StudiesinEgyptianCult師ｅ

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ＡＮＣ堰ＮＴＩ－ｌｌＵＭＡＮＭＵＭＭＩ庭ＳＦＲＯＭＱＵＲＮＡ，ＥＧＹ門

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ＫａｚｕａｋｉＨＩＲＡＴＡ

ＴｅｔｓｕａｋｉＷＡＫＥＢＥ

ＷＡＳＥＤＡＵＮＩＶＥＲＳＩＴＹ

１９８６ＴＯＫＹＯ－ＪＡＰＡＮ

StudiesinEgyptianCulture

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ＡＮＣＩＥＮＴＨＵＭＡＮＭＵＭＭｌＥＳＦＲＯＭＱＵＲＮＡ，ＥＧＹＰＴ

ｂｙ

ｌｗａｔａｒｏＭＯＲＩＭＯＴＯ

ＹｏｓｈｉａｔｓｕＮＡＩＴＯ

ＫａｚｕａｋｉＨＩＲＡＴＡ

ＴｅｔｓｕａｋｉＷＡＫＥＢＥ

ＷＡＳＥＤＡＵＮＩＶＥＲＳＩＴＹ

１９８６ＴＯＫＹＯ－ＪＡＰＡＮ 晶

EditorialBoard

KiyohikoSakurai

SakujiYoshimura

KaoruYoshinari

JiroKondo

WasedaUniversityEgyptianCultureCenterTokyo,Japan

l986WasedaUniversity

AncientHumanMummiesfromQurna，Ｅｇｙｐｔ

ｌ・MethodofExtractingtheBrain

IwataroMorimoto.，YoshiatsuNaito｡.，KazuakiHirata＊andTetsuakiWakebe.。

lＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴｌＯＮ

Ｉｎａｐｒｅｖｉｏｕｓｐａｐｅｒｉｔｗａｓｓｈｏｗｎｔｈａｔｔｈｅｈｕｍａｎｍｕｍｍｉｅｓｏｆｍｏｒｅｔｈａｎｏｎｅｈｕndred

individualswereexcavatedaｔＴｏｍｂＮｏ､317oftheso,called'，TombsoftheNobles，'inQurna,West

BankofLuxor,Egypt,inl983underthedirectionofProfKiyohikoSakuraiofWasedaUniversity，

Tokyo,Japan．Themummiesdateapproximatelyfromthel8thDynastyofNewKingdomtothe

PtolemaicstageofGraeco､Romanperiod,i､e､Ｃａ・ｌ５５０ｔｏ３０ＢＣ．Ｔｈｅｂｏｄｙｏｆａｌｌｔｈｅｍｕｍｍｉｅｓｈａｄ

ｂｅｅｎｂｒｏｋｅｎｕｐｂｙｔｏｍｂｒｏｂｂｅｒｓａｎｄｐａｒｔｓｏｆsomemummieslostintheprocess．Ｉtseemsquite

likelythattombrobbershadcarriedthemummiesintothetombfromtheothergravesinsearchofart

treasureswithgoldandjewels・Inthel984andl985excavationsatQurnaithasascertained

thatthefemoraofthemummiesrepresentaminimumofl66individualscomposedofl23adults(５５

males,６４femalesand4ofunknownsex）and43children・

Inaddition，ｔｈｅｈｕｍａｎｍｕｍｍｉｅｓｏｆｎｅａｒｌｙｔｈｒｅｅｄｏｚｅｎｉndividualsdiscoveredfromTomb

No､ｌ７８ｂｙｔｈｅｔｅａｍｏｆＤｒ､ＭａｈｍｕｄＡｂｄａｌＲａｚｉｑａｎｄｓｔｏｒｅｄｉｎＴｏｍｂNo.２９６couldbeavailableforthe

authors，observationbykindnessandpermissionofEgyptianAntiquitiesOrganization．Ｔｈｅｓｅ

ｍｕｍｍｉｅｓａｒｅａｌｓｏｉｎａｆｒａｇｍｅｎｔａｒｙｓｔａｔｅａｎｄｄａｔｅｂａｃｋｔｏｍｕｃｈｔｈｅｓａmePharaohnicAgestowhich

themummｉｅｓｆｒｏｍｔｈｅＴｏｍｂＮｏ､３１７belong、

InthepresentandfollowingpapersｉｎｔｈｉｓｓｅｒｉｅｓｔｈｅｍｕｍｍｉｅｓｆｒｏｍｂｏｔｈＴｏｍｂＮｏ､３１７and

TombNo､178havebeenstudiedAslskander(1973)statedatofficialpublicationinCelebration

ofthelOOthAnniversaryoftheDiscoveryoftheRoyalMummiesintheVallyoftheKingsatThebes，

itiswidelyacceptednowthatthegeneralmethodofthefirstclassusedintheNewKingdomfOr

mummifyingthekings,nobles,highpriests,queensandprincessesincludestheextractionofthebrain

beforestartingthedehydrationprocess．Itisamatterofinterestandsignificanttoknowwhatis

themosttraditionalEgyptianwayofextractingthebrainintheprocessofmummification．The

presentpaperisthefirstofaseriesofstudies,ａｎｄｇｉｖｅｓｄａｔａｏｎｔｈｅｍｅｔｈｏｄｏｆｅｘｔｒａctingthebrain，

oneoftheimportanttechniquesofembalmingintheancientEgypt．

・DepartmentofAnatomy，Ｓｔ・MariannaUniversitySchoolofMedicine，２－ｌ６－１Ｓｕｇａｏ，Miyamae，

Kawasaki，Kanagawa213,Japan

・・DepartmentofAnatomy,FacultyofMedicine,NagasakiUniversity，１２－４，Sakamato-cho,Nagasaki

852,Japan

－１－

ＭＡＴＥＲＩＡＬＳＡＮＤＭＥＴＨＯＤＳ

Theheadsorskullsofthemummiesof60individuals（l9males,３２femalesand9children）

fromtheTombNo317andofl9individuals（１０males,８femalesandonechild）fromtheTomb

Nol78wereexamined，

AsneitherdissectionnorunwrappingofthemummieswasstrictlypermittedbytheEgyptian

Government，theexaminationwasperfOrmedonlyｂｙｎａｋｅｄｅｙｅｓａｎｄＸ,rayswithinthelimits、

Ｓｉｎｃｅａｎｕｍｂｅｒｏｆｍｕｍｍｉｅｓｈａｄｂｅｅｎｂｒoｋｅｎｂｙｔｈｅｔｏｍbrobbers,however,itfollowedthattheir

intemalstructurescouldbefortunatelyeasytoobserve．

FＩＮＤｌＮＧＳ

Asgenerallyaccepted,theancientEgyptianembalmersusuallyextractedthebrainthrough

thｅｎｏｓｔｒｉｌｓｗｉｔｈｔｈｅａｉｄｏｆａｌｏｎｇｂｒｏｎｚｅｏｒｉｒｏｎｒｏｄｗｉｔｈａｈｏｏｋｏｒｓｐｉｒａｌｏｎｔｈｅｅｎｄ・

Theroofofthenasalcavitiesis,ａｓｓｈｏｗｎｉｎＦｉｇ．’，formedbynasalcartilagesandseveralbones，

