Tentang Pengertian dan Luas Ling­kup Hukum Ekonomi Indonesia

Oleh: Sunaryati Hartono

Summary

This a r t i c l e is attempt to outline the scope of Economic L a w w i t h i n the I n d o ­nesian legal system. To a r r i v e at a definition a comparative study has been made of the definition and scope of economic law i n the D u t c h , the Belgian and the F r e n c h legal systems, f u r t h e r contrasted to the Russian logal system. It was f o u n d that, although some similarities were found, the definitions and scope of Economic L a w in the various legal systems differed according to their economic, social, historical - and philosophical backgrounds.

In western E u r o p e technological development and the development of i n d i v i d u a l rights d u r i n g the past two centuries have resulted in a capitalistic society, so that a r e t u r n to more socialistic measures was needed i n order to b r i n g about a more egalitarian society by closing the gap between the rich and the strong on one side, and the poor or weak on the other. In west Germany this trend is known as the shift f r o m a "Buergerliche Rechtstaat" to a "Soziale Rectstaat". The legal rules supporting this "Sozialization" a r e laid down in that branch of law known as (Socio-) Economic L a w . In Soviet Russia the whole of economic life is regulated by the state and econo­mic law only contains the administrative rules regulating t r a d i n g and produc­tion by the state and other sectors o f economic lifes.

In Indonesia as stated in the Main Principles of the State's Policy (GB-HN) we adhere to the philosophy of establishing a balance between equal protection and the fostering of both social as w e l l as i n d i v i d u a l interests. Moreover, f r o m the beginning, Indonesian society has never been individualis­tic, i t has always been a socialistic society where the interests o f the group have always taken priority. Therefore, in seeking a balance between social interests and i n d i v i d u a l rights, as stated in the Main Principles the State's Policy, in Indonesia we w i l l have to observe A r t i c l e 2 7 ( 2 ) o f the Constitution which states that each Indonesian citizen has the right to work for a decent living, which is pointing at the protection of i n d i v i d u a l h u m a n rights. A n d whereas the Indonesian economy has never reached the capitalistic and indi­vidualistic level as has been reached by the Europeans and the Americans, Indonesia's Economic L a w has a different task compared to that branch of

EKI VOL. XXVII, NO. 1, MARCH 1979 65

law in capitaiistic systems on the one hand, and the communistic iegai sys­tems on the other. Whiie the administration has the task of inducing indivi­duals to participate in the economic deveiopment proces leading the eco­nomy towards i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n , at some time the government should protect the poor and the weak against the abuses and oppression of the r i c h and the strong. H e n c e , as a reflection of the mixed character of our economic struc­t u r e , the r u l e of Economic L a w has two aspects, viz that of inducing econo­mic deveiopment and as such f o r m i n g that branch of law which the author has named Economic Deveiopment L a w ( H u k u m E k o n o m i Pembangunan) and that of protecting i n d i v i d u a l rights of those in need against the abuse of the strong as the r i c h , an aspect contained i n Social Economic L a w ( H u k u m E k o n o m i Sosial).

Therefore, Indonesian Economic L a w differs f r o m C o m m e r c i a l L a w proper which is based on the economic principles o / l a i s s e r f a i r e of the 1 9 t h . Century, and which do not correspond with the necessities of the deveiop­ment decades of the second part of the 2 0 t h . Century. Nevertheless, a know­ledge of C o m m e r c i a l L a w before we embark on the study of Economic L a w Is f u n d a m e n t a l as i t is providing us with the basic elements and histor}> of our Economic L a w as i t is today.

In conclusion, a research project conducted by the F a c u l t y of L a w of the Padjadjaran University f o u n d that the rules of Indonesian Fconomic have their base in the Constitution, namely in a r t i c l e 33 in connection with a r t i c l e 2 7 (2).

Pendahuluan

H i n g g a k i n i s e b e n a r n y a k a l a n g a n s a r j a n a h u k u m I n d o n e s i a b e l u m s e p a k a t m e n g e n a i a d a n y a c u k u p a l a s a n b a g i k i t a u n t u k m e n g a k u i b i d a n g h u k u m y a n g b a r u , y a n g d i l u a r n e g e r i d i k e n a l d e n g a n n a m a Economic L a w . S u a r a y a n g m e r a g u k a n p e r l u n y a k i t a m e n g a d a k a n b i d a n g H u k u m E k o n o m i I n d o n e s i a , d a n ( s e a n d a i n y a k i t a m e n g a d a k a n n y a ) k r i t e r i a a p a y a n g b o l e h d i a n g g a p m e n -d a s a r i n y a , m e n g i n g a t b a h w a k r i t e r i a y a n g d i p a k a i d i A m e r i k a S e r i k a t m i s a l ­n y a , l a i n d e n g a n y a n g m t m d a s a r i b i d a n g Economisch Recht d i n e g e r i B e l a n d a a t a u d i B e l g i a d a n l a i n - l a i n n e g a r a , m a s i h d i a j u k a n p a d a S i m p o s i u m P e m b i n a -a n H u k u m E k o n o m i N a s i o n a l , y a n g d i s e l e n g g a r a k a n o l e h B a d a n P e m b i n a a n H u k u m N a s i o n a l p a d a t a n g g a l 1 7 s / d 1 9 A p r i l 1 9 7 8 y a n g l a l u .

N a m u n d e m i k i a n d a r i t a h u n k e t a h u n , a g a k n y a d e n g a n a l a s a n n y a s e n -d i r i - s e n d i r i , o r a n g m a k i n b a n y a k m e n g g u n a k a n i s t i l a h H u k u m E k o n o m i i t u .

O l e h s e b a b i t u , b a i k l a h k i t a m u l a i d e n g a n m e n c o b a m e r u m u s k a n p e -

m EKI VOL. XXVIL NO. X, MARCH 1979

n g e r t i a n d a r i p a d a H u k u m E k o n o m i I n d o n e s i a d a n m e n e n t u k a n l u a s l i n g k u p b i d a n g H u k u m E k o n o m i I n d o n e s i a i t u .

Beberapa Istilah Hukum Ekonomi dalam Sistem Hukum Asing

D i n e g e r i B e l a n d a M u l d e r d a n v a n D u k m e m b e d a k a n a n t a r a " m a c r o s o c i a a l e c o n o m i s c h r e c h t " d a n " m i c r o s o c i a a l - e c o n o m i s c h r e c h t " . ^

D i J e r m a n d i b u a t p e r b e d a a n a n t a r a " A l l g e m e i n e s W i r t s c h a f t s r e c h t " d a n " B e z o n d e r e s W i r t s c h a f t s r e c h t " . D a l a m p a d a i t u d i I t a l i a , P e r a n c i s d a n B e l g i a a d a p e n g a n u t " f a h a m s e m p i t " d a n " f a h a m l u a s " d a r i p a d a H u k u m E k o n o m i i t u . M e n u r u t " f a h a m l u a s " H u k u m E k o n o m i i t u m e n y a n g k u t o r g a -n i s a s i d a n p e r k e m b a n g a n d a r i p a d a k e h i d u p a n e k o n o m i n a s i o n a l , s e d a n g m e ­n u r u t " f a h a m s e m p i t " " D r o i t E c o n o m i q u e " i t u h a n y a m e n y a n g k u t p e r a t u r ­a n - p e r a t u r a n y a n g m e n g a t u r d a n m e r u p a k a n c a m p u r t a n g a n P e m e r i n t a h d a l a m k e h i d u p a n e k o n o m i i t u .

B a h k a n s e o r a n g a h l i H u k u m E k o n o m i P e r a n c i s , G e r a l d F a r j a t , d a l a m b u k u n y a D r o i t E c o n o m i q u e ( 1 9 7 1 ) d i s a m p i n g m e m b e d a k a n " d r o i t e c o n o ­m i q u e " d a r i " d r o i t de I ' e c o n o m i e " , b e r d a s a r k a n s u a t u s t u d i p e r b a n d i n g a n h u k u m , j u g a m e m b u a t p e r b e d a a n a n t a r a H u k u m E k o n o m i d i n e g a r a - n e g a r a k a p i t a l i s ( P e r a n c i s , R e p u b l i k F e d e r a s i J e r m a n , I t a l i a , I n g g r i s , A m e r i k a S e r i ­k a t ) d a n H u k u m E k o n o m i n e g a r a - n e g a r a S o s i a l i s ( S o v i e t R u s s i a , P o l a n d i a , C z e c h o s l o v a k i a ) .

P e m b a g i a n , i s t i l a h m a u p u n i s i ( m a t e r i ) H u k u m E k o n o m i d a l a m b e r ­b a g a i s i s t e m h u k u m i t u t e r n y a t a b e r b e d a s a t u d e n g a n y a n g l a i n , s e s u a i d e n g a n s t r u k t u r d a n p e r k e m b a n g a n e k o n o m i s e r t a s e j a r a h k e b u d a y a a n , s e j a r a h h u ­k u m d a n f a l s a f a h k e n e g a r a a n s e r t a i d e o l o g i y a n g d i a n u t t i a p - t i a p n e g a r a .

Arti dan Luas Lingkup Hukum Ekonomi Indonesia

P a d a t a h u n 1 9 7 5 d a n 1 9 7 6 F a k u l t a s H u k u m U n i v e r s i t a s P a d j a d j a r a n d i B a n ­d u n g m e n d a p a t t u g a s d a r i B P H N u n t u k m e n g a d a k a n i n v e n t a r i s a s i d a n s i s t e m a t i s a s i d a r i p a d a p e r a t u r a n - p e r a t u r a n H u k u m E k o n o m i P e m b a n g u n a n d a n H u k u m E k o n o m i S o s i a l . M a k a t a n p a t e r l a l u m e n g i n g a t p a d a d a s a r - d a s a r t e o r i t i s d a n s i s t e m a t i k m a n a y a n g a k a n d i j a d i k a n s e b a g a i p e g a n g a n , k a r e n a y a n g m e n j a d i t u g a s k e d u a p r o y e k p e n e l i t i a n d i b i d a n g H u k u m E k o n o m i i t u t e r u t a m a h a n y a l a h i n v e n t a r i s a s i d a n s i s t e m a t i s a s i d a r i p a d a p e r a t u r a n - p e r a t u r ­a n y a n g a d a , t e a m - t e a m P e n e l i t i a n k e d u a p r o y e k t e r s e b u t s e g e r a m u l a i m e n g -

1 A. Mulder & R.A.A. Duk : Schets van het Sociaal-Economisch recht i n Nederland, Tjeenk WUlink, ZwoUe, 1972, hal. 41 dan seterusnya.

