493o- 4+-+ +, 1 /1(4 1 (o :/+ ,+ 8 (o :/+ -o ,+ 7+ :/+ o o o B+ o )o,+/-1 @/+*;1 +,)4*4 /1(. É, 1 15 4=- +, (1 7+* 1 +( 1- 4 /o 15 o*& (1 @E, + +*5o,o o B+ o& ,4- (o, *4 /1(+, 8 +( +,)?*4 / :/+ 71- +- *o + =(,45)(+5+- + +,o `/- o B+ o . C/1- o (o, *4 /1(+, 8 (o, +,)?*4 /, + (o,

1 /+(o, ,+ 1 4+*+- +- =(& +( )o +* +( 15 o* 3+*+5o-41( 3o *1 74 1.1 /+(1,& *1 434o-1(5+- + +B?1- )+:/+ o, 3?*3/(o, +- (o, *o)1B+, + ,/-4+ o, 8 3o( 1 1- +- (1, 3/-1, + (o, *+34=- -134 o, 3?*3/(o, 1((1 o, +-51 +*1 o )4+ *1 o ,4 41-1.

E, o, (o, 13?1- 3o- 3+*+5o-41( )1*1 :/+ +( 34*/(o )/ 4+*1 51- +-+* (+Bo, +(51(& 54+- *1, )+*54 + )1,1* (o /+-o 1 *17=, +( o*4@434o.

E( )1 *+ ,o(& 4+-+ @o*51 + 3?*3/(o& (1 1 /+(1 (/-1& (1, -/ +,& (1, @*/@(o*+,& o o 4+-+ /-1 @o*51 34*3/(1*& E( 3?*3/(o +, (o 4-@4-4 o& (o

+*54-1& (o 4-,+)1*1 (+& (o 4-74o(1 (+& (o ,1 *1 o& 1 D4o, ,+ (+ ,45 o(4;3?*3/(o,.

Lo, 3?*3/(o, ,4+5)*+ 1- 1- +3+ 4 o 1 *1- +, 315 4o, )o,4 47o, o-+ 1 47o, )1*1 +( )/+ (o X4- 1& 1- 4 /15+- + ,+ 3*?1 :/+ +( 7+* 1*o, 3o(o*+, 1(*+ + o* +( ,o( ,4 -4@431 1- 51( )*+,1 4o )1*1 +( @/ /*o 4-5+

+)+- 4+- o (1 31- 4 1 + 3?*3/(o, +*1 +( -47+( + +, *1341 :/+ o31,4o-1*?1& ,4 +*1 /- 34*/(o ,4 -4@431 1 51(1 ,4+5 *1& o, 3?*,4 -4@431 1- +, *1341& )+(+1,& /+**1,& )+* 4 1 + 3o,1, 45)o* 1- +,3?*3/(o, ,4 -4@431 1 5/+* +& +, *1341& 5/3 1 ((/741 8 ,4 +*1 +,)/=5+ 4o ?1 +*1 51( 4-74+*-o& )+(4 *o& o(o31/, o + 3.

A( 3o- *1*4o ,4 (o, 3?*3/(o, +*1- 74, o, 1(*+ + o* + (1 (/-1 ,4 -4@431 1- 54+-+, 1*& 5/3 1 1 /- 1-341 +- 1(45+- o,& +- 4349- + (1 3o,+3 1& */+

+,3/3 1 o, )o* +( 34+(o& )*o,)+*4 1 & 5/3 1 @+* 4(4 1 & 8 )o +-341/+- 4-74+*-o& ((+ 1 1 + /+-1, -o 4341, 8 + *1-:/4(4 1 )1*1

3o5/-4 1 .22


32/135

c. 9i1nificado del Ta$0or

Lo, 15 o*+, ,o- (o, 4-, */5+- o, 56, 1- 4 /o, ,o *+ (1 4+**1& 8 ,+


33/135

W1& ,+ +, 6 1( +*1- o (1 /-4 1 + (1 -1 /*1(+;1& +, 31 +-1 :/+ (+ 1+, 1* +- +:/4(4 *4o.

E( E,)?*4 / G/?1 )/+ + 315 41* 71*41, 7+3+, +- (1 74 1. S+


34/135

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@/+*;1 +( 74+- o.

L1 ,45 o(o ?1 + (1 ,+*)4+- + *+)*+,+- 1 (1 13/5/(1349- + +-+* ?1 :/+o*4 4-1 (1 74 1. L1 ,+*)4+- + +, /-o o :/4;6 +(


35/135

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+ (1 *+(1349- 1*5o-4;1 8 + *+,)+ o& +- 3o+04, +-341 +( o5 *+ 8+- o*-o& (1 -+3+,4 1 + 3o5)(+ o +- *+ +( o5 *+ 8 L1 5/B+*& 8 +((o

13?1- +( 6* o( 8 (1 -1 /*1(+;1. L1 ,+54((1 +, 451 +- 8 ,?5 o(o + 3*+1349o*4 +- 8 74 1 )*451*41& ,/ *1?; ,45 o(4;1 @/+*;1& 51 /*+;& ,1 4 /*?1& ,/ )*o +3349-& 3/ 4+* 1& o 1*& 1*5o-?1& ,/, *151, ,45 o(4;1- (1 3o5/-43133o- +( 34+(o& 3o- +( C*+1 o*& )o +*& (4 +* 1 & *+1(+;1.

E( 6* o( +, +( )*o +3 o* +( 1 /1 8 3o+04, +- +- /- +:/4(4 *4o 3o-, 1- +.

2. I$por%ancia del Cere$onial Xin8a

Lo )*45+*o :/+ ,+ 13+ +, /- 3?*3/(o 3o- 3o)1(& 1 o*1 3o-o34 1 3o5o+-,1* +,& :/+ 3o-,4, + +- /-1 5+;3(1 + *+,4-1, + 4@+*+- +, 6* o(+, + (3/1( )*+71(+3+ +( )4-o& 3o- +( 1;


36/135

S+ /4 15+- + ,+ 3o(o31- (1, *151, + 6* o( + )4 o& 4+- 1**+ (1134+- o /-1 )4*654 + 1, 1 :/+ +*54-+-. E- +( 3+- *o ,+ 3o(o31 +(/131( + 5o**o 3o- 1 /1 + *+, -13454+- o, -1 /*1(+,& *?o o 31,31

,1 *1 1& )o*:/+ 3*+?1- :/+ +( 1 /1 ,+*7?1 + 3o5/-431349- +- *+ D4o, 8 +o5 *+ 8 +, (1 *+)*+,+- 1349- + (1 451 +- + (1 (/-1 +- (1 4+**1&

3o- 13 o 3o- +((1 4+-+ @/-349- + )o* 1( )1*1 1 *1+* 1 (o, +,)?*4 /, /)1*1 1*5o-4;1* +( 3/+*)o + :/4+- (o -+3+,4 1 o (o ,o(434 1& 1,? 54,5o ,4*73o5o )/*4@431 o* 3o- ,1( )1*1 1(4741* (1, +-@+*5+ 1 +, 8 *1-,54 4* (1 +

+( T4W40 1 o 1, -/+, *1, 3=(/(1, 8 +(+5+- o,.

