(Silencio y conversación): "¿Quien calla otorga? Funciones del silencio y su relación con la...

8/13/2019 (Silencio y conversacin): "Quien calla otorga? Funciones del silencio y su relacin con la variable gnero".

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SDARCU]A[G[ KC HC] AHHC] EGHCGU]

Kcpgrtg`cdtn kc Bahnhnog Cspgnhg, @nkcrdg y Hgtadg

@c`nrag badgh kch @stcr Sdavcrsatgran kc Hcdougs y Hatcrgturgs @nkcrdgs

Wuacd mghhg ntnr og> Budmandcs kch sahcdman y surchgmad mnd hg vgragehc odcrn

[UGEGJN KC ADRC][AOGMADYrcscdtgkn pnr:

Ecgtraz @dkcz Oucrrcrn

Karaoakn pnr:Krg. Hgurg Mg`gron Bcrddkcz

Ygh`g, scptac`erc 5977


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Wuacd mghhg ntnrog>Budmandcs kc hns sahcdmans y su rchgmad mnd hg vgragehc odcrn 5

GOUGKCMA@ACD[N]

Kcscn cxprcsgr à `s sadmcrn gorgkcmaàcdtn g hg Krg. Hgurg Mg`gron pnr hg

mndbagdzg kcpnsatgkg cd `6 pnr csc cdmucdtrn adcspcrgkn quc mgèa ch ruèn kc hnsgmndtcmaàcdtns6 pnr pcràtar`c trgegjgr g su hgkn6 pnr su adcsta`gehc gyukg ykckamgmad6 pnr su pgmacdmag y sus eucdns mndscjns6 pnr cstgr sac`prc gl,gmn`pgdkn`c cd hns `n`cdtns kabmahcs y kdkn`c da`ns, cd kcbadatavg, pnrquc sadchhg cstc trgegjn dn lgerg sakn pnsaehc.

[gèad quasacrg kgr hgs orgmags g à bgàhag pnr gmn`pggr`c sahcdmansg`cdtccd ch mgàdn y cd tgdtns ntrns, pnrquc sad chhns `c pcrkcrg. G à `gkrc quc `c admuhmch g`nr pnr hgs hctrgs6 g à lcr`gdg, à gh`g oc`chg6 g à pgkrc, sac`prc gtcdtn ymn`prcdsavn6 y g hg `c`nrag kc às geuchns quc cstgrd sac`prc mndàon.

Gkc`s, gorgkcmcr tgèad hgs gpnrtgmandcs y mn`cdtgrans g hg Krg. HumgHnurcarn, g hg Krg. @gokghcdg Un`crg y g hg Krg. Mrastadg ]urcz quc, kc `gdcrgkcsadtcrcsgkg, lgd mndtraeuakn dntgehc`cdtc g `cjnrgr hg mghakgk kch trgegjn.

Gsaàs`n `c oustgrg tgèad gorgkcmcr tnkgs sus gpnrtgmandcs gh rcstn kch

chcdmn kc prnbcsnrcs kch @stcr cd Hcdougs y Hatcrgturgs @nkcrdgs quc `c lgdgyukgkn g `cjnrgr ntrns gspcmtns kch trgegjn.

Wuasacrg lgmcr udg `cdmad cspcmagh g hg gyukg rcmaeakg pnr hg Krg. Gdg @Mcstcrn quc pusn g à kaspnsamad tnkn su eucd sgecr y cxpcracdmag y quc tgdtns eucdnsmndscjns c eradk.

Dn quasacrg nhvakgr`c kc às mn`pgcrns kc mhgsc [ndy y Mrastadg quc `c lgd

lcmln ch mgàdn ùmln `s g`cdn y g hns quc hcs ougrkn cspcmagh gbcmtn.

Ynr hta`n, gorgkcmcr su mnhgenrgmad g tnkgs gquchhgs pcrsndgs quc, kc `gdcrg`s n `cdns mndsmacdtc, lgd mndtraeuakn cd hg chgenrgmad kc cstc trgegjn y `c lgd

pcràtakn usurpgr sus sahcdmans pgrg quc cstg advcstaogmad hhcogrg g eucd tràdn.


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Wuacd mghhg ntnrog>Budmandcs kc hns sahcdmans y su rchgmad mnd hg vgragehc odcrn =

DKAMC

7. JS][ABAMGMAD KCH [UGEGJN .................................................. 79 7.7. YUNYSC][G KC [UGEGJN ..................................................................................... 75

7.5. NUOGDAZGMAD KCH [UGEGJN ............................................................................ 7=

5. CH ]AHCDMAN CD HN] C][SKAN] YUGO@[AMN].................. 73 5.7. AD[UNKSMMAD. YUA@CUG GYUN\A@GMAD GH ]AHCDMAN .................................. 72

5.7.7. Cstcrcntapns, supucstns y prcjuamans kc hns sahcdmans. Wuacd mghhgntnrog> ................................................................................................................... 7<

5.7.5. Ch sahcdman a`pucstn. Hg mcdsurg ...................................................... 59

5.7.=. Mnùdamgmad dn vcregh. Ch pgrghcdougjc ....................................... 57

5.7.=.7. A`pnrtgdmag kc hg mnùdamgmad dn vcregh ................................ 5=

5.7.=.5. [raphc cstrumturg esamg kch hcdougjc ......................................... 5;

5.7.;. Hg pgusg............................................................................................ 53

5.5. YUADMAYGHC] [CNUG] KCH ]AHCDMAN ................................................................. 52

5.5.7. Hns pra`crns cstukans snerc ch sahcdman ............................................ 52

5.5.5. Ch sahcdman cd ch èatn hadostamn ................................................... 5?

5.=. CH ]AHCDMAN CD N[UG] MSH[SUG]. KABCUCDMAG] AD[CUMSH[SUGHC] ............. =2

5.;. HGUOG GS]CDMAG KC ]AHCDMAN CD HN] C][SKAN] LA]YDAMN] ......................... =?

5.3. KABAMSH[GKC] CD HG ADRC][AOGMAD ................................................................ =<

5.2. KAGOUG@G KC HG] MHG]ABAMGMANDC] HADO][AMG] KC HN] ]AHCDMAN] .......... =1

=. CH ODCUN CD HN] C][SKAN] YUGO@[AMN] .................... ;7 =.7. AD[UNKSMMAD.................................................................................................... ;5

=.5. YUADMAYGHC] [CNUG] KCH ODCUN ................................................................... ;=

=.5.7. Hns pra`crns cstukans kc odcrn ...................................................... ;=

=.5.5. Hg tcnrg kc hg knàdgmad gsmuhadg ............................................. ;2

=.5.=. Hg [cnrg kc hg kabcrcdmag ................................................................ ;1

=.5.;. hta`ns cstukans kc odcrn ............................................................... 3=

=.=. ODCUN Q] AHCDMAN ........................................................................................... 33

;. HG (KC])MNU[C]G CD HN] C][SKAN] YUGO@[AMN] ...... 2= ;.7. AD[UNKSMMAD.................................................................................................... 2=


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Wuacd mghhg ntnrog>Budmandcs kc hns sahcdmans y su rchgmad mnd hg vgragehc odcrn ;

;.5. YUADMAYGHC] [CNUG] KC HG MNU[C]G ............................................................. 23

;.=. HN] MNDKAMANDGD[C] ]NMAGHC] Q MSH[SUGHC] KC HG MNU[C]G .................. 2?

;.;. YUADMAYGHC] [CNUG] KC HG KC]MNU[C]G....................................................... ?7

;.;.7. Ch `nkchn kc Muhpcpcr: cstrgtcoags kcsmnrtcscs .............................. ?=

;.;.5. Ch `nkchn kc Facdpnadtdcr: mndtaduu` mnrtcsg-kcsmnrtcsg .......... ?3

;.;.=. Ch `nkchn kc Za``cr`gdd: hg gdtamnrtcsg ..................................... ?3

;.3. (KC])MNU[C]G Q ]AHCDMAN ................................................................................ ?<

3. GDHA]A] KC HG @SC][UG .........................................................


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DKAMC KC [GEHG] Q N[UG] BAOSUG]

[GEHG 7. Brcmucdmags kc gpgramad kc pgusgs y sahcdmans..792 [GEHG 5. Brcmucdmags kc gpgramad kc hgs budmandcs cxtrghadostamgs kc hnssahcdmans.79? [GEHG =. Brcmucdmags kc gpgramad kc hgs budmandcs mnùdamgtavgs kc hnssahcdmans.77; [GEHG ;. Brcmucdmags kc hns sahcdmans cd rchgmad gh scxn kch lgehgdtc.759 [GEHG 3. Mnrrchgmad ]cxn-Budmad kcsmndnmaàcdtn, vgmahgmad n kukg.. 755 [GEHG 2. Mnrrchgmad ]cxn-Budmad mgèan kc tc`g...75=

[GEHG ?. Brcmucdmag kurgmad sahcdmans.7;? [GEHG


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Wuacd mghhg ntnrog>Budmandcs kc hns sahcdmans y su rchgmad mnd hg vgragehc odcrn ?

[GEHG 5


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Wuacd mghhg ntnrog>Budmandcs kc hns sahcdmans y su rchgmad mnd hg vgragehc odcrn <

[GEHG ;2. Mnrrchgmad budmad mnùdamgtavg cspcmabamg budmad cxtrghadostamgrcbnrùhgknr...732 [GEHG ;?. Yruceg kc mla-mugkrgkn budmad mnùdamgtavg cspcmabamg budmadcxtrghadostamg rcbnrùhgknr.732 [GEHG ;


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]A[SGMAD ;.]ahcdman pnr gutnmndtrnh n prukcdmag prntntpamn.11 ]A[SGMAD 3. ]ahcdman pnr kcsmndmacrtn n satugmad c`nmandgh cxtrc`g

prntntpamn11 ]A[SGMAD 2.]ahcdman pnr kcsmndnma`acdtn, vgmahgmad n kukg prntntpamn...799 ]A[SGMAD ?.]ahcdman pnr prcsudmad prntntpamn...799 ]A[SGMAD


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MSC][ANDC] YUCHA@ADGUC]

7. Justabamgmad kch trgegjn

Hgs rchgmandcs cdtrc prgo`tamg y snmanhadostamg snd ùy a`pnrtgdtcs pgrgch buturn kc hg prgo`tamg. Ucmnrkc`ns quc cd ch nraocd kc hg prgo`tamg sccdmucdtrgd tcnrgs y `tnkns kc hg bahnsnbg: udg vnmgmad pnr hns pradmapansgestrgmtns y hg bnr`ghazgmad. Ycrn ch cstukan kc hns saodabamgkns prnkumaknscd ch usn kch hcdougjc cxaoc ch cstukan kch usn às`n: ch hcdougjc cd mndtcxtn.Sdn kc hns phgdns kch mndtcxtn, ch `s cxtcrdn, cst mndbnr`gkn pnr hgcstrumturg y mgrgmtcrstamgs kc hg mnùdakgk hadostamg kndkc sc prnkumcdhns bcd`cdns quc sc quacrcd cstukagr. () Gudquc hg prgo`tamg dn cstukag,

cstramtg`cdtc, hg rchgmad cdtrc bcd`cdns hadostamns y bgmtnrcs kc tapn snmagh (cmndàmns, pnhtamns, scxughcs, ctm.) da tg`pnmn hg vgrageahakgkhadostamg, tnkns sus tc`gs tnmgd hn snmagh kch hcdougjc. ]ad cègron, kceakng sus nrocdcs bahnsbamns y g su rchgmad bahagh mnd hg sc`dtamg, hg prgo`tamg, lgstg glnrg, lg trgegjgkn budkg`cdtgh`cdtc mnd `gtcraghcs bgeramgkns pnr ch hadoastg, mnd nrgmandcs gashgkgs kc tnkn mndtcxtn(Ucycs7119: 39).

Hg dcmcsakgk kc ud cdtcdkaàcdtn cdtrc prgo`tamg y snmanhadostamg lg saknkcstgmgkg ùy npnrtudg`cdtc pnr Orgmachg Ucycs (7119). ]cod hg gutnrg, hgsrchgmandcs cdtrc hgs kns kasmaphadgs snd ùy a`pnrtgdtcs pgrg ch buturn kc hg prgo`tamg pnrquc, gudquc cstg kasmaphadg dn cstukag cstramtg`cdtc hg rchgmad cdtrc bcd`cdnshadostamns y bgmtnrcs snmaghcs, tnkns sus tc`gs tnmgd ch hgkn snmagh kch hcdougjc. Kc

lcmln, cd cstg às`g hdcg, Ucycs gbar`g quc ch mg`pn kc trgegjn quc ` sdgturgh`cdtc mn`pgrtcd gègs kasmaphadgs cs hg mndvcrsgmad, nejctn prckahcmtn kccstukans snmanhadostamns cd hns hta`ns gns. [nkns hns bcd`cdns quc cstukag hg prgo`tamg (gmtns kc lgehg, prcsupnsamad, a`phamgturg, kcaxas, ctm.) sc rcghazgd cd hgmndvcrsgmad y cstd rcouhgkns pnr hns pradmapans scod hns mughcs c`phcg`ns chhcdougjc mugdkn mndvcrsg`ns: hg mndvcrsgmad cs ch tapn `s chc`cdtgh kc usn kchhcdougjc (7119: 33).

Wucrg`ns c`pczgr cstc trgegjn prcscdtgdkn ch `grmn n kasmaphadg snerc hg qucvg`ns g trgegjgr. Ducstrn cstukan sc cd`grmgr kcdtrn kc hns cstukans snmanprgo`tamns,mnrracdtc quc cdhgzg hg snmanhadostamg y hg prgo`tamg. Mnadmaka`ns mnd Ucycs g


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pcdsgr quc hns cstukans prgo`tamns kcecd dutrarsc kch hcdougjc cd mndtcxtn y qucgudquc dn sc mcdtrgd cd hg vcrtacdtc snmagh, cstd cstrcmlg`cdtc rchgmandgkns. Cdducstrn mgsn, gkc`s, rchgmandgrc`ns hns sahcdmans7 mnd ghoudns kc hns rgsons snmaghcsmnd hns quc trgegjg lgeatugh`cdtc hg snmanhadostamg.