EKI VOL. XXVIL NO. 1, MARCH 1979 67

a d a k a n p e n g u m p u l a n p e r a t u r a n - p e r a t u r a n d i b e r b a g a i b i d a n g h u k u m y a n g a d a s a n g k u t p a u t n y a d e n g a n k e h i d u p a n e k o n o m i .

T e r n y a t a b a h w a d e n g a n d i s i s t e m a t i s a s i k a n n y a p e r a t u r a n - p e r a t u r a n d i 2 4 b i d a n g h u k u m y a n g c e r a i - b e r a i i t u k e d u a P r o y e k P e n e l i t i a n i t u b e r h a s i l p u l a m e n e m u k a n d a s a r h u k u m (rechtvaardigingsgrondj d a n l u a s U n g k u p d a r i p a d a H u k u m E k o n o m i I n d o n e s i a .

S e h i n g g a k i n i t i d a k p e r l u l a g i d i r a g u k a n , a p a k a h s e c a r a i l m i a h k i t a m e m ­p i m y a i a l a s a n y a n g c u k u p u n t u k b e r b i c a r a t e n t a n g s u a t u b i d a n g h u k u m y a n g d i n a m a k a n H u k u m E k o n o m i . S e b a b H u k u m P o s i t i f k i t a s e n d i r i m e m b e r i a l a s a n t e r s e b u t , y a i t u :

- f a t s a l 3 3 U n d a n g - u n d a n g D a s a r 1 9 4 5 ; - f a t s a l 2 7 a y a t 2 U n d a n g - u n d a n g D a s a r 1 9 4 5 ; - K e t e t a p a n M P R S N o . X I I I / M P R S / 1 9 6 6 , y a n g k e m u d i a n d i s e b u t

o l e h K e t e t a p a n M P R . N o . V / M P R / 1 9 7 5 , k a r e n a m a t e r i T A P M P R S N o . X X I I I / M P R S / 1 9 6 6 s u d a h t e r t a m p u n g o l e h G a r i s - G a r i s B e s a r H a l u a n N e g a r a ;

- R e n c a n a P e m b a n g u n a n L i m a T a h u n I d a n I I .

S e m u a n y a b e r s u m b e r p a d a P e m b u k a a n U n d a n g - u n d a n g D a s a r 1 9 4 5 , y a n g d a l a m P e n j e l a s a n U m u m n y a m e n e n t u k a n , b a h w a R e p u b l i k I n d o n e s i a h a r u s m e r u p a k a n N e g a r a H u k u m d i s a m p i n g s u a t u N e g a r a K e s e j a h t e r a a n . ^

A d a p u n d a s a r h u k u m d a r i p a d a H u k u m E k o n o m i I n d o n e s i a d i t e m u k a n s e t e l a h p e r a t u r a n - p e r a t u r a n d i m a s i n g - m a s i n g b i d a n g p e n e l i t i a n d i s i s t e m a t i -s a s i k a n m e n u r u t :

a ) s e j a r a h p e r k e m b a n g a n h u k u m b i d a n g y a n g b e r s a n g k u t a n d i I n d o n e ­s i a ;

b ) f a l s a f a h I n d o n e s i a y a n g m e l a t a r - b e l a k a n g i b i d a n g h u k u m t e r s e b u t ; c ) k e b i j a k s a n a a n P e m e r i n t a h d i b i d a n g i t u , d a n d ) p e l a k s a n a a n d a r i p a d a k e b i j a k s a n a a n P e m e r i n t a h d i b i d a n g y a n g b e r ­

s a n g k u t a n .

D a r i a n a l i s a b e r d a s a r k a n c a r a p e m i k i r a n d i a t a s t e r n y a t a , b a h w a s e m u a b i d a n g - b i d a n g y a n g d i t e l i t i , y a i t u h u k u m P e r s e r i k a t a n , h u k u m T a n a h , P e r -b u r u h a n , P e n a n a m a n M o d a l A s i n g , P e r k r e d i t a n d i D a l a m N e g e r i , K r e d i t d a n B a n t u a n L u a r N e g e r i , A s u r a n s i , I m p o r E k s p o r , P e n g a n g k u t a n , P e r t a m b a n g a n d a n P e r u m a h a n , p a d a u m u m n y a d i d a s a r i p a d a f a t s a l 3 3 U n d a n g - u n d a n g D a s a r 1 9 4 5 , G a r i s - g a r i s B e s a r H a l u a n N e g a r a ( t e r m a s u k T A P . M P R S N o .

2 l ihat Sunaryati-Hartono ; Peranan Kesadaran Hukum Rakyat dalam Pembaharuan Hukum, ceramah dalam Symposium kesadaran Hukum Masyarakat dalam Masa Transisi, yang berlangsung di Semaiang antara tanggal 19 s/d 22 Januari 1975.

EKI VOL. XXVII. NO. 1, MARCH 1979

X X n i / M P R S / 1 9 6 6 ) d a n R e n c a n a P e m b a n g u n a n L i m a T a h u n I d a n I I . S e d a n g b i d a n g - b i d a n g H u k u m E k o n o m i y a n g e r a t h u b u n g a n n y a d e n g a n p e r a t a a n h a s i l p e m b a n g u n a n e k o n o m i n a s i o n a l i t u s e p e r t i p e r a m a h a n , K e s e h a t a n d a n K e l u a r g a B e r e n c a n a , B a n t u a n d a n P e n d i d i k a n b a g i P e n g u s a h a K e d l , P e n d e r i t a C a c a d , B e n c a n a B a n j i r , O r a n g - o r a n g M i s k i n , d a n l a i n - l a i n b e r d a s a r k a n f a t s a l 2 7 a y a t 2 U n d a n g - u n d a n g D a s a r 1 9 4 5 .

D a l a m r a n g k a a n a l i s a p e r a t u r a n - p e r a t u r a n h u k u m d i b i d a n g H u k u m E k o n o m i i t u o l e h T e a m P e n e l i t i j u g a b e r h a s i l d i s i m p u l k a n , b a h w a : ^

1 . R e n c a n a - r e n c a n a P e m b a n g u n a n L i m a T a h u n t e l a h m e n j a d i p e n y e b a b u t a m a t i m b u l n y a k a i d a h - k a i d a h E k o n o m i I n d o n e s i a ;

2 . K a i d a h - k a i d a h h u k u m y a n g b a r u i n i u n t u k s e b a g i a n b e s a r t i d a k l a g i b e r p e g a n g p a d a azas -azas h u k u m p e r d a t a m a u p u n p u b l i k y a n g k o n v e n s i o n i l . A k a n t e t a p i d e n g a n t i m b u l n y a k e b u t u h a n - k e b u t u h a n b a r u t i m b u U a h p u l a k a i d a h - k a i d a h b a r u d a n p r a n a t a - p r a n a t a b a r u , y a n g s u h t s e k a l i d i k a t e g o r i k a n k e d a l a m s i s t e m h u k u m p e r d a t a m a u p u n s i s t e m h u k u m p u b l i k y a n g k o n ­v e n s i o n i l .

S e b a g a i c o n t o h d a p a t d i s e b u t p r a n a t a P e r s e r o , y a n g p a d a s a t u fihak ( k e l u a r ) d i a n g g a p s e b a g a i P e r s e r o a n T e r b a t a s S w a s t a , a k a n t e t a p i d i l a i n fihak ( k e d a l a m ) t e r i k a t p a d a k e b i j a k s a n a a n P e m e r i n t a h ( d e n g a n s ega i a a k i b a t y a n g m e n g u n t u n g k a n , m a u p u n m e r u g i k a n P e r s e r o t e r s e b u t ) , d a n p e n g a w a s a n P e ­m e r i n t a h , d e n g a n d i a n g k a t n y a d i r e k t u r j e n d e r a l D e p a r t e m e n ( - d e p a r t e m e n ) y a n g b e r s a n g k u t a n s e b a g a i k o m i s a r i s P e r s e r o , d a n p e g a w a i - p e g a w a i N e g e r i s e b a g a i P e n g u r u s m a u p u n p e g a w a i P e r s e r o .

D e m i k i a n p u l a s u r a t - s u r a t K e p u t u s a n B e r s a m a M e n t e r i m e r u p a k a n c a r a b a r u y a n g t i d a k d i k e n a l d a l a m H u k u m T a t a U s a h a N e g a r a y a n g t r a d i s i o n i l .

H a l - h a l s e p e r t i d i a t a s i n i m e n j a d i k a n p e r a t u r a n d a n p r a n a t a H u k u m E k o n o m i i t u m e n y i m p a n g d a r i p a d a azas -azas h u k u m p e r d a t a / h u k u m d a g a n g d a n / a t a u p u b l i k y a n g k o n v e n s i o n i l i t u , s e h i n g g a b a n y a k s e k a l i t i m b u l p r a n a t a -p r a n a t a h u k u m sui generis. A k a n t e t a p i j u s t r u b a n y a k n y a p e r a t u r a n h u k u m d a n p r a n a t a h u k u m y a n g sui generis i n i m e n i m b u l k a n p e r t a n y a a n : T i d a k -k a h k i t a h a r u s m e n c a r i s u a t u s i s t e m p e m i k i r a n b a r u y a n g m e l a n d a s i " p e -n y i m p a n g a n - p e n y i m p a n g a n " d a r i p a d a azas -azas h u k u m p e r d a t a d a n h u k u m p u b l i k k i t a y a n g k o n v e n s i o n i l i t u . M u n g k i n k a h " p e n g e c u a U a n - p e n g e c u a l i a n " d a n p e n g a t u r a n sui generis i t u t i d a k l a g i a k a n m e r u p a k a n s u a t u " p e n y i m p a n g -a n " , a p a b i l a l a n d a s a n p e m i k i r a n s i s t e m y a n g b a r u i t u t e l a h k i t a k e t e m u k a n ?

M e l i h a t p a d a k e n y a t a a n , b a h w a p e r a t u r a n - p e r a t u r a n H u k u m I n d o n e s i a p a d a u m u m n y a d i d a s a r k a n p a d a f a t s a l 3 3 U n d a n g - u n d a n g D a s a r , m a k a h a l i n i d a p a t d i a n g g a p s e b a g a i p e t u n j u k k e a r a h y a n g m e m b e n a r k a n p e r t a n y a a n -p e r t a n y a a n d i a t a s .