L/+ o ,+ 3o(o31- (1, 31- +(1, + 3+ o 51 +*41( ,/, *1? 1 + (1 31*-+ +7+-1 o& ,+


37/135

:/+ ,+ 7181 1 )+ 4* ,+ )4 1 3o- 5/3 1 @+. L/+ o ,+ ((151 1 (1 (/-1 8 1( ,o(&1( 474-o 3*+1 o* 1 *17=, +( 1 /1 + # -13454+- o, -1 /*1(+,& 8 + 1:/?1 +(1- + ,+ 1 *+ (1 5+- + +( /04 )1*1 4* 74+- o (1, ,+ 1(+, + 4- 43134o:/+ ,+ (+ 71 1- o +- +( *1-,3/*,o + (1 3+*+5o-41 )1*1 :/+ 71813o5)1* 4+- o 3o- o o, (o, )*+,+- +,& 81 ,+1 /*1- + o +,)/=,.

D+,)/=, + +, o ,+ +-34+- + +( @/+ o )/*4@431 o* :/+ *+)*+,+- 1 1( ,o( 8 (/; 8 E( /04 /*1 +5)4+;1 1 4-7o31* +( Co*1;9- +( C4+(o& A /+(1 4+1 /+(o 74+- o& 1 /+(1 1 /1& )+- 4+- o )+*54,o 8 +,1- o (1 4+**1 5/3 1 *+7+*+-341 + 4-74 1- o 1 (o, )*+,+- +, 1 13+* (o 54,5o.

E( 1 /+(o /?1 71 134+- o (1, )*+ /- 1, 3o-@o*5+ 71 )1,1- o +( 4+5)o& 8:/+ +5)4+;1 1 1)1 1* 3o- +( 4-34+-,o 8 5/3 1, 7+3+, ,+ + 4+-+ )o*:/+

1- ,+ 1(+,& )+*o +, o +, )o* (1 +0)+*4+-341 +( /04 /*1 & (1, )*+ /-15 4=- ,+ )/+ +- 4* 134+- o 3o- +( o3o +& 3o- (1, 31- +(1,& 3o- /+7o&

3o- +( 4-34+-,o o +( 1;


38/135

S/, 3+*+5o-41, 4+-+- 3o5o o B+ 47o (1 13349- + *1341, )o* (o, *+3/*,o, :/+o 4+-+ + (1 54,51 8 +( *+:/+*454+- o + (1 1/ o*4;1349- )1*1 +( 133+,o 1 43*+3/*,o,. A( /-o, + +,o, 3/( o, ,+ 51- 4+-+- +- (1 13 /1(4 1 +- *+ (1,3o5/-4 1 +, G1*?@/-1, + C+- *o15=*431.

2.$.! Ori1en

L1 3/( /*1 1*?@/-1 4+-+ ,/ o*4 +- +- (o,4-434o, +( ,4 (o XVII& +- (1 4,(1 + S1-V43+- +& A- 4((1, M+-o*+,& 1 *1?; + (1((+ 1 1 1 +,+ (/ 1* + /- */)o +1@*431-o, *1? o, +- /- 1*3o -+ *+*o)o* / /=, :/+ ,+ 4*4 ?1 1 >*1,4(. Lo,1@*431-o, ,+ *+@/ 41*o- +- (1 4,(1 8 3o5+-;9 /-)*o3+,o + 5+, 4;1B+ 3o- +( )/+ (o 31*4 +& o*4 4-1*4o +( 3o- 4-+-:/+ 1 o) 1*o- ,/, 3o, /5 *+, 8 (+- /1,.

2.$.2 Idio$a

D/*1- + (1 =)o31 3o(o-41(& (1, 4-71,4o-+, + 4- (+,+, 8 @*1-3+,+3o- /B+*o- 1 4-3o*)o*1* 1 (1 (+- /1 G1*?@/-1 3o-,4 +*1 (+, 7o31 (+/*o)+o, 1 (1 (+- /1. C/1- o ((+ 1- 1 1 4 1* +- (1 3o, 1 -o* + +Ho- /*1,& ,o- 4-@(/+-341 o, 1 1 (1* +,)1 o(& 8 -/+715+- + -o ,+ 13+-+,)+*1* (1, 4-@(/+-341, + (1 ,o34+ 1 (1 4-1 L+, */3 /*1 (4- ?, 431 + (1 L+- /1 G1*?@/-1(1 13 /1(4 1 & ,+ 3o-@o*51 + /- "$ b +)1(1 *1, +- 1*1W1 o& /- 2$b +- K1((4-1 o31*4 +& /- !$b + @*1-3=, 8 /- ! b +o*4 +- 4- (=,. E( *+, 1- + $b (o 3o-, 4 /8+- 7o31 (o, =3-43o, +( +,)1

)1*1 (o, )1*(1- +, 1*?@/-1, + Ho- /*1, 8 G/1 +51(1 D+- *o + (L+- /1 G1*?@/-1 +04, +- +0)*+,4o-+, + /,o +03(/,47o +- *+ (o, 71*o-+,3o5o +- *+ (1, 5/B+*+,. E, 1 43o o5?1 ,+ @o*51 + 7o31 (o, + o*431*4 + 8 1*1W1 o. E( 1 +3+ 1*4o G1*?@/-1 3o-, 1 + 2# (+ *1, o *

+ 2# @o-+51, o ,o-4 o,& )o*:/+ -o +04, +- ,o-4 o, +:/471(+- +, +- ,/

+, */3 /*1 (4- ?, 431.

2.$.# B0icaci#n Geo1r fica del P e0lo Gar f na

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2.$." Las /es%i$en%as 1ar f nas

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+,/,o )o* (1 4-@(/+-341 + (1 5o 1 8 (1+,31,+, 8 1( o 3o, o + (1, +(1, :/+ ,+/ 4(4;1- )1*1 ,/ +(1 o*1349-.