Yrnegehc`cdtc hg adquactuk quc dns lg ouagkn g trgegjgr snerc ch sahcdman lgdgmakn kch scdtaàcdtn mndtrgkamtnran kclgehgr snerc ghon quc sc mgrgmtcrazg prcmasg`cdtc pnr hn mndtrgran. Dns prcoudtg`ns, m`n lgehgr kc sahcdman>, tacdcscdtakn lgehgr kc cstc bcd`cdn>, mrcc`ns quc s, y quc kcecrg lgecrsc lcmln `scxtcdsg`cdtc. Mn`n cxphamgrc`ns `s gkchgdtc, ch sahcdman lg sakn trgtgkn sac`prckcskc kasmaphadgs ùy kavcrsgs. Lg sakn g`phag`cdtc rcmndnmakn kcskc ntrns mg`pnscdtrc hns quc sc cdmucdtrg hg bahnsnbg, hg psamnhnog, hg `samg, ch grtc, ch madc, hhatcrgturg, ctm., pcrn tgèad mhgrg`cdtc nhvakgkn cd ch èatn hadostamn. Rcrc`nstgèad m`n hgs kasmaphadgs hadostamgs quc `s sc lgd rcbcrakn gh sahcdman lgd sakn hgscàtamg, ch gdhasas kch kasmursn y hg prgo`tamg.

Gs pucs, trgs mndstgtgr quc cxastc ud vgmn kc adbnr`gmad snerc ch tc`g y quc prmtamg`cdtc dn lgy cstukans quc mcdtrcd su adtcrs cd ch sahcdman, dns prnpndc`ns

trgegjgr cd cstns saodns pgrghadostamns quc tgd adjustg`cdtc sc lgd vastn rchcogkns g hgnsmurakgk y ch nhvakn. Ycdsg`ns, pucs, quc hns cstukans kc cstc tapn snd dcmcsgrans, yquc kcecd lgmcrsc g pgrtar kch hcdougjc usgkn y mndtcxtughazgkn, cs kcmar, g pgrtar kckgtns rcghcs pgrg pnkcr nescrvgr m`n rcmurrcd gh sahcdman hns lgehgdtcs, pgrg kcbadar ysastc`gtazgr sus pgtrndcs y pgrg cstgehcmcr udg mhgsabamgmad budmandgh snerc cstns, cdkcbadatavg, pgrg gprcdkcr g csmumlgr ch sahcdman.

Ynr ntrg pgrtc, tgèad vc`ns hg dcmcsakgk kc gmhgrgr udg scrac kc mrccdmags,

supucstns, prcjuamans n cstcrcntapns quc sc lgd gsnmagkn trgkamandgh`cdtc g hns sahcdmansy mnd hns quc tnkgvg lny cd kg sc hns rchgmandg. Wucrc`ns vcr m`nch quc mghhg dn sac`prc ntnrog, n m`n dn sac`prclgehgdkn sc cdtacdkc hg ocdtc. Gkc`s, pghgerg ysahcdman dn kcecd cdtcdkcrsc mn`n mndmcptns npucstns y cxmhuycdtcs sadn mn`n

7 Kc gqu cd gkchgdtc utahazgrc`ns ch tràdn sahcdman mnd ud mgrmtcr ocdcrgh. Cdtadkgsc, gs, quc dncstg`ns lgmacdkn rcbcrcdmag g su kurgmad y quc, pnr tgdtn, cd cstc mndmcptn cstg`ns admhuycdkn tgèadhgs pgusgs. Cd ch `n`cdtn kc hg prcscdtgmad kch gdhasas prnmckcrc`ns g su kastadmad mugdknmndvcdog`ns quc cs rchcvgdtc u npnrtudn lgmcrhn.


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dcmcsgrans rcmprnmg`cdtc. Kc lcmln,quacd dn lg oustgkn kch sahcdman dn sgenrcg hg pghgerg (Ygddaffgr 711?: 52=). Ynr ducstrg pgrtc, cd cstc trgegjn prctcdkc`nsgkcdtrgrdns cd cstc ùdkn, brcmucdtgr ch sahcdman sa sc prcbacrc, cd ud adtcdtn kc `nstrgrducstrg mndvammad adamagh kc quc ch sahcdman tacdc udg a`pnrtgdmag mnùdamgtavg y uchnmucdmag quc adtua`ns, pcrn muyn cstukan cs kabmah kc sastc`gtazgr.

7.7. Yrnpucstg kc trgegjn

Ch nejctavn kc cstg advcstaogmad cs gdghazgr ch sahcdman cd hg mndvcrsgmadcspndtdcg g pgrtar kc ùcstrgs kc lgehg rcghcs cdtrc lgehgdtcs quc ùcstrgd udgrchgmad kc mcrmgdg cdtrc chhns (bgàhagrcs y gàons). Cstgehcmcrc`ns udg mhgsabamgma

kc hgs pnsaehcs budmandcs cxtrghadostamgs kc hns sahcdmans y `ckarc`ns sus brcmucdmagsg bad kc kctcràdgr qu sahcdmans snd hns `s lgeatughcs. Gkc`s, prctcdkc`nsmndstgtgr sa hg prnkummad kc cstc saodn pgrghadostamn sc vc mndkamandgkg pnr ch scxkc hns lgehgdtcs. Dns phgdtcgrc`ns sa udgs u ntrns rcmurrcd `s gh sahcdman y sa hn lgmcdkc hg às`g `gdcrg. Cd hg às`g hdcg, adtcdtgrc`ns cstgehcmcr tgèad orgkns kc(kcs)mnrtcsg g cstns gmtns, gdghazgrc`ns sa lgy sahcdmans `s mnrtcscs y sahcdmans `skcsmnrtcscs y muhcs snd hns mndkamandgdtcs quc adtcrvacdcd cd cstc lcmln.

Dcmcsateg`ns kcskc ch pradmapan cdmndtrgr ud `grmn kc gdhasas gkcmugkn pgrghhcvgr g mgen cstc prnycmtn y hn lc`ns lghhgkn cd hg snmanprgo`tamg. Hg vgrackgk kcptamgs gknptgkgs cd hns trgegjns cxastcdtcs snerc ch gmtn sahcdmansn, g hg vcz quc kcravgcd udg vasad cdraqucmcknrg kch tc`g, kabamuhtg ch `n`cdtn kc cdmguzgr hg pcrspcmtavgkc gdhasas. Kc lcmln, cstg cs udg kc hgs kabamuhtgkcs mnd hg quc sc lgd cdmndtrgknghoudns cstukansns quc sc lgd adtcrcsgkn pnr hns sahcdmans. Ynr chhn, dn qucrc`ns quclgyg kukg kc quc cstc cstukan gdghazgr ch sahcdman cd mndtcxtn kch hcdougjc usgkn y quc

ducstrn trgegjn sc cd`grmgr kcdtrn kc hns cstukans snmanprgo`tamns.

]n`ns mndsmacdtcs kc quc, gudquc dns ùcvc ud gbd kc cxlgustavakgk, dn pnkrc`ns kckamgr kc`gsagkn cspgman g mucstandcs quc, prnegehc`cdtc, gs hn rcquacrgdy quc quckgrd pgrmagh`cdtc kcsgtcdkakgs g bghtg kc quc, cd trgegjns buturns, sc rctn`cdy sc cstukacd mnd `gynr kctcdaàcdtn. Kc lcmln, dn qucrc`ns quc sc tn`c cstgmucstad mn`n udg kcsgtcdmad adtcdmandgkg y prc`ckatgkg, dn prctcdkc`ns kcs`crcmcr


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Wuacd mghhg ntnrog>Budmandcs kc hns sahcdmans y su rchgmad mnd hg vgragehc odcrn 7=

n aodnrgr su rchcvgdmag, pcrn ducstrgs haàtgmandcs kc tac`pn y cspgman dns a`pakcdgtcdkcrhgs mnrrcmtg`cdtc.

7.5. Nrogdazgmad kch trgegjnCh trgegjn cst mndstatuakn, gkc`s kc pnr cstc gpgrtgkn kcmucstandcs

prchaàdgrcs quc adtrnkumc ch trgegjn, pnr kns orgdkcs ehnqucs: ch pra`crn kc chhns, ch`grmn tcramn,admakc cspcmagh`cdtc cd ch adtcdtn kc mrcgr ud cspgman kc rcbhcxad cd chquc lgyg ud huogr pgrg ch sahcdman. Ygrg chhn, rcpgsgrc`ns hgs kastadtgs tcnrgs quc sc lgd prnpucstn lgstg ch `n`cdtn cd rchgmad gh sahcdman, ghukarc`ns gh mgrmtcradtcrkasmaphadgr kch bcd`cdn, adtcdtgrc`ns gmhgrgr mrccdmags quc lgd gmn`pggkn

sac`prc gh sahcdman y prcscdtgrc`ns hgs vgragehcs quc vg`ns g tcdcr cd mucdtg cd ducstrncstukan: odcrn y mnrtcsg6 y hg rchgmad quc ougrkgd mnd hns sahcdmans. @smndmrctg`cdtc, cd ch gpgrtgkn 5 sc prcscdtgrd hns trgegjns kc advcstaogmad quc sc lgd puehamgkn cd rchgmad g hns sahcdmans: rcghazgrc`ns udg pra`crg gprnxa`gmad gh sahcdmankcskc hgs kastadtgs kasmaphadgs quc hn lgd gtcdkakn6 rcvasgrc`ns qu prcjuamans nsupucstns lgd gmn`pggkn sac`prc g cstns saodns6 lgehgrc`ns kch sahcdman a`pucstn (hgmcdsurg)6 kch pgrghcdougjc y su huogr cd hg mnùdamgmad dn vcregh6 kc hgs kastadtgs

adtcrprctgmandcs quc puckc tcdcr ch sahcdman cd ntrgs muhturgs6 kc hg hgrog guscdmag kcsahcdman cd hns cstukans laspdamns6 y kc hgs kabamuhtgkcs quc cdmucdtrgd hnsadvcstaogknrcs g hg lnrg kc cstukagrhns. Cd hg scmmad = rcvasgrc`ns hgs pradmapghcsgpnrtgmandcs rcghazgkgs g hns cstukans kc odcrn: prcscdtgrc`ns sus pradmapghcsmnrracdtcs (tcnrg kc hg knàdgmad, tcnrg kc hg kabcrcdmag y cstukans rcmacdtcs)6 y hgrchgmad quc sc lg cstgehcmakn cd ch èatn hadostamn cdtrc odcrn y sahcdman. Cd ch pudtn ; phgdtcgrc`ns hgs pradmapghcs tcnrgs kc hg (kcs)mnrtcsg: cxpndkrc`ns sus

pradmapghcs cstukans6 hns mndkamandgdtcs snmaghcs y muhturghcs quc adtcrvacdcd cd sadtcrprctgmad6 y hg rchgmad quc sc lg cstgehcmakn cdtrc cstc bcd`cdn y ch sahcdman.

Cd ch scoudkn ehnquc, hhg`gkncstukan c`pramn, prcscdtgrc`ns ch cstukan quclc`ns hhcvgkn g mgen, prnpndkrc`ns udg mhgsabamgmad `s mcdtrgkg cd gspcmtnscxtrghadostamns kc hns sahcdmans (mndtcxtughcs, snmaghcs y muhturghcs), y, g pgrtar kcstukan c`pramn, gdghazgrc`ns c adtcdtgrc`ns cstgehcmcr mndcxandcs cdtrc hns sahcdmansy hgs kastadtgs vgragehcs adkcpcdkacdtcs mnd hgs quc cstg`ns trgegjgdkn (scxn y mnrtcsg),

y, pnr hta`n, phgdtcgrc`ns hgs mndmhusandcs g hgs quc lc`ns hhcogkn. Gs pucs, ch


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Wuacd mghhg ntnrog>Budmandcs kc hns sahcdmans y su rchgmad mnd hg vgragehc odcrn 7;

gpgrtgkn 3 sc mn`pndc: kc hg prcscdtgmad kc hns nejctavns kch cstukan6 ch phgdtcg`acdtnkc hg laptcsas (cd tnrdn g hgs trcs vgragehcs kc cstukan: sahcdman, odcrn y mnrtcsg)6 kc hg`ctnknhnog (lgmacdkn cspcmagh ladmgpa cd ch prnmcsn kc schcmmad kc hns lgehgdtcs ycd ch kc trgdsmrapmad y mnkabamgmad kc hns mgsns)6 kc hg prnpucstg kc mhgsabamgmahns sahcdmans g pgrtar kc vghnrcs cxtrghadostamns6 kc hg prcscdtgmad c adtcrprctgmad khns rcsuhtgkns y kc hgs mndmhusandcs cxtrgkgs kch gdhasas. Ynr hta`n, ch pudtn 2mndtacdc hgs mndmhusandcs ocdcrghcs kch trgegjn, cxtrgkgs udg vcz quc sc lg cxphamgkn ch`grmn tcramn y ch cstukan c`pramn, y quc snd hgs quc macrrgd ch trgegjn.


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@GUMN [CUAMN

5. Ch sahcdman cd hns cstukans prgo`tamns

Ch hcdougjc dn cs snhn pghgergs lgehgkgs, pamtramgs, ùsamghcs, ctm.: cs pghgerg y sahcdman judtns6 dn lgy pghgergs sad sahcdmans, ch sahcdman cst cd chadtcr anr kc mgkg pghgerg () cs pucdtc kc udad cdtrc hns sndakns. Hnsvgmans kc sndakn snd ch phcdn kc hns sndakns6 hgs snèrgs kch mugkrn snd

ch rcghmc kc hns mnhnrcs, hgs pgusgs cd hg `samg ch hgtakn kc hgs dntgs(]magmmg 7127: 12).