chieflythenasalandfrontalbones，thecribriformplateoftheenthmoi｡，andthebodyofthe

sphenoid．Themainrouteofextractingthebrainthroughthenostrils，nasalcavitiesand

cribriformplatｅｐｅｒｆｏｒａｔｅｄｂｙｔｈｅｈｏｏｋｅｄｒｏｄｏｆｔｈｅｅｍｂａｌｍｅｒｓｉｓｅｘｈｉｂｉｔｅｄｉｎｔｈｉｓ

ｆｉｇｕre Conversely,ｗｈｅｎtheartificialperforationispresentintheroofofthenasalcavities,it

canberecognizedthatthebrainhadbeenextractedbytheembalmers・ Thisisthereasonwhythe

authorsexaminethepresenceorabsencevarietyoftheartificialperforation，

Thepercentagesofoccurrenceoftheartificialperforationforextractingthebrainintheroof

ofthenasalcavitiesofthemummiesfromtheTombsNo､317ａｎｄNo.178inQurnaareshowninTable

l．ＦｒｏｍｔｈｉｓｔａｂｌｅｉｔｉｓｃｌｅａｒｔｈａｔｔｈｅｂｒａｉｎｏｆｔｈｅｍｕｍｍｉｅｓｆｒｏｍｔｈｅＴｏｍｂＮｏ,３１７hadbeen

usuallyextractedwithoutdistinctionofeitherageorsex,ｗｈｅｒｅａｓｔｈａｔｆｒｏｍｔｈｅＴｏｍｂＮｏ､１７８ｈａｄ

ｂｅｅｎｄｏｎｅｏｎｌｙｉｎｔｗｏ,fifthsofmalesandone､eighthoffemales・ Ｉｔｗｉｌｌｂｅｓｅｅｎｆｒｏｍｔｈｅｔａｂｌｅｔｈａｔ

ａｐproximatelythreequａｒｔｅｒｓｏｆａｔｏｔａｌｏｆ７９ｍｕｍｍｉｅｓｆｒｏｍｔhetwotombshadbeenextractedtheir

brainsinthemummificationprocess、

Inthehumannasalcavities,theroofisnarrowerthanthefloor・ Ｃｌearly,theoperationfor

extractingthebraindemandedconsiderableskill．Ｉｆｔｈｅｅｍｂａｌｍｅｒｓｗｅｒｅａｗｋｗａｒｄｗｉｔｈｔheir

hooks,notonlythenasalseptum,nasalconchaeandtheethmoidalaircells,butalsothemedialand

superiorwalｌｓｏｆｔｈｅｏｒｂｉｔｓａｓｗｅｌｌａｓｔｈｅｓｐｈｅｎｏidalsinuseswerepartlyortotallyｂｒｏｋｅｎ

ｕＰ・ Thevarioustypesoftheartificialperforationsattheroofofthenasalcavitiesintheanterior

cranialfOssaduetoextractinｇｔｈｅｂｒａｉｎａｒｅｔｈｕｓｇｉｖｅｎｉｎＦｉ９．２．

ＩｎｔｙｐｅＣＭ,theperforationislocatedinthecribriformplateonandaroundthemediansagittal

plane,whileintypeCLitisrestrictedatthelefthalfofthecribriformplate・ Whentheperforation

isextendeｄｔｏｔｈｅｅｔｈｍｏｉｄａｌａｉｒｃｅｌｌｓｏｒｆｕｒｔｈertothemedialandsuperiorwallsoftheorbitsbyond

－２－

thelimitofthecribriformplate,ｔｗｏｔｙｐｅｓｏｆＯＬａｎｄＯＲｄｅｖｅｌｏｐ．ＩｎｔｙｐｅＯＬ,theperforationis

largeronthelefｔｓｉｄｅｔｈａｎｏｎｔｈｅｒｉｇｈｔ,ｗｈｅｒｅａｓｉｎｔｙｐｅＯＲｉｔｉｓｌａｒｇｅｒｏｎｔｈｅrightsidethanonthe

left．Iftheextendedareaofperforationisrarelysymmetricinsizeonbothsides,itisconveniently

includedamongtheperforationsoftypeCM．Finally,whenthecribriformplateisintactandthe

bodyofthesphenoidisperforate｡，itisclassifiedastheperforationoftypeS

Table2showsthepercentagedivisionofthedifferenttypesoftheartificialperforationfor

extractingthebrainattheanteriorcranialfossaofthemummiesfromtheTｏｍｂｓＮｏ,３１７ａｎｄNo.１７８

atQurnaFromthistableitcanbeseenthattheperforationoftypeOLismostlyfoundinmales

fromtheTombNo､317,whilethatoftypeCMcomposesthemajoritiesbothoffemalesandchildren

fromthesametombandofmalesfroｍｔｈｅＴｏｍｂＮｏ､１７８．Inatotalof60individualsfromthetwo

tombs,theperforationoftypeCMisthemostfrequentandformsnearlyhalfofthewhole,whilethat

oftypeOListhesecondfrequentandoccupiesaboutone-thirdofthespecimens．Theperforations

oftypesCL,ORandSarerespectivelysmallinnumbers．ThecasesoftheperforationoftypeCM

arepicturedinFigs､８，１１，１９，２０，２２，２３，３３，３４，３６，３７,３８ａｎｄ３９;thoseoftypeOLinFigs､７，１２，

１８，２１，２４，２５，２６，２７，３３ａｎｄ３９;thatoftypeORinFig､１０;thoseoftypeCLinFigs､９，２９ａｎｄ３５；

ａｎｄｔｈａｔｏｆｔｙｐｅＳｉｎＦｉｇ、４０，respectively、

Intheheadsoftwomale(２outofl9,10.5%)andthreefemale(３outof29,10.3%)mummies

fromtheTombNo,３１７，anotheropeninghadbeenmadeatornearthelefttempleoftheskullasshown

inFigs､６，１３，１４，１７，３０，３１ａｎｄ３２．Theopeningisalwayscircularinshapeandwideaboutan

inchltwas,accordingtoLuca(1980),asecondorificethroughwhichthebraincouldbedrained

off，perhapsbyusingwater．Asimilarsecondopeningis，ａｓｓｈｏｗｎｉｎＦｉｇ､２２，foundatthe

superiorwalloftherightorbitinafemale（ｌｏｕｔｏｆ２９,3.4%)．

Intheheadofafemalemummy（loutof29,3.4%）fromtheTombNo､317,theroofofthe

nasalcavitieshadbeenintactbutthecervicalvertebraｅｈａｄｂｅｅｎｍｏｖｅｄｆｏｒｗａｒｄｔｏｃｏｍｉｎｇｉｎto

contactwiththeposteriorsurfaceofthemandibularsymphysisasaresultofpost,mortemdislocation

attheatlanto-occipitaljointsasshowninFigs．ｌ５ａｎｄｌ６,suggestingthebrainbeingextracted

throughtheforamenmagnum．

－３－

ＤｌＳＣＵＳＳＩＯＮ

Herodotusinthe5thcenturyBC・describedthatiftheancientEgyptiansdoembalminginthe

mostperfecｔｗａｙ,ｔｈｅｙｆｉｒｓｔｄｒａｗｏｕｔｐａｒｔｏｆｔｈｅｂｒａｉｎthroughthenostrilswithanironhook,ａｎｄ

injectcertaindrugsintotherest．Themethodisnecessarilyaccompaniedwithanartificial

perfOrationintheroofofthenasalcavities．Accordingly，thepresenceofsuchanartificial

perforationindicatesthattheextrａｃｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｂｒａｉｎｈａｄｂｅｅｎｄｏｎｅｉｎｔhemummification