L1 +(1 o*1349- 1- 4 /15+- + +*1 *+1(4;1 1 1 51-o& )o* (1, 5/B+*+, + 1 +( */)o = -43o& +, + +, /- 1* + :/+ ,+ *1,54 ?1 + (1 51 *+ 1

4B1. No o 1, (1, 5/B+*+, 1- 1)*+- 4 o 1 13+*(o,.

El Tra-e de las M -eres

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K El C2e1 idi o 0l saK Go n o Ca$is#n KEl G d o 7alda

a. El M sie o Pa elo

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40/135

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2.$.$ Reli1i#n

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41/135

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3/1- o ,+ *+1(4;1- (1, )*63 431, + 31;1 8,4+5 *1 8 Y+51-86 )1*1 (1 )+,31. E- +, 1,4- *4-31 1, 5o- 1 1, 1 4 1 +( M1-)13 o 8J/1- NoB& ],+ o* + (1 -4+ (1].

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42/135

2.$.' Ed caci#n

E04, + /- +, / 4o *+1(4;1 o )o* (1Co54,49- + R+@o*51 E /31 471 ,o *++( )/+ (o 1*?@/-1& +- o- + ,+ )(1- +o1- + +( Go 4+*-o C+- *1( /- -/+7o5o +(o + /31 47o ,o *+ (1 *+1(4 1 + (1)o (1349- +,3o(1* + (1 3o5/-4 1 1*?@/-1. P1*1 +74 1* (1 +,+*3*+)4 +-341 +,3o(1* 8 +( 1-1(@1 + 4,5o +- 43 1 *+@o*51 ,+ )(1- +31(4 1 + E /31349- :/+ *+,)o-,1 1 1 (o, 4- +*+,+, 8 +0)+3 1 471, +3o- (o5+*1 o 3o5)*o5+ 4 o 8 (1 Co5/-4 1 .

2.$. Tradiciones

a. La %radici#n oral

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A (o, 3/+- o, ,+ +-o54-1- /*1 1, ,4 -4@431 4, o*41, 1- 4 /1, ,45)(+5+- + 3/+- o, ])1*1 +- *+ +-+*] .

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4, o*41, -1**1 1,& (1 518o* )1* + + (o, U*1 1 1*?@/-1 ,o- 31- 1 o,+34*& *+(1 o, 13o5)1 1 o, +( 31- o.

T15 4=- +04, +- )+*,o-1B+, + U*1 1, )*o)4o, + (13/( /*1 1*?@/-1 3o5o >*1 A-1-,? (1 1*1 1 & )+*,o-1B+


43/135

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44/135

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2.$. Ar%e c linario >co$ida@

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45/135

2.$.! Dan"as 1ar f nas

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46/135

+0 *+54 1 +, 4-@+*4o*+,. E, + +, /- 14(+ @+, 47o ,+ +B+3/ 1 +- 3/1=)o31.

2.$.!! Can%os 1ar f nas

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47/135

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o o 3o- 1 /1 + 51* 8 )*o /3 o, 51*4-o,. E04, +- (o, 5= 43o, */Bo,*1 434o-1(+, o 3/*1 o*+, ((151 o, eiJ :/+ 3/*1- o o 4)o +

51(+, 3o5o (o, + L474- , o-& P/+* o >1**4o, 8 M1*4,3o,. So@15o,1, (1, 3o51 *o-1, + Yo* & (o, 3o5)o-+ /+,o, 8 3/*1- +*o,

+ Mo*1(+,.

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Lo, 3o-3+) o, + ,1(/ 8 +-@+*5+ 1 & 1,? 3o5o + (1 5/+* +& +, 6?- 4515+- + *+(134o-1 o, 3o- (1 3o,5o74,49- 1*?@/-1. E( +, 1 o

,1(/ o +-@+*5+ 1 )1*1 +, + )/+ (o +, 6 (4 1 o 3o- 31/,1,-1 /*1(+,& )+*o 15 4=- 3o- 31/,1, +,)4*4 /1(+,& 3/( /*1(+,& + 3= +

E( /8+4& :/+ )/+ + ,+* o5 *+ o 5/B+*& +, 6 +- 31)134 1 +,3o +* 3/6( + (1, 71*41, @/-34o-+, :/+ (+ 1- ,4 o *1-,54 4 1, )o*(1 *1 4349- ,+ 1 1) 1 5+Bo* 1 ,/ )+*,o-1(4 1 8 1 ,/, +- +-341,4- +(+3 /1(+, o )1*1 +0)*+,1*(o +- =*54-o, + ,/ )*o)41 3/( /*1& +*+34 4* (1 *+7+(1349- ,o *+ 3/6(+, ,o- (o, o-+, :/+ (1, +- 4 1 +,,o *+-1 /*1(+, (+ 1- 3o-@+*4 o 8 + +, 1 @o*51 1)*+- +* 395o 1+( 5+Bo* /,o + +((o,.

2.' La Cos$o/isi#n Ma a

S+ *+@4+*+ 1 (1 74,49- +( 5/- o +( )/+ (o 5181& ,+


48/135

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o o, (o, +(+5+- o, +( /-47+*,o& +- +( :/+ +( ,+* /51-o +, /- +(+5+- o 56,& (14+**1 +, (1 51 *+ :/+ 1 (1 74 1 8 +( 51?; /- ,4 -o ,1 *1 o. P1*1 +, + )/+ (oo o, (o, 4- 474 /o, 4+-+- /-1 54,49- + +*54-1 1 +- *o + (1 o 1(4 1

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+56, ,+*+, 8 +( 3o,5o,]

2.'.! Aspec%os de la cos$o/isi#n $a a

Lo, 1,)+3 o, 56, ,4 -4@431 47o, + (1 3o,5o74,49- 5181 ,o- (o, ,4 /4+- +,%

!. To o +, ,1 *1 o.2. E( 51?; +, (1 1,+ + (1 74 1.#. To o 4+-+4-1:4( o +, 4-1: & =*54-o :/+ *+@4+*+ 1 (1 74 1& 451 +-& 3o*1

+,)?*4 / :/+ 3o5)1* +- o o, (o, ,+*+, 747o, +( /-47+*,o.". To o 4+-+ 74 1. To o (o :/+ +04, + +- +( ,1 *1 o K1BU(+W /-47+*,o +, 6

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. To o +, )1* + + 31 1 ,+* :/+ +04, +.