Ch sahcdman sc lg kcsmratn mn`n udg pnkcrnsg lcrrgàcdtg kc mnùdamgmad cdùmlns mg`pns kc hg cxprcsad lu`gdg. Ynr cjc`phn, cd hgs grtcs vasughcs, hg bghtg kcmughquacr chc`cdtn kc rcprcscdtgmad cd hg padturg `ndnmrn`tamg cs brcmucdtc`cdtcadtcrprctgkg mn`n ch sahcdman kc hg padturg. Kc hg às`g `gdcrg nmurrc cd hg `samg cdhg quc g hg bghtg kc sndakn sc hg hhg`g ch sahcdman ùsamgh. Sd kcdnàdgknr mn`d kccstns y ntrns usns kch sahcdman cs quc sc rcbacrcd `ctgbramg`cdtc g ghon quc cstguscdtc n kcecrg cstgr guscdtc.

Hgs vghnrgmandcs kch sahcdman tgèad sc puckcd cdmndtrgr cd ch usn kch hcdougjcmntakagdn. Ynr cjc`phn, puckcd kckumarsc kc hns prnvcreans, kamlns y brgscs lcmlgs kcudg mnùdakgk kc lgehgdtcs. Cd ducstrg snmackgk snd ùmlns hns gkjctavns quc lgdgmn`pggkn y gmn`pggd lgeatugh`cdtc gh sahcdman:adm`nkn, cxtrgn, g`cdgzgknr,àstcransn, pcsgkn, tcdsn6 cstns mghabamgtavns puckcd mndsakcrgrsc ch rcbhcjn kc hggmtatuk `s ocdcrgh kc hns lgehgdtcs gdtc hg gpgramad kc cstc chc`cdtn. Kc lcmln g hnslgehgdtcs quc rcmurrcd mnd brcmucdmag g su usn sc hns tgmlg kcdn mnnpcrgtavns, roakns,

adkavakughastgs, `cdns mn`pctcdtcs, sneransn tàkns, hg `gynrg kc chhgsmnddntgmandcs dcogtavgs: brcdtc g chhns cdmndtrgrg`ns g hgs pcrsndgsgbcmtunsgs,mnnpcrgtavgs, tnhcrgdtcs, mn`pctcdtcs, geacrtgsy snmagehcs. ]cod ]mnhhnd (71


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adtcdmad kch lgehgdtc. Gd `s brcmucdtc`cdtc, nescrvg`ns cstg satugmad cdmndtcxtns adtcrmuhturghcs yg quc tgdtn hns saodabamgkns mn`n hgs cvghugmandcs5 kc hnssahcdmans puckcd scr kabcrcdtcs cdtrc muhturgs y puckcd prnvnmgr `ghcdtcdkakns. Mn`nvcrc`ns, cd muhturgs mn`n hg mladg n hg jgpndcsg, ch sahcdman cd hg adtcrgmmadadtcrpcrsndgh cs adtcrprctgkn mn`n udg `gdabcstgmad kc gr`ndg, gs ch sahcdman scvghnrg `s pnsatavg`cdtc quc lgehgr.

Cd cstc gpgrtgkn trgtgrc`ns kc cxphamgr tnkgs cstgs mucstandcs quc lc`nscxpucstn gs mn`n ghoudgs ntrgs quc tgèad ougrkgd rchgmad mnd ch bcd`cdnsahcdmansn. Gprnvcmlgrc`ns tgèad pgrg rcpgsgr hg eaehanorgbg `s rcprcscdtgtavg quclgy lgstg hg bcmlg snerc hns sahcdmans.

5.7. Adtrnkummad. Yra`crg gprnxa`gmad gh sahcdman

Sd haern snerc ch sahcdman dn kcjg kc scrudg mndtrgkammad, pcrn cs mndtrgkamadknsc

mn`n sc hc cdtacdkc (U. Ygdaffgr 711?: ;2).

Lc`ns geacrtn cstc gpgrtgkn mnd udg matg quc dns advatg g phgdtcgrdns m`n

lgehgr kc sahcdman. Gdtc cstg kasyudtavg pnkc`ns rcdudmagr g kcsmraear ch sahcdman mnd pghgergs, kcjgr ch sahcdman cd ch sahcdman n gsuàr hg mndtrgkammad kc lgehgr kch sahcdmy lgmcr udg rcbhcxad kc hn quc kc h sc lg kamln lgstg ch `n`cdtn. Cta`nhoamg`cdtc,hg pghgerg sahcdman prnvacdc kch sustgdtavn hgtadn shdtau quc saodabamgeg bghtg kcruakn y mghhgr. ]a hg cdtcdkc`ns g pgrtar kc csg pra`crg gmcpmad, ch sahcdman cs

guscdmag kc sndakn y hg guscdmag cs dgkg pnr hn quc puckc hhcogr g cxphamgrsc pnr qu

ch sahcdman sc lg aodnrgkn kurgdtc tgdtn tac`pn.

Hg pghgerg y ch sahcdman cstd cstrcmlg`cdtc udakns y dn puckcd mn`prcdkcrsccd su tntghakgk mn`n cdtakgkcs scpgrgkgs. ]cod _attocdstcad, hg pghgerg tacdc ud huogrhaàtgkn y, cd scod qu satugmandcs, cs `cjnr rcsougrkgrsc cd ch sahcdman.

Kc hn quc dn pnkc`ns lgehgr `s vghc ougrkgr sahcdman(_attocdstcad 71


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Wuacd mghhg ntnrog>Budmandcs kc hns sahcdmans y su rchgmad mnd hg vgragehc odcrn 7?

Ch sahcdman lg sakn gdghazgkn kcskc kastadtns mg`pns muhturghcs mn`n hghatcrgturg, hg `samg, ch madc, ctm., cd hns quc su prcscdmag tacdc udg saodabamgmagrtstamg. Cd hn ùsamgh, ch sahcdman puckc scr cdtcdkakn mn`n hgs pgusgs cdtrc ud sndakny ntrn, mn`n hgs mn`gs cd hg org`tamg ùsamgh, pcrn tgèad sc lg cdtcdkakn mn`n ud

mn`pndcdtc vatgh kc udg `chnkg, y gd `s, mn`n ch chc`cdtn budkg`cdtgh judtn g hnssndakns kch bcd`cdn ùsamgh (M. Grgyg 599


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Wuacd mghhg ntnrog>Budmandcs kc hns sahcdmans y su rchgmad mnd hg vgragehc odcrn 7<

Cd ch madc sc prnkujn udg mndtrnvcrsag cd hns gns trcadtg mnd hg gpgramad kchmadc sndnrn. Lgstg ch `n`cdtn ch madc ùkn pcràtg gh cspcmtgknr pcrmaear hg adbadakgkkc `gtamcs kc hg mnùdamgmad dn vcregh quc, kc ghoudg `gdcrg, quckgrnd kabuàdgkns pnstcranr`cdtc kctrs kc hg pghgerg. Mlgrhcs Mlgphad `gdabcst su npnsamad kcgegdkndgr ch madc ùkn y cd su pchmuhg[ac`pns `nkcrdns (71=2) eusm hg `gdcrg kcrakamuhazgr hg pghgerg. Gudquc sc prcscdt mn`n hg pra`crg pchmuhg sndnrg kc cstc ocdankch spta`n grtc, hg pchmuhg dn mndtacdc kahnons, shn pghgergs suchtgs, ghoudgs kc chhgsadvcdtgkgs.;

5.7.7. Cstcrcntapns, supucstns y prcjuamans kc hns sahcdmans. Wuacd mghhg ntnrog>

Dns prnpndc`ns glnrg lgmcr ud rcpgsn pnr tnkgs gquchhgs mrccdmags, supucstns,vghnrgmandcs n prcjuamans quc lgd gmn`pggkn y saoucd gmn`pggdkn hns sahcdmans.

Ynr qu sc kamc rn`pcr ch sahcdman y dnhaecrgr ch sahcdman> (Zgrghufa 711;: 57).

Ocdcrgh`cdtc, mn`n kamc Grgyg (599


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udg mn`phctg tcnrg snerc cstg dcmcsatg cxphamgr hns gspcmtns tgdtn kch udn mn`n kchntrn, sad `cdnsmgen kc dadoudn kc chhns.

[acdkc g mrccrsc quc ch hcdougjc cs `s chcvgkn quc ch sahcdman, pcrn hgmnùdamgmad vcregh, pnr s snhg, ùmlgs vcmcs puckc rcsuhtgr adsubamacdtc y cquvnmg.]c prcstg ùmlg gtcdmad g hn cxphmatn, pcrn y tnkn hn kc`s> Cd ducstrg muhturgnmmakcdtgh, càdcdtc`cdtc vcregh, sac`prc sc dns lg admuhmgkn hg prcpndkcrgdmag kc hg pghgerg snerc ch sahcdman3. Kc ud `nkn u ntrn, ch sahcdman sac`prc lg sakn trgtgkn `s eacd kc bnr`g suesakagrag, cxmcptn cd ghoudgs pgrmchgs scmudkgrags mn`n puckcd scr chgrtc n hg `samg. Ch àckn gh sahcdman cs ud lcmln cd ducstrg snmackgk, cst vghnrgkndcogtavg`cdtc, cd ducstrn ùdkn prcknàdg hg a`gocd y ch lgehg. Ygdaffgr (711?)`cdmandg hg saocbneag, ch àckn gh sahcdman, mn`n udg kc hgs cdbcr`ckgkcs kch saohn.[cdkc`ns g vcr ch hgkn nsmurn kch sahcdman, sus mgrcdmags, sus pchaorns, y dns gbcrrg`nsg hgs pghgergs.

]c gmusg tgèad gh sahcdman kc a`prcmasn n vgon, tnkn hcdougjc cs adkarcmtn n

ghusavn6 cs, sa sc quacrc, sahcdman (@crhcgu-Yndty, 71?9: 2?). Cstg vasad pgrtamapg kc udcsmcptamas`n lgmag ch hcdougjc. [c`c`ns hn dn-kamln pnrquc dns prnkumc adscourakgk6

sa admhusn g hn gmgegkn kc kcmar pnr ch ntrn pnkc`ns kgrhc ntrg adtcrprctgmad y kgrhc hgvuchtg, qu dn puckc sumckcr mnd hn quc dn lg hhcogkn g scr kamln> Hg cxmcsavga`pnrtgdmag mndmckakg g hg cxphamatuk prnvnmg, dn pnmgs vcmcs, `ghcdtcdkakns pnr hndn-kamln n, admhusn, pnr hn kamln pcrn dn cspcrgehc kcskc ducstrn pudtn kc vastg. Mgkgvcz tcdkc`ns g gmntgr `s hg haecrtgk kc hn sahcdmagkn, kc hn tgh vcz `s adtcdsg`cdtcmnùdamgkn prcmasg`cdtc pnr dn lgecrhn hhcogkn g cxprcsgr. Dn cs kc cxtrggr, pnr chhn,quc kaog`ns cxphmatg`cdtc quc prcbcra`ns ougrkgr sahcdman justg`cdtc mugdkn

qucrc`ns kgr `s bucrzg g hn quc mghhg`ns (Ug`rcz, 7115:=1).[gèad suchc rcprnmlrschc gh sahcdman su mgrmtcr gèaoun, pnkc`ns kcmar

tgdtgs mnsgs g trgvs kc h, pcrn tg`pnmn hgs pghgergs puckcd csmgpgr kc hg gèaockgky, cd nmgsandcs, prnpamagd hns `ghcdtcdkakns. Ch sahcdman, mn`n ch lgehg, cs gèaoun, pcrn ch mndtcxtn rcsnhvcr cd hg `gynrg kc hgs nmgsandcs csg gèaockgk, mn`n sumckc

3 Cd mndtrgpnsamad g hn quc nmurrc cd hgs snmackgkcs nracdtghcs. Cd hgs prxa`gs poadgs kckamgrc`ns udcspgman g cstg mucstad.


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mnd hgs pghgergs. Ycrn ch xatn kch sahcdman dn kcpcdkc snhg`cdtc kc dnsntrns sadntgèad kc hg pcrsndg mnd hg quc lgehg`ns. Cs kabmah rcspctgr ch sahcdman kch ntrn, snhn puckc lgmcrhn quacd eacd hn mndnmc y sgec utahazgrhn c adtcrprctgrhn. Kc cstc tapn kcgèaockgkcs n `ghcdtcdkakns suroc cd nmgsandcs ch lu`nr. Ynr su pgrtc, GegtcKadnugrt (7111: ;3) kcstgmg ch sahcdman mn`n ud mn`pndcdtc budkg`cdtgh kc hgchnmucdmag ch grtc kc mghhgr mn`n ch grtc kc hg prcsudmad, mghhgr cs lgmcr quc hnskc`s supndogd quc udn sgec.

Ch rcbrgdcrn cspgnh cs ud adstru`cdtn `s pgrg cdtrcvcr hg saodabamgmadmuhturgh kch sahcdman6 cstns chc`cdtns rcbhcjgd pcdsgàcdtns pnpuhgrcs quc mnrrcd kc enmg cd enmg y quc, kc ghod `nkn, ùcstrgd ud scdtar `s n `cdns mndscdsugkn.Yrcmasg`cdtc udn kc hns rcbrgdcs `s mndnmakns y pnpuhgrcs cs ch quc kg ttuhn g cstctrgegjn y g cstc gpgrtgkn:Wuacd mghhg ntnrog. Cstn dns adkamg quc trgkamandgh`cdtc udgkc hgs budmandcs pradmapghcs quc sc hc gsaodgeg gh sahcdman crg hg kc gbar`gr ghon, mn`nvcrc`ns csn dn cs dcmcsgrag`cdtc gs. [nkns lc`ns nkn tgèad ghoudg vcz ch kamln

cd enmg mcrrgkg dn cdtrgd `nsmgs 6 sc hc gsnmag gqu gh sahcdman udg budmad kc prukcdmag n `csurg. [gdtn cstg budmad mn`n hg gdtcranr, cstd rcmnoakgs cd hgmhgsabamgmad quc prnpndc`ns cd cstc trgegjn pcrn, mn`n vcrc`ns, da udg da hg ntrg sndda tgd snhn hgs `s brcmucdtcs.