EKI VOL. xxvn, NO. 1, MARCH 1979 69

B a g a i m a n a j u g a , d i s i n i t e r b u k a l a h s u a t u b i d a n g p e n e l i t i a n b a r u d a n y a n g b e l u m p e m a h d i g a r a p s e b e l u m n y a .

3 . D i b i d a n g H u k u m E k o n o m i p e r k e m b a n g a n d a l a m 3 0 t a h u n t e r a k h i r t a n p a d i s a d a r i t e l a h m e n g a r a h k a n h u k u m k i t a m e n u j u u n i f i k a s i h u k u m , s e k a l i p u n u n i f i k a s i i t u m a s i h j a u h d a r i p a d a s e m p u m a . D a l a m r a n g k a u n i ­fikasi h u k u m i n i k i r a n y a U n d a n g - u n d a n g P o k o k A g r a r i a m e m e g a n g p e r a n a n y a n g p e n t i n g . S e j a l a n d e n g a n u n i f i k a s i h u k u m i t u p e r k e m b a n g a n h u k u m k i t a t e l a h m e r u b a h c o r a k d a n s i s t e m h u k u m k i t a y a n g l a m a ( p l u r a l i s t i s -k o l o n i a l i s t i s - t r a d i s i o n i l ) m e n j a d i s i s t e m h u k u m y a n g b e n a r - b e n a r m u l a i d i ­d a s a r k a n p a d a U n d a n g - u n d a n g D a s a r 1 9 4 5 d a n P a n c a s i l a s e b a g a i G r u n d n o r m s i s t e m h u k u m I n d o n e s i a .

4 . S e b a g a i a k i b a t d a r i p a d a p e m b a h a n y a n g t e r j a d i s e b a g a i t e r s e b u t d i a t a s i t u i l m u h u k u m d a n p e n d i d i k a n h u k u m d i I n d o n e s i a a k a n ( h a r u s ) m e n g ­a l a m i p e m b a h a n d a n p e n y e m p u r n a a n y a n g c u k u p f u n d a m e n t i l p u l a , m e n ­j a d i i l m u h u k u m d a n s i s t e m p e n d i d i k a n h u k u m y a n g b e n a r - b e n a r n a s i o n a l .

5 . D i s a m p i n g i t u k e d u a P r o y e k p e n e l i t i a n H u k u m E k o n o m i y a n g d i a d a k a n o l e h l a k u l t a s H u k u m U N P A D i t u , j u g a b e r h a s i l m e n e m u k a n b a h w a H u k u m E k o n o m i I n d o n e s i a m e m p u n y a i d u a a s p e k , y a i t u :

a ) a s p e k p e n g a t u r a n u s a h a - u s a h a p e m b a n g u n a n e k o n o m i d a l a m a r t i p e n i n g k a t a n k e h i d u p a n e k o n o m i n a s i o n a l s e c a r a k e s e l u r u h a n a t a u y a n g d i s e b u t a s p e k H u k u m E k o n o m i P e m b a n g u n a n ; d a n

b ) a s p e k p e n g a t u r a n u s a h a - u s a h a p e m b a g i a n h a s i l p e m b a n g u n a n e k o ­n o m i s e c a r a m e r a t a d i a n t a r a s e l u r u h l a p i s a n m a s y a r a k a t , s e h i n g g a s e t i a p w a r g a - n e g a r a I n d o n e s i a d a p a t m e n i k m a t i h a s i l - h a s i l p e m b a ­n g u n a n e k o n o m i i t u s e s u a i d e n g a n s u m b a n g a i m y a k e p a d a u s a h a p e m b a n g u n a n e k o n o m i t e r s e b u t . D e n g a n l a i n p e r k a t a a n ; a s p e k p e n g a t u r a n u s a h a p e r a t a a n h a s i l p e m b a n g u n a n e k o n o m i i n i b e r t u j u ­a n aga r s u p a y a p e m b a n g u n a n e k o n o m i i t u s e n d i r i b e r l a n g s u n g d e ­n g a n t e t a p m e n j u n j u n g t i n g g i Qadi tanpa m e n g a b a i k a n ) m a r t a b a t k e m a n u s i a a n ( h u m a n dignity) m a n u s i a I n d o n e s i a ; k a r e n a p e m b a ­n g u n a n i t u b e r t u j u a n m e n c a p a i k e a d i l a n s o s i a l ( s i l a k e h m a P a n c a s i l a ) y a n g b e r - p e r i k e m a n u s i a a n ( s i l a k e d u a P a n c a s i l a ) . A s p e k i n i d i b e r i n a m a a s p e k H u k u m E k o n o m i S o s i a l .

7 0 EKI VOL. XXVIL NO. 1, MARCH 1979

Tentang Hukum Ekonomi Pembangunan dan Hukum Ekonomi Sosial

B e r d a s a r k a n h a s i l p e n e l i t i a n d i a t a s , m a k a H u k u m E k o n o m i I n d o n e s i a d a p a t d i b e d a k a n m e n j a d i :

a) . H u k u m E k o n o m i P e m b a n g u n a n , y a n g m e n y a n g k u t p e n g a t u r a n d a n p e m i ­k i r a n h u k u m m e n g e n a i s a r a n a d a n c a r a - c a r a p e n i n g k a t a n d a n p e n g e m b a n g a n k e h i d u p a n e k o n o m i I n d o n e s i a s e c a r a n a s i o n a l , d a n

b ) . H u k u m E k o n o m i S o s i a l , y a n g m e n y a n g k u t p e n g a t u r a n d a n p e m i k i r a n h u k u m m e n g e n a i s a r a n a d a n c a r a - c a r a p e m b a g i a n h a s i l p e m b a n g u n a n e k o ­n o m i n a s i o n a l i t u s e c a r a a d i l d a n m e r a t a , s e s u a i d e n g a n m a r t a b a t k e ­m a n u s i a a n ( h a k - h a k a z a s i m a n u s i a ) m a n u s i a I n d o n e s i a .

M a k a , s e p e r t i t e l a h t e r u n g k a p d a l a m p e n e l i t i a n H u k u m E k o n o m i d a n P e m b a n g u n a n , d a l a m H u k u m E k o n o m i P e m b a n g u n a n I n d o n e s i a p e r a n a n P e m e r i n t a h s e b a g a i u n s u r p e m b a h a r u d a n p e m b e r i a r a l i k e p a d a p e m b a n g u n a n e k o n o m i i t u l e b i h m e n o n j o l . S e d a n g d a l a m H u k u m E k o n o m i S o s i a l t e k a n a n -n y a a d a l a h p a d a p e m b a g i a n p e n d a p a t a n n a s i o n a l s e c a r a a d i l d a n m e r a t a s e r t a m e m e l i h a r a d a n m e n i n g k a t k a n m a r t a b a t k e m a n u s i a a n m a n u s i a I n d o n e s i a d a l a m r a n g k a p e m b a n g u n a n e k o n o m i i t u .

D e n g a n m e m p e r h a t i k a n k e d u a a s p e k p e m b a n g u n a n e k o n o m i k i t a , k i r a n y a u s a h a p e m b a n g u n a n e k o n o m i I n d o n e s i a a k a n b e r l a n g s u n g s e c a r a c h k u p s e i m b a n g , k a r e n a s e j a l a n d e n g a n m a k i n m e m b e s a m y a " k u e h " y a n g d a ­p a t d i b a g i , s e c a r a s i m u l t a n d i p e r b a t i k a n p u l a p e n g a d a a n s a r a n a - s a r a n a d a n c a r a - c a r a p e m b a g i a n " k u e h " y a n g s e m a k i n m e m b e s a r i t u s e c a r a a d i l d a n m e r a t a d i a n t a r a s e g e n a p l a p i s a n m a s y a r a k a t . A t a u d e n g a n l a i n p e r k a t a a n d i s a m p i n g o l e h h u k u m d i b e r i k a n t e m p a t y a n g w a j a r d a n l a y a k k e p a d a k e ­p e n t i n g a n u m u m d a n k e d u d u k a n P e m e r i n t a h s e b a g a i p e m b e r i a r a h d a n u n s u r p e m b a h a r u d a l a m p e m b a n g u n a n , n a m u n k e p e n t i n g a n - k e p e n t i n g a n m a n u s i a I n d o n e s i a s e b a g a i p e r s e o r a n g a n j u g a a k a n m e n d a p a t p e r l i n d u n g a n d a n b i m -b i n g a n y a n g s e p a t u t n y a , s e s u a i d e n g a n azas P e r i - K e m a n u s i a a n d a l a m P a n c a ­s i l a . K i r a n y a h a l i n i a d a l a h s e s u a i d e n g a n A z a s - a z a s P e m b a n g u n a n N a s i o n a l y a n g h a r u s m e n j a d i p e g a n g a n k i t a m e n u r u t B a b . 11 d i b a w a h C G a r i s - G a r i s B e s a r H a l u a n N e g a r a , y a n g m e n g a t a k a n b a h w a :

" A z a s P e r i k e h i d u p a n d a n K e s e i m b a n g a n i a l a h k e s e i m b a n g a n a n t a r a k e p e n ­t i n g a n - k e p e n t i n g a n , y a i t u k e p e n t i n g a n k e d u n i a a n d a n a k h i r a t , a n t a r a k e ­p e n t i n g a n m a t e r i a l d a n s p i r i t u a l , a n t a r a k e p e n t i n g a n j i w a d a n r a g a , a n t a r a k e p e n t i n g a n i n d i v i d u d a n m a s y a r a k a t , a n t a r a k e p e n t i n g a n p e r i k e h i d u p a n d a r a t , l a u t d a n u d a r a , s e r t a a n t a r a k e p e n t i n g a n n a s i o n a l d a n i n t e r n a s i o n a l . "

EKI VOL. XXVII, NO. 1, MARCH 1979 71

Pengertian Hukum Ekonomi Sosial dibandingkan dengan Sociaal-Economisch Recht dalam Hukum Belanda.