process．Thefrequenciesofoccurrenceoftheartificialperforationare，ａｓｓｈｏｗｎｉｎＴａｂｌｅｌ，

91.7％ｉｎｔｈｅｍｕｍｍｉｅｓｆｒｏｍｔｈｅＴｏｍｂＮｏ､３１７ａｎｄ２６．３％ｉｎｔｈｏｓｅｆｒｏｍｔｈｅＴｏｍｂＮｏ､１７８，

respectively．Thedifferenceinthefrequenciesoftheperforationbetweenthemummiesfromthe

twotombsisstatisticallysignificant．Ｂｏｔｈｏｆｔｈｅｔｏｍｂｓ,however,ｂｅｌｏｎｇｔｏｔｈｅｓａｍｅ”Tombsof

theNobles，'atQurnaandarewithinashort-walkingdistanceeachother．Althoughalmostallthe

mummiesareconsideredtohavebeencarriedintｏｔｈｅｔｏｍｂｓｆｒｏｍｔｈｅｏｔｈｅｒｇｒａｖｅｓｂｙｔhetomb

robbers,ｉｔｓｅｅｍｓｑｕｉｔｅｌｉｋｅｌｙｏｎｔｈｅｂａｓｉｓｏｆarchaeologicalevidencesthattheｍｕｍｍｉｅｓｄａｔｅｂａｃｋｔｏ

ｍｕｃｈｔｈｅｓａｍｅＰｈaraohnicperiodsoftime．AsHerodotusdescribed,therewerethreealternative

methodsofembalmmentdifferingincomplexityandexpenseinthosedays．Themostelaborate

processinvolvedtheextractionofthebrain,butthesecondmethodofembalmingexcludeditfromthe

process・AccordingtoCottrell（1960），theembalmingmethodsdescribedbyHerodotuswere

traditionalandhadbeeninuseforthousandsofyears．Ｉｔｍａｙｂｅ,therefore,ｓａｉｄthatthemummies

fromtheTombNo､１７８inwhomtheincidenceoftheartificialperforationislowarethosewhohad

oftendesiredthemediumstyleofembalmingtoavoidheavyexpense・

LucaexplainedthattherewereroughlythreeerasofmummificationinEgypt,andthatthefirst

lasteduptothel8thDynasty,whentheprocesswasstillintheexperimentalstage,thesecondupto

the21stDynastywhenitwasinfullflower,andthethirdwhen,withthestartofthePersianinvasion，

itwentintodeclineSpencer（1982),ontheotherhand,maintainedthatsignificantadvancesin

mummificationweremadeinthel8thDynasty,andtheEgyptiansatlastmanagedtoachieveabetter

degreeofpreservationfortheirdead．Ｔｈｅｒｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｔｈｅｂｒａｉｎｗａｓ，accordingtohim，first

practicedduringthisperiod,andtheembalmingtechniquesmusthavebeensimilartothosedescribed

byHerodotusasthemostexpensivemethodoftreatment．Consideringthedifferenceinthe

incidencesofthearticialperfOrationforextractingthebrainbetweeｎｔｈｅｍｕｍｍｉｅｓｆｒｏｍｔｈｅＴｏｍｂｓ

Ｎｏ､３１７ａｎｄNo.１７８，ｉｔｍａｙｂｅａｄｄｅｄｔｈａｔｔｈｅｍｕｍｍｉｅｓｆｒｏｍtheformerexhibitingahighpercentage

hadbeenmadeinearlier(orlessreliablylater?)agesthanthemummiesfromthelattershowinga

lowfrequency．Inthisconnection,Lucamentionedthatnoteverycorpsehaditsbrainremoved，

fortheprocesswasacostlyone,andfurtherthat,however,ｉｔｂｅｃａｍｅｍｏｒｅｃｏｍｍｏｎａｓｔｈｅｃｅｎｔｕｒｉes

passed,asNicolaeffdemonstratedinhisstudyof492skullsfromSaqqarawhichshowedthatless

than5％ｏｆｔｈｅ４ｔｈＤｙｎａｓｔｙｃａｓeshadhadthebrainsremoved,ｃｏｍｐａｒｅｄｔｏ５０％duringtheGreek

period．

－４－

Ｔｏｅｘｔｒａｃｔｔｈｅｂｒａｉｎｆｒｏｍｔｈｅｓｋｕｌｌａbronzeorironhookwasinsertedintothenostrils，in

ordertobreakthroughthecribriformplateoftheethmoidintothecranialcavity．Theoperation

wasverydifficultanddemandedconsiderableskill,becausetheroofofthenasalcavitiesisnarrower

andshorterthanthefloor．Ifthehookfailedtofollowthecoursetotherequireddirection,alarger

holecouldbemadeattheanteriorcranialfossa．Thiswouldbe，however，notalwaysa

dishearteningbutagloriousfailure，becausethebraintissuecouldbemoreeasilytakenoutin

secret．Asaresult，ｎｏｔｏｎｌｙｔｈｅｒｏｏｆｏｆｔｈｅｎａｓａｌｃａｖｉｔｉesbutalsotheethmoidalaircells,the

medialandsuperiorwallsoftheorbitsand/orthebodyofthesphenoidwereextensively

destroyed．ＩｎｔｈｅｍｕｍｍｉｅｓｆｒｏｍｔｈｅＴｏｍｂｓＮｏ､３１７ａｎｄNo.１７８，theartificialperforationoftype

ＣＭｉｓ，ａｓｓｈｏｗｎｉｎＴａｂｌｅ２，themostfrequent．ＴｈｅｐｅｒｆｏｒａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｙｐｅＣＬｉｓａｌｓｏｒａrely

foundWhentheperforationsoftypesCMandCLareputintoone,theiroccurrenceis51､7％(３１

outof60cases）composingthemajorityofthecases・Thisindicatesthattheoperationfor

extractingthebrainhadbeenoftendoneaccurately．EvenintheartificialperforationoftypeS，

ｔｈｅｈｏｏｋｈａｄｔａｋｅｎｉｔｓｗａｙｏｎａｎｄａｒｏｕndthemediansagittalsagittalplane，

ItisinterestingtonoteherethattheperforationoftypeOListhesecondfrequentandoccupies

aboutone,thirdofthespecimensexaminedAstothemethodofextractingthebrain，Ｌｕca

mentionedthatusuallytheethmoｉｄｂｏｎｅａｔｔｈｅｂａｓｅｏｆｔｈｅｓｋｕｌｌｉｓｐｅｒforatedontherightside,ｆｒｏｍ