Ynkc`ns kcmar quc, pnr udg pgrtc, sc hc gtraeuyc gh sahcdman udg vghnrgmad pnsatavg (dn kc`gsagkn brcmucdtc), mn`n gs hn adkamgd hns saouacdtcs rcbrgdcs: hg `cjnr

pghgerg cs hg quc dn sc kamc, vghc `s pnr hn quc mghhg quc pnr hn quc kamc, crcs

kucn kc tus sahcdmans y csmhgvn kc tus pghgergs n `s vghc mghhgr quc crrgr, pcrn,

dnr`gh`cdtc, ch sahcdman lg sakn mndsakcrgkn mn`n ud chc`cdtn dcogtavn y, mn`n dn

pnkg scr kc ntrg `gdcrg, gs lg quckgkn rcbhcjgkn cd ch rcbrgdcrn cspgnh: hn quc scsgec scdtar, sc sgec kcmar, cd enmg mcrrgkg dn cdtrgd `nsmgs, lgehgdkn s c cdtacdkchg ocdtc n mnd ch lnèrc sac`prc mghhgkn, ùmln muakgkn!.

5.7.5. Ch sahcdman a`pucstn. Hg mcdsurg

Ch adàsmuarsc cd hg pghgerg kch ntrn dn tacdc dgkg kc dnvcknsn n kccxtrgnrkadgran. Sdg chcmmad mnùdamgtavg kc mughquacr lgehgdtc puckc scr hg kc mghhgrhg kc pcr`gdcmcr cd sahcdman. Kcjg`ns kc kcmar mnsgs quc pukacrgd lcrar g ducstrn


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adtcrhnmutnr n quc dns pukacrgd mn`prn`ctcr, g cstg bnr`g kc gmtugr sc hg suchcmndsakcrgrgutnmcdsurg. Ycrn cd ntrgs nmgsandcs hg pghgerg n ch sahcdman puckcd vcdara`pucstns pnr ntrg pcrsndg. Ch mcdsnr, mn`n yg lc`ns vastn, puckc scr ch prnpanlgehgdtc, pcrn cd ntrgs nmgsandcs, csc pgpch hc puckc mnrrcspndkcr g su adtcrhnmutnr n gudg tcrmcrg pcrsndg. Hns pgrtamapgdtcs kc hg adtcrgmmad puckcd mndsakcrgr mn`n dngprnpagkn hn quc cst kamacdkn ch lgehgdtc y trgtgr kc mcdsurgrhn a`pakacdkn quc hn kaogg trgvs kc adtcrrupmandcs, supcrpnsamandcs kc lgehg u ntrns `cmgdas`ns y mndscouar gsa`pndcrhc ch sahcdman.

Ycrn kamc Ynrtnhs Hzgrn (5991) quc sa ch mcdsnr puckc a`pndcr ch sahcdman,tg`ead puckc nehaogr gh usn kc hg pghgerg. Onbb`gd (71


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Dn sc trgtg shn kc quc hg ocdtc lgehc cdtrc s sad utahazgr pghgergs, sadn

quc lgy ud udavcrsn mn`phctn kc mn`pnrtgàcdtn quc cst sad cxphnrgr, sadcxgàdgr y quc cd orgd `ckakg sc kg pnr supucstn. Hns quc prnmckc`ns kc

udg tr gkamad curnpcg vava`ns cd ud ùdkn kc pghgergs quc mrcc`ns quccs rcgh, pcrn ch quc lgehc`ns dn saodabamg quc ch rcstn kc hn qucmnùdamg`ns mnd ducstrn mn`pnrtgàcdtn dn scg aough`cdtc a`pnrtgdtc(Lghh 71


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mugsa-hxamns (adtcrjcmmandcs {Gl Sy! Gjg!), ndn`gtnpcygs (@ug-@ug, Yaa-paa, Ynd- pnd, @agu, Mrngm), càsandcs sndnrgs quc mucdtgd mnd dnèrc prnpan (mlastgr, sascgr,rndmgr, rcsnphgr...) y ntrns ùmlns sndakns (Sbb, Ysa-psg, L`, hgj, [A, Gjjj, Nuu...), ctm.)y hgs pgusgs y sahcdmans quc g pgrtar kc su saodabamgkn n kc ghoudn kc sus mn`pndcdtcsadbcrcdmaghcs mnùdamgd n gtazgd ch scdtakn kc hns cdudmagkns vcreghcs.

Hns `nvaàcdtns y hgs pnsturgs mnrpnrghcs quc mnùdamgd n `gtazgd chsaodabamgkn kc hns cdudmagkns vcreghcs sc mndnmcd mn`d`cdtc mn`n quadsamg

(Ynygtns 711;e: mgp. 3). ]c trgtg kc ud sastc`g kc mnùdamgmad dn vcregh gh quc sc hclg prcstgkn mndsakcrgehc gtcdmad y quc cst mndstatuakn pnr trcs mgtconrgs esamgs: hnsocstns n `nvaàcdtns bgmaghcs y mnrpnrghcs, hgs `gdcrgs n bnr`gs mndvcdmandghcs kcrcghazgr hgs gmmandcs n hns `nvaàcdtns y hgs pnsturgs n pnsamandcs csttamgsmnùdamgtavgs, rcsuhtgdtcs n dn kc hg rcghazgmad kc macrtns `nvaàcdtns.

Hg prnxàmg, pnr su pgrtc, cs hg macdmag quc cstukag ch mndjudtn kcmn`pnrtgàcdtns dn vcreghcs quc lgmcd rcbcrcdmag g hg nrogdazgmad kch cspgman y sccdmgrog kc gdghazgr ch vghnr cxprcsavn quc ch scr lu`gdn hc mndbacrc g kamln knàdan.Kcdtrn kc cstc èatn kc cstukan pnkc`ns kastadouar cdtrc kns tapns kc cspgmans. Ynr ud

hgkn cdmndtrg`ns ch cspgman bsamn n tcrratnragh y cd scoudkn huogr, ch cspgman psamnhoamn n pcrsndgh. Badgh`cdtc, ch tac`pn tgèad mnùdamg, eacd pgsavg`cdtc,nbrcmacdkn adbnr`gmad muhturgh, eacd gmtavg`cdtc, `nkabamgdkn n rcbnrzgdkn chsaodabamgkn kc hns chc`cdtns kch rcstn kc sastc`gs kc mnùdamgmad lu`gdg. ]u cstukansc lg kcdnàdgkn mrndàmg, quc sc kcbadc mn`n hg mndmcpmad, hg cstrumturgmad y chusn quc lgmc kch tac`pn ch scr lu`gdn.

5.7.=.7. A`pnrtgdmag kc hg mnùdamgmad dn vcregh

Hns chc`cdtns quc mndbnr`gd hns sastc`gs kc mnùdamgmad dn vcregh,cspcmagh`cdtc ch pgrghadostamn y ch quadsamn, sc utahazgd kc bnr`g saùhtdcg mnd hnschc`cdtns kch sastc`g vcregh, n ghtcrdgdkn mnd chhns, cd mughquacr gmtn kc mnùdamgmadlu`gdg. Cs damg`cdtc cd hg mnèadgmad kc hns saodabamgkns n vghnrcs kc tnkns hnssaodns (vcreghcs y dn vcreghcs) càtakns kndkc sc cdmucdtrg ch mndtcdakn n scdtakn kcmgkg cdudmagkn, pnr hn quc hns chc`cdtns quc adtcorgd hns sastc`gs kc mnùdamgmad dn


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vcregh, kc hg às`g `gdcrg quc hns quc mn`pndcd ch sastc`g vcregh, prcmasgd udgadvcstaogmad cspcmbamg y mn`phctg.

Ch hcdougjc vcregh cs ducstrg bnr`g kc mnùdamgmad pnr cxmchcdmag, pcrn dn hgdamg y, cd nmgsandcs, tg`pnmn hg `s cbcmtavg. Hg kabamuhtgk pgrg scpgrgr chmn`pnrtgàcdtn lu`gdn vcregh kch dn vcregh sc lgmc pgtcdtc cd ch lcmln kc quc, mn`nscghg Fdgpp, ùmlns advcstaogknrcs dn quacrcd kasnmagr ch cstukan kc hgs pghgergs y kchns ocstns (71


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mn`n pudtn kc rcbcrcdmag hg nerg kc Ynygtns, hns cdohneg kcdtrn kc hns saodns dnvcreghcs pgrghadostamns judtn g hns `nkabamgknrcs bdamns, sndakns basanhoamns yc`nmandghcs y chc`cdtns mugsa-hxamns (ghtcrdgdtcs).

5.7.;. Hg pgusg

Cd cstc trgegjn cdtcdkc`ns pnr pgusg hg guscdmag kc lgehg kurgdtc ud pcrankn kctac`pn mn`prcdkakn cdtrc 9 y 7 scoudkns, saouacdkn hn prnpucstn pnr Mcstcrn (7111:=3). Ch KUGC pnr su pgrtc, hg kcbadc kc hg saouacdtc `gdcrg:adtcrrupmad kc hgbndgmad, kc kurgmad vgragehc, quc kchaàtg ud orupn bdamn cd ud cdudmagkn. ]ndcsmgsns hns gutnrcs quc sc lgd rcbcrakn g cstc bcd`cdn cd ch èatn hadostamn, kc

lcmln cs `s lgeatugh cdmndtrgr trgegjns quc sc rcbacrcd g chhgs mn`n ud rcmursn `tramnquc kchaàtg ud vcrsn y quc supndc udg kavasad kc hg mgkcdg bdamg (kcskc udg pcrspcmtavg pntamg) n mn`n ud chc`cdtn ùsamgh, hgs pgusgs cdtcdkakgs mn`n hgsmn`gs cdtrc udg dntg y ntrg.

Cd hadostamg, Mcstcrn (7111: =3) hcs gsaodg udg budmad mn`n rcouhgknrgs kchmgèan kc turdn, adkamgdkn ch badgh kc udn y ch pnsaehc mnàcdzn kch ntrn. Ycrn kamc quc puckcd budmandgr tgèad mn`n prcscdtgknrgs kc kastadtgs mhgscs kc gmtnsmnùdamgtavns vcreghcs (prcoudtgs, dgrrgmandcs, pctamandcs kc gpnyns) y, gkc`s, puckcd scr rcbhcxavgs n basanhoamgs, mnd hgs mnddntgmandcs quc chhn mndhhcvg. Ynr pgrtc, Oghhgrkn (711=: 71;-713), mn`n vcrc`ns `s kctcdakg`cdtc mugdkncxpndog`ns hgs pradmapghcs tcnrgs kch sahcdman, cdtacdkc pnr pgusg gquchhns sahcdmans prcscdtcs kcdtrn kc udg às`g adtcrvcdmad y cd hns quc, pnr mndsaouacdtc, cxastc udgmndtadugmad kch `cdsgjc, adkcpcdkacdtc`cdtc kc hg kurgmad kc hns às`ns.

Ntrns gutnrcs mn`n Neckacdtc (711


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scdtakn, hg pgusg puckc mndsakcrgrsc mn`n udg brndtcrg `gynr ( // )? y cd tgdtn quc hg judturg ( / ), udg brndtcrg cdnr. Sdg y ntrg sarvcd pgrg scpgrgr udakgkcs pcrn kc kastadtg jcrgrqug org`gtamgh: udakgkcs `gynrcs cd ch mgsn kc hg pgusg y udakgkcs `cdnrcs cd chkc hg judturg.

5.5. Yradmapghcs tcnrgs kch sahcdman

5.5.7. Hns pra`crns cstukans snerc ch sahcdman

Hg kavcrsakgk kc pcrspcmtavgs gknptgkgs cd ch cstukan kch sahcdman kasmurrc pgrghchg g hg vgrackgk kc tapnhnogs y budmandcs gsaodgkgs g cstc y tgèad g hnskastadtns cdbnqucs quc lgd suroakn. Hns pra`crns cstukans dn pgrtacrnd kc hg mnrracdtchadostamg, sadn `s eacd kc hg snmanhnog y hg gdtrnpnhnog. Cd udn kc hns `s gdtaounscstukans cd ducstrn pgs snerc ch sahcdman, @ndcvg (71=3) hhcvg g mgen udg kascrtgmadsnerc hns `nkns kch sahcdman scod su sujctn, su `gtcrag y su badghakgk, mnd ch nejctavn,

mn`n h às`n cxprcsg, kc cdscgr Mghhgtnrag (71=3: ?). Esamg`cdtc cstc gutnr

kastadouc cdtrc sahcdman (dgturgh, cxpcmtgdtc, `ctkamn, csttamn y tamn) y trgdsgmmad(mndmasad y `ckag vnz). Ch sahcdman dgturgh, pnr cjc`phn, cs kcsmratn pnr @ndcvg mn`nud cstgkn dnr`gh kch scr lu`gdn, mn`n ud cstgkn kc rcpnsn mnd rchgmad gh lgehg.Kcdtrn kch sahcdman tamn sc admhuyc ch sahcdman jurkamn, kndkc sc ueamgrg ch scmrctnmndbcsad, ch scmrctn `kamn y kc hg genogmg, ctm. Jcdscd (71?=), pnr su pgrtc, cdu`crgmadmn budmandcs prntntpamgs kch sahcdman, mgkg udg kc chhgs mnd su pgrtc pnsatavgdcogtavg:

Kc mndcxad. Ygrg udar n kcsudar pcrsndgsKc gbcmtgmad. Ygrg adkamgr tgdtn rcspcmtn n gmcptgmad mn`n

adkabcrcdmag, nkan u lnstahakgk.Kc rcvchgmad. Ygrg rcvchgr n csmndkcr adbnr`gmad.Kc cvghugmad. Ygrg adkamgr gscdtaàcdtn n kascdtaàcdtn.Kc gmtavakgk. (Mn`n rcbhcxad, mn`n guscdmag kc gmtavakgk `cdtgh n

mn`n guscdmag kc gmtavakgk).