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49/135

2.'.2 La Creaci#n Del M ndo 9e1:n Los Ma as

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4+* 1, -4 o,:/+,% ,9(o +( 34+(o +04, ?1. No ,+ 51-4@+, 1 1 (1 @1; 4+**1. S9(o +, 1 1- +( 51* +- 31(51 8 +( 34+(o +- o 1 ,/ +0 +-,49-. N1 ?1 -1 1 B/- o& :/+ 434+*1 */4 o& -4 3o,1 1( /-1 :/+ ,+ 5o74+*1& -4

1 4 1*1& -4 434+*1 */4 o +- +( 34+(o. No 1 ?1 -1 1 :/+ +, /74+*1 +,9(o +( 1 /1 +- *+)o,o& +( 51* 1)134 (+& ,o(o 8 *1-:/4(o. No 1 ?1 -1

o 1 o + +04, +-341. So(15+- + 1 ?1 4-5o74(4 1 8 ,4(+-34o +o,3/*4 1 & +- (1 -o3 +. S9(o +( C*+1 o*& +( Fo*51 o*& T+)+/& G/3/5(o, P*o +-4 o*+,& +, 1 1- +- +( 1 /1 *o +1 o, + 3(1*4 1 . E, 1o3/( o, 1Bo )(/51, 7+* +, 8 1;/(+,.

L(+ 9 1:/? +- o-3+, (1 )1(1 *1& 74-4+*o- B/- o, T+)+/ 8 G/3/51 ;& +- (1o,3/*4 1 & +- (1 -o3 +& 8 1 (1*o- +- *+ ,? T+)+/ 8 G/3/51 ;. H1 (1*o)/+,& 3o-,/( 1- o +- *+ ,? 8 5+ 4 1- o ,+ )/,4+*o- + 13/+* o& B/- 1*,/, )1(1 *1, 8 ,/ )+-,154+- o. E- o-3+, ,+ 51-4@+, 9 3o- 3(1*4 1 &54+- *1, 5+ 4 1 1-& :/+ 3/1- o 151-+34+*1 + ?1 1)1*+3+* +( o5 *E- o-3+, 4,)/,4+*o- (1 3*+1349- 8 3*+3454+- o + (o, 6* o(+, 8 (o

+B/3o, 8 +( -13454+- o + (1 74 1 8 (1 3(1*4 1 +- 13349- +( o5 *+4,)/,o 1,? +- (1, 4-4+ (1, 8 +- (1 -o3 + )o* +( Co*1;9- +( C4+(o& :/+ ,+

((151 H/*136-.

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74-4+*o- B/- o, T+)+/ 8 G/3/51 ; +- o-3+, 3o-@+*+-341*o- ,o *+ (1 748 (1 3(1*4 1 & 395o ,+ 1*6 )1*1 :/+ 13(1*+ 8 151-+;31& :/4=- ,+*6 +( :/+)*o /;31 +( 1(45+- o 8 +( ,/, +- o.

cH6 1,+ 1,?d cQ/+ ,+ ((+-+ +( 713?od cQ/+ +, 1 1 /1 ,+ *+ 4*+ 8 +,o3/+( +,)134o& :/+ ,/*B1 (1 4+**1 8 :/+ ,+ 1@4*5+d A,? 4B+*o-. cQ/+ 13(1*151-+;31 +- +( 34+(o 8 +- (1 4+**1d No 1 *6 (o*41 -4 *1- +;1 +- -/+,3*+1349- 8 @o*51349- 1, 1 :/+ +04, 1 (1 3*41 /*1 /51-1& +( o5@o*51 o. A,? 4B+*o-. L/+ o (1 4+**1 @/+ 3*+1 1 )o* +((o,. A,? @/+ +-3o5o ,+ 4;o (1 3*+1349- + (1 4+**1%

cT4+**1d& 4B+*o-& 8 1( 4-, 1- + @/+ +3 1."


50/135

Co5o (1 -+ (4-1& 3o5o (1 -/ + 8 3o5o /-1 )o(71*+ 1 @/+ (1 3*+1349-&3/1- o ,/* 4+*o- +( 1 /1 (1, 5o- 1 1, 8 1( 4-, 1- + 3*+34+*o- (15o- 1 1,. So(15+- + )o* /- )*o 4 4o& ,9(o )o* 1* + 56 431 ,+ *+1(4;9 (@o*51349- + (1, 5o- 1 1, 8 (o, 71((+, 8 1( 4-, 1- + *o 1*o- B/- o, 34)*+,1(+, 8 )4-1*+, +- (1 ,/)+*@434+. Y 1,? ,+ ((+-9 + 1(+ *?1 G/ /51 ;

434+- o%

c>/+-1 1 ,4 o / 7+-4 1& Co*1;9- +( C4+(o


51/135

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D+ +, 1 51-+*1 (o, P*o +-4 o*+, (+, 4+*o- ,/, 1 4 134o-+, 1 (o1-451(+, + (1 4+**1. Y +, 1- o +*54-1 1 (1 3*+1349- + o o,3/1 *


52/135

(1 4+**1 Y1 +5o, )*o 1 o 3o- -/+, *1, )*45+*1, o *1,& -/+, *1)*45+*1, 3*41 /*1, )+*o -o ,+ )/ o (o *1* :/+ @/=,+5o, 1(1 1 o, 87+-+*1 o, )o* +((o,. P*o +5o, 1 o*1 1 13+* /-o, ,+*+, o + 4+- +,&*+,)+ /o,o,& :/+ -o, ,/, +- +- 8 1(45+- +-.

Para es%o % /ieron /arios in%en%osH434+*o- 1( o5 *+ + 1**o& )+*o =, + -o ,+ )o ?1 ,o, +-+*& -o )o1- 1* -4 5/( 4)(431*,+& +- o-3+, (o +, 434+*o-.

L/+ o *1 1*o- 3o- (1 51 +*1& (o 3/1( @/+ /- *1- 171-3+& 81 :/+ 1 (18 ,+ 5/( 4)(431 1-& )+*o +, o, -o +-?1- 5+5o*41 -o )o *?1- *+3o* 1* 1 ,3*+1 o* & 3154-1 1- ,4- */5 o 8 1- 1 1- 1 1 1,. E, o, @/+*o- (o)*45+*o, :/+ 1 4 1*o- (1 @1; + (1 4+**1& )+*o 3o- +( 4(/74o 3*+1 o3o*1;9- + 34+(o =, o, 5/*4+*o-. Lo, :/+ ,+ ,1(71*o- ,+ +,3o- 4+*o- 8 ,+3o-74* 4+*o- +- G-o5o,.