H u k u m E k o n o m i S o s i a l m e n y a n g k u t p e n g a t u r a n d a n p e m i k i r a n h u k u m m e ­n g e n a i s a r a n a d a n c a r a - c a r a p e m b a g i a n h a s i l p e m b a n g u n a n e k o n o m i n a s i o n a l s e c a r a a d i l d a n m e r a t a , s e s u a i d e n g a n m a r t a b a t k e m a n u s i a a n ( h a k - h a k a z a s i m a n u s i a ) m a n u s i a I n d o n e s i a .

D a l a m h u b u n g a n i n i i s t i l a h " s o s i a l " d i k a i t k a n d e n g a n h a k s e t i a p w a r g a -n e g a r a I n d o n e s i a a t a s k e h i d u p a n d a n p e k e r j a a n y a n g l a y a k , ^ s e b a g a i m a n a t e r c a n t u m d a l a m f a t s a l 2 7 a y a t 2 U n d a n g - u n d a n g D a s a r 1 9 4 5 .

M a k a i s t i l a h s o s i a l d i s i n i t i d a k d i p a k a i d a l a m a r t i y a n g l e b i h l u a s , se­p e r t i d a l a m p e n g e r t i a n " f u n g s i s o s i a l " , d i m a n a " s o s i a l " b e r a r t i " m e n g a b d i p a d a k e p e n t i n g a n u m u m " (het algemeen maatschappelijk belong dienende). * P a d a h a l d a l a m a r t i y a n g l u a s i n i l a h d i p a k a i k a t a " s o c i a a l " d a l a m p e n g e r t i a n " S o c i a a l - e c o n o m i s c h R e c h t " .

D e n g a n d e m i k i a n , a p a y a n g d i d a l a m s i s t i m H u k u m B e l a n d a d i m a k s u d -k a n d e n g a n " S o c i a a l - e c o n o m i s c h R e c h t " s e c a r a f a l s a f a h m a u p u n y u r i d i s b e r b e d a d e n g a n a p a y a n g d a l a m H u k u m I n d o n e s i a d i m a k s u d k a n d e n g a n H u k u m E k o n o m i S o s i a l .

S e b a b a p a y a n g d i j a d i k a n m a t e r i d a r i p a d a S o c i a a l E c o n o m i s c h R e c h t B e l a n d a d i g a m b a r k a n o l e h M u l d e r & D u k s e b a g a i b e r i k u t : ^

" H e t s t e l l e n v a n k w a l i t e i t s e i s e n , b e h e e r s i n g v a n h e t a a n b o d , h e t b e v o r d e r e n v a n e e n r e d e l i j k s t a b i e l p r i j s p e i l , d e v e r z o k e r i n g v a n w e r k g e l e g e n h e i d e n h e t a c t i v e r e n v a n c o n c u r r e n t i e , z i j n i n e e n " o n t w i k k e l d e " m a a t s c h a p p i j d e t e g e n p o l e n v a n d e " e c o n o m i s c h e b e d r i j v i g h e i d " v a n i n d i v i d u e n . Hetgeen zich efspeelt tussen deze polen beheerst het sociaal-economisch recht".

S e h i n g g a p e n g e r t i a n s o d a a l - e c o n o m i s c h r e c h t B e l a n d a s e c a r a p r i n s i p i l d i d a s a r k a n p a d a p e n g a k u a n a d a n y a d u a k u t u b y a n g b e r t e n t a n g a n s a t u s a m a l a i n , y a i t u p a d a s a t u f i h a k k e ^ t a n d a n k e p e n t i n g a n e k o n o m i p e r s e o r a n g a n (de economisch bedrijvigheid van i n d i v i d u e n / , ^ d a n k e g i a t a n e k o n o m i m a -

3 Bandingkan Mulder & R.A.A. Duk, op.cit. hal. 18, yang mengatakan bahwa : In de verbinding "sociaal recht" heeft het (begrip "sociaal") betrekking op de arbeidsver-houding of ruiser op het lecht betreffende het verrichten van arbeid; inbogrepen het sociaal verzekeringsrecht.

4 Mulder & Duk (loc.cit) mengatakan : "Sociaal heeft echter ook de bredere betekenis van het algemeen ma.atschappelijk belang dienende".

5 Mulder & van D'uk, op.cit. hal. 17.

6 loc.cit.

72 EKI VOL. xxvn, NO. 1. MARCH 1979

s y a r a k a t ( k h u s u s n y a P e m e r i n t a h ) d e m i p e n y e l e n g g a r a a n d a n p e n g a m a n a n k e p e n t i n g a n u m u m (economische handeUngen binnen een geheel van regels meet een sociaal k a r a k t e r j . '

P e r k e m b a n g a n E c o n o m i s c h R e c h t d i n e g e r i B e l a n d a s e p e r t i i n i d a p a t d i m e n g e r t i , k a r e n a d i s a n a , s e p e r t i h a l n y a d e n g a n k e a d a a n d i E r o p a h d a n A m e r i k a S e r i k a t , k e h i d u p a n d a n p e m b a n g u n a n e k o n o m i s e c a r a h i s t o r i s m e ­m a n g d i m u l a i d e n g a n d a n b e r t i t i k - t o l a k p a d a k e g i a t a n e k o n o m i p e r s e o r a n g a n ( i n g a t p a d a t e o r i A d a m S m i t h , y a n g m e n g a t a k a n , b a h w a a p a b i l a p e r s e o r a n g a n d i b i a r k a n m e m e n u h i k e p e n t i n g a n n y a s e n d i r i , m a k a s u a t u " i n v i s i b l e h a n d " a k a n m e n j a g a b a h w a k e p e n t i n g a n u m u m d e n g a n s e n d i r i n y a a k a n t e r s e l e n g -g a r a ) .

A k a n t e t a p i s e t e l a h t e m y a t a , b a h w a t e r u t a m a s e t e l a h t a h u n 1 9 3 0 - a n ( d e n g a n t e r j a d i n y a m a l a i s e d a n p e n g g a n g g u r a n ) t e o r i A d a m S m i t h i t u m e l e s e t s a m a s e k a l i , m a k a m u l a i l a h o r a n g m e m i k i r k a n k o n s e p b a m , y a n g k e m u d i a n d i k e n a l d e n g a n p e m i k i r a n N e g a r a K e s e j a h t e r a a n (Welvaartstaatj.

M e n u r u t t e o r i i n i , m a k a t i d a k b o l e h t i d a k N e g a r a ( d a n P e m e r i n t a h s e b a g a i a l a t N e g a r a ) p e r l u i k u t c a m p u r t a n g a n d a l a m k e h i d u p a n p e r e k o n o m i ­a n , a g a r s u p a y a d a p a t d i c e g a h k e a d a a n y a n g o l e h K a r l M a r x d i u r a i k a n d a l a m Verelendungs-theorienya, k a r e n a I ' e x p l o i t a t i o n de I ' h o m m e par I ' h o m m e .

I t u l a h s e b a b n y a , i m t u k m e n g i m b a n g i p e r a t u r a n - p e r a t u r a n d a n k e -b i a s a a n - k e b i a s a a n y a n g b e r d a s a r k a n p e m i k i r a n s i s t e m e k o n o m i y a n g k a p i t a h s -t i s i t u d i n e g e r i B e l a n d a , s e p e r t i d i l a i n - l a i n n e g a r a d i E r o p a h , d i b u t u b k a n k a i d a h - k a i d a h h u k u m y a n g l e b i h m e m e n t i n g k a n k e p e n t i n g a n u m u m ; d a n k a r e n a i t u k a i d a h - k a i d a h t e r s e b u t s e b e n a r n y a m e m p a k a n p e n g e c u a h a n -p e n g e c u a l i a n ( y a n g b e r s i f a t h u k u m p u b l i k ) t e r h a d a p azas-azas ( p e r d a t a ) d a n k a i d a h - k a i d a h H u k u m D a g a n g y a n g b e r l a k u h i n g g a s a a t i t u .

K e s e l u m h a n k a i d a h - k a i d a h h u k u m p u b l i k d i b i d a n g e k o n o m i i n i y a n g m e r u p a k a n p e n y i m p a n a n - p e n y i m p a n g a n d a r i p a d a k a i d a h - k a i d a h H u k u m D a g a n g y a n g k o n v e n s i o n i l ( d a n m e r u p a k a n k a i d a h - k a i d a h h u k u m p e r d a t a ) i t u l a h y a n g k i n i d i k e n a l s e b a g a i Sociaal Economisch Recht B e l a n d a .

Sejarah Perkembangan Hukum Ekonomi Indonesia

A p a b i l a p e r k e m b a n g a n S e j a r a h h u k u m y a n g m e n y a n g k u t H u k u m E k o n o m i i t u d i b a n d i n g k a n d e n g a n k e a d a a n d i I n d o n e s i a , p e r k e m b a n g a n h u k u m k i t a m e n u n j u k k a n t a n d a - t a n d a y a n g p e r k e m b a n g a n n y a t e r b a h k d e n g a n y a n g d i n e g e r i B e l a n d a .

S e b a b J i I n d o n e s i a h a n y a l a h o r a n g - o r a n g a s i n g s a j a , y a i t u g o l o n g a n E r o p a h , J e p a n g , d a n T i m u r A s i n g l a i n n y a , y a n g s e b e l u m K e m e r d e k a a n a k t i f

7 loccit.

EKI VOL. x x v n , NO. 1, MARCH 1979 73

d a l a m d u n i a p e r d a g a n g a n n a s i o n a l d a n i n t e r n a s i o n a l d a n k a r e n a i t u , d i t u n d u k -k a n p a d a k a i d a h - k a i d a h " H u k u m B a r a t " ( B . W . d a n W . v . K . ) . S e d a n g o r a n g B u m i p u t e r a I n d o n e s i a ( y a n g k i n i i s t i l a h n y a I n d o n e s i a a s l i a t a u P r i b u m i ) u n t u k s e b a g i a n b e s a r h a n y a b e r f u n g s i s e b a g a i p e t a n i , j a d i s e b a g a i p e n g h a s i l h a s i l b u m i s a j a . L a g i p u l a k e h i d u p a n p e r e k o n o m i a n b a n g s a I n d o n e s i a u n t u k s e b a g i a n b e s a r b e r l a n g s u n g d i p e d e s a a n , t e m p a t t i n g g a l 9 0 9? r a k y a t I n d o n e s i a . S e h i n g g a k e h i d u p a n p e r e k o n o m i a n I n d o n e s i a i t u b e r l a n g s u n g d i b a w a h H u ­k u m A d a t , y a n g d i k e t a h u i b e r s i f a t k o m u n a i . H a n y a d a l a m b e b e r a p a h a l y a n g t e r t e n t u , s e p e r t i d a l a m p e n g g u n a a n c e k d a n w e s e l d a n a p a b i l a d e n g a n c a r a p e n u n d u k a n s u k a r e l a u n t u k p e r b u a t a n b u k u m y a n g t e r t e n t u (vrijwillige onderwerping voor een bepaalde rcchtshandcling) s e k e l o m p o k o r a n g I n d o n e ­s i a h e n d a k m e n d i r i k a n s u a t u P e r s e r o a n T e r b a t a s , b a r u l a h H u k u m B a r a t m u l a i b e r l a k u b a g i o r a n g I n d o n e s i a .

S e t e l a h k e m e r d e k a a n , s e d i k i t d e m i s e d i k i t H u k u m B a r a t ( t e r u t a m a H u k u m D a g a n g ) m u l a i l e b i h b e r a r t i b a g i g o l o n g a n I n d o n e s i a a s l i , k a r e n a k i n i s e c a r a o t o m a t i s H u k u m D a g a n g d i a n g g a p b e r l a k u s e t i a p k a l i o r a n g I n d o n e s i a a s l i m e n g g u n a k a n s u a t u l e r n b a g a ( p r a n a t a ) h u k u m B a r a t / H u k u m D a g a n g . * T e r u t a m a s e t e l a h n a s i o n a l i s a s i p e r u s a h a a n - p e r u s a h a a n B e l a n d a m e n j a d i P e r ­u s a h a a n N e g a r a s e k i t a r t a h u n 1 9 5 8 , p e r e k o n o m i a n I n d o n e s i a l e b i h b a n y a k l a g i j a t u h k e t a n g a n o r a n g I n d o n e s i a a s l i , s e h i n g a H u k u m D a g a n g B a r a t ( W . v . K . d a n k a i d a h - k a i d a h h u k u m k e k a y a a n d a n p e r i k a t a n B a r a t d a l a m B . W . ) l e b i h l a g i d i r e s e p s i o l e h m a s y a r a k a t h u k u m I n d o n e s i a .

D e n g a n a d a n y a p e r t a m b a h a n p e r a t u r a n i m p o r - e k s p o r , d e v i s a , p e r b a n k ­a n , p e r k r e d i t a n d a n l a i n - l a i n , t e t a p i t e r u t a m a s e t e l a h d i u n d a n g k a n n y a U n ­d a n g - u n d a n g P e n a n a m a n M o d a l A s i n g N o . i T a h u n 1 9 6 7 , d a n U n d a n g -u n d a n g P e n a n a m a n M o d a l D a l a m N e g e r i N o . 6 T a l r u n 1 9 6 8 , m a k a d a p a t l a h d i k a t a k a n b a h w a P e m e r i n t a h I n d o n e s i a s e c a r a t e r b u k a t e l a h m e n g ­a k u i W . v . K . b e s e r t a k a i d a h - k a i d a h y a n g b e r s a n g k u t a n d a l a m B . W . ( t e r u t a m a h u k u m k e k a y a a n , k e c u a l i y a n g m e n y a n g k u t t a n a h ) , s e b a g a i h u k u m d a g a n g d a n h u k u m p e r d a t a y a n g j u g a b e r l a k u b a g i g o l o n g a n I n d o n e s i a a s l i .

T e n d e n s i i n i j u g a d a p a t d i k o n s t a t i r d a l a m yurisprudensi. k h u s u s n y a y a n g m e n y a n g k u t H u k u m K o n t r a k . ® S e h i n g g a d a l a m d u n i a p e r d a g a n g a n d a n p e r e k o n o m i a n d a p a t l a h d i k a t a k a n , b a h w a p a d a d a s a r n y a s e b e n a r n y a k i n i t e l a h t e r c a p a i u n i f i k a s i h u k u m u n t u k s e m u a g o l o n g a n p e n d u d u k , w a l a u ­p u n u n i f i k a s i h u k u m i n i m a s i h m e m e r l u k a n p e n y e m p u r n a a n y a n g c u k u p

8 Baca R.D. KoUewijn : "Enigc opmerkingcn over de Gelding van het Indonesische Wetboek van Koophandel na de Soiivereini teits-overdracht, dalam huku "Intcrgentiel Recht", W. van Hoeve, Bandung, 1955, hal. 230 dsl.

9 lihat Laporan Penelitian Lakultas Hukum UNPAD mengenai Hukum Kontrak, tahun 1976, penelitian mana disponsori oleh BPHN. Bandingkan pula Prof. R. Soehekti, S.H. : "Azas-azas Hukum Perikatan Nasional", pidato Dies Universitas Katholik Para-hyangan ke-XXl dalam Bulletin Khusus Dies Natalis UNPAR ke-XXl.

•m EKI VOL. x x v n , NO. l , M A R C H 1979

b a n y a k ( l i h a t D a f t a r P e r a t u r a n H u k u m E k o n o m i d a n P e m b a n g u n a n s e r t a D a f t a r P e r a t u r a n H u k u m E k o n o m i d a n S o s i a l ) .

D e n g a n d i l a n c a r k a n n y a R e p e l i t a 1 d a n I I , m a k a s e s u n g g u h n y a s t r u k t u r e k o n o m i I n d o n e s i a s u d a h m e r u p a k a n s u a t u Verwaltungswirtschaft, s e k a l i p u n b e l u m m e l a l u i f a se - fa se Geldwirtschaft d a n Kreditwirtschaft, s e p e r t i n e g a r a -n e g a r a m a j u d i E r o p a h . B u k t i a k a n s i f a t Verwaltungswirtschaft e k o n o m i I n d o n e s i a a d a l a h b e s a r n y a p e r a n a n P e m e r i n t a l i d a l a m p e r e k o n o m i a n I n d o ­n e s i a , b a i k s e b a g a i p e m b e r i a r a h d a l a m p e m b a n g u n a n e k o n o m i ( B a p p e n a s ) , m a u p u n s e b a g a i p e n g a t u r d a n p e m b e r i i z i n ( B K P M d a n l a i n - l a i n i n s t a n s i P e m e r i n t a h ) , modernizing agent a t a u p u n p e l a k s a n a y a n g i k u t s e r t a d a l a m k e ­h i d u p a n e k o n o m i s e b a g a i p e r u s a h a a n a t a u p e n g u s a h a " s w a s t a " ( P e r u s a h a a n N e g a r a , t e r u t a m a P e r u m d a n P e r s e r o , y a n g b a h k a n d a p a t m e m b e n t u k Joint Venture d e n g a n p e n a n a m a n m o d a l a s i n g ) . J u g a p e r a n a n B a n k - b a n k P e m e r i n ­t a h y a n g d o m i n a n s e b a g a i p e m i l i k d a n p e n y a l u r k r e d i t d a n k e u a n g a n u n t u k k e b u t u h a n p e r e k o n o m i a n n a s i o n a l , m e n u n j u k k e a r a h b e r l a k u n y a s i s t e m Verwaltungswirtschaft i t u .

S e c a r a h u k u m , d a s a r d a r i p a d a s i s t e m Verwaltungswirtschaft i t u d a p a t p u l a d i l i h a t d a r i f a t s a l 3 3 U n d a n g - u n d a n g D a s a r 1 9 4 5 , y a n g m e r u p a k a n l a n ­d a s a n y a n g p e n t i n g d a r i p a d a H u k u m E k o n o m i I n d o n e s i a .

D e n g a n u s a h a - u s a h a P e m e r i n t a h u n t u k k i n i l e b i h m e m b e r i k a n p e n g e r t i ­a n p a d a p e r a t a a n h a s i l p e r e k o n o m i a n n a s i o n a l ( G N P ) , y a n g t e r c e r m i n d a l a m u s a h a - u s a h a p e m b i n a a n p e n g u s a h a l e m a h ( b a c a " p r i b u m i " ) , p e n g a d a a n s a r a n a d a n a s u r a n s i k e s e h a t a n , p e n y e m p u r n a a n p e r k r e d i t a n u n t u k g o l o n g a n e k o ­n o m i l e m a l i , p e n y e m p u m a a n u s a h a t r a n s m i g r a s i , p e n d i d i k a n n o n - f o r m a l , p e n g a d a a n U n d a n g - u n d a n g P e r b u r u h a n , p e n y e m p u r n a a n a d m i n i s t r a s i p e m ­b a y a r a n u a n g p e n s i u n , p e n i n g k a t a n p e r h a t i a n p a d a o r a n g - o r a n g c a c a d , d a n s e b a g a i n y a m a k a t e r n y a t a b a b w a d a l a m R e p e l i t a k e - 1 1 t e l a h a d a t e n d e n s i u n t u k m e m b e r i k a n p e r h a t i a n y a n g l e h i h b a n y a k k e p a d a k e p e n t i n g a n - k e p e n ­t i n g a n ( p e n i n g k a t a n k e s e j a h t e r a a n ) m a n u s i a d a n w a r g a n e g a r a I n d o n e s i a s e b a g a i p e r s e o r a n g a n .

S e h i n g g a d a p a t d i k a t a k a n , b a h w a s e s u d a h p e m h e r i a n t e k a n a n p a d a u s a h a - u s a h a p e m b a n g u n a n m a s y a r a k a t d a n s t r u k t u r p e r e k o n o m i a n s e c a r a k e ­s e l u r u h a n d a l a m R e p e l i t a I , m a k a d a l a m R e p e l i t a 11 t e l a h p u l a p e r h a t i a n d a n t e k a n a n k e b i j a k s a n a a n P e m e r i n t a h d i l e t a k k a n p a d a u s a h a - u s a h a p e n i n g ­k a t a n k e s e j a h t e r a a n p e r s e o r a n g a n w a r g a - n e g a r a I n d o n e s i a .

A t a s d a s a r i t u l a h H u k u m E k o n o m i I n d o n e s i a d a p a t d i b e d a k a n d a l a m d u a a s p e k , y a n g s e b e n a r n y a s a t u s a m a l a i n s a l i n g b e r k a i t a n , y a i t u :

H u k u m E k o n o m i P e m b a n g u n a n , y a n g m e n y a n g k u t p e n g a t u r a n d a n p e m i ­k i r a n h u k u m m e n g e n a i s a r a n a d a n c a r a - c a r a p e n i n g k a t a n d a n p e n g e m b a n g a n k e h i d u p a n e k o n o m i I n d o n e s i a s e c a r a n a s i o n a l d a n m e n y e l u r u h , d a n

H u k u m E k o n o m i Sosial, y a n g b e r d a s a r k a n P a n c a s i l a ( S i l a P e r i - K e m a -

EKI VOL. XXVII, NO. 1, MARCH 1979 75

n u s i a a n ) d a n f a t s a l 2 7 a y a t 2 U n d a n g - u n d a n g D a s a r 1 9 4 5 d a n m e n y a n g k u t p e n g a t u r a n d a n p e m i k i r a n h u k u m m e n g e n a i s a r a n a d a n c a r a - c a r a p e n i n g k a t a n k e s e j a h t e r a a n m a n u s i a / w a r g a n e g a r a I n d o n e s i a , s e s u a i d e n g a n m a r t a b a t k e m a n u s i a a n n y a .

D e n g a n d e m i k i a n d i h a r a p k a n t e r c i p t a n y a k e s e i m b a n g a n s e b a g a i m a n a d i h a r u s k a n o l e h G B H N ( A z a s - a z a s P e m b a n g u n a n N a s i o n a l ) a n t a r a k e p e n -t i g a n m a s y a r a k a t d a n n e g a r a d i s a t u f i h a k s e r t a k e p e n t i n g a n m a n u s i a I n d o n e ­s i a , y a n g s e s u a i b e r d a s a r k a n f a l s a f a h P a n c a s i l a b e r h a k a t a s k e h i d u p a n y a n g l a y a k , d i l a i n fihak.

M a k a a p a b i l a N e g e r i B e l a n d a ( d a n l a i n - l a i n N e g a r a E r o p a h B a r a t ) m e ­n u n j u k k a n p e r k e m b a n g a n s o s i a l i s a s i d a l a m h u k u m n y a , y a n g a n t a r a l a i n m e -n y e b a b k a n t i m b u l n y a b i d a n g Sociaal-economisch Recht, m a k a d i I n d o n e s i a d a p a t d i t u n j u k k a n a d a n y a p e m i k i r a n k e a r a h i n d i v i d u a l i s a s i ; s e k a h p u n i n i se-k a l i - k a l i t i d a k b e r a r t i , b a h w a h u k u m I n d o n e s i a m e n g a r a h k e s i s t i m i n d i v i -d u a l i s m e / k a p i t a U s m e . J u s t r u s e b a l i k n y a , j i k a k a i d a h - k a i d a h H u k u m E k o n o m i S o s i a l i t u p a d a s a t u f i h a k p e r l u m e n c e g a h a g a r e k o n o m i I n d o n e s i a y a n g s u d a h m e r u p a k a n s i s t e m Verwaltungswirtschaft j a n g a n m e n j u m s m e n j a d i s i s t e m e k o n o m i t o t a l i t e r , m a k a p a d a l a i n fihak i a j u g a h a r u s m a m p u m e n c e g a h a g a r s u p a y a p r o s e s i n d i v i d u a l i s a s i d a l a m k e h i d u p a n e k o n o m i I n d o n e s i a i t u t i d a k m e n y e l e w e n g m e n j a d i s i s t e m y a n g i n d i v i d u a l i s t i s / k a p i t a l i s t i s .

K i r a n y a u s a h a m e n c a r i k e s e i m b a n g a n a n t a r a k e p e n t i n g a n u m u m d a n k e p e n t i n g a n p e r s e o r a n g a n m e r u p a k a n s u a t u c i r i d a n azas y a n g k h a s d a r i p a d a s i s t e m h u k u m y a n g b e r j i w a P a n c a s i l a .

M e n g i n g a t d a s a r p e m i k i r a n d i a t a s , m a k a d a p a t l a h d i k a t a k a n b a h w a m a t e r i H u k u m E k o n o m i P e m b a n g u n a n ( a k a n ) m e n c a k u p k a i d a h - k a i d a h y a n g m e n y a n g k u t u s a h a - u s a h a p e n i n g k a t a n d a n p e n g e m b a n g a n b i d a n g - b i d a n g e k o n o m i , p e r d a g a n g a n d a n k e u a n g a n , d i m a n a P e m e r i n t a h m e m a i n k a n p e r a n ­a n y a n g p e n t i n g s e b a g a i p e n g a r a h , p e n g a t u r d a n " m o d e r n i z i n g a g e n t " ( l i h a t D a f t a r P e r a t u r a n d a n L a p o r a n P r o y e k P e n e l i t i a n H u k u m E k o n o m i d a n P e m ­b a n g u n a n ) . S e d a n g H u k u m E k o n o m i S o s i a l ( a k a n ) m e m u a t k a i d a h - I a i d a h y a n g m e n y a n g k u t u s a h a - u s a h a p e n i n g k a t a n k e m a m p u a n e k o n o m i d a n k e ­s e j a h t e r a a n w a r g a n e g a r a I n d o n e s i a s e b a g a i p e r s e o r a n g a n ( l i h a t D a f t a r P e r ­a t u r a n d a n L a p o r a n P r o y e k P e n e l i t i a n H u k u m E k o n o m i d a n S o s i a l ) .

Hubungan antara Hukum Ekonomi Pembangunan dan Hukum Ekonomi Sosial

D e n g a n l a i n p e r k a t a a n ; H u k u m E k o n o m i P e m b a n g u n a n I n d o n e s i a m e n y a n g ­k u t p e m i k i r a n h u k u m d a n k a i d a h - k a i d a h h u k u m d a l a m s i s t e m E k o n o m i I n d o ­n e s i a y a n g t e r a r a h ( V e r w a l t u n g s w i r t s c h a f t ) , s e d a n g k a n H u k u m E k o n o m i S o s i a l I n d o n e s i a m e n y a n g k u t p e m i k i r a n h u k u m d a n k a i d a h - k a i d a h h u k u m

76 EKI VOL. x x v n NO. 1, MARCH 1979

y a n g m e m i k i r k a n b a g a i m a n a k i t a d a p a t m e n i n g k a t k a n k e s e j a h t e r a a n w a r g a -n e g a r a I n d o n e s i a s e b a g a i p e r s e o r a n g a n , d a n t e t a p m e m e l i h a r a h a r k a t d a n m a r t a b a t k e m a n u s i a a n m a n u s i a I n d o n e s i a s e r t a t e t a p m e n j u n j u n g t i n g g i h a k -h a k h i d u p y a n g s a m a d a r i p a d a fihak y a n g l e m a h d a l a m s i s t e m e k o n o m i I n d o ­n e s i a y a n g t e r a r a h i t u .

K a r e n a t u j u a n k i t a a d a l a h s u a t u m a s y a r a k a t I n d o n e s i a y a n g b e r - P a n c a -s i l a , y a n g s e n a n t i a s a ( w a j i b ) m e m e l i h a r a k e s e i m b a n g a n a n t a r a k e p e n t i n g a n m a s y a r a k a t s e b a g a i k e s e l u r u h a n d a n k e p e n t i n g a n m a n u s i a s e b a g a i p e r o r a n g a n , m a k a d a l a m s e t i a p k a i d a h H u k u m E k o n o m i I n d o n e s i a a k a n t e r p a u t seg i - seg i H u k u m E k o n o m i S o s i a l d e n g a n seg i - seg i H u k u m E k o n o m i P e m b a n g u n a n i t u . M u n g k i n s a j a d i d a l a m b i d a n g y a n g s a t u ( m i s a l n y a m e n g e n a i b a n t u a n l u a r n e g e r i ) t e r d a p a t l e b i h b a n y a k seg i H u k u m E k o n o m i P e m b a n g u n a n d a r i p a d a segi H u k u m E k o n o m i S o s i a l . S e d a n g d i l a i n b i d a n g , m i s a l n y a m e n g e n a i j a m i n a n h a r i t u a a t a u y a t i m p i a t u , t e r d a p a t l e b i h b a n y a k s e g i H u k u m E k o ­n o m i S o s i a l d a r i p a d a seg i - seg i H u k u m E k o n o m i P e m b a n g u n a n . N a m u n d e m i k i a n , d i s e m u a b i d a n g H u k u m E k o n o m i , t a n p a k e c u a l i , k e d u a s e g i H u ­k u m E k o n o m i i t u a k a n s a l i n g b e r k a i t a n d a n m a s i n g - m a s i n g t i d a k b o l e h d i -a b a i k a n , d e m i t e r w u j u d n y a s u a t u m a s y a r a k a t d a n s i s t e m E k o n o m i I n d o n e s i a y a n g b e r - P a n c a s i l a , y a n g i n g i n t e t a p m e m e l i h a r a k e s e i m b a n g a n y a n g w a j a r a n t a r a k e p e n t i n g a n m a n u s i a p e r s e o r a n g a n d e n g a n k e p e n t i n g a n m a s y a r a k a t s e b a g a i s a t u k e s e l u r u h a n .

S e h u b u n g a n d e n g a n i t u azas k e s e i m b a n g a n , a z a s a d i l d a n m e r a t a , a z a s d e m o k r a s i , azas u s a h a b e r s a m a d a n k e k e l u a r g a a n s e r t a azas m a n f a a t d e m i p e n g e m b a n g a n p r i b a d i w a r g a - n e g a r a , s e b a g a i m a n a m e n u r u t G B H N . h a r u s m e n j a d i p e g a g a n g a n s e m u a f i h a k y a n g t e r l i h a t d a l a m P e m b a n g u n a n N a s i o n a l , t e r m a s u k p e m b a n g u n a n e k o n o m i n a s i o n a l d a n p e n g e m b a n g a n s i s t e m H u k u m E k o n o m i ( N a s i o n a l ) I n d o n e s i a , m a k a s a y a k u r a n g s e p e n d a p a t d e n g a n f a h a m D a o e d J o e s o e f y a n g m e n g a t a k a n , bahwa: '° . ,

" H u k u m e k o n o m i , d a l a m b e n t u k p e r a t u r a n d a n k e t e n t u a n u m u m , m e n c e r m i n k a n k o n f r o n t a s i a n t a r a p e m e r i n t a h ( p e n g u a s a , l e g i s l a t i f , y u d i k a t i f a t a u p u n e k s e k u t i f ) , d e n g a n k e s e l u r u h a n k e p u t u s a n -k e p u t u s a n s w a s t a b a i k d a l a m d a n l u a r n e g e r i ( e k o n o m i d u n i a ) y a n g m e n g g e r a k k a n e k o n o m i p a s a r " .