? ]aodns quc utahazg ch gutnr pgrg rcprcscdtgr cstns bcd`cdns.


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Erudcgu (71?=), cd ntrn kc hns grtmuhns rcprcscdtgtavns snerc hg tapnhnog kchsahcdman kcstgmg trcs bnr`gs: hns sahcdmans psamnhadostamns, hns adtcrgmtavns y hsnmanmuhturghcs. Cdtrc hns pra`crns sc cstukagrgd hns `n`cdtns kc kukg c adkcmasad: chgutnr lgehg kc sahcdmans rpakns n mnrtns (`cdnrcs kc kns scoudkns, prnpans kc hghadcghakgk kch hcdougjc y dcmcsgrans pgrg su org`gtamghakgk) y hns hcdtns n hgrons(sahcdmans `cdtghcs nehaogtnr ans cstrcmlg`cdtc gsnmagkns g hns prnmcsns sc`dtamns kckcmnkabamgmad kch hcdougjc). Hns sahcdmans adtcrgmtavns, prnpans kch prnmcsn kc udg

mndvcrsgmad, scrgd hns `gdabcstgkns gh tn`gr kcmasandcs, gh cjcrmcr ud mndtrnh, ghcxprcsgr c`nmandcs adtcrdgs, ctm.6 pnr hta`n, hgs kabcrcdtcs mndmcpmandcs kc hnssahcdmans cd hgs kavcrsgs muhturgs kgrgd huogr g hns sahcdmans snmanmuhturghcs. Gudquc

sahcdman mn`n bnr`g gesnhutg dn cxastg, ch gutnr adkamg quc ch lnèrc tacdc hg pnsaeahakgk kc ghmgdzgr ch sahcdman, g kabcrcdmag kc hns gda`ghcs, quc kcecd tnhcrgr hnsndakns mugdkn cstd kcspacrtns (@gtcu 5997: =9-=7).

5.5.5. Ch sahcdman cd ch èatn hadostamn<

Cd ocdcrgh, hg `gynrg kc hadoastgs quc cstukagd hns sahcdmans sc rcbacrcd g chhnsmn`n udg mgtconrg mnùdamgtavg. Mn`n `cdmandg Jgwnrsfa, kcskc udg pcrspcmtavg

snmanprgo`tamg, ch ùtas`n dn sc mndsakcrgrg ud tapn kc sahcdman pnr dn scrmnùdamgtavn-adtcrgmmandgh, snhn puckc adtcrprctgrsc ch sahcdman mn`n tgh mugdkn tlcmn`ùdamgtand prnmcss as cxpr cmtck nr pcrmcavck tn ec tgfado phgmc (711=: =;).

Hg hadoastg ]gvahhc-[rnafc (71


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jcrgrqugs snmaghcs, ctm.6 cdtrc hns scoudkns sc kastadoucd cdtrc ch sahcdman satugmandghdnr`gtavn y sa`ehamn6 pnr hta`n, cdtrc hns sahcdmans kctcr`adgkns adkavakugh`cdtc scscghgd hns adtcrgmtavns (cdtrc hns quc sc cdmucdtrg ch snmanmndtcxtugh, ch hadostamn y psamnhoamn) y hns dn adtcrgmtavns (mndstatuakns pnr ch sahcdman mndtc`phgtavn n`ckatgtavn y ch adgmtavn) (71


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y pnhtamg, (2) ch sndakn gèacdtgh mnd su tcdkcdmag g nestruar ch sahcdman kc rcbhcxad ykc mndvcrsgmad, y (?) hgs cxtcdsandcs kch sahcdman cd hg rcprcscdtgmad vasugh.

Bcrdgdkn Ynygtns (711;) kabcrcdmag, gsaàs`n, cdtrc budmandcs pnsatavgs ydcogtavgs kc hns sahcdmans kcskc ud pudtn kc vastg adtcrgmtavn. Mn`n budmandcs pnsatavgskc hns sahcdman `cdmandg ch sahcdman dgturgh kch gèacdtc, ch sahcdman kc rgppnrt (sacdkn hgs pghgergs addcmcsgrags pgrg hg mnùdamgmad, mrcmcd cd prnbudkakgk hnsscdtaàcdtns ùtuns), ch sahcdman kch g`nr mn`pgsavn (quc udc cd huogr kc scpgrgr)y ch sahcdman prnbcsandgh (cdtrc `kamn pgmacdtc, ctm.). Mn`n budmandcs dcogtavgskastadouc cdtrc ch sahcdman pgrg cxprcsgr gmtatukcs dcogtavgs1 (mn`n dcogmad kcmnùdamgmad) y ch sahcdman `gdapuhgtavn (utahazgkn adtcdmandgh`cdtc sgeacdkn quc hggdsackgk quc mgusg cst cd prn pnrmad karcmtg g su kurgmad) (Ynygtns 711; A: 7?1-7


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Wuacd mghhg ntnrog>Budmandcs kc hns sahcdmans y su rchgmad mnd hg vgragehc odcrn =9

adtcrvghn cs ch sahcdman quc sc satg cdtrc kns adtcrvcdmandcs6 y chhgpsn cs ch sahcdmanquc sc cdmucdtrg cdtrc adtcrmg`eans (Oghhgrkn 7112: 77


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adtcrgmmad) dn a`phamg sahcdman, pnrquc cstc sc cdtacdkc mn`n gmtavakgk mnùdamgtavg77.Ynstcranr`cdtc, phgdtcgr udg mhgsabamgmad kc hns sahcdmans cd hgs adtcrgmmandcs snmagCd cstc mgsn, dn sc cst mcdtrgdkn cd ch saodabamgkn kch sahcdman mn`n tgh, sadn cd hgsmarmudstgdmags cd hgs quc ch sahcdman puckc scr cdtcdkakn cd hg adtcrgmmad. Mndsakcquc lgy udg scrac kc bgmtnrcs quc kcecd scr tcdakns cd mucdtg cd mughquacr adtcrgmmad:(7) ]c kcec mndsakcrgr ch d`crn kc pcrsndgs gmtavg`cdtc advnhumrgkns cd hgadtcrgmmad, àcdtrgs quc cd udg mndvcrsgmad cd hg quc pgrtamapgd kns lgehgdtcs udncsmumlg àcdtrgs ch ntrn lgehg, cd ntrgs cd hgs quc lgy udg orgd gukacdmag y hg `gynrgcstd cd sahcdman hg satugmad mgèag, cd pghgergs kch gutnr, cs ud mndtcxtn kabcrcdtc.

(5) Lgy quc tcdcr cd mucdtg chtcxtn75 quc dn cs mnùdamgkn y quc cs sahcdman6 cd

ghoudns mgsns, ch tcxtn cs kcsmndnmakn, cspcmagh`cdtc mugdkn g hg pcrsndg sc hc lgmcudg prcoudtg y dn mndtcstg, pcrn tgèad puckc nmurrar quc hg pcrsndg dn quacrgrcvchgrhn. (=) Lgy quc tcdcr cd mucdtg hg kastadmad cdtrc sahcdmans adtcdmandghcs y dnadtcdmandghcs6 udg pcrsndg puckc cstgr pcdsgdkn muakgknsg`cdtc hn quc quacrc kcmar(sahcdman adtcdmandgh) n sa`phc`cdtc puckc cstgr pcdsgdkn su rcspucstg (sahcdman dnadtcdmandgh). (;) Lgehg kc hg prcscdmag n dn-prcscdmag psamnhoamg kc hg pcrsndg cdsahcdman6 àcdtrgs quc hns pgrtamapgdtcs cd udg mndvcrsgmad cstd prcscdtcs, udg

pcrsndg quc kcmakc cstgr cd sahcdman y dn tacdc adtcdmad kc lgehgr puckc cstgrguscdtc. (Furznd 599?: 7223). G pgrtar kc cstgs mndsakcrgmandcs phgdtcg, mn`nkcmg`ns, udg mhgsabamgmad kc hns sahcdmans cd hgs adtcrgmmandcs snmaghcs rchgmandmgkg tapn kc sahcdman mnd ch quc lg cxpucstn gdtcranr`cdtc. Kastadouc cdtrc sahcdmansmndvcrsgmandghcs (cquavghcd g ud gmtn kc lgehg)6 sahcdmans tc`tamns (àcdtrgs quc cdhns sahcdmans mndvcrsgmandghcs ch lgehgdtc dn tacdc dgkg quc kcmar, cd hns tc`tamnsnmurrc quc dn tacdc dgkg quc kcmar rcspcmtn gh tc`g quc cstd trgtgdkn (pnhtamg,

rchaoad, `gmlas`n)6 sahcdmans tcxtughcs (àcdtrgs quc cd hns sahcdmans tc`tamns scougrkg sahcdman snerc ud tc`g cspcmbamn, cstc tapn kc sahcdman sc prnkumc cd mndtcxtnscd hns quc sc hcc ud tcxtn cd sahcdman, cstc cs ch sahcdman prnpan kc hgs eaehantcmgs6 sahcdman satugmandgh (àcdtrgs quc ch sahcdman tcxtugh sc prnkumc mugdkn hns lgehgdtcs

77 Furznd, gh aough quc Jgwnrsfa, cdtacdkc quc ch sahcdman sc kg cd ch mndtcxtn mnùdamgtavn, ocdcrgh`cdtcgh sahcdman quc sc prnkumc bucrg kc hg mnùdamgmad sc hc hhg`g ùtas`n, n scod Ynygtns (711;) quactuk.75 Furznd utahazg ch tràdn tcxtn pgrg lgmcr rcbcrcdmag g mughquacr mnsg, kcskc udg rcspucstg nrgh mn rtglgstg ud kasmursn mn`phctn (599?: 72?;).


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cstd hcycdkn cd sahcdman, ch satugmandgh cs ch quc sc prnkumc cd ghoudns huogrcs quc snd prnpamans pgrg chhn mn`n traeudghcs, csmuchgs, lnspatghcs, budcrgrags, prasandcs, mg`pnskc egtghhg, ctm.) (Furznd 599?: 7222-72


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Wuacd mghhg ntnrog>Budmandcs kc hns sahcdmans y su rchgmad mnd hg vgragehc odcrn ==

; - Kceahatgr ch mndtcdakn n scdtakn kc ud cdudmagkn vcregh. Ynr cjc`phn, ghcxprcsgr sndracdtc ud cdudmagkn kch tapn "cstn dn cs gs, c s. . ." n gh egjgr ch tndn ghkcmar "pnkrg lgmcrsc kc ntrg `gdcrg" mugdkn sc ùcstrg kcsmndbnràkgk mnd chadtcrhnmutnr.

3 - Mndtrgkcmar ch mndtcdakn n scdtakn kc ud cdudmagkn vcregh. Gs, pnr cjc`phn,gh kcmar cd tndn ghtn, mgsa oratgdkn, y mnd ch mcn brudmakn "`c pgrcmc udg akcgbgdtstamg", hn quc mnùdamg`ns, cd rcghakgk, cs quc dn dns oustg hg akcg prnpucstg pnrducstrn adtcrhnmutnr, n mugdkn prnkuma`ns ud "s" mnd kctcràdgkns ocstns bgmaghcs, hnquc mnùdamg`ns cs "dn".

2 - Mgùbhgr ch vcrkgkcrn scdtakn kc ud cdudmagkn vcregh. Ynr cjc`phn, gh kcmarcd tndn egjn y cd vchnmakgk hcdtg kc càsad, n mnd kctcràdgkns ocstns bgmaghcs, udcdudmagkn mn`n "dn `c a`pnrtg quc dn `cdmandgrg dgkg kc hg bacstg", pnkc`ns cstgradtcdtgdkn mgùbhgr ducstrns vcrkgkcrns scdtaàcdtns.

5) Mnùdamgr, sustatuycdkn gh hcdougjc vcregh.

Hns chc`cdtns kch sastc`g vcregh, nehaogtnrag`cdtc, kcecd ar gmn`pggkns kc

chc`cdtns kc hns sastc`gs pgrghadostamn y quadsamn pgrg quc sc prnkuzmgmnùdamgmad, sad cègron, dn nmurrc hn às`n mnd hns saodns dn vcreghcs, pucsghoudns kc chhns puckcd ghtcrdgr mnd saodns vcreghcs cd ud às`n gmtn mnùdamgtavn nutahazgrsc cd huogr kc chhns, sacdkn cd ùmlgs nmgsandcs `s saodabamgtavns.

=) Ucouhgr hg adtcrgmmad.

]nd ùmlns hns chc`cdtns kc hns sastc`gs dn vcreghcs quc sarvcd pgrg rcouhgr,

nrogdazgr n cstrumturgr hg adtcrgmmad, cs `s, lgeatugh`cdtc mughquacr gmtavakgkadtcrgmtavg sc rcouhg y cstrumturg g trgvs kc chhns. ]c trgtg kc udg budmad kc orgdrchcvgdmag, pucs hns bghhns cd hg rcouhgmad suchcd prnvnmgr hg adtcrrupmad kc hmnùdamgmad. ]nd cjc`phns kc chc`cdtns pgrghadostamns n quadsamns utahazgknsbrcmucdtc`cdtc mnd cstg budmad: ch kcsmcdsn tndgh, hg pgusg, hg bajgmad kc àrgkg cd chadtcrhnmutnr n ch ghgrogàcdtn kc sndakns badghcs pgrg kastraeuar ch turdn kc pghgerg6 hgsndrasg, ch gscdtaàcdtn mnd hg mgeczg, hns chc`cdtns mugsahxamns kch tapn kc (lrr),


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Wuacd mghhg ntnrog>Budmandcs kc hns sahcdmans y su rchgmad mnd hg vgragehc odcrn =;

(glg), (gl)... pgrg gpnygr6 hns tatuecns, mhams y gspargmandcs pgrg tn`gr hg pghgerg, y hgrcnrogdazgmad pnsturgh n hg karcmmad kc hg àrgkg pgrg `gdtcdcr n mckcr hg pghgerg.

