Suport Curs Gramatica Sem 1 2012

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Suport curs gramatica sem 1 2012-2013

NOUNS THE PLURAL FORM

In general the plural form of nouns is formed by adding the letter -s.

pen pensdog dogsstudent students

However words that end in ch, -x, ors will require an es to form theplural.

dish dishesmix mixeskiss kisses

Some nouns have irregular plural forms.

child childrenwoman womenman menmousemice

Also there are a number of nouns that maintain their Greek or Latin form.

singular plural

analysis analyses

appendix appendixes/appendices

axis axes

basis bases

cactus cacti

criterion criteria

datum data

diagnosis diagnoses

index indexes/indices


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medium media

oasis oases

octopus octopuses/octopi

phenomenon phenomena

syllabus syllabuses/syllabi

thesis theses

Some nouns have the same singular and plural form.

deer- deer

fish fishsheep- sheep

Note: Some nouns (like news, mathematics, economics) appear to be plural

in form but take a singular verb.

This news is perfect.

COUNT- NOUNS and MASS NOUNS

Count-nouns are the nouns that can be preceded by one (can be counted)

and may have a plural form.one boy two boys

one chair two chairsone foot two feet

Mass-nouns cannot be preceded by one (cannot be counted) and cannothave a plural form.

bread plastic aluminum publicitymilk ice steel biology

water cloth glass history

Some mass-nouns can be pluralized when we use them to express a type:The waters of the Danube are polluted.The French are famous for their cheeses and their wines.

Many mass-nouns name abstractions (and are called abstract nouns):

peace courage liberty ange r progress culture


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Note:

Some abstract nouns do have in certain situations (usually with a change ofmeaning) a plural form:

This position requires experience.

He had a lot of unpleasant experiences as a police officer.

My work is boring.The works of Leonardo impressed people for centuries.

Gender of Nouns

Gender has the same relation to nouns that sex has to individuals, but while there

are only two sexes, there are four genders:

masculine - the masculine gender denotes all those of the male kind

feminine - the feminine gender all those of the female kind

neuter - the neuter gender denotes inanimate things or whatever is withoutlife

common - common gender is applied to animate beings, the sex of which forthe time being is indeterminable, such as fish, mouse, bird, etc

Sometimes things which are without life as we conceive it and which, properlyspeaking, belong to the neuter type of noun, are, by a figure of speech called

Personification, changed into either the masculine or feminine, as, for instance, wesay of the sun, He is rising; of the moon, She is setting.

The English language, unlike most others, applies the distinction of

Masculine and Feminine only to the names of persons and animals: man,

woman; boy, girl; lion, lioness. Nouns which denote things without animal

life are said to be Neuter or of Neuter Gender

When the same name is used for male and female, it is said to be Common or of

Common Gender : bird, fish, parent, sovereign, friend. There are three ways ofindicating difference of Gender in Nouns:-


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1. By adding a suffix -ess ex. lion - lioness

2. By using compound words ex. boy-friend, landlord, he-wolf3. By distinct words ex. father-mother

Masculine and feminine genderactor

author

bachelor

boy

bridegroom

brother

conductor

count

czar

dad

daddy

duke

emperor

actress

authoress

spinster

girl

bride

sister

conductress

countess

czarina

mum

mummy

duchess

empress


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father

father-in-law

gentleman

giant

god

governor

grandfather

headmaster

heir

hero

host

hunter

husband

king

lad

landlord

lord

man

mother

mother-in-law

lady

giantess

goddess

matron

grandmother

headmistress

heiress

heroine

hostess

huntress

wife

queen

lass

landlady

lady

woman


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manager

manservant

master

milkman

monk

Mr.

murderer

nephew

papa

poet

postmaster

prince

prophet

proprietor

shepherd

sir

son

son-in-law

manageress

maidservant

mistress

milkmaid

nun

Mrs.

murderess

niece

mama

poetess

postmistress

princess

prophetess

proprietress

shepherdess

madam

daughter

daughter-in-law


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step-father

step-son

steward

sultan

uncle

waiter

wizard

step-mother

step-daughter

stewardess

sultana

aunt

waitress

witch

boar

buck

bull

bull -elephant

cock

cock-pigeon

dog

drake

drone

sow

doe

cow

cow-elephant

hen

hen-pigeon

bi tch

duck

bee


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fox

gander

he-bear

he-goat

he-wolf

leopard

lion

peacock

ram

stallion

tiger

tom-cat

turkey-cock

vixen

goose

she-bear

she-goat

she-wolf

leopardess

lioness

peahen

ewe

mare

tigress

tabby-cat

turkey-hen

THE VERB

The verb is perhaps the most important part of the sentence. A verb asserts

something about the subject of the sentence and expresses actions, events, or statesof being. The verb is (or is an essential part of) the predicate of a sentence.

There are three properties which characterize verbs in English--tense, voice, and


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mood. In English the fourteen verb tenses express the time or relative time in

which an action or condition occurs.The voice of a verb, passive or active, expresses whether the action is being

received by the subject or being done by the subject.

In sentences written in active voice, the subject performs the action expressed inthe verb; the subject acts.The man drives the car.

In sentences written in passive voice, the subject receives the action expressed inthe verb . The caris driven by the man.

The mood of a verb is the manner in which the action or condition is conceived or

intended. In English there are three verb moods. Indicative, a verb stating anapparent fact or asking a question. This is the way verbs are normally used in

English. Imperative, a verb stating a command or request. Go away!

Please leave!

Subjunctive, a verb expressing a doubt, desire, supposition, or condition contraryto fact.

If I were you, I would drive more carefullyI wish that his report were longer.

Verbs are also classified according to function. Action verbs show action or

possession. Action verbs are either transitive or intransitive. Transitive verbs carry

the action of a subject and apply it to an object. They tells us what the subject doesto something else (object).

He boughta shirt.

She losther wallet.

Intransitive verbs do not take an object; they express actions that do not require thesubjects doing something to something else.

He runs.

She dances.

Auxiliary verbs, also called helping verbs, are used with other verbs to change the

tense, voice, or condition of the verb. Conditional verbs are verbs conjugated withcould, would, or should to show a possible condition. The principal parts of a verb


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are the four forms of the verb from which all forms of the verb can be made. In

English the four principal parts are the present (or infinitive), the past tense, thepast participle, and the present participle. Since the present participle is always

formed the same way (add -ing), some lists of principal parts omit it.

To make the past tense or past participle form of most verbs (regular verbs) wesimply add ed at the end.

Past Tense: I walked home.

Past Participle: I have walked home.

Irregular verbs are not that simple. We sometimes need a dictionary to help uswrite the different forms of irregular verbs. (see appendix for a list of irregular

verbs)

Past Tense: We saw the plane crash.

Past Participle: We have seen them.

TIMPURILE VERBELOR LIMBII ENGLEZE

Timpul Forma Cum se formeaz Meniuni

The present

tense

simple

Aff.

Neg.

Int.

S + vb(prima form)

S + dont/doesnt +

vb(prima form)

Do/Does + s + vb (prima

form

____________________

Ex:I always go to school every day.

Aff. S + to be + vb-ing


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The present

tense

continous

Neg.

Int.

S + to be (negativ) + vb-ing

To be + s + vb-ing

____________________

Ex:I am going to the school now.

The future

tense

simple

Aff.

Neg.

Int.

S + shall/will + vb(short

inf)

S + shant/wont +

vb(sh.inf)

Shall/Will + S +

vb(sh.inf.)

Tomorrow, the day after

tomorrow

next year , next month.

Ex: I will go to my parents next month.

The future

tense

continous

Aff.

Neg.

Int.

S + shall/will + be + vb-ing

S+shant/willnt + be + vb-

ing

Shall/will + S + be + vb-

ing

Exprim o aciune viitoare

n desfaurare ntr-un

viitor.

Ex: They will be watching T.V. this time in week-end.

The past tense

simple

Aff.

Neg.

Int.

S + vb-ed(VB

REGULATE)

S + vb(a doua coloana)

S + didnt + sh. Int)

Did + S + vb(sh.int)

Exprim o aciune care s-a

desfurat i s-a ncheiat

ntr-un moment trecut

precizat (adv.t imp):

the day befor yesterday, last

year.

Ex: I played football last year.

The past tense

Aff. S + was/wer + vb-ing Exprim o aciune trecut

n desfurare : ,,this time


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continous Neg.

Int.

S + wasnt/werent + vb-

ing

Was/Were + vb-ing

yesterday

Arat doua aciuni n

desfurare simultan.

Ex: While my brother was plaing football , I was listening the radio.