S e b a b p e n g e r t i a n t e n t a n g H u k u m E k o n o m i s e b a g a i m a n a d i b e r i k a n o l e h D a o e d J o e s o e f m e r u p a k a n c i r i k h a s d a r i p a d a H u k u m E k o n o m i d i n e g a r a -n e g a r a y a n g m a j u , s e b a g a i m a n a d i j e l a s k a n d i a t a s . H a l i n i d i s e b a b k a n o l e h k a r e n a d i n e g a r a - n e g a r a y a n g t e l a h m a j u p e r k e m b a n g a n e k o n o m i n a s i o n a l b e r t i t i k - t o l a k d a n d i d a s a r k a n p a d a k e b e b a s a n b e r t i n d a k y a n g s e l u a s - l u a s n y a

10 Daoed Joesoef : Pengaruh lernbaga dan kehidupan ekonomi terhadap tertib hukum, kertas kerja untuk diskusi tentang "Hukum dan Masyarakat", yang diselenggarakan oleh L I P I pada tanggal 20 - 21 Agustus 1976 di Jakarta hal. 8.

EKI VOL. XXVII, NO. 1. MARCH 1979 77

d a r i p a d a p a r a p e n g u s a h a ( f i h a k s w a s t a ) , y a n g ( d e m i k e a d i l a n s o s i a l d a n k e ­p e n t i n g a n u m u m ) m e n g a l a m i p e m b a t a s a n - p e m b a t a s a n y a n g d i a d a k a n o l e h P e n g u a s a a t a u p e m e r i n t a h . S e b a b i t u l a h d i n e g a r a - n e g a r a m a j u , H u k u m E k o ­n o m i m e n c e r m i n k a n k o n f r o n t a s i a n t a r a p e m e r i n t a h d e n g a n s w a s t a .

A k a n t e t a p i b a g i I n d o n e s i a , d a n k h u s u s n y a b a g i o r a n g - o r a n g I n d o n e s i a a s l i y a n g t i d a k p e m a h m e n g e n a i s u a t u s i s t e m e k o n o m i y a n g m e m b e r i k e ­b e b a s a n y a n g s e b e s a r - b e s a m y a k e p a d a p e r s e o r a n g a n , g a m b a r a n y a n g d i b e r i ­k a n o l e h D a o e d J o e s o e f i t u k u r a n g t e p a t . S e b a b s e m e n j a k p e r m u l a a n K e m e r ­d e k a a n k i t a , s e b a g a i a k i b a t d a r i P a n c a s i l a d a n f a t s a l 3 3 U U D 1 9 4 5 p e r e k o ­n o m i a n n a s i o n a l k i t a d i a r a h k a n o l e h P e m e r i n t a h , s e h i n g g a k e b e b a s a n b e r t i n ­d a k d a r i p a d a fihak s w a s t a l e b i h m e r u p a k a n p e n g e c u a l i a n (uitzonderingj d a r i p a d a k e a d a a n y a n g u m u m (de regel).

S e b a b i t u , a p a b i l a b a g j n e g a r a - n e g a r a y a n g e k o n o m i n y a t e l a h m a j u k e a d i l a n s o s i a l h e n d a k d i c i p t a k a n d e n g a n m e m b a t a s i k e b e b a s a n d a n h a k - h a k a z a s i m a n u s i a , d i I n d o n e s i a u n t u k m e n c a p a i k e a d i l a n s o s i a l d a n k e s e i m b a n g a n a n t a r a k e p e n t i n g a n u m u m d a n k e p e n t i n g a n p e r s e o r a n g a n , k i t a l ^ r u s l e b i h m e m p e r h a t i k a n a p a y a n g d i w a j i b k a n o l e h f a t s a l 2 7 a y a t 2 U U D , y a i t u f a t s a l y a n g m e n y a t a k a n , b a h w a p a d a t a r a f t e r a k h i r s e m u a p e m b a n g u n a n i t u d i l a k u ­k a n aga r s u p a y a t i a p - t i a p w a r g a n e g a r a a k a n m e n d a p a t p e k e r j a a n d a n p e n g -h i d u p a n y a n g l a y a k s e s u a i d e n g a n m a r t a b a t k e m a n u s i a a n n y a . D e n g a n l a i n p e r ­k a t a a n , u n t u k m e n c a p a i a p a y a n g d i c i t a - c i t a k a n o l e h U U D 1 9 4 5 , k h u s u s n y a s e b a g a i m a n a d i k e m u k a k a n o l e h P e m b u k a a n n y a , m a k a H u k u m E k o n o m i I n d o n e s i a h a r u s s e l a l u m e m e l i h a r a d a n m e n j a m i n k e s e i m b a n g a n a n t a r a k e ­p e n t i n g a n u m u m d a n k e p e n t i n g a n p e r s e o r a n g a n , s e h i n g g a s e t i a p k a i d a h h u ­k u m e k o n o m i , a p a k a h i a b e r a s a l d a r i p e n g u a s a , a t a u k a h i a m e r u p a k a n s u a t u k e p u t u s a n fihak s w a s t a , h a r u s d a n w a j i b m e n c e r m i n k a n k e s e i m b a n g a n a n t a r a k e p e n t i n g a n p e r s e o r a n g a n d a n k e p e n t i n g a n u m u m i t u . I n i l a h k i r a n y a s i f a t h a k i k i y a n g m e m b e d a k a n H u k u m E k o n o m i I n d o n e s i a d a r i H u k u m E k o n o m i N e g a r a - n e g a r a m a j u .

• . t • . '

Hubungan antara Hukum Ekonomi Indonesia dan Hukum Dagang

M e n j a d i p e r t a n y a a n s e k a r a n g , b a g a i m a n a h u b u n g a n a n t a r a H u k u m E k o n o m i I n d o n e s i a d e n g a n H u k u m D a g a n g I n d o n e s i a .

D i k e t a h u i , b a h w a H u k u m D a g a n g I n d o n e s i a b e r k a i t a n e r a t d e n g a n d i ­u n d a n g k a n n y a K i t a b U n d a n g - u n d a n g H u k u m D a g a n g (Wetboek van Koop­h a n d e l ) I n d o n e s a p a d a t a h u n 1 8 4 8 .

K a r e n a K U H D i n i u n t u k s e b a g i a n b e s a r m e r u p a k a n t e r j e m a h a n W e t b o e k v a n K o o p h a n d e l B e l a n d a t a h u n 1 8 3 8 , m a k a l a n d a s a n K U H D k i t a , d a n k a r e n a n y a j u g a H u k u m D a g a n g I n d o n e s i a , a d a l a h p e m i k i r a n e k o n o m i

78 EKI VOL. x x v n NO. 1, MARCH 1979

l i b e r a l y a n g m a s i h b e r l a k u p a d a t a l i u n 1 8 4 8 i t u . B a l r k a n l a n d a s a n p e m i k i r a n i t u m a s i h m e r u p a k a n p e m i k h a n - p e m i k i r a n e k o n o m i l i b e r a l y a n g b e l u m d i ­p e n g a r u h i o l e h a l i r a n - a l i r a n p e m i k i r a n s o s i a l i s a s i , y a n g b a r u t i m b u l p a d a a k h i r a b a d k e - 1 9 , p e r m u l a a n a b a d k e - 2 0 .

K a r e n a i t u k a i d a h - k a i d a h H u k u m D a g a n g m e r u p a k a n b a g i a n d a r i p a d a s u a t u s i s t e m e k o n o m i y a n g l i b e r a l , s e h i n g g a t i d a k c o c o k d e n g a n d a s a r - d a s a r p e m i k i r a n y a n g l e b i h s o s i a l i s t i s , s e p e r t i m i s a l n y a m a s y a r a k a t I n d o n e s i a , b a i k y a n g a d a s e k a r a n g , m a u p u n m a s y a r a k a t I n d o n e s i a y a n g k i t a c i t a - c i t a k a n .

M a n f a a t d a n a r t i d a r i p a d a H u k u m D a g a n g I n d o n e s i a a d a l a h , b a h w a i a m e n u n j u k k a n a p a y a n g m e n j a d i l a t a r b e l a k a n g d a n s e j a r a h h u k u m d a r i p a d a H u k u m E k o n o m i I n d o n e s i a y a n g p o s i t i f b e r l a k u s e k a r a n g i n i . D i s a m p i n g i t u i a p u n m e m b e r i k a n t e o r i - t e o r i d a n p e n g e r t i a n - p e n g e r t i a n d a s a r y a n g d i p e r l u ­k a n u n t u k d a p a t m e m p e l a j a r i H u k u m E k o n o m i I n d o n e s i a , s e p e r t i p e n g e r t i a n m e n g e n a i c e k , b i l l o f l a d i n g , p e r a n a n p e r b a n k a n , l e t t e r o f c r e d i t , p e r u s a h a a n t e r b a t a s , m a k e l a r , e k s p e d i t u r , d a n s e b a g a i n y a . A k a n t e t a p i H u k u m D a g a n g h a n y a m e n j e l a s k a n p r a n a t a - p r a n a t a h u k u m s e b a g a i m a n a p e n g a t u r a n n y a d i m a s a y a n g l a l u , y a i t u p e n g a t u r a n h u k u m d i d a l a m s u a s a n a k o l o n i a l d e n g a n s i s t e m e k o n o m i y a n g ( r e l a t i f ) m a s i h b e b a s d a n b e l u m t e r a r a h .