;) ]uesgdgr kcbamacdmags vcreghcs.]nhc`ns utahazgr kctcràdgkns saodns kc hns sastc`gs kc mnùdamgmad dn

vcregh, gkc`s, pgrg cvatgr hns vgmns mndvcrsgmandghcs n kasmursavns prnkumakns pnrkcbamacdmags vcreghcs `n`cdtdcgs n pnr kcsmndnmaàcdtn kc hns chc`cdtnsmnrrcspndkacdtcs kch sastc`g hadostamn. ]aodns pgrghadostamns mn`n (C), (@`) n(Ll) hhcdgd hns vgmns prnvnmgkns pnr tatuecn n kukg y ud ocstn `gdugh ahustrgtavn puckc sustatuar gh chc`cdtn hxamn quc dn mndnmc`ns n dn rcmnrkg`ns cd ud `n`cdtn

kgkn kc hg mnùdamgmad.

3) Adtcrvcdar cd mndvcrsgmandcs saùhtdcgs.

Ynr hta`n, orgmags g hns sastc`gs kc mnùdamgmad dn vcregh pnkc`ns `gdtcdcr`s kc udg mndvcrsgmad g hg vcz y cxprcsgr `s kc ud cdudmagkn kc bnr`g saùhtdcg,sarvgd kc cjc`phn csgs mndvcrsgmandcs quc `gdtcdc`ns mnd hns quc dns rnkcgd mugdknlgehg`ns pnr tchbndn n csc cstgr cd kns mndvcrsgmandcs g hg vcz, csmumlgdkn gh quc

lgehg y mn`cdtgdkn hn quc kamc mnd ch rcstn kc adtcrhnmutnrcs `ckagdtc scghcs lcmlgsmnd hns pacs, hgs `gdns y hg àrgkg.

Cplgtt (599


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mn`n, pnr cjc`phn, hg budmad kc `grmgknr kasmursavn (rcbhcjg ch kcrcmln gh sahcdman) (599


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adstgdmc, tlc sahcdmc nb gd adkavakugh tn wln` g qucstand lgs eccd karcmtckmnuhk ec gd nbb-rcmnrk strgtcoy, eut ghsn g pgusc bnr tladfado ta`c, nr gdadgeahaty tn spcgf kuc tn c`egrrgss`cdt. Ad tlc hgst twn mgscs, sahcdmc as dnt

adtcdtandghhy prnkumck, gdk tlcrcbnrc at wnuhk ec adgpprnpragtc tn akcdtabysuml sahcdmc gs g pnhatcdcss strgtcoy. Dcvcrtlchcss, at as a`pnrtgdt tn mndsakcrtlc gsscss`cdt nb sahcdmcs, wlctlcr adtcdtandgh nr udadtcdtandgh, ecmgusc cvcdudadtcdtandgh sahcdmcs `gy ec adtcrprctck ey ntlcr adtcrgmtgdt(s) gsadtcdtandghhy usck, tlrcgtcdado tlcar bgmc. [lus, wlahc A usc tlc tcr` strgtcoy

bnr mndvcdacdmc ad tlas pgpcr, tlc mndmcpt admhukcs eclgvanur wlaml `gy dnt ec adtcdtandgh, yct mnuhk pnssaehy ec adtcrprctck gs adtcdtandgh (Dgfgdc 5993:7


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Wuacd mghhg ntnrog>Budmandcs kc hns sahcdmans y su rchgmad mnd hg vgragehc odcrn =?

adkans Gtlgegsfgd, Egssn (71?7, 71?1) snerc hns adkans gpgmlcs, Nfgec (71


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Wuacd mghhg ntnrog>Budmandcs kc hns sahcdmans y su rchgmad mnd hg vgragehc odcrn =<

pucs, quc dn snd `umlns hns adtcrcsgkns cd hns cstukans snerc ch sahcdman cd ducstrn pgsy quc cd hns hta`ns gns lg kcmgkn ch adtcrs pnr cstc tapn kc cstukans. Dn tcdc`nsmndstgdmag, pnr ntrg pgrtc, kc quc gkc`s sc lgygd rcghazgkn cstukans c`pramns7? qucgvghcd ghoudg kc hgs tcnrgs quc sc lgd prnpucstn snerc hns sahcdmans g hgron kc hnshta`ns trcadtg gns y quc lc`ns rcvasgkn cd ch gpgrtgkn kc `grmn tcramn. Ynr hn quc

pnkc`ns mndsakcrgr quc cstc mg`pn kc cstukan quc cst yg kc pnr s kcsmuakgkn, hn

cst kc aough `gdcrg cd ch adtcranr kc ducstrgs brndtcrgs.

Mcstcrn cd sus hta`ns trgegjns (5992 y 599


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Ycrn mn`n scghg Mcstcrn tnkgvg dn cxastc udg egsc tcramg ùy shakg kceakn g hgkabamuhtgk ctnknhoamg quc cdtrgg su advcstaogmad (5992: 3?):

Ch mndnmaàcdtn quc lny cd kg tcdc`ns snerc mnùdamgmad dn vcregh csrchgtavg`cdtc csmgsn y ùy brgo`cdtgran. [gdtn cs gs quc, g mnàcdzns kchsaohn \\A, gd dn mndtg`ns mnd udg egsc tcramg shakg quc dns pcràtgkcsmraear y cxphamgr mnd prnpackgk y kctghhc qu cs hg mnùdamgmad dn vcregh,qu sastc`gs hg adtcorgd, muhcs snd sus saodns y m`n budmandgd, kceakn,budkg`cdtgh`cdtc, g hg kabamuhtgk `ctnknhoamg quc cdtrgg su advcstaogmad yg hg pnmg y lctcrnodcg trgkamad quc tacdc su cstukan.

Sdg kc hgs `gynrcs kabamuhtgkcs, mn`n adkamg G. @. Mcstcrn cs hg mucstad`ctnknhoamg, pcrn, g ducstrn juaman, dn cs hg damg da hg `s a`pnrtgdtc. Mcdtrdkndnscd ducstrn nejctn kc cstukan, hns sahcdmans, mndsakcrg`ns quc ntrg kc hgs pradmapghcskabamuhtgkcs mnd hgs quc tnkn advcstaogknr sc cdmucdtrg, gdtcs kc kcmakar hgs tmdamgs `tnkns kc cstukan (`ctnknhnog), cs hg kch prnmcsn kc mnkabamgmad kc cstns chc`cdtns pgrghadostamns. Kcmakarsc pnr udg kc hgs mhgsabamgmandcs kc hns sahcdmans yg cxastccs udg npmad, gudquc tgèad puckc mndtc`phgrsc hg pnsaeahakgk kc chgenrgr udgmhgsabamgmad prnpag. Cd mughquacr mgsn, dadoudg kc hgs npmandcs supndc udg kcmasbmah da cxcdtg kc prnehc`gs, pnr hn quc dn puckc tn`grsc g hg haocrg. Yuckc nmurrar qucdadoudg kc hgs mhgsabamgmandcs prcvags mndstatuyg udg lcrrgàcdtg tah pgrg ducstrncstukan n, tgèad, puckcd pgrcmcrdns tnkgs chhgs admn`phctgs n pnmn rchcvgdtcs. Cd chmgsn kc nptgr pnr hg mhgsabamgmad prnpag dn snd `cdnrcs hgs kabamuhtgkcs quc sc prcscdtgd. ]c puckc lgmcr udg pra`crg mhgsabamgmad adtrnspcmtavg cd hg quc sc rcmnjgdhns sahcdmans quc, g ducstrn juaman, snd prnpans kc hg muhturg y hg trgkamad cstukagkgs pcrn dn scr lgstg mndmhuar mnd ch gdhasas c`pramn mugdkn rcgh`cdtc sc sger sa csg

mhgsabamgmad mnadmakc n dn mnd hns sahcdmans lghhgkns cd hgs ùcstrgs rcghcs. Ynr cntnrog`ns g cstg mucstad, ch `gynr pcsn n rcspndsgeahakgk, y pcdsg`ns quc cstg cs udgkc hgs mucstandcs pnr hgs quc lgd rcmaeakn tgd pnmg gtcdmad hns sahcdmans y ntrnschc`cdtns dn vcreghcs cd hns cstukans hadostamns.

5.2. Kagorg`g kc hgs mhgsabamgmandcs hadostamgs kc hns sahcdmans


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Wuacd mghhg ntnrog>Budmandcs kc hns sahcdmans y su rchgmad mnd hg vgragehc odcrn ;9

Kagorg`g 7. Mhgsabamgmandcs hadostamgs kc hns sahcdmans


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=. Ch odcrn cd hns cstukans prgo`tamns

]n`ns mgkg vcz `s du`crnsgs hgs hadoastgs quc, mn`n Unead Hgfnbb, pcdsg`ns quc g hgs ùjcrcs sc hgs kasmraàdg hadostamg`cdtc, tgdtn cd hg bnr`g cd quc hg hcdoug mn`d y hns usns hadostamns mntakagdns suchcdtrgtgrhgs mn`n cd hg `gdcrg cd quc sc hgs cdscg y gprcdkcd g usgr chhcdougjc. Gèns prnmckaàcdtns mgdghazgd ch `gdtcdaàcdtn kc hgknàdgmad `gsmuhadg y ch nmuhtgàcdtn kc hg pgrtamapgmad kc hg ùjcr cd hg snmackgk, gs mn`n hg a`pnsamad kc udg a`gocd cstcrcntapgkg, bucdtc kckcsmghabamgmandcs y gashgàcdtn ( @grtd Unjn, H. 7112: 7).

Hn quc dn sc dnèrg dn cxastc. Cstn, trgshgkgkn gh odcrn, a`phamg quc ch

lcmln kc quc hgs ùjcrcs dn tcdogd udg rcprcscdtgmad saèhamg cd hg hcdougmndtraeuyc g su advasaeahakgk. Kc gl hg dcmcsakgk, g bad kc hnorgr ch nejctavn kc hgaoughkgk cdtrc scxns, kc lgmcr ud usn kch hcdougjc quc rcprcscdtc g hgs ùjcrcs y g hnslnèrcs y quc dnèrc sus cxpcracdmags kc bnr`g cquapgrgkg. Sd hcdougjc dn scxastg csgquch quc dn nmuhtg, dn suenrkadg, dn adbrgvghnrg y dn cxmhuyc.

Cdtrc hns bcd`cdns cd hns quc hns hadoastgs lgd cdmndtrgkn mnd `s brcmucdmag`gdabcstgmandcs scxastgs baourgd: (7) ch kcscquahaeran cd hgs bnr`gs kc trgtgàcdtn qucscghgd hg bghtg kc adkcpcdkcdmag quc sc gtraeuyc g hg ùjcr, gs mn`n hgs kabcrcdmagskc stgtus (tràdns quc `grmgd ch cstgkn mavah kc hg ùjcr mn`n "scnrg "/"scnratg" n"à ùjcr"/"à `grakn"6 usn brcmucdtc kch dnèrc kc pahg y sus kaàdutavns pgrg hgùjcr, brcdtc gh usn kch gpchhakn pgrg kcsaodgr gh vgrd)6 (5) bcd`cdns quc a`pndcd ghg ùjcr udg a`gocd kcsmghabamgknrg mn`nkughcs gpgrcdtcs (mnd kastadtn saodabamgkn cd`gsmuhadn y cd bc`cdadn: "ud prnbcsandgh"/"udg prnbcsandgh")6gsnmagmandcs

cstcrcntapgkgs ("ùjcrcs hastgs n lastramgs" brcdtc g "lnèrcs adtchaocdtcs ncdtrcdgkns")6vgmns hxamns pgrg rcbcrarsc g macrtgs mughakgkcs y gmtavakgkcs, prcscdtdknsc ud prnehc`g mugdkn ch rcbcrcdtc cs udg ùjcr ("lnèrc kc cstgkn"6"mgeghhcrnsakgk")6adsuhtns quc gtraeuycd ch udavcrsn kc hn pnsatavn gh odcrn `gsmuhadn("scr mnjndukn" brcdtc g "scr ud mngzn") yrcbrgdcs scxastgs6 (=) bcd`cdns quc pndcdkc `gdabacstn ch grrgaon kc udg vasad `gsmuhadg kc hg snmackgk y kc hns gmtnrcssnmaghcs: guscdmag kc bnr`gs, bc`cdadgs cd ch hxamn rcbcrakn g nbamans y prnbcsandcs. Hg

admnrpnrgmad kc hg ùjcr g mgrons pehamns y hg tcdkcdmag, mgkg vcz `gynr, kc hns


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lgehgdtcs g `grmgr ch odcrn phgdtcgd prnehc`gs kc kcdnàdgmad pgrg hns quc cxastcdyg kastadtgs cstrgtcoags kc rcsnhumad (Dasscd, 7117)6 sghtns sc`dtamns quc adkamgd quchns `gsmuhadns cxtcdsavns admhuycd gèns odcrns dn sc c`phcgd n dn sc adtcrprctgd, kclcmln, mn`n tghcs, prnkumadknsc, cd ch `cjnr kc hns mgsns, cquvnmns y gèaockgkcs,y cxmhuycdkn g hg ùjcr kch kasmursn cd du`crnsgs nmgsandcs ("yn mndtrgtn sac`prctrgegjgknrcs mn`pctcdtcs, ... mnd hgs ùjcrcs, hns mratcrans kc schcmmad snd ntrns").