ｗｈｉｃｈｏｎｅｃａｎｄｅｄｕｃｅｔｈａｔｔｈｅｅｍｂａｌｍｅｒｐｌａｃｅｄｈｉｍｓｅｌｆｏｎｔｈｅｌｅｆｔｏｆｔｈｅｂｏｄｙａｎｄｉｆｈｅｗａｓ

ｒｉｇｈｔ､handed，ａｓｉｓｌｉｋｅｌｙ，insertedtheneedlethroughtheleftnostril；andashescrapedthe

instrumentwouldhavehadanaturaltendencytoveertotheright．Ｉｎｆａｃｔ,however,theartificial

perforationoftypeOLispresentinaboutone-thirdofthecases,whilethatoftypeORisfoundonlyin

one,twelfth．ThedifferenceinthefrequencybetweentheperforationsoftypesOLandORseems

tosuggestthattheinstrumentwouldhavehadatendencytoveｅｒｔｏｔｈｅｌｅｆｔｓｉｄｅｒａｔｈｅｒｔｈａｎｔｏｔｈｅ

right．Thissuggestionissupportedbythefactsthatthenasalseptemhadbeenwellpreservedin

theheadsofthemales,femalesandchildrenasshowninFigs,５，９，２２，２３，２６，２８，３５，３７，３８ａｎｄ３９，and

thatthereareseveralcaseswiththeperforationoftypeCLinwhichonlythelefthalfofthecribrifom

plａｔｅｈａｄｂeenbrokenbutthenasalseptumhadbeenkeptintactarepresent・

Regardingtheentranceofthehookforextractingthebrain,Herodotus，descriptionisonlythat

theembalmｅｒｄｒｅｗｏｕｔｐａｒｔｏｆｔｈｅｂｒａｉｎｔｈｒｏｕｇｈthenostrils．Luca,asmentionedabove,gavea

fullaccountofthetechniquethattheembalmerplacedhimseｌｆｏｎｔｈｅｌｅｆｔｏｆｔｈｅｂｏｄｙａｎｄｉｆｈｅｗａｓ

right,handed，ａｓｉｓｌｉｋｅｌｙ，insertedtheneedlethroughtheleftnostril．Ｉｎｍａｉｎｕｓｅｏｆｔｈｅｌｅｆｔ

ｎｏｓｔｒｉｌ,theauthors'observationsstronglyconfirmtheｖｉｅｗｓｏｆＬｕｃａ．Thenostrilsoftheheadof

themummiesare，ａｓｓｈｏｗｎｉｎＦｉｇｓ､５，３８ａｎｄ３９，asymmetricinshapeandsizebetweenboth

sides．Usuallytheleftnostrilhadbeenmorebroadenandmoreenlargedthantheright．Such

anasymmetryofthenostrilscanbealsofoundinthefaceofanancientEgyptianmummyexhibitedat

theWellcomeMuseumoftheHistoryofMedicineontheupperfloorsoftheScienceMuseumin

Kensington,London．Thebroadenedandenlargedleftnostrilindicatesthatithadbeenutiliｚｅｄａｓ

－５－

themainentranceoftheinstrumentforextractingthebrain．Ｉｎｔｈｅｃａｓｅｓｗｈｅｒｅｔｈｅｎｏｓｔｒｉｌｓａｒｅ

ａsymmetricinshapeandsize,thepressurebythebandagesapplieｄｔｏｔｈｅｆａｃｅｓｅｅｍｓｔｏｈａｖｅｌｉｔｔｌｅ

ｉｎｆluenceontheformofthenostrils,becausenoneofthenoseshadbeencollapsedandonlytheleft

nostrilhadbeenalwaysbroadenedandenlarge｡．Inaddition,thenasalseptum,ifremained,isin

generalshiftedtotherightsideinthenasalcavitiesasshowninFigs,２８ａｎｄ３７，presumablybythe

repeatedpressurｅｏｆｔｈｅｉｒｏｎｈｏｏｋｕｓｅｄ．Furthermore,theleftmiddleandinferiornasalconchae

hadbeen，ａｓｓｈｏｗｎｉｎＦｉｇｓ、２６ａｎｄ３５，sometimesbrokenup，whereastherightonesarewell

preserved．ＩｔｓｈｏｕｌｄｂｅｒｅｃａｌｌｅｄａｇｉｎｔｈａｔｔｈｅａrtificialperforationoftypeCLisrarelyfoundin

themummiesexamine｡,ｗｈｉｌｅｎｏｃａｓｅｉｎｗｈｉｃｈｏｎｌｙｔｈｅｒｉｇｈｔhalfofthecribriformplatehadbeen

perfOratedexists．Alltheserevealthattheleftnostrｉｌｈａｄｂｅｅｎａｌｗａｙｓｕｓｅｄａｓｔｈｅｍａｉｎｅｎtrance

forextractingthebrainwitｈｔｈｅａｉｄｏｆｔｈｅｉｒｏｎｈｏｏｋ・

Lucabelievedthattheembalmerplacedhimselfontheleftsideofthebody．Insuchawall

paintingofthetombofSennedjematDeirelMedinainthel9thDynastyasbothAdams(1984)and

GlubokandTamarin（1978)showedintheirbooks,Anubisiscertainlystandingontheleftsideof

themummy．HeretheAnubisissynonymouswiththeembalmer，ａｓｔｈｅｌａｔｔｅｒｕｓｅｄｔｏｗｅａｒａｎ

Ａｎｕｂｉｓｍaskwhenputtingthefinaltouchestｏｔｈｅｍｕｍｍｙ．Theris,however,somedoubtwhether

theembalmerwasworkingonlyontheleftsideofthecorpseornot．Foraninstance,apictureof

theburialchamberillustratedatSpelll51in”TheAncientEgyptianBookoftheDea｡，'translatedby

Faulkner（1985)representsAnubisstandingontheleftsideofthemummyofNakht,whichliesona

lion-fOrmbed．InanotherpictureoftheburialchamberfromthesameSpell,Anubisisinthistime

placedontherightsideofthemummyofMuthetepti・Ｉｏｎｓ（1983)alsoillustratedapicturefrom

"TheBookoftheDead'，,PapyrusofAnhaiinthe20thDynasty,BritishMuseum,inherbook,where

thejackal-headedAnubisasdivineembalmerispreparingthemummystandingontherightsideof

thebodyofprobablythepharaoh．Fig3showsscenesofmummificationｆｒｏｍｔｈｅｔｏｍｂｏｆ

ＡｍｅｎｅｍｏｐｅａｔＴｈｅｂｅｓillustratedinthebookofCeram(1958)．Thesamescenesarealso

depictedinthebookofSpencer．Thisfigurebearsapicturethataright,handedembalmerengaged

inextractingthebrainisworkingevidentlyoｎｔｈｅｒｉｇｈｔｓｉｄｅｏｆｔｈｅｂｏｄｙ．Ｉｔｉｓ，therefore，

impossibletosupposethattheancientEgyptianembalmersfeeledreluctanceinstandingoneitherleft

orｒｉｇｈｔｓｉｄｅｏｆｔｈｅｂｏｄｙ・

Fig.４，ｏｎｔｈｅｏｔｈｅｒｈａｎｄ,exhibitsamarkeddifferenceonthesuppositionofthemainrouteof

theironhookinsertedintotheleftnostrilbetweentheviewsofLucaandthepresentauthors．Ｔｈｅ

ｃｏｕｒｓｅｏｆｔｈｅｈｏｏｋａｓｓｕｍｅｄｂｙｈｉｍissomewhatobliqueindirectionanｄｉｎｃｌｉｎｅｄｔｏｔｈｅｒｉｇｈｔｓｉｄｅｓｏ

ａｓｔｏｂｒｉｎｇａｂｏｕｔａｎａｗｋｗａｒｄｂｒｅａｋｏｆｔｈｅｎａsalseptum，whereasthatsuggestedbythepresent

authorsissagittalandnearlyparalleltothenasalseptumlnfact，agreatpercentageofthe

artificialperforationsattheanteriorcranialfossaofthemummiesexaminedarereallyoftypesCM

andOL,indicatingtheironhookinsertedintotheleftnostrilbeingalmostparalleltothenasalseptum

ornotofteninclinedrathertotheleftsidethantheright．Ｉｎｔｈｉｓｓｉｔｕａｔｉｏｎｉｆｔｈｅｅｍｂａｌｍｅｒｗａｓ

－６－

right､handed，itwouldbenaturalontechnicalityｔｏｐｌａｃｅｈｉｍｓｅｌｆｏｎｔｈｅｒｉｇｈｔｓｉｄｅｏｆthebody、

Apartfromtheartificialperforationintheroofofthenasalcavities,thereisanotheropening

cutthroughtheleftlateralsideoftheskull．Theopeningislocatedonandaroundtheleft

temporallinefromthepteriontotheposteriorpartofthefrontalbonejustabovetheline．This

opening,associatedwiththeartificialperforationintheroofofthenasalcavities,isconsiderdtobe

usedfordrainingoffthebrain,accordingtoLuca,perhapsbyusingwater．Hewrotethatsucha

secondopeningwａｓｆｏｕｎｄｉｎａｓｋｕｌｌｄａｔｉｎｇｆｒｏｍｔｈｅＧｒeekepoch

Lucasaidthatanotherlittle,usedmethodconsistedintakingoutaneyeandbreakingthrough

theuppeｒｗａｌｌｏｆｔｈｅｅｙｅｓｏｃｋｅｔ，whichagainresultedinalargeropeningforextractingthe

brain．Ｉｎａｆｅｍａｌｅｍｕｍｍｙｅｘａｍｉｎｅｄ,however,bothartificialperforationintheroofofthenasal

cavitiesandopeningatthesuperiorwalloftherightorbitforventilationhadbeen,ａｓｓｈｏｗｎｉｎＦｉｇ、

２２，madetogetherremainingthelefteyeballinsitu．Ｉｎｔｈｉｓｃａｓｅ，thesecandopeningatthe

superiorwalloftherightorbithasthesamemeaningashasthesecondopeningontheleftlateralside

ofthehead

Speciａｌａｔｔｅｎｔｉｏｎｍｕｓｔｂｅｎｏｗｐａｉｄｔｏｔｈｅｈｅａｄｏｆａｆｅｍａｌｅｍｕｍｍｙ，inwhichnoartificial

perforationｉｎｔｈｅｒｏｏｆｏｆｔｈｅｎａｓａｌｃａｖｉｔｉｅｓｈａｄｂｅｅｎｍａｄｅｌｎｔｈｉｓｆemale,however,thecervical

vertebraehadbeenmovｅｄｆｏｒｗａｒｄｓｏａｓｔｏｅｘｐｏｓｅｔｈｅｆｏｒａｍｅｎｍａｇｎｕｍａｓａｒｅｓｕｌｔｏｆｐｏｓｔ､morten

dislocationattheatlant,occipitaljoints,asifitwascausedbythepressureofthetightbandagesofthe

napeataglanceButifthedislocationoccurredintheearlierstageofthemummificationprocess，

thebraintissuewouldflowoutoftheforamenmagnumwithoutanyothertreatment．Ａｎｄagain，

iftheembalmersintentionallydecapitatedthecorpse，ｉｔｍｉｇｈｔｂｅｓａｉｄｔｈａｔｔｈｅｒｅｗａｓａｎａｔｙpical

methodofextractingthebraiｎｆｏｒｍｕｍｍｉｆｙｉｎｇｔｈｅｃｏｒｐｓｅｉｎｔｈｅａｎcientEgypt．Thisspecimen

letstheauthorsrecaｌｌｔｈｅｍｕｍｍｙｏｆＡｈｍｏｓｅｌ,thelstPharaohofthel8thDynasty,hisbrainbeeing

extracted,accordingtoAdams,Ｐace（1974）andHarrisandWente（1980),throughtheforamen

magnuminassociationwiththemissingatlasorlstcervicalvertebra．

－７－

ＳＵＭＭＡＲＹ

１．Toelucidatethemethodofextractingthebraininthemummificatio、process,ｔｈｅｈｅａｄｓｏｒ

ｓｋｕｌｌｓｏｆｔｈｅａｎｃｉｅｎｔｈｕmanmummiesof60individualsfromtｈｅＴｏｍｂＮｏ､３１７ａｎｄofl9individuals

fromtheTombNo､ｌ７８ａｔＱｕｍａ,Egypt,wereexamined、

２．Theartificialperforationsattheroofofthenasalcavitiesthroughwhichthebrainwas

extractedformummificationwerefoundin91.7％ｏｆｔｈｅｍｕｍｍｉｅｓｆｒｏｍｔｈｅＴｏｍｂＮｏ､３１７without

distinctionofageandsex，whereasthosei、２６．３％ｏｆｔｈｅｍｕｍｍｉｅｓｆｒｏｍＴｏｍｂＮｏ､１７８．The

differenceinthefrequencieswasattributedtothedisparityinthｅｐｈａｓｅｏｆｔｈｅｔｉｍｅｓｗｈｅｎｔｈｅｂｏｄｙ

ｗａｓembalmedand/orinthegradesoftreatmentasdescridedbyHerodotus、

３．Theaboveartificialperforationwasmostlyrestrictedonandaroundthemediansagittal

planeinbothfemalesandchildre､,butoftenenlargedtotheethmoidalａｉｒｃｅｌｌｓａｓｗｅｌｌａｓｔｈｅｗａｌｌｓｏｆ

ｔｈｅｏｒｂｉｔｏｎｔｈｅｌｅｆｔｓｉｄｅｉｎｍａｌｅｓ、

４．Inthismethod，thebrainwasextractedmainlythroughtheleftnostrilenlargedbythe

embalmerwhowas,ifrighthanded,ｓｕｐｐｏｓｅｄｔｏｂｅｓｔａｎｄｉｎｇａｔｗｏｒｋｎｏｔｏ、ｔｈｅlｅｆｔｂｕｔｏｎｔｈｅｒｉｇｈｔ

ｓｉｄｅｏｆｔｈｅｂｏ｡y、

５．Anothersecondopeningatthelefttｅｍｐｌｅｏｆｔｈｅｈｅａｄｔｈｒｏｕｇｈｗｈｉｃｈｔｈｅｂrainwas

consideredtobedrainedoffbyusingwaterwasfoundinl0.5％ａｎｄ１０．３％inmalesandfemalesfrom

theTombNo､３１７，respectively．Ａsimilarsecondopeningwaspresentatthesperiorwallofthe

rightorbiｔｉｎａｆｅｍａｌｅｍｕｍｍｙｆｒｏｍｔｈｅｓａｍｅｔｏｍｂ、

６．ThereｗａｓａｆｅｍａｌｅｍｕｍｍｙｆｒｏｍｔｈｅＴｏｍｂＮｏ､１７８whichwassupposedtobedecaptured

post-mortemforextractingthebrainthroughtheforamenmagnum．

ＡＣＫＮＯＷＬＥＤＧＥＭＥＮＴ

TheauthorswishtoexpresstheirheartythankstotheEgyptianAntiquitiesOrganization

,Cairo，ａｎｄｔｈｅｃｈｉｅｆｉｎｓｐｅｃｔｏｒａｔｔｈｅＷｅｓｔＢankofLuxorforcourtesyandpermissionofusing

materialsinthepresentworkTheyarealsomuchindebtedtoProfessorKiyohikoSakuraiand

AssociateProfessorSakujiYoshimuraofWasedaUniversity,Tokyo,ａｓｗｅｌｌａｓａｌｌｔｈｅｍｅｍｂｅｒｓｏｆ

ＷａｓｅｄａＵniversityArchaeologicalExpeditionPartyfOrtheiractiveinterest,valuableadviceand

constantencouragement．

－８－

９．

Ａｄａｍｓ，Ｂ：Egyptianmummies・ShireEgyptology１．１９８４．

ＳｈｉｒｅＰｕｂ.，Aylesbury，Bucks，Ｕ､K

Basmajian,J．Ｖ､：Primaryanatomy,８ｔｈｅ｡.,1982．Williams＆Wilkins,Baltimore/London

Ceram，Ｃ、Ｗ，：Themarchofarchaeology、１９５８．AlfredA・Knopf，NewYork・

Cottrell，Ｌ，：Lifeunderthepharaohs・’９６０．Holt，ＲinehartandWinston，NewYork・

Faulkner,ＲＯ.（tr.）：TheancientEgyyptianbookofthedeaded・ｂｙＣ､Andrews.，Rev・ed.，

１９８５．BritishMuseumPub.，London、

Glubok,Ｓ､＆Ａ､Tamarin：ＴｈｅｍｕｍｍｙｏｆＲａｍｏｓｅ;ｔｈｅｌｉｆｅａｎｄｄｅａｔｈｏｆａｎａｎｃｉｅｎｔＥｇｙｐtian

nobleman、１９７８．Harper＆ＲＯＷ，NewYork・

Harris,J,Ｅ､＆ＥＦ,Wente(ed.）：ＡｎＸ､rayatlasoftheroyalmummies・’980．Univ､Chicago

Pr.，Chicago，

Herodotus（tr､ｂｙＡ､DGodley）：Herodotus,I,Bookslandll・LoebclassicallibraryNo､１１７．

Rev､ａｎｄＲｅｐ.，１９８１．HarvardUniv､Ｐｒ.，Cambridge,Massachusetts,andWilliamHainemann，

London・

Ions，Ｖ、：Egyptianmythology・LibraryoftheWorld，smythsandlegends2nd・Ｉｍｐｒ.，

１９８３．NewnesBooks，Middlesex，England

lskander，Ｚ．：MummificationinancientEgypt、MummificationinancientEgyptandthe

cerbrationofthelOOthAnniversaryofthediscoveryoftheroyalmummiesintheValleyofthe

KingsatThebeＳ．Ｐ．９－１８．１９７３．EgyptianAntiquitiesOrganizatio､，CairoMuseum，CairQ

Luca，Ａ､､Ｐ．：Ｔｈｅｃｕｌｔｏｆｔｈｅｉｍｍortal；mummiesandtheancientEgyptianwaｙｏｆｄｅａｔｈ、

１９８０．SouvenirPr.，London、

Morimoto,１．：Ｔｈｅｈｕｍａｎｍｕｍｍｉｅｓｆｒｏｍｔｈｅｌ９８３ｅｘｃａvationsatQurna,Egypt・Studiesin

EgyptianCulture2:１－１１，１９８５．WasedaUniv.，Tokyo，

Nicolaeff（CitedbyLuca)．

Pace,Ｍ､Ｍ､：Wrappedforetemity；thestoryoftheEgyptianmummy､l974LutterworthPr.，

London，

Spencer，Ａ､Ｊ、：DeathinancientEgypt、１９８２．PenguinBooks，Middlesex，England．

１．

●●●●

一向〃〈】《望、）△釦ユュＰ』皿〉

６．

７．

８．

ＲＥＦＥＲＥＮＣＥＳ

1０．

１１．

1２．

1３．

１４．

１５．

－９－

Total

Tablel．PercentagesofoccurrenceoftheartificialperforationforextractiｎｇｔｈｅｂｒａｉｎａｔｔｈｅｒｏｏｆｏｆｔｈｅnasalcavitiesofthehumanmummiesｆｒｏｍｔｈｅＴｏｍｂｓＮｏ３１７

ａｎｄＮ0.178ａｔＱｕｍａ，Egypt．

Ａｇｅ

＆

Sex

Perforated(％）ＮＴｏｍｂ

０８１

１

7.03）

5.16）

０）

17（89.5士

29（90.6±

９(100.0±

９２９

１３

Male

Female

Child

Ｔｏｍｂ

Ｎｏ､３１７

Ｔｏｍｂ

Ｎｏ､１７８

55（91.7±3.72）6０

5（26.3±10.10）

7９

4（40.0±15.49）

1（12.5±11.69）

0（０±０）

Male

Female

Child

－１０－

60（75.9±4.81）Total

１９Total

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Ｓ

Fig.２．SuperioraspecLoftheanterioI･Ｃｌ･anialfossaofthehumanskull，showinRthevarioustypesoftheal･tifi、cialpel･forati()、（sha〔ｌｅｄarea）forextractinRthebI･ainintheancicllLEgyptianmummies・ＦＣＩ･explana・ｔｉｏｎｓｅｅ（ext．

副目

園Ⅱ

formplq↑ｅｏｆｅ↑hmoid

dyofsphenoid

臆

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MediansagiLtalsccti()ｎｏｆｔｈｅｈｕｍａｎｈＧａｄ，showingUleInainl･()ute（a1.1･ow）ofextractiIlgthebrain

throughthearLi｢icialpGrforationofLhecI･ibrif()I･InplateaLtheanteI｡i()ｒｃＩ･anial「ossaintheaI1cientEgyp・tianmummieswhichthGembalmerhadnla〔ｌｃｂｖａｂｒｏｎｚｅｏｌ・ｉｒ()、ｈｏｏｋ（ModifiedfromBasmajianl982.）

Fig.１

'１

Ｉ

Fig.３．

】ｒｒ

ScenesofmummificationfromthetoｍｂｏｆＡｍｅｎｅｍｏｐｅａｔＴｈｅｂｅｓ，Notethattheembalmerextractingthebrainisworkingontherightsideofthebody.（FromCeram,1958,andSpencer,1982.）

】ｒｒ 】ｒｒ 】ｒｒ

） （

Ａ Ｂ

Fig.４．Coronalsectionofthehumanskull，showingthemainrouteofextractingthebrainintheancientEgyp・tianmummiesThecourseofthehook（arrow）assumedbyLuca（1982）inAissomewhatoblique，

whilethat（arrow）suggestedbythepresentauthorsinBisverticalanddoesnotveertotherightside．（ModifiedfromBasmajian.）

）

一浪勺

'吹擬“四m

■＝

、■

宗

閏

咽

学出塗

１ ’呂

笛・HｇｈＰ

■

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■

唾一

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両

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■ ■ 幸

Fig.６．Ｎ０．Ａ､３()，ｍａｌｃｆｌ･ｏｍｔｈｅＴｏｍｂＮｏ､３１７.LatcI･ａｌｖｉｅｗｏｆｔｈｃｈｅａｄ，showingthcartificialpeI･fol･ationforventilaIioI1（arrows）ａｔＬｈｅｐ()sLcri()ｒＩ〕art()fthefrontaIsqlIaImjllstabovethGlcfttcmp()rallillc

face,showingthenostl･ils（a１．１．ＣＷＳ）Fig.５ No.Ｃ，ｍａｌｅｆｒｏｍｔｈｅＴｏｍｂＮ().３１７．Antel｡o,infel･ｉｏｒｖｉｅｗｏｆｌＩＭ