L/+ o + ;4 + ,+ 4;o +( o5 *+ 8 (1 5/B+* + +,)1 1 1& )+*o +, o, )+-,1 1- -4 1 (1 1-. F/+*o- 1-4:/4(1 o, 3o- *+,4-1 8 @/+*o- +,@4 /*1 o,)o* (1, )4+ *1, + 5o(+*. E, o @/+ +- 31, 4 o )o* -o 1 +* )+-,1 o -4 +- ,/51 *+& -4 +- ,/ )1 *+.

Po3o @1( 1 1 )1*1 :/+ +( So(& (1 L/-1 8 (1, +, *+((1, 1)1*+34+*1- ,o *+ 3*+1 o*+, 3/1- o +,3/ *4+*o- (o :/+ +- 7+* 1 + ?1 +- *1* +- (1 31*-

+( Ho5 *+. E( Y13& U 4/& Q/+( 8 Ho @/+*o- (o, :/+ *1B+*o- (1 3o54(1 @o*51349- +( o5 *+. E, 1 3o54 1 ,+ 3o-74* 49 +- ,1- *+& 8 1,? +-51?; )o* o *1 + (o, )*o +-4 o*+,.

Lo, o5 *+, :/+ @/+*o- 3*+1 o, @/+*o- 3/1 *o% >1(15 Q/4 ;+& >1(15 AM1 /3/ 1 8 I:/4 >1(15. E, o, ,o- (o, -o5 *+, + -/+, *1, )*45+*1,51 *+, 8 )1 *+,& o5 *+, + 51?;.

2.'.# Los ele$en%os /i%ales de la Cos$o/isi#n Ma a.

Lo, 3/1 *o +(+5+- o, 74 1(+, +- *o + (1 Co,5o74,49- M181 ,o- 3/1 *o

:/+ *4 +- (1 74 1 +- -/+, *1Madre Tierra NanBle 7 e1o a AireJI Tierra Ble A1 a ?a & *+)*+,+- 1 o, +- (o, S1- o, N1 /1(+,.

=a%a% i- o Padre solJ +, (1 @/+- + + +-+* ?1 +- (1 G1(1041& V?1 L63+, 3o-,4 +*1 o 5/8 S1 *1 o& )/+, o :/+ )*o)o*34o-1 (o, -/ *4+- +,+-+* = 43o, )1*1 (1 74 1 + o o ,+* 747o. E, *+)*+,+- 1 o )o* +( -1

AB)


53/135

El A1 a o ?a= +(+5+- o :/+ 13+ 3*+3+* (1, )(1- 1,& 4 *1 1& )/*4@51- 4+-+ (1 /5+ 1 )1*1 :/+ (1, ,+54((1, +*54-+-. E, *+)*+,+- 1 o 1

*17=, +( -1 /1( I5o0& :/+ ,4 -4@431 +,+-341 + -/+, *1 3o-34+-341&-/+, *1 5+- +. E( (1 o 4;:/4+* o& (1 )1* + ,/ 4( +( ,+* /51-o& ,+-,4 4(4 1 & (o 4-/,/1(& (o +03=- *43o& *+)*+,+- 1 (o, *?o,& (1 o,& 5(1 ,1- *+ :/+ 3o**+ )o* -/+, *1, 7+-1,. E, +( +,)?*4 / + (1 ((/741.

El AireJ o I =J ,4- =( -o +, )o,4 (+ (1 74 1 + o o ,+* 747o& +, )/*4@43+ -/+, *o o* 1-4,5o 1 *17=, + (1 *+,)4*1349-. E, *+)*+,+- 1 o )o* +

-1 /1( I: :/+ ,4 -4@431 +,)?*4 / 74 1(& +( *+(65)1 o& (1 +5)+, 13o**4+- +, + 14*+& (1 (45)4+;1 8 )/*+;1& ?1 +( -13454+- o +( 7

6(4 o + 74 1 E( A4*+& o I: & ,4- =( -o +, )o,4 (+ (1 74 1 + o o ,+*)/*4@431 o* + -/+, *o o* 1-4,5o 1 *17=, + (1 *+,)4*1349-. *+)*+,+- 1 o )o* +( -1 /1( I: :/+ ,4 -4@431 +,)?*4 / 74 1(& +( *+(65)1

+5)+, 1 & (1, 3o**4+- +, + 14*+& (1 (45)4+;1 8 )/*+;1& ?1 +( -134+( 74+- o& 6(4 o + 74 1

La TierraJ o Ble J 3o-,4 +*1 1 -/+, *1 51 *+& 3*+1 o*1 8 @o*51 o+, o*1& :/+ -o, )*o)o*34o-1 +( 1(45+- o )1*1 7474*& +, *+)*+,+- 1 1 )o

-1 /1( I 0 :/+ ,4 -4@431 (1 +-+* ?1 @+5+-4-1& +-+* ?1 @+(4-1& *+)*(o, 1( 1*+, ,1 *1 o, :/+ +04, +- +- +( )(1-+ 1. R+)*+,+- 1 15 4=- 1 (1,5o- 1 1,& 71((+,& 1**1-3o,& 1 (o, 3+**o, 8 7o(31-+,& *+)*+,+- 1 15 4(1 5/B+*& +, (1 *+)*+,+- 1349- + (o, >1(15+ + . Lo, Ho5 *+, J1 /1*.L1 1( +*1349- + 3/1(:/4+*1 + +, o, +(+5+- o, )o-+ +- )+(4 *o (1 74 1 ++( )(1-+ 1.

2.'." Espiri% alidad $a a

E, +( 3o-B/- o + 51-4@+, 134o-+, 8 3*++-341, 13+*31 +( ,+- 4* 8 )+-+ /-1 3o-B/-349- + @/+*;1,& C*+1 o*& Fo*51 o* 8 1 o* + 7

Co-, 4 /8=- o,+ +- +B+ +-+*1 o* + o 1, (1, 13 474 1 +, 3o 4 41-1P/+ (o M181& +-4+- o /-1 @o*51 + 3o5/-431349- 3o5o )o* +B+5)(o +-+( @/+ o& ,/+ o,& +- (1, ,+ 1(+, 3o*)o*1(+,& + 3.& +- o- + o51 @/+*

*+(1349- o5 *+ -1 /*1(+;1.

L1 +,)4*4 /1(4 1 +, /-1 3o-, */3349- ,o341( )1*1 +@4-4* 8 *1-,54 4* 7= 43o, 8 5o*1(+, :/+& )1*1 (1 ,o34+ 1 4, 9*4315+- + + +*54-1 1&76(4 o, )1*1 ,/ 3o-,+*71349-& +,1**o((o 8 51- +-454+- o. A *o *+(4-o 1- *o)o3=- *431& 4- + *1( 8 -o +03(/8+- +.