Wucrg`ns c`pczgr cstc gpgrtgkn adtcdtgdkn `nstrgr, kc `gdcrg supcrbamagh, hgsatugmad gmtugh cd hg quc sc cdmucdtrg ch hcdougjc mnd rcspcmtn gh odcrn. Cstgsmucstandcs prcvags ùcstrgd m`n ch gdkrnmcdtras`n dn snhn mnhnmg gh lnèrc, g sus prcnmupgmandcs y g sus pudtns kc vastg, cd udg pnsamad mcdtrgh, sadn quc aodnrg ysahcdmag ntrns kasmursns y ntrns pudtns kc vastg, cstgehcmadknsc cstc mn`n dnr`g. Chkasmursn gdkrnmdtramn mndstatuyc ud cjc`phn `s kc "gprnpagmad" kc hg pghgerg. Ch

rcsqucergjgàcdtn kc cstc nrkcd kasmursavn snhn puckc prnkumarsc pnr udg `nkabamgmadkc hgs rchgmandcs kc pnkcr, quc mndhhcvg udg "rckastraeumad" kc hns kasmursns (@grtdUnjnct gh., 7117, mgp.;).

=.7. Adtrnkummad

Brgscs mn`n Cd qu pacdsgs>, @c csts csmumlgdkn>, @rg`c, tc cstnylgehgdkn!, [ dn `c cdtacdkcs! n Kcmgs>, Dn cxgocrcs!, Dn krg`gtamcs! scrcpatcd g kagran cd ch prnmcsn kc mnùdamgmad cdtrc ùjcrcs y lnèrcs. Rcrc`ns cdcstc gpgrtgkn m`n g hg ùjcr sc hc gmusg kc lgehgr kc`gsagkn, kc kcmar mnsgs sada`pnrtgdmag y kc qucrcr sgecr sac`prc hn quc pacdsg ch ntrn. Gh lnèrc, pnr ch mndtrgran,sc hc rcprnmlg su pgrquckgk cd hg cxprcsad, su bghtg kc adtcrs pnr hg mndvcrsgmad y chdn mu`phar macrtgs rcohgs kc mnnpcrgmad, mn`n gscdtar, nescrvgr gh adtcrhnmutnr y

`nstrgrsc adtcrcsgkn. Cstns lcmlns quc bnr`gd pgrtc kc hg vakg mntakagdg cvakcdmagdkabcrcdmags cd hns mn`pnrtgàcdtns hadostamns cdtrc ùjcrcs y lnèrcs. Ycrn `s ghhkc csn, lgerg quc prcoudtgrsc: (7)cxastcd kabcrcdmags budkg`cdtghcs cd ch lgehg kcùjcrcs y lnèrcs quc pcràtgd rcbcrarsc g ud lgehg bc`cdadg y ud lgehg `gsmuhadg> y, kc scr gs, (5)muhcs scrd hgs mgusgs kc cstc lcmln> Kc cstns y ntrns adtcrrnogdtcs`s prctcdkcd kgr mucdtg hns cstukans kc odcrn. Ynr ducstrg pgrtc, cd cstc gpgrtgkn,adtcdtgrc`ns lgmcr udg rcmgpatuhgmad kc hns pradmapghcs cstukans kc odcrn rcghazgkns


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Wuacd mghhg ntnrog>Budmandcs kc hns sahcdmans y su rchgmad mnd hg vgragehc odcrn ;=

lgstg ch `n`cdtn mnd hg adtcdmad kc `nstrgr hgs mndmhusandcs g hgs quc hhcogrnd susgutnrcs.

Cd hns hta`ns gns, ch mndmcptn kc odcrn lg gkquarakn udg scrac kcmnddntgmandcs gkamandghcs mnd hgs quc dn sc hc rchgmandgeg adamagh`cdtc, pnr hn quc, dn pgrcmc mndvcdacdtc admhuar cd cstg adtrnkummad hg kcbadamad quc utahazgrc`ns cd csttrgegjn. Ynr odcrn cdtcdkc`ns ch mndjudtn kc mndkumtgs gprcdkakgs quc hg prnpagmuhturg gsnmag mnd ch lcmln kc scr ud lnèrc n udg ùjcr. Cd ducstrg muhturg, scadstruyc g hns lnèrcs snerc ch akcgh kc `gsmuhadakgk, àcdtrgs quc, g hgs ùjcrcs, schcs adkamg muh cs ch akcgh bc`cdadn (Ycgrsnd 711=: 5?).

Hg kasmaphadg quc prnpnrmand g hns cstukans kc odcrn ud `grmncpastc`nhoamn, ud mg`pn kc cstukan y udgs pnsaeahakgkcs quc dadoudg ntrg rg`g kc hghadostamg eradkgeg buc hg snmanhadostamg. Dn snhn pnkgd cstukagr m`n scmnùdamgegd hgs ùjcrcs, sadn gkc`s hgs gmtatukcs gdtc ch lgehg bc`cdadg y hgsrcstrammandcs quc cstg cdmucdtrg cd mgkg snmackgk. Q cs quc, pcsc g quc hg vgragehc sckcdnàdgeg scxn, kurgdtc csns pra`crns gns hns cstukans sc mndmcdtrgrnd mgsacxmhusavg`cdtc cd hg bnr`g kc cxprcsad kc hgs ùjcrcs (cspcmagh`cdtc hgs kc hg mhgsc

`ckag) (Ecdoncmlcg 599=: =73).

Hns cstukans hhcvgkns g mgen mnd gdtcranrakgk snerc ch usn kch hcdougjc tcdgd sunraocd cd mndmcpmandcs gdkrnmdtramgs quc aodnrgegd n `groadgegd ch mn`pnrtgàcdtnkc hgs ùjcrcs y sc mndmcdtrgegd cd ch kc hns lnèrcs, gh quc mndsakcrgegd dnr`gtavn.]cr kc csc pcdsgàcdtn gdkrnmdtramn kch quc pgrtarc`ns pgrg prcscdtgr hgs kastadtgstcnrgs snerc odcrn. [gèad adtcdtgrc`ns cstgehcmcr udg rchgmad cdtrc hns cstukans kcodcrn y hns kc mnùdamgmad dn vcregh (sahcdmans) muyns mgàdns sc lgd cdmndtrgkn cd

ghoudgs nmgsandcs y muyns gdhasas lgd sakn mgtghnogkns, cd ghoudgs nmgsandcs, kcdtrnkc hns cstukans snmanprgo`tamns mn`n cstukans scmudkgrans n `cdnrcs.

=.5. Yradmapghcs tcnrgs kch odcrn

=.5.7. Hns pra`crns cstukans kc odcrn

Sdn kc hns pra`crns hadoastgs quc kan a`pnrtgdmag g hns cstukans kc odcrn bucNttn Jcspcrscd muyg nerg Ch hcdougjc: su dgturghczg, kcsgrrnhhn y nraocd (7155) tuvn ud


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Wuacd mghhg ntnrog>Budmandcs kc hns sahcdmans y su rchgmad mnd hg vgragehc odcrn ;;

orgd vghnr c adbhucdmag kurgdtc ùmlns gns. [atuhg gh mgptuhn quc vcrsg snerc hgskabcrcdmags cdtrc gèns scxns Hg ùjcr, mndsakcrgdkn g hns lnèrcs mn`n hg dnr`g y

g hgs ùjcrcs mn`n udg kcsvagmad kc hg às`g. Jcspcrscd prcstg gtcdmad snerc tnkn ghgs kabcrcdmags kc vnmgeuhgran y, pcsc g dn tcdcr `s quc prucegs gdcmktamgs kc susgbar`gmandcs, nbrcmc udg hgrog hastg kc vgragmandcs hxamgs cdtrc hns lnèrcs y hgsùjcrcs. Dn nestgdtc, `s a`pnrtgdtc quc hns cjc`phns mndmrctns snd hgsocdcrghazgmandcs quc lgmc snerc cstgs vgragmandcs. Ynr cjc`phn, hgs ùjcrcs, scod chgutnr, tacdcd udns vnmgeuhgrans haàtgkns: ch vnmgeuhgran kc hg ùjcr mn`n rcohg

ocdcrgh cs ùmln `cdns cxtcdsn quc ch kch lnèrc. [gèad kcsmraec g hgs ùjcrcsmn`n kchamgkgs c adkarcmtgs:

Dn lgy huogr g kukgs kc quc hgs ùjcrcs cjcrmcd udg orgd adbhucdmag cd chkcsgrrnhhn hadostamn gh cvatgr adstadtavg`cdtc hgs cxprcsandcs sncmcs yornscrgs y gh prcbcrar hgs cxprcsandcs rcbadgkgs, y (cd macrtns mgsns) vchgkgs cadkarcmtgs (Jcspcrscd 7155: 5;9).

Ynr ntrg pgrtc, cstc gutnr gkc`s ntnrog g hns lnèrcs hg budmad kc advcdtgr

ducvns tràdns y g hgs ùjcrcs hgs tgmlg kc mndscrvgknrgs pnr dgturghczg: hns

lnèrcs snd hns pradma pghcs rcdnvgknrcs kch hcdougjc. [gèad mrcc quc hgs ùjcrcstacdcd ud lgehg geurrakg:

Hns lnèrcs puckcd nejctgr mnd tnkg rgzd quc lgy pchaorn kc quc chhcdougjc sc vuchvg hdouakn c adspakn sa dns mndtcdtg`ns sac`prc mnd hgscxprcsandcs kc hgs ùjcrcs6 ch vaonr y hg bucrzg lgd kc mndtgr pgrg ghon(Jcspcrscd 7155: 5;7).

Hgs pra`crgs mrtamgs bcàdastgs kch hcdougjc scghgrnd quc Jcspcrscd y ntrns

org`tamns dnr`gtavns kc pradmapans kch saohn \\ `nstrgegd udg a`gocd cstcrcntapgkgkch hcdougjc kc hgs ùjcrcs y udg vasad gdkrnmdtramg kc hg snmackgk y kc hg hcdoug. Cd71?3 hg puehamgmad kc Unead Hgfnbb: Ch hcdougjc y ch huogr quc nmupgd hgs ùjcrcs rcvnhumand hns cstukans kc odcrn y sc mndsakcr hg nerg budkgmandgh kc hgsnmanhadostamg bcàdastg. ]upusn ud latn cd hns cstukans kc odcrn quc, gkc`s kccsmgsns, sc mcdtrgegd cd hg baourg kch vgrd. Sdg kc hgs gbar`gmandcs budkg`cdtghcs kcHgfnbb buc quc ch adtcrmgèan mndvcrsgmandgh kagran cdtrc ùjcrcs y lnèrcs pnkg scr

ud cjc`phn `s kch pnkcr `gsmuhadn adstatumandghazgkn, quc quaz gyukgrg g hns vgrndcs


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gh `gdtcdaàcdtn kc su knàdgmad. Hgs ùjcrcs, sc gpudtgeg cd cstc haern, kcecdgprcdkcr udgs pgutgs kc mn`pnrtgàcdtn quc hgs kcsmghabamgd cd hg snmackgk: scsnmaghazg g hg ùjcr pgrg quc su lgehgsucdc mn`n ch kc udg kg`g hn quc g su vcz hgrchcog g quckgrsc cd udg pnsamad adbcranr pnrquc scr udg kg`g cxmhuyc tcdcr pnkcr

cd ducstrg muhturg, kgkn quc ch pnkcr sc gsnmag mnd hg mndkumtg y ch kasmursn `gsmuhadnsCs kcmar, hgs ùjcrcs kcecd gpr cdkcr udgs pgutgs bc`cdadgs kc mn`pnrtgàcdtn qucsnd kabcrcdtcs kch pgtrd (`gsmuhadn) y quc hgs lgmcd quckgr mn`n admn`pctcdtcs cd

pehamn pnrquc hgs dnr`gs muhturghcs kc hg bcàdakgk snd admn`pgtaehcs mnd hg gutnrakgkcd ch lgehg. Hg gutnrg cdbgtazg cd ch lcmln kc quc hgs kabcrcdmags cdtrc ch hcdougjc kclnèrcs y ùjcrcs sc cxtrgcd kc hns kabcrcdtcs rnhcs n pgpchcs mnùdamgtavns quc sc hcs

gsaodgd g ùjcrcs y lnèrcs cd hg snmackgk:

[lc kastadmtand ectwccd `cds gdk wn`cds hgd ougoc as g sy`ptn` nb g prnehc` ad nur muhturg, dnt tlc prnehc` atschb. Egsamghhy at rcbhcmts tlc bgmt tlgt`cd gdk wn`cd grc cxpcmtck tn lgvc kabbcrcdt adtcrcsts gdk kabbcrcdt rnhcs,lnhk kabbcrcdt typcs nb mndvcrsgtands, gdk rcgmt kabbcrcdthy tn ntlcr pcnphc(Hgfnbb 71?3: 25).

Gudquc, hgs kabcrcdmags cdtrc ùjcrcs y lnèrcs, cd mugdtn g gspcmtns ocdcrghcskc hg mnùdamgmad, snd ùy g`phags, yg quc ghmgdzgd hns tc`gs kc mndvcrsgmad, chhcdougjc ocstugh, hgs cstrgtcoags kasmursavgs y ud hgron ctm., Unead Hgfnbb mgtconrazg hnschc`cdtns quc tapabamgd ch cstahn mnùdamgtavn kc hgs ùjcrcs dnrtcg`cramgdgs egjn trcsgspcmtns: (7) Rnmgeuhgran cspcmaghazgkn: ùy ramn cd hns mg`pns kc hg `nkg, mnmadg ykcmnrgmad, usn kc adtcdsabamgknrcs a`prcmasns sn, suml, kavadc, onrocnus, brcmucdtcs cxprcsandcs c`ntavgs kc g`nr y kc pcdsgr, pcrn mnd suprcsad kc hgs kccdbgkn y lnstahakgk, usn kc bnr`gs mnrtcscs y cubc`stamgs6 (5) Ugsons bndnhoamns: prndudmagmad `s mnrrcmtg y trgkamandgh6 (=) Mgrgmtcrstamgs sadtmtamn-sc`dtam prcoudtgs mnd budmandcs kcmhgrgtavgs, rnkcns n gmgtgàcdtns `ckagdtc ch usn kc `nkghcsvcreghcs y `gdcjn kc udakgkcs hxamgs quc adkamgd adscourakgk fadk nb, snrt nb,

`nrc nr hcss, hafc. Hgs mgrgmtcrstamgs kch lgehg bc`cdadg kc Hgfnbb pcrbahgd g udg

ùjcr kchamgkg, scdsaehc y c`ntavg quc mnd tgh kc rcsuhtgr mnrts nptg pnr cstrgtcoagshadostamgs `s adkarcmtgs (Mg`pns Yrgts 5979: ?):


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_n`cd wahh tcdk tn spcgf watl rcbcrcdmc tn tlc ruhcs nb pnhatcdcss,mndvcrsgtandgh a`phamgturc, gdk adtcrpcrsndgh cxphnrgtand6 `cd wahh tcdk tnspcgf watl rcbcrcdmc tn tlc ruhcs nb mndvcrsgtand gdk strgaolt bgmtugh

mn`ùdamgtand (Hgfnbb 71?3: ?;).