The past

perfect

tense simple

Aff.

Neg.

Int.

S + had + vb(a-3-a

forma)/ed

S + hadnt + vb(a-3-a form)/ed

Had + s + vb(a-3-a form)

Exprim o aciune care a

avut loc i s-a petrecut

naintea unui alt timp

trecut.

Ex:I had come home before my mother arrived from office.

The past

perfect

tense

continous

Aff.

Neg.

Int.

S + had + been + vb-ing

S + hadnt + been + vb-ing

Had + s + been + vb-ing

Exprim o aciune care s-a

desfsurat continuu pe o

perioada de timp i s-a

ncheiat naintea unui alt

timp.

Ex:I had been writing a letter for 20 minutes.


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The present

perfect tensesimple

Aff.

Neg.

Int.

S + have/has + vb(a-3-a

form)

S + havent/hasnt + vb(a-

3-a form)/ed

Have/Has + s + vb(a-3-a

form)/ed

1)Exprim o aciune ce a avutloc i s-a ncheiat ntr-unmoment trecut care nu este

precizat; rezultatele acestei

aciuni se pot vedea n

prezent.2)Exprim o aciune care

s-a ncheiat recent.

3)Exprim o aciune

trecut care a avut loc

intr-un moment trecut ce

face parte dintr-o

perioada de timp care nu

s-a ncheiat nc.

4)Se folosete cu

adverbele de frecven :

always , sometime offen .

5)Exprim o aciune care

tocmai s-a ncheiat :

,just

6)n propoziiileinterogative se folosete

adverbul ,,alreadypentru

a arta uimirea

vorbitorului.

Ex: 1) People have polueted the planet.

2) I have just done my homework.

3)My parents have alwais enjoi to country.


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The present

perfect tensecontinous

Aff.

Neg.

Int.

S + have/has + been + vb-

ing

S + havent/hasnt + been +

vb-ing

Have/Has + s + been + vb-

ing

Exprim o aciune care a

nceput n trecut i

continu n prezent.

Ex:The boys have been plaing football for ten minutes.

LISTA VERBELOR NEREGULATE

to be was, were been

to bear bore borne, born

to beat beat beaten

to become became become

to begin began begun

to bend bent bent

to bite bit bitten

to blow blew blown

to break broke broken


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to bring brought brought

to build built built

to burn burnt burnt

to burst burst burst

to buy bought bought

to catch caught caught

to choose chose chosen

to come came come

to cost cost cost

to creep crept crept

to cut cut cut

to deal dealt dealt

to dig dug dug

to do did done

to draw drew drawn

to dream dreamt dreamt

to drink drank drunk

to drive drove driven

to eat ate eaten

to fall fell fallen

to feed fed fed

to feel felt felt

to fight fought fought

to find found found


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to fly flew flown

to forbid forbade forbidden

to forget forgot forgotten

to forgive forgave forgiven

to freeze froze frozen

to give gave given

to go went gone

to grow grew grown

to hang hung hung

to have had had

to hear heard heard

to hide hid hidden

to hit hit hit

to hold held held

to hurt hurt hurt

to keep kept kept

to kneel knelt knelt

to know knew known

to lay laid laid

to lead led led

to lean leant leant

to learn learnt, learned learnt, learned

to leave left left

to lend lent lent


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to let let let

to lie lay lain

to lose lost lost

to make made made

to mean meant meant

to mow mowed mown

to meet met met

to pay paid paid

to put put put

to read read read

to ride rode ridden

to ring rang rung

to rise rose risen

to run ran run

to say said said

to see saw seen

to seek sought sought

to sell sold sold

to set set set

to sew sewed sewn

to shake shook shaken

to shine shone shone

to shoot shot shot

to show showed shown


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to shrink shrank shrunk

to shut shut shut

to sing sang sung

to sink sank sunk

to sleep slept slept

to slide slid slid

to smell smelt smelt

to sow sowed sown

to speak spoke spoken

to spell spelt spelt

to spend spent spent

to spill spilt split

to spread spread spread

to stand stood stood

to stea1 stole stolen

to stick stuck stuck

to stride strode stridden

to strike struck struck

to strive strove striven

to swear swore sworn

to sweep swept swept

to swim swam swum

to take took taken

to teach taught taught


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to tell told told

to think thought thought

to throw threw thrown

to understand understood understood

Suport Curs Gramatica Sem 1 2012

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