ｗｈｉｃｈａｒｏａｓｙｍｍｅｔｒｉｃｉｎｓｈａｌ)ｃａｎｄｓｉｚｃｌ)cLwecnboLhsides，

Fig.７‘

Fig.８

画

LeftanLeriorvicwoftheIace,ｓｈｏｗin質theartificialperforationoINo.Ｍ－４，ｍａｌｅｆｒｏｍｔｈｅＴｏｍｂＮＱ３１７・LeftanLerior

typeOL(arrow）atthemedialwalloftheleftorbiL

No.Ｍ,5,ｍａｌｅｆｒｏｍｔｈｅＴｏｍｂＮＱ３１７・Inferiorviewoftheskull（thefacialparthadbeenmostlvbrokeI1‐

up),showingtheartificialperfol･ationoftypeCM（arI･ＣＷＳ)．

灘

Ｅ生室戸羅厚-慣尋｡.~吾

函

ﾛ

凸

Fig.９．Ｎ０．Ｍ-６，ｍａｌｅｆｒｏｍｔｈｅＴｏｍｂＮｏ､３１７．Antero､infel･ｉｏｒｖｉｅｗｏｆｔｈｅｓｋｕｌｌｗｉｔｈｔｈｅａＩ･tificialpel･forationof

typeCL,showingthenasalsGpLem（arrows）remainedaftel･extractinglhebrain．

琴

Fig.１０．No.Ｍ､8,malefromtheTolnbNo､３１７．Inferiol･viewoftheskulI（thefacialparthadbeenmostlybrokｅｎｕｐ),showinRtheal･tificialpel･fol･aLi()ｎ()｢typGOR（al･rows)．

愛，画

望

吐

恥

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に

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認 b

'夢旬

劉・･苧一華追卸 一一～

Fig.１１．Ｎ０．Ｍ.１６，ｍａｌＧｆｒｏｍｔｈｅＴｏｍｂＮｏ,３１７．lnfel･iol・

ｖｉｅｗｏｆｔｈｅｓｋｕＩｌ（thefacialparthadbecnmostlybrokｅｎｕｉ〕)，showingtheartificialpel･fol･ationo（ｔｙｐＧＣＭ（arrows)．

Fig.１２．No.Ｍ－ｌ７，ｍａｌｅｆＩ･ｏｍＬｈｅＴｏｍｂＮｏ､３１７．InfGriol・

viewoftheskull（thefacialparthadbeenmostlybrokenlIp)，showingtheartificiall〕erforationolLypGOLmvolvingLhesphenoid（arrows)．

■■

‘Ｉ

Fig.１３．Ｎ０．Ｍ-２１，ｍａｌｅｆｌ･ｏｍｔｈｅＴｏｍｂＮｏ､３１７．LefIlatel･alviewoftheskullvault，showingl､heartificialper・

forationforventilation（arrow）atLheI〕ostel･iorparto皿hefrontalsquanlajustabovethelefttemporallinG

、

師一一四画唾》画

略

Fig.１４‘ No.Ｍ－２１，ｔｈｅｓａｍｅｍａｌｅａｓｓｈｏｗｎｉｎＦｉ９．１３．Ｉｎｔｅｒｎａｌｖｉｅｗｏｆｔｈｅｓｋｕｌｌｖａｕｌｔ・showingtheinternal

aspectoftheartificialperforationfol･ventilation(a１．１．０Ｗ)．

Fig.１５．No.Ｆ､１，ｆｅｍａｌｅｆｒｏｍｔｈｅＴｏｍｂＮｏ､３１７．RightanteI．．

ｉCl･viewoftheface（partlybrokenup)，showingnoaI･Lificialperforationforextractingthebrain．

醗

瀞Ｉ

f,瑠黙

ア

Fig,１６．No.Ｆ-1,ｔｈｅｓａｍｅｆｅｍａｌｅａｓｓｈｏｗｎｉｎＦｉ9．１５１，[eriorviewofthehead，exhibitingapost､mortenl

dislocationattheatlanto､occipitaljointswhichare

thussituatedcloselvbehindthemandibulaｒｓｙｍｐｈ・vsis,ＡｎａｒＩ･owindicatesthevertebralcanal．

Fig.１７．No.Ｆ－６，ｆｅｍａｌｅｆｌ･ｏｍｔｈｅＴｏｍｂＮｏ､３１７．Lateral

showiI1gtheartilicialperforationfoI･ventilationtheIefttemporallinc．

viewoIthchead（thefacGha〔lbeenInosUybl･okenuI〕)，(arrows）atthel〕osLeriorpartoftheIrontalsquamaｏｎ

No.Ｆ－８，Ｉｃｍａｌｅ［】･ｏｍｔｈｅＴｏｍｂＮｏ,３１７．LeftanteriorviewoIlhegkull，ｓｈ(〕wingtheartificialpel･fol･atioI1

oftypcOL（a１．１．ow）atthemedialandsuperiorwallsofLhelenorbit．

Fi質.１８

巳

Fig.１９．No.Ｆ､９，ＩｅｍａｌｅｆｒｏｍｔｈｅＴｏｍｂＮｏ､３１７．InferioI・

ｖｉｅｗｏｆｔｈｅｓｋｕｌｌ（thefaciaIparthadbeenmosUybrokeＩ１ｕｐ），showingtheartificialI〕el･forationoILypeCMinvolvingthesphenoid（arrows)．

Fig.２１．No.Ｆ､１４，ｆｅｍａｌｅｆＩ･ｏｍｔｈｅＴｏｍｂＡｎｔｃｒｏ､ｉｎｆｅｒｉｏｒｖｉｅｗｏｆｔｈｅｓｋｕｌｌｗｉｔｈ

ｖｉｃａlverLebrae，ｓｈｏｗｉｎｇｔｈｅａｌ･tificial

tionoftypeOL（arrows)．

Ｎｏ．３１７‘

theceI・・

perfora．

Fig.２０．Ｎ０．Ｆ－１２，ｆｅｍａｌｅｆｒｏｍｔｈｅＴｏｍｂＮｏ,３１７．InfeI･ior

viewoftheskull（thefacialparthadbeenmosUvbrokeｎｕＩ〕）．showingtheal･tificialpcrforatioI1oftypeCMlargelyextendedtothesuI〕eI･iorwaIlsoltheorbits（arrows)．

●

可

へ、

、

Fig.２２．No.Ｆ－１６．ｆｅｍａｌｅＩｒｏｍｔｈｅＴｏｍｂＮｏ,３１７．

Antero､inferiorviewoftheskull(thefacialparthadbeenpartlybrokｅｎｕｐ)，showingUlearLifi，cialpGrforationfor，･entilation（arrow）ａｉｌｈｃ

ｓｕｐｅｒｉｏｒｗａｌｌｏｆｔｈｅｒｉｇｈｔｏｌ･bit．′I､heI1asalsep・ｔｕｍａｎｄｃｏｎｃｈａｅａｒｅｗｅｌｌｐｌ･esel･ved，thouRhthe

artificialpel･forationo皿ｙｐｅＭｉｓｆｏｕｎｄｉｎｔｈｉｓ「ｍｍｌＰＲｋｌｌｌｌ

匙

L凸血

罫

Fig.２３．No.Ｆ､１７，ｆｅｍａｌｅｆｒｏｍｔｈｅＴｏｍｂＮｏ､３１７．AI1tel･o-infeI･iol・ｖｉｅｗｏｆｔｈｅｓｋｕｌｌ，showingtheartificialper・fol･ationoftypeCM（arrows)．Thenasalseptumiswellpreserved．

ﾛ

？

し

ｂ'･寵．'，

ｐ、鋤

Z僻

No.３１７．

partｈａｄ郡･iifi(pｉＨｌ

剣

Fig.２４．No.Ｆ,１８，ｆｅｍａｌｅｆｒｏｍｔｈｅＴｏｍｂＮＱ３１７‘Inferiorviewoftheskull（thefacialparthad

beenmostlybrokｅｎｕｐ)，showingthcartificialpcrforatioｎｏｆｔｙｐｅＯＬ（arrows)．

Fig.２５．No.Ｆ－１９，femalefromtheTomb

lnferiol･ｖｉｅｗｏｆｔｈｅｓｋｕｌｌ（thefacial

beenmostlybrokenup)，showingthcperforationoftypcOL（arrows)．

､舜庁

Ｗ

Fig.２７．Ｎ０．Ｆ－２２，ｆｅｍａｌｅｆｒｏｍｔｈｅＴｏｍｂＮｏ､３１７．LenaI1tel･iol・ｖｉｅｗｏｆｔｈｅｓｋｕｌｌ,showingthearti[icialperfoI･a，

ｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｙｐｅＯＬ（arrow）atthemedialwallo｢LhelcflorbiL

錘戸

〆

ＩＬ０ＰｂＰｐげ司四哩下、恥

ｎ‐』

画

No.Ｆ,２０．ｆｅｍａｌｃｆｌ･ｏｍｔｈｅＴｏｍｂＮｏ３１７・AnLero・

infel･iol･ｖｉｅｗｏＩｔｈｅｓｋｕｌｌ，showingLhearLificialpeI･fora・

tｉｏｎｏｆＬｙｐｅＯＬ（arrow)．Thenasalseptemhadbeellshiftedtothcrightside、Theleftmferiorconchaisnolfound，ｗｈｉｌｃＬｈｅｒｉｇｈｔｏｎｅｈａｄｂｅｅｎｗｅⅡpreserved，

Fig.28．No.Ｆ､２２，ｔｈｅｓａｍｅｆｅｍａｌｅａｓｓｈｏｗｎｉｎＦｉｇ・Antero-inferiorviewoftheskull，showing

upperpartofthenasalseptumshiftedtorightside（arrow)．

２７．

the

thE

Fig.２６

ｈ

９４ Ｅヴ電

日時

Ｌ

Ｐ

町１

撒/弧ざ■

零 』Ｐ

八Ｊｆｆ諏診

瑚撫》》》群討乱酔〃Ｐ

が：

『

壷＝蕊｡

／

し

Fig.３０．No.Ｆ,２９，ｆｅｍａｌｅｆｒｏｍｔｈｅＴｏｍｂＮｏ､３１７．Leftlater、

alviewoftheskull（thefacialparthadbeenmostlybrokｅｎｕｐ)，showingtheartificialperforaLionforvcntilation（arrow）attheleftptel･ioI,．

Fig.２９．Ｎ０．Ｆ.２４.ｆｅｍａｌｅｆｒｏｍｔｈｅＴｏｍｂＮｏ,３１７．Inferior

viewofLheskull（thefacialparthadbeenmostlybrokｅｎｕｐ），showingtheartiIicialperforatiｏｎｏｆｔｙｐｅＣＬ（arrow)．

壷＝蕊｡

塚国庫．

Fig.３１．No.Ｆ,３‘１，ｆｅｎｌａｌｅｆｒｏｍｔｈｅＴｏｍｂＮｏ,３１７．Ｌｅｆｔｓｕ．

ｐe１．０.lateralviewofthGcalval･ia，showingtheartifi・cialperforationforventilation（arrow）attheleftpterion．

●

二佳瑚~・塔。１･

孔.･･一再唐エーご幽艶画Ｌ

ｓａｍｅｆｅｍａｌｅａｓｓｈｏｗｎｉｎＦｉｇ、３０．

ofthecalval･ia，showingtheintemalartjficialpeI･fbI･ationforventilation

胃野

画塾鍵胆

Fig.３２．No.Ｆ－３４，ｔｈｅ

ｌｎｔｅｍａｌｖｉｅｗ

ａｓｐｅｃｔｏｆｔｈｅ

（alTow)．

〆

qｑqｑ■李唖

Fig.３３．

画.

■

No.Ｆ､３９，ｆｅｍａｌｅｆｌ･omtheTomb

lnferiorviewoftheskul１（thefacial

beenmosUvbrokenup)，showingthcperfOrationoftypeCM（arrow)．

ユ

No.３１７

１〕arLhadal･tificial

■ l ■ー

Fig.３４．Ｎ０．Ｆ画.１５，ｆｃｍａｌｅｆｒｏｍｔＩ１ｅＴｏｍｂＮｏ,３１７．Inferior

vicwoftheskull（thefacialparthadbGenmostlv

bl･okenup)，showingtheartifiCialper[orationoftypeCM（arrows)．

Fig.３５ No.Ｃ,ｌ，ｃｈｉｌｄｆｒｏｍｔｈｅＴｏｍｂＮ()‘３１７．Antero,infel･ioI・ｖｉｃｗｏｆｔｈｅｓｋｕｌｌ,showingtheal･tificiaipel･fora・

ti()nofLyI〕ＧＣＬ（arrow)．TlWlefLnasalconchaearenotfound・whiletherightmiddlenasalconchaａｓｗｃｌｌａｓｔｈｅｎａｓａｌｓｅｐｔｕｌｎｈａｄｂＧｃｎｗｃｌｌｐ１･eserved．

Fig.３６． No.Ｃ-3,childfl･ｏｎｌｔｈｅＴｏｍｂＮｏ‘３１７．II1fG1･iol・

viewoftheskull（thefacialparthadbeenmostlybrokｅｎｕｐ），showingtheartificialperfol･aLionoItypcCM（aITows)．

唇’

FiR.３７ No.Ｃ－１０，childfromtheTonlbNo､３１７．Superiol‘viewoltheanteI･iorcrallialfOssa，showingthearIjficialpGrforaLioｎｏｆｔｙｐｅＣＭ（arrows)．ＴｈｅnasalseptuII1hadbeenshiftedtoｔｈｅｒｉＲｈｔｓｉｄｅ．

＃PＬ

Ｌ■

ノ

（

咽

；

Fig.３８ No.Ｍ,303,malefromtheTombNo､178．Antero,inferiorviewofLhcface,showingthenostrils（arrows）whichal･ｅａｓｙｍｍｅｔｒｉｃｉｌｌｓｈａｐｅａｎｄｓｉｚｅｂｅｔｗeenbothsides‘ThenasalsepUlI11hadbeenwellpre、seI･ved，thoughtheartificialperfol･atj()ｎ(〕ｆｔｙｐｅＣＭｉｓｆｏｕｎｄｉｎｔｈｉｓｍａｌｅｈｅａｄ．

一

』

』

Fig.39．No.Ｍ､30‘1,nlalefl･()ｍｔｈｃＴｏＩ１１ｂＮｏ､178．Antero,iI1fGI･ioI･ｖｉｅｗ()｢thoface‘showin月thenostrils（al･rows）

whichaI･easynlmetricinshaI〕eandsizebetweenboLhsides･Thcnasalsel〕ｔｕＩｎｈａｄｂｅｅｎｗｅｌｌＩ〕I｡e・served，thoughtheartificialperfol･ａＬｉｏｎｏｆｔｙｐｅＣＭｉｓＩｏｕｎｄｉｎｔｈｉｓｍａｌｅhead．

垂

■q

、 ＝ ‘

FiE.４０． No.Ｆ､３０６，ｆｅｍａｌｏＩＩ･oI11Lhe′ｒｏｍｂＮｏ,１７８．Inferiol・ｖｉｃｗｏｆＬｈｃｓｋｕｌｌ（thefacialparthadbecI1mosm・甲

brokGnup)，showiI噸theal･tificialperforationoftypeS（arrow)．