G pgrtar kc gqu sc sumckcd ud orgd d`crn kc trgegjns kc snmanhadoastgsbcàdastgs quc vgd cstgehcmacdkn hns rgsons quc supucstg`cdtc mgrgmtcrazgd ch lgehgbc`cdadg, mn`n cspcmagh`cdtc mgrgmtcrstamns kc hgs rcghazgmandcs hadostamgs kc hgùjcrcs. [gèad prnvnmgr ud orgd adtcrs cstg akcg kch usn kc hg hcdoug cd budmadkch knàdan, tgèad mndnmakg mn`ntcnrg kc hg knàdgmad ([lcnry nb Knàdgdmc)quc g pgrtar kc cstc `n`cdtn sc rcbhcjgr cd hns cstukans kc odcrn kc badghcs kc hnssctcdtg y hg kmgkg kc hns nmlcdtg.

=.5.5. Hg tcnrg kc hg knàdgmad `gsmuhadg

Gs pucs, hns cstukans kc hcdougjc y odcrn trgegjgrnd cd cstns gns pradmapgh`cdtc, sa eacd dn kc bnr`g cxmhusavg, egjn ch pgrgkao`g kc hg knàdgmad`gsmuhadg snerc hgs ùjcrcs: mughquacr kabcrcdmag cdtrc ch lgehg kc ùjcrcs y lnèrcsrcbhcjgeg tgh knàdgmad. Ch mgrmtcr dcogtavn kc hgs cstrgtcoags kc hg mndvcrsgmad

bc`cdadg, sus bghhns y kcbcmtns, quc sc kgegd pnr scdtgkn, pucstn quc su vghnrkasàduakn, admn`phctn, a`pcrbcmtn n kcbcmtunsn rgrg`cdtc sc mucstandgeg, crgdgtraeuakns gh purn cjcrmaman kch pnkcr `gsmuhadn (Ctxcegrrag 599?: ;


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Wuacd mghhg ntnrog>Budmandcs kc hns sahcdmans y su rchgmad mnd hg vgragehc odcrn ;<

Ynstcranr`cdtc, ntrg kc hgs puehamgmandcs kc cstc saodn quc tg`ead mgus orgdadtcrs cs hg tatuhgkg Ch ln`erc lazn ch hcdougjc (71


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gudquc hgs ùjcrcs adtcdtgrnd adamagr mndvcrsgmandcs mnd `s brcmucdmag quc hnsvgrndcs, sus xatns bucrnd `cdnrcs kceakn g hgs rcspucstgs `da`gs kc sus mn`pgcrns.Cd mndtrgstc, hgs ùjcrcs mndtadugegd hns tc`gs adamagkns pnr hns vgrndcs, lgmgd `s prcoudtgs y prnpnrmandgegd `gynr snpnrtc vcregh quc hns vgrndcs. Ynr tgdtn, hgskabcrcdmags g davch mndvcrsgmandgh dn sc kcegd, scod hg gutnrg, g hg adscourakgk kc hgùjcr, sadn g quc chhg sc kceg nmupgr kch snpnrtc mndvcrsgmandgh. Q mndmhug kamacdknquc hg ùjcr gpnrtg hg pgrtc pradmapgh g hgs mndvcrsgmandcs pcrn quc cstgs sndmndtrnhgkgs pnr ch vgrd.

=.5.=. Hg [cnrg kc hg kabcrcdmag

G badghcs kc hns nmlcdtg y pradmapans kc hns dnvcdtg suroa ud ducvn pgrgkao`gquc rcoar hns cstukans kc hcdoug y odcrn, cs ch kc hg kabcrcdmag. ]cod cstc, ùjcrcs ylnèrcs lgergd sakn snmaghazgkns egjn pgtrndcs kabcrcdtcs y npucstns. @ujcrcs ylnèrcs gprcdkcrgd kabcrcdtcs mn`pnrtgàcdtns, mn`n pgrtc kc su prnmcsn kcsnmaghazgmad. Mn`n rcsuhtgkn, hgs ùjcrcs tacdcd udg nracdtgmad mndvcrsgmandghkastadtg kc hns vgrndcs, hn quc sc `gdabcstgrg cd quc kcsgrrnhhgd su mlgrhg cd orupns pcqucns y snd `gcstrgs cd ch lgehg dta`g6 gprcdkcd g lgmcr prcoudtgs y g `nstrgr

adtcrs pnr hgs pghgergs gjcdgs pgrg `gdtcdcr vavg hg mndvcrsgmad6 trgzgdmndjudtg`cdtc hns tc`gs `ckagdtc hg rcmnoakg kc pghgergs n cxprcsandcs kc susadtcrhnmutnrcs, quc matgd cd scgh kc rcmndnmaàcdtn, n `ckagdtc ch snhgpgàcdtn kcmn`cdtgrans quc hcjns kc scrvar pgrg mgèagr ch tc`g, hnorgd gpnygr hn kamln pnrlgehgdtcs gdtcranrcs6 cd mndvcrsgmandcs gàstnsgs, cvatgd a`pnsamandcs karcmtgs y prucegd cstrgtcoags tcdtgtavgs, geacrtgs gh mgèan6 sa ghouacd ùcstrg su kcsgmucrkn, prcbacrcd eusmgr pudtns mnùdcs quc cxprcsgr kcsgmucrkns6 y àtaogd hg mrtamg geacrtg.

Ynr ntrg pgrtc, hgtcnrg kc hg kabcrcdmag phgdtcgeg quc hns àcèrns kc gènsscxns `gdcjgegd kc kastadtn `nkn hgs udakgkcs kch hcdougjc mn`n mndscmucdmag kc quc,kceakn gh kabcrcdtc prnmcsn kc snmaghazgmad quc cxpcra`cdtgd, tcràdgd pcrtcdcmacdkn,kc ghoudg `gdcrg, g kns ùdkns n kns suemuhturgs kastadtgs. Hgs dnr`gs y vghnrcssnmaghcs snerc gspcmtns mn`n hg mnrrcmmad, hg mnrtcsg, hg a`gocd, hg prnycmmad snmactm. npcrgd kc kastadtn `nkn snerc hns adkavakuns y tcràdgd prnvnmgdkn hgmndbnr`gmad kc cstrgtcoags kasmursavgs kabcrcdtcs (Ctxcegrrag 599?: ;?). Cd cstc

scdtakn, hgs pra`crgs prn`ntnrgs kch hhg`gkn pgrgkao`g kc hg kabcrcdmag suocrgd quc


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cstgs tmtamgs mnùdamgtavgs bc`cdadgs sc lgergd kcsgrrnhhgkn kc bnr`g scpgrgkg kc hgs`gsmuhadgs, mn`n pcrtcdcmacdtcs g ntrg muhturg kastadtg, y kcegd mndsakcrgrsc aoughcs cdvghnr pcrn kabcrcdtcs kc hgs `gsmuhadgs y vghansgs cd s às`gs. Ycrn sus prnpucstgscdmndtrgrnd udg brg gmnoakg y egstgdtcs mrtamgs pnr pgrtc kch bcàdas`n kc hgknàdgmad7


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adtcrs, n eacd dcogdkn n kcskcgdkn ch budkg`cdtn kc hgs prcnmupgmandcs kchgs ùjcrcs. ]a cstd rcgh`cdtc cd jucon hgs kabcrcdmags adtcrmuhturghcs, cstns`nkchns kc a`phamgmad mndvcrsgmandgh dn adkamgd bghtg kc gtcdmad, sadn `s

eacd dnr`gs kabcrcdtcs pgrg cstgehcmcr y `nstrgr a`phamgmad mndvcrsgmandgh([gddcd 7112: 7=9).

Hg gutnrg mndsakcrg quc cstns cstahns mndvcrsgmandghcs, cd s, dn kcecd scr udgspcmtn dcogtavn cd hg mnùdamgmad sa gh adtcrprctgr hg adbnr`gmad rcmaeakg hnstcdc`ns cd mucdtg. Ch prnehc`g rcsuhtg mugdkn cstns kabcrcdtcs `ckans pgrg cstgehcmcrmn`prnàsns mndvcrsgmandghcs sc tn`gd mn`n `ckakg dnr`gtavg. Cs prnegehc quc

cstgs kabcrcdmags, sa sc hgs àkc mnd hgs dnr`gs adtcrgmmandghcs (kch odcrn npucstn),

mndkuzmgd g udg cvghugmad dcogtavg y g hg a`prcsad kc bghtg kc a`phamgmad ([gddcd7112: 79;-793). Ycrn hgs tcroavcrsgmandcs kch `cdsgjc snd udg rcghakgk cd hgsmndvcrsgmandcs cdtrc odcrns prnvnmgdkn brustrgmandcs cd hns pgrtamapgdtcs. Cd hgsùjcrcs pnrquc cdtacdkcd quc sus ln`da`ns `gsmuhadns cd hg mndvcrsgmad dn scmn`prn`ctcd, pucs dn hcs àrgd àcdtrgs sc hhcvgd g mgen hgs adtcrvcdmandcs, dn sndmgpgmcs kc kcsgrrnhhgr ud tc`g cd prnbudkakgk adtcdtgdkn adtrnkumar kabcrcdtcsgrou`cdtns kc su adtcrs y kcsprcmagd hgs prcnmupgmandcs kc hgs ùjcrcs quc adtcrvacdcd

cd hg mndvcrsgmad. Gkc`s kc scdtarsc adm`nkgs gdtc su bghtg kc rctrngha`cdtgmad(àrgkgs csquavgs y snshgyn pnsturgh). Kc tnkgs `gdcrgs, hg brustrgmad cd hgmndvcrsgmad dn cs pgtra`ndan cxmhusavn kch odcrn bc`cdadn, tgèad hns lnèrcs hgsacdtcd cd sus mndvcrsgmandcs mnd pcrsndgs kch ntrn odcrn:

Mrccr quc shn ch davch adbnr`gtavn kc hg mnùdamgmad cs a`pnrtgdtc y rcghtgèad kcsahusandg g hns lnèrcs mugdkn sc trgtg kc `gdtcdcr rchgmandcs pcrsndghcs. Dn suchc lgecr adbnr`gmad trgsmcdkcdtc pgrg mn`cdtgr tnkns hnskgs. ]c cdmgsahhg g hgs ùjcrcs kc `gdcrg dcogtavg gh mndsakcrgr quc snstacdcdmndvcrsgmandcs hgrogs y brvnhgs quc dn trgdsàtcd adbnr`gmad saodabamgtavg.]ad cègron, su lgeahakgk pgrg `gdtcdcr udg mlgrhg mnd ntrgs ùjcrcs pnsaeahatg cdtgehgr gàstgkcs dta`gs. Ch mnhu`dastg Uamlgrk MNLCD, kch_gsladotnd Ynst, mn`cdt quc h y ntrns lnèrcs quc mndnmc, dn tacdcdrcgh`cdtc gàons, mn`n hgs ùjcrcs, cd pgrtc pnrquc dn lgehgd cdtrc s, pacdsgd quc ch tc`g g trgtgr dn cs cscdmagh. Ynr mndsaouacdtc, ùmlns lnèrcssc cdmucdtrgd sad rchgmandcs pcrsndghcs... ([gddcd 7119: =7).


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Gkc`s, [gddcd gbar`g quc lgy kns bucrzgs budkg`cdtghcs cd jucon cd hgsadtcrgmmandcs snmaghcs: ch pnkcr y hg snhakgrakgk. Dns phgdtcg`ns qu pnkcr tcdc`nsbrcdtc g hg ntrg pcrsndg mnd hg quc lgehg`ns y tgèad dns phgdtcg`ns hg kastgdmag quctcdc`ns mnd ducstrn adtcrhnmutnr, cs kcmar, ch orgkn kc snhakgrakgk n mcrmgdg quctcdc`ns rcspcmtn g hg ntrg pcrsndg. ]cod [gddcd, sc cdscg g hns lnèrcs y g hgsùjcrcs g prcstgr gtcdmad g udg ka`cdsad u ntrg, y quc hns lnèrcs suchcd nracdtgr susmndvcrsgmandcs cd budmad kch pnkcr kc su adtcrhnmutnr n adtcrhnmutnrg àcdtrgs quc hgsùjcrcs eusmgd cd hgs suygs scghcs kc adtaàkgk n snhakgrakgk. Mn`n lgehgdtcs,mrcc`ns quc hgs rcohgs pgrg ch ntrn scxn snd hgs às`gs, pcrn dn cs gs. Ynr tgdtn, chrcsuhtgkn cs quc usg`ns ch às`n hcdougjc pcrn quc cdtcdkc`ns hg às`g

mndvcrsgmad kc nkn kastadtn.

Ynr ntrg pgrtc, saouacdkn cstg akcg kc [gddcd kccstahns mndvcrsgmandghcs,gpgrcmc cd 7115 Hns lnèrcs snd kc @grtc, hgs ùjcrcs kc Rcdus kc Jnld Orgy. Chgutnr phgdtcg quc cdtrc ùjcrcs y lnèrcs dn snhