Grammar Concepts

Pablo Packer

Conditional Tense

• Hablaría The endings are hablarías íahablaría íashablaríamos ía hablaríais íamoshablarían comería íaiscomerías ían comeríacomeríamoscomeríaiscomerían viviríaviviríasviviríaviviríamosviviríaisvivirían

• Used to express wonder, probability, or conjecture.

Irregular Conditionals• caber

yo cabría• poner

yo pondría• decir

yo diría• haber

yo habría• salir

yo saldría• hacer

yo haría• poder

yo podría• tener

yo tendría• querer

yo querría• valer

yo valdría• saber

yo sabría• venir

yo vendría

Present Perfect1. Present perfect is a compound tense2. It requires a main verb and an auxiliary verb3. *I HAVE ___ He DID___ WE HAVE DONE____4. Use the following endings for present perfect. 5. he

hashahemoshabéishan

Present Perfect Irregulars

• Sometimes a verb will change in the present perfect irregular.

• Abrir goes to Abierto• Decir goes to Dicho• Descubrir to Descubierto• Escribir to Escrito• Hacer to Hecho• Now remember, not all verbs are listed here.

These are just examples.

Past Perfect

Subjunctive Imperfect Tense

Subjunctive is used as the set up: If this, then that. Noun + past tense + correct ending = Subjunctive Imperfect Tense

Tan vs Tanto

• Tan and tanto are used to compare things in spanish.

• Tanto is used to say AS __ as. • EX: Diego es tan alto de Pablo. • Tan is used to say AS MUCH AS• Nadie había hecho tanto como mi padre.(No one has done as much as my father has)

Spanish has a slightly different format for expressing this Impersonal voice. Spanish adds the pronoun se in front of verbs to make general statements. Impersonal voice

using se will use a singular verb since the se can be replaced by uno.

• Examples: How does one say "icecream" in Italian? ¿Cómo se dice "helado" en italiano?

• You say "gelato". Se dice "gelato".• It could also be used to say he sees himself.. • “ Pable se ve por el espejo.”

Sabér vs Conocer• Saber and conocer are both used in spanish

to say something is known. But they are used for different things.

• Saber is used to say “To express knowledge or ignorance of a fact or information about something, use saber.”

• To say that one is or is not acquainted with a person, a place, or an object, use “conocer.”

Yo sé donde el aeropueta.Yo conozco ella!

Tu Informal Commands

• Verbs in Spanish are often used to command somone to do something. It’s called the IMPERITIVE FORM.

• To use the informal command form in Spanish, use the noun “TU”.

• Just conjugate the verb in UDS. form and drop the last letter.

Comprar Compran Compra

Mandatos Formal

• Verbs in Spanish are often used to command somone to do something. It’s called the IMPERITIVE FORM.

• To use the informal command form in Spanish use the rule

1. Conjugate the verb in present tense 2. Drop the O3. Add the present tense opposite vowel.

Affirmative and Negative Commands

• In all affirmative commands, object pronouns are attached to the end of the verb; they are placed immediately before the verb in negative commands:

• Damelo! - Affirmative• No lo des! - Negative

Irregular Commands• Some verbs in Spanish are irregular in the command

tense:• decir – di• salir – sal• hacer – haz• ser – sé• ir – ve• tener – ten• poner – pon• venir - ven

DOP and IOP

• Direct object pronouns and indirect object pronouns are used in Spanish to identify who or what a sentence is talking about.

• Pablo no _____ espera en el centro. (Pablo)• In this sentence, we use the DOP “lo”• He gives María the book. In this sentence,

MARIA is the IOP.

Nosotros Commands

• Nosotros commands are used when the speaker is included, and are used to express the idea "let's + verb." To form these commands, use the nosotros form of the present subjunctive.

• EX: Comamos ati! • In order to form the no form, just put a no

in front of the verb.• EX: No comamos ati!

Trigger Words for subjunctive

Certain words in Spanish relate that the subjunctive tense should be used. These words are listed to the left.

dudar que -- to doubt thates dudoso que -- it is doubtful that es improbable que -- it's unlikely that es incierto que -- it's uncertain that es posible que -- it's possible that no creer que -- not to believe that es increíble que -- it's incredible thatno es cierto que -- it's not certain thatno es verdad que -- it's not true thates incierto que -- it's untrue thates mentira que -- it's a lie that

Impersonal expressions allow you to express many ideas while using just a few words. The English equivalent is the word “it”. Below are a common list of impersonal expressions.

Monos Verbs

• If object pronouns are used in nosotros commands, they must be placed at the end of the verb.• EX: Hablamonos• However, the S before the M is lost

so it’s monos not smonos. • Irregulars are vámonos

Subjuctive Tense

• The subjuctive tense is used when the certainty of the thing being done isn’t known.

• AR goes to E• ER goes to A• EX: Hable• EX: Coma• I want John to go to the store.

(The clause "I want" tells us that the speaker feels that there is uncertainty as to whether John goes to the store.)

Irregular Subjunctives Verbs

• Some verbs are conjugated differently in the subjunctive than in the present.

• These are known as irregulars• Sentir E>Ie• Pedir E>I• Dormie O>UE