H u k u m D a g a n g t i d a k d a p a t m e n e r a n g k a n , m i s a l n y a m e n g a p a s e s e o r a n g p e r l u m e n d a p a t k a n i j i n d a r i P r e s i d e n l e w a t B a d a n K o o r d i n a s i P e n a n a m a n M o d a l a p a b i l a i a i n g i n m e n a n a m k a n m o d a l n y a b e r s a m a - s a m a d e n g a n o r a n g a t a u p e r u s a h a a n a s i n g . H u k u m D a g a n g j u g a t i d a k d a p a t m e n e r a n g k a n m e n g ­a p a s e o r a n g u s a h a w a n m e m e r l u k a n i j i n d a r i B a n k I n d o n e s i a , a p a b i l a i a h e n d a k m e m i n j a m d a n a d a r i p e n g u s a h a l a i n d i l u a r n e g e r i . A t a u m e n g a p a s e o r a n g p e n g u s a h a I n d o n e s i a h a r u s m e n g h u b u n g i B a n k P e m b a n g u n a n I n d o n e s i a a p a b i l a i a h e n d a k m e n d a p a t k a n k r e d i t i n v e s t a s i . J u g a t i d a k d a p a t d i t e r a n g k a n o l e h H u k u m D a g a n g m e n g a p a a d a p e r b e d a a n p e r a t u r a n a n t a r a K r e d i t I n v e s t a s i K e c i l , k r e d i t B i m a s d a n / a t a u C a n d a k - K u l a k . A t a u a p a f u n g s i A s k r i n d o , P . T . B a h a n a , D a n a r e k s a , d a n s e b a g a i n y a . H u k u m D a g a n g p u n t i d a k d a p a t m e m ­b e r i j a w a b a n t e r h a d a p p e r t a n y a a n b a g a i m a n a p e r j a n j i a n - p e r j a n j i a n i m p o r -e k s p o r d i a t u r , a t a u m e n g a p a s e o r a n g i m p o r t i r h a r u s m e m i l i k i s u r a t t a n d a p e n g e n a l i m p o r t i r . S e b a b m a s a l a h - m a s a l a h t e r s e b u t d i a t a s t e r m a s u k p e r k e m ­b a n g a n s t r u k t u r e k o n o m i I n d o n e s i a , y a n g u n t u k s e b a g i a n b e s a r b e r d a s a r k a n p a d a f a t s a l 3 3 U U D 1 9 4 5 , y a n g m e m b a w a s i s t e m e k o n o m i I n d o n e s i a k e ­p a d a s u a t u s i s t e m , y a n g l e b i h m e m p e r l i h a t k a n c i r i - c i r i s u a t u Verwaltungswirt­schaft d a r i p a d a s u a t u s i s t e m e k o n o m i b e b a s , s e b a g a i m a n a m e n j a d i t i t i k - t o l a k p e m i k i r a n K U H D .

K e s i m p u l a n y a n g d a p a t d i t a r i k d a r i u r a i a n d i a t a s a d a l a h , b a h w a :

1 . M a s a l a h - m a s a l a h e k o n o m i I n d o n e s i a m a s a k i n i t i d a k l a g i d a p a t d i t e r a n g ­k a n d a n d i k e m b a n g k a n p e n g a t u r a n h u k u m n y a o l e h H u k u m D a g a n g I n d o ­n e s i a , k a r e n a l a n d a s a n p e m i k i r a n H u k u m D a g a n g s a m a s e k a l i b e r b e d a .

EKI VOU XXVII, NO. 1, MARCH 1979 79

k a l a u t i d a k d i k a t a k a n b e r t e n t a n g a n d e n g a n U U D 1 9 4 5 ( k h u s u s n y a M u k a d i -m a h d a n f a t s a l 3 3 U U D ) d a n k e n y a t a a n h i d u p e k o n o m i y a n g t e l a h b e r ­k e m b a n g d i I n d o n e s i a h i n g g a s a a t i n i ;

2 . K a r e n a i t u m a k a k e d u d u k a n H u k u m D a g a n g t e r h a d a p H u k u m E k o n o m i I n d o n e s i a a d a l a h s e b a g a i b i d a n g y a n g :

a ) m e n e r a n g k a n s e j a r a h h u k u m d a n p e r k e m b a n g a n H u k u m E k o n o m i I n d o n e s i a ;

b ) m e n e r a n g k a n p e n g e r t i a n - p e n g e r t i a n d a s a r y a n g d i g u n a k a n d i d a l a m H u k u m E k o n o m i I n d o n e s i a , t e t a p i y a n g d i d a l a m H u k u m E k o n o m i I n d o n e s i a t e l a h d i b e r i f u n g s i y a n g b e r b e d a , s e h i n g g a t e r j a d i a p a y a n g o l e h J e l l i n e c k d i n a m a k a n " Z w e c k w a n d e l " ;

3 . B e r h u b u n g d e n g a n i t u p e n g a j a r a n H u k u m D a g a n g d i d a l a m f a k u l t a s -f a k u l t a s H u k u m m a s i h t e t a p d i p e r l u k a n d i s a m p i n g H u k u m E k o n o m i se­b a g a i S e j a r a h H u k u m E k o n o m i I n d o n e s i a d a n s e b a g a i P e n g a t u r H u k u m E k o n o m i I n d o n e s i a . T e t a p i t i d a k l a g i s e b a g a i b i d a n g y a n g m e m b e r i k a n j a w a b a n - j a w a b a n y a n g k o n k r i t t e r h a d a p m a s a l a h - m a s a l a h e k o n o m i , b a i k y a n g m a k r o m a u p u n y a n g m i k r o , y a n g k i t a h a d a p i d e w a s a i n i d a n d i m a s a d a t a n g . J a w a b a n - j a w a b a n h u k u m t e r h a d a p m a s a l a h - m a s a l a h e k o n o m i I n d o ­n e s i a u B s a k i n i d a n d i m a s a d e p a n i t u l a h y a n g m e r u p a k a n o b y e k d a r i p a d a b i d a n g H u k u m E k o n o m i I n d o n e s i a .

4 . K a r e n a f u n g s i H u k u m D a g a n g k i n i s u d a h b e r u b a h m e n j a d i S e j a r a h H u k u m E k o n o m i I n d o n e s i a d a n P e n g a n t a r H u k u m E k o n o m i I n d o n e s i a , m a k a i s i m a t a k u i i a h H u k u m D a g a n g i t u p e r l u d i s e s u a i k a n d e n g a n f u n g s i n y a y a n g b a r u i t u , k h u s u s n y a b a h w a m a t a k u i i a h H u k u m D a g a n g m e m p e r s i a p k a n d a n m e m b e r i k a n p e n g e t a h u a n d a s a r k e p a d a p a r a m a h a s i s w a , a g a r s u p a y a l e b i h m u d a h d a p a t m e n g i k u t i m a t a k u U a h H u k u m E k o n o m i .

5 . K a l a u m e t o d e p e n e l i t i a n d a n p e n y a j i a n m a t a k u i i a h H u k u m D a g a n g m a s i h b e r s i f a t p e r d a t a m u m i , m a k a H u k u m E k o n o m i I n d o n e s i a t e l a h m e ­m e r l u k a n m e t o d e p e n e l i t i a n d a n p e n y a j i a n y a n g i n t e r d i s i p l i n e r , m u l t i d i s i p U -n e r d a n t r a n s n a s i o n a l .

I n t e r d i s i p l i n e r k a r e n a H u k u m E k o n o m i I n d o n e s i a t i d a k h a n y a b e r s i f a t h u ­k u m p e r d a t a , t e t a p i j u g a b e r k a i t a n e r a t d e n g a n H u k u m A d m i n i s t r a s i N e g a r a , H u k u m A n t a r - W e w e n a n g , H u k u m K d a n a d a n b a h k a n j u g a t i d a k d a p a t m e n g ­a b a i k a n H u k u m P u b l i k I n t e m a s i o n a l d a n H u k u m P e r d a t a I n t e m a s i o n a l ;

E H VOL. xxvn, NO. 1, MARCH 1979

M u l t i d i s i p l i n e r k a r e n a H u k u m E k o n o m i I n d o n e s i a m e m e r l u k a n l a n d a s a n p e m i k i r a n d a r i b i d a n g - b i d a n g n o n - h u k u m , s e p e r t i F a l s a f a h , b i d a n g E k o n o m i , b i d a n g S o s i o l o g i , b i d a n g A d m i n i s t r a s i P e m b a n g u n a n , I l m u W i l a y a h , I l m u L i n g k u n g a n d a n b a h k a n j u g a d a r i F u t u r o l o g i .

Transnasional o l e h k a r e n a H u k u m E k o n o m i I n d o n e s i a t i d a k l a g i d a p a t d i ­t i n j a u d a n d i b e n t u k s e c a r a i n t e r n n a s i o n a l s e p e r t i H u k u m D a g a n g , a k a n t e t a p i m e m e r l u k a n p e n d e k a t a n t r a n s n a s i o n a l , y a n g m e m a n d a n g k e j a d i a n -k e j a d i a n d a n p e r i s t i w a - p e r i s t i w a y a n g t e r j a d i d i d a l a m n e g e r i d a l a m k a i t a n ­n y a d e n g a n p e r i s t i w a d a n p e r k e m b a n g a n y a n g t e r j a d i d i l u a r n e g e r i d a n d i d u n i a i n t e m a s i o n a l .

S e h i n g g a H u k u m E k o n o m i I n d o n e s i a t i d a k d a p a t m e n y e l e s a i k a n p e r i s t i w a -p e r i s t i w a e k o n o m i I n d o n e s i a d e n g a n m e n g g u n a k a n k a i d a h - k a i d a h h u k u m i n t e r n n a s i o n a l sa ja ( s e p e r t i h a l n y a d a l a m H u k u m D a g a n g , a k a n t e t a p i s e l a l u p e r l u m e m p e r h a t i k a n d a n m e m p e r t i m b a n g k a n p e n g a r u h - p e n g a r u h d a r i p a d a p e r i s t i w a e k o n o m i i n t e r n a s i o n a l d i s a t u f i h a k d a n H u k u m E k o n o m i I n t e r ­n a s i o n a l , — k h u s u s n y a p e r j a n j i a n - p e r j a n j i a n e k o n o m i d e n g a n l u a r n e g e r i d i l a i n f i h a k .

P e n g g u n a a n k a i d a h - k a i d a h H u k u m P u b l i k I n t e m a s i o n a l , H u k u m P e r d a t a I n t e m a s i o n a l d a n k a i d a h - k a i d a h p e r d a t a m a u p u n p u b l i k i n t e m a s i o n a l i t u s e c a r a i n t e g r a l ( t e r p a d u ) , m e n g h a s i l k a n p e n d e k a t a n b a r u y a n g d i k e n a l d e n g a n n a m a p e n d e k a t a n t r a n s n a s i o n a l .

EKI VOL. x x v n NO. 1. MARCH 1979 81