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2.'.$ El a1radeci$ien%o co$o /alor s pre$o

E( 71(o* + (1 *1 4 / 8 +( 1 *1 +3454+- o +, +( + (o, 56, +,1**o((1+-,+ 1 o, +- (1, 3o5/-4 1 +, M181,. T1- 45)o* 1- + +, ,/ )*63 431 +-(1 @154(41 8 +- (1 ,o34+ 1 & :/+ +, 6 *+(134o-1 o 3o- (1 3*+1349- +3/1 *o )*45+*o o5 *+, 8 ,/, 5/B+*+,.

Lo, 5181, 1 *1 +3+- (o, @17o*+, *+34 4 o,& (1, *+)*+-,4o-+,& (1 7+-4+ /- -/+7o ?1& (1 1* + 8 (1 -o3 + 1 *1 +3+- 15 4=- (o, 3o-,+Bo, :/

*+34 +-& (o, ,1(/ o, 8 (1, )1* 434)134o-+, + (1, )+*,o-1, +- *+/-4o-+,@154(41*+, 8 3o5/-4 1*41,.

E( 1 *1 +3454+- o 3o-, 4 /8+& +- (1 3o-747+-341 ,o341(& /- 7?-3/(o/-4 1 8 ,o(4 1*4 1 . E( 1 *1 +3454+- o @o* 1(+3+ (1 /54( 1 8 (1 4

E, /-o + (o, 71(o*+, @/- 15+- 1(+, + -/+, *1 3/( /*1. To o (o :/+

+04, + +- (1 -1 /*1(+;1 4+-+ ,/ *1;9- + ,+*& ,/ @/-349- 8 ,/ )*o +3 o* .31*63 +* ,1 *1 o +( /-47+*,o& *+3o-o3+ (1 +04, +-341 +( UCo*1;9- +( C4+(o :/+ +, +( 3+- *o 8 (1 +-+* ?1 +( /-47+*,o 8 :/+ ,+

((151 J/*1:1-. E- +( /-47+*,o +, 6- T; 1:o(& > 4 o(& A(o5& K 1Bo(o5 .

E, /-1 31*13 +*?, 431 +( 5181 +( ,+* 1 *1 +34 o +- o o ,+- 4 o& C*+1 o* 8 Fo*51 o*& 1 ,/ +*51-o 8 1 o o (o :/+ (+ *o +1. A,? (o *+@+( Po) /B& )o* (1 74 1 :/+ (+ @/+ 1 1& )o* (o, @17o*+, 8 +- 434o-+,*+34 + +- ,/ 74 1.

2.'.' El sen%ido de la cere$onia Ma a

N/+, *o, 1 /+(o, 8 1 /+(1, ,4+5)*+ +3?1- To o *+,4 + +- -/+, *1,*o 4((1, +, o :/4+*+ +34* :/+ +)+- + 3/1- 1, 7+3+, o 3/6- o 4+5)o-o,o *o, -o, 1**o 4((15o,& +,+ ,+*6 (1 5+ 4 1 +- :/+ -o,o *o, ,o5o,1 *1 +34 o,& 81 :/+ 1- + -/+, *o, )1 *+, +-+5o, :/+ 4-31*-o, 3o- /-)*o@/- o *+,)+ o& 1- + -/+, *o, 1 /+(o,.

A- + +( AJA 81 :/+ 3/1- o 56, -o, 13o* 15o, + =( 8 3/1- o 56, -o,1**o 4((15o, 56, /54( +, ,+*+5o, 8 56, 1 *1 +34 o, +, 1*+5o, )o*

o o (o :/+ *+34 45o, 8 1,? *+34 4*+5o, 56, +- -/+, *1 74 1 81 :/+ 1:/?+- *1 (o :/+ +, (1 (+8 + (1 3o5)+-,1349-& o ,+1 + (o :/+ 1 15o,

+)+- +*6 (o :/+ *+34 15o,& ,4 13+5o, 4+-& *+34 4*+5o, 4+-13+5o, 51(& *+34 4*+5o, 51(.

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55/135

L1 +,)4*4 /1(4 1 5181 +, 3o-3*+ 1 -o +, 1 , *13 1& / 4(4;1 33o-3*+ 1, 3o5o ,?5 o(o, 3o-3*+ o, :/+ +04, +- +- (1 -1 /*1(+;1 .

2.'. El si1nificado de los colores en la cere$onia $a a

Lo, 3o(o*+, ,o- o51 o, + (1 54,51 -1 /*1(+;1& 8 + (o :/+ +((1 54,51-o, *+ 1(1.

El Ro-o E, (1 4 +1& 3154-o :/+ 1(/5 *1& ,/ ,4 -4@431 o +, +( ,o(,1- *+& @/+ o& (1 @/+*;1& +, +( 51?; *oBo. C/1- o -o, (+71- 15o,& 3/-1 13 4 / 1- *o)o(9 431 ,4+5)*+ 54*15o, 1341 +( o*4+- +& +- (1 ,1

+( ,o(& -/+, *o )*45+* 3o5)o* 154+- o +, 7+* +( ,o(.

Co5o 1-=3 o 1& 3/1- o (+ )*+ /- 1 1 /- 5181 :/+ o*1 +,% )*45+*o54*1 +( ,o(& (/+ o ,/ *+(oB 8 43+ :/+ o*1 +,.

El Ne1ro S+ 3o5)1*1 3o- +( 51?; -+ *o& ,4 -4@431 (1 o,3/*4 1 & 5/+*51(1, 4 +1,& (1 -o3 +& ,4 -4@431 15 4=- +( +,31-,o& +, )1*1 *+3/)+-+* ?1 )o* +,o +, +,)+*1-;1& )1*1 *+31* 1* (1, 1 +*?1, :/+ ,+ 1

1, 1 o /*1- + +( ?1& :/+ 1 (1 +,)+*1-;1 :/+ (o :/+ -o )/ 4, +*+1(4;1* o8& 51 1-1 (o +*54-1,& +, +( ,+- 4 o + (1 3o- 4-/4 1 & @4-.

Y +- -/+, *o 3/+*)o (o )o +5o, +-3o- *1* +- (o, (/-1*+,& +- +( -+ *o +(o, oBo,& +- +( 31 +((o. U-1 +0)(431349- +, :/+ (1 31- +(1 -+ *1 ,+

+*54-1 56, *6)4 o :/+ (1, o *1,& )o* (1 )4- /*1 8 )o*:/+ +, /- @+-95+-o-1 /*1( :/+ 1 *1+ 56, +( 31(o* +( -+ *o 8 ,+ 3o-,/5+ 56, *6)4 o.

El lanco Co5)1*1 o 3o- +( 51?; (1-3o& +, (1 )/*+;1& +( 3o(o* + (174 1& 3o(o* +( ,+5+-& 3(1*1 + /+7o& +, (1 ,+54((1& +, +( 14*+& ,o74 1& (o, /+,o,& +( (1-3o + (o, oBo,.

El A$arillo E, +( Q 1-4(& 51 /*+;& +, +( -


56/135

El A" l E, (1 1 59,@+*1 8 +( 1 /1& +( +,)134o& +( 1 /1.

2.'. La 9ociedad Ma a

Lo, */)o, 5181, ,+ 31*13 +*4;1 1- )o* /-1 3o-,4 +*1 (+ 4@+*+-341 +, 1 /, ,o341(& 74,4 (+ +- (1 1*:/4 +3 /*1 *+,4 +-341(& (o, +- 4+**o B+ o, + 71(o*. L1, 4@+*+-341, + 3(1,+ +, 1 1- 4+- 51*31 1, +-+(4 + )o(? 431 *+(4 4o,1 8 +( 315)+,4-1 o. Lo, +, 1 o, 5181, +*

+o3*6 43o,.

a@ Or1ani"aci#n Pol %ica >sociopol %ica@L1 o* 1-4;1349- ,o341( +7o(/34o-9 +, + (1, )*454 471, 1- 1, + 31;1 o*+*+3o(+3 o*+, (o, 3/1(+, ,+ 4- + *1*o- *1 /1(5+- + +- */)o, ,o341(+,%

0@ Es%ra%o Al%oCo-, 4 /4 o )o* (o, ,13+* o +,& 54(4 1*+, 8 o +*-1- +,& +*1 (1 3(1,+)*474(+ 41 1. T+-?1- 3o5o @/-349-% 3/*1* (o, +-@+*5o, 8 ,+ (+, 1 *4 /?1 +( )o(o, 4o,+,& +-?1- 1 ,/ 31* o (1 o ,+*71349- + (o, 1, *o, )1*1 )*+7+-4* (o, +3(4),+)*+ 43349- + (1, ((/741,& o54-4o +- (1 +,3*4 /*1& +*1- (o, 5+Bo*+, +- 36(351 +56 43o,

c@ Es%ra%o MedioCo5)/+, o )o* (o, 1* 4, 1,& 1*:/4 +3 o,& 5+*31 +*+, +-?1- 3o5o @/-349- o*+(134o-1 o 1 ,/, o@434o,.

d@ Es%ra%o a-oI- + *1 o )o* 54()+*o,& )431 +*o, 8 (+ 1 o*+,& (1 518o* )1* + (1 4- + *1 1 +(8 +,3(17o, (o, 3/1(+, +-?1- :/+ )1 1* (o, 56, 1( o, 45)/+, o, +- +,)+34+ 8

*4 / o.

2.'. Econo$ a Ma a

L1 E3o-o5?1 M181 +, /7o + +*54-1 1 )o* (1, 13 474 1 +, ,4 /4+- +,%

• L1 A *43/( /*1•

L1 C1;1• L1 P+,31• E( Co5+*34o• Do5+, 431349- + A-451(+,• L1 A *43/( /*1

Lo, M181, @/+*o- 6,4315+- + 1 *43/( o*+,& 8 ,/ )*4-34)1( 3/( 47o +*51?; / 4(4;1- o (1 =3-431 + (1 ]*o,1] +5)(+1 1 +- (1 13 /1(4 1 )o* (

"


57/135

315)+,4-o, 5181, 8 ,+ ,/)o-+ :/+ @/+ (1 :/+ / 4(4;1*o- ,/, 1- +)1,1 o,.L1 =3-431 + (1 *o,1 3o-,4, + +- 3o* 1* 8 :/+51* +( 5o- + 1- +, ,+5 *1*& +- (o,


58/135

-o +*1- 5+*15+- + )43 o *151, o @4 /*1, -+5o =3-431, (1 +,3*4 /*1 1((1 1 81 +- )*o3+,o 1341 /- ,4, +51 @o-= 43o& 1( )1,1* (o, ,?5 o(o

1 *+)*+,+- 1* ,o-4 o,& 56, :/+ o B+ o, o 4 +1,. No o , 1- +& (31*13 +*+, -o 3o- 4+-+- /- 3/1 *o + (1 4 +1& ,4-o /- ,?5 o(o + (154,51& ,4+- o 1( o 56, :/+ ,?5 o(o, 3o-7+-34o-1(+,.

Lo, +0 o, B+*o (?@43o, +, 6- *1 1 o, ,o *+ )4+ *1. L1 **1 /3349- + +, o, (4@o, 1 )+*54 4 o (++* )1* + + ,/ 4,

3o-, 1 1* :/+ 1 o* 1- ,/3+,4o-+, 4-6, 431,& /+**1, +- *+ 34/ 1 +,+, 1 o *471(+,& 1(41-;1, 51 *45o-41(+,& 1 +56, + 4-@o*5131, *o-95431& 31(+- 6*431 8 *4 /1(.

Lo, 5181, +B1*o- )(1,51 1 ,/ 4, o*41& 54 o(o ?1 8 *4 /1(+, 4-,3*4)34o-+, *1 1 1, 8 )4- 1 1, +- +, +(1,& +,31(4-1 1, 8 +- o *o+(+5+- o, 1*:/4 +3 9-43o,. Lo, M181, /74+*o- +( ,4, +51 + +,3*4 /

B+*o (?@431 ,+ *+1(4;1 1- 15 4=- +- 39 43+, + )1)+( 151 + 3o*6* o( 8 +- )+* 154-o + )4+( + 7+-1 o. E- (1 13 /1(4 1 & (o, 518+, 6- 474 4 o, +- */)o, = -43o,& (o, 5181, 1 (1- ,/ )*o)4o 41(+3 o +( 31, +((1-o 3o5o ,+ /- 1 (+- /1.Len1 a-e% E( )/+ (o 5181 +, +( )/+ (o 4- ? +-1 56, -/5+*o,o +-G/1 +51(1& *+)*+,+- 1 1( # b + (1 )o (1349- o 1( 8 +, 6 3o-@o*)o* 22 3o5/-4 1 +, (4- ?, 431,% 13 4a& 1 1 + o& 1W13 1(3 4 + o& 3 ao* 4a& 3 /B& 4 ;1a& 404(& B1 1( +3o o )o) 4a515& 5o)1-& )o:o515& )o:o53 4a& :a1-Bo a1(& :a+:3 4a& ,1 1)/( +,4)1 1)+-,+& + 4 + o& ;a/ /B4( 8 /,)1- + o.

As%rono$ a Lo, M181, )*+ +3?1- )*o 1 (+5+- + (o, +3(4),+, 8,1(4 1, 8 )/+, 1, + (1, +, *+((1, 51 / 4-1, 8 +( (/3+*o 7+,)+* 4-o.Co)6- @/+ +( 3+- *o 34+- ?@43o 56, -o 1 (+ + (1 =)o31 3(6)1* 43/(1*5+- + +- +( 315)o 1, *o-9543o ,13+* o +,& )1*1 (

+ +*54-1349- + (1 /*1349- *+1( +( 1 o ,o(1* 8 + (o, )+*4o o, +3(4),+ @/+*o- 56, +013 o, :/+ (o, + 3/1(:/4+* o *1 34/ 1 5181.

2.'.!" El C2ol i- >T"ol8in@ o Calendario Ma a

E( C o(: 4B o 31(+- 1*4o ,1 *1 o 5181 4+-+ 2' ?1,& +, /-o + (4-, */5+- o, :/+ (o, A /+(o, +( P/+ (o 5181 3*+1*o- 4+-+ o,1)(43134o-+, )*4-34)1(+,& (1 )*45+*1% / 431 5o5+- o, )1*1 13 474 13o(+3 471, (1 ,+ /- 1% 4+-+ /-1 1)(431349- 4- 474 /1( )1*1 4 +- 4@3o- /3 1 -1 /*1( o (1 @o*51 + ,+* + (1, )+*,o-1, )o* 5+ 4o + ,/-1W1(& +, +34*& (o, *1, o, ),43o(9 43o, 6,43o,& )o,4 47o, 8 -+ 1 47o

"


59/135

E, + 31(+- 1*4o @/+ 3o-@4 /*1 o 1 )1* 4* + (o, 5o7454+- o, :/+ (1 L*+1(4;1 +- ,/ 9* 4 1 1(*+ + o* + (1 T4+**1.

E( C o(: 4B o 31(+- 1*4o ,1 *1 o +, 3o-,4 +*1 o +-+* ?1 @+5+-4-1& *+(1349- 3o- (o, 5o7454+- o, + (1 L/-1 8 )o* (1 4-@(/+-341 :/+ +, +3/+*)o 3+(+, + +B+*3+ ,o *+ (o, o* 1-4,5o, @+5+-4-o, + (1 -1 /*1(+;1 (o, ,+*+, /51-o,.

E( 31(+- 1*4o +, 6 3o-3+ 4 o 8 +(1 o*1 o +- o5+-1B+ 1 (1 74 1& +, 1 (o, ,+*+, 747o, 8 ,/ +-,+ 1-;1 = 431& 5o*1(& +3o(9 431 8 34+- ?@431&,+* 1)*o7+3 1 1 )o* +( ,+* /51-o )1*1 +( +,1**o((o + ,/ 74 1)+*,o-1(& @154(41* 8 ,o341( 8 +( +:/4(4 *4o 3o- (1 -1 /*1(+;1. E( ,+* /5

1 1)*+- 4 o + (1 -1 /*1(+;1 +( 51-+Bo +( 4+5)o 1 *17=, + o ,+*71349- + (o, @+-95+-o, -1 /*1(+, 8 +( 3o5)o* 154+- o +1( /-o, 1-451(+,.

2.'.!$ Las Ciencias el C2ol =i- o Calendario Ma a

E( C o(: 4B o 31(+- 1*4o ,1 *1 o @/+ 3o-@4 /*1 o 1 )1* 4* + (1 1)+ 4- +**+(1349- + 4@+*+- +, 34+-341,& +, +34*& ,+ +0)(431 8 ,+ +

1,+ 1( /,o + +(+5+- o, 34+- ?@43o,& 1( /-o, + +, o, +(+5+- o, ,o-&)o* +B+5)(o%

+ As%rono$ a S+ 4 +- 4@431- )+*?o o, + 4+5)o, @17o*1 (+, o 1 7+)1*1 (1 -1 /*1(+;1 8 (o, ,+*+, /51-o,. E( C o(: 4B 4 +- 4@431 )*o)434o, )1*1 (1 ,4+5 *1& (1 51 /*1349- + (o, @*/ o, 8 (1 3o,+3 1. C o(: 4B +- ,/, -1W1(+, *+)*+,+- 1 1( ,o(& (1 (/-1 8 (1, +, *+((1,.

@ Ma%e$ %icaL1 3/+- 1 +( C o(: 4B /*1- + (o, 2' ?1, 4- +7+4- +-1, 8 *+3+-1,& )o* o *1 )1* +& 31 1 )+*,o-1 )o,++ +-+*,+


60/135

Psicolo1 a E- +( +B+*3434o 8 +- +- 454+- o +( C o(: 4B ,+ )/+4 +- 4@431* (o, *1, o, 6,43o,& )o,4 47o, 8 -+ 1 47o, + (1 )+*,o-1,+ AL NOCHEO,3/*4 1 & C1,1. D?1 )1*1 /,31* 1(1-3+ 8 )1;.

• KAN SEMILLAM1?;& C o3(o& L1 1* o& L1 1* 4B1. D?1 )1*1 ,/)+*1* +(*134,5o.

• CHIKCHAN SERPIENTEC/(+ *1& D4o,1 +( 1 /1. D?1 )1*1 ,/)+*1* (1 -+ 1 474 1 .

• KIMI PUENTE DEL MUNDOM/+* +& C1(17+*1& E-(1;1 o* + 5/- o,& T*1-,4349-. L174 1 +, 56, +0)+*4+-341, :/+ @4-1(+,.

$!


61/135

• MANIK MANOV+-1 o& C4+*7o. D?1 )1*1 3o- *o(1*,+ /-o 54,5o o +B1* +3o- *o(1* 1 (o, +56,.

• LAMAT ESTRELLAV+-/,& Co-+Bo. D?1 )1*1 +,3/ *4* +( 15o* 4-3o- 434o-1(.

• MULUK LUNAL(/741& A /1. D?1 )1*1 )1 1* +/ 1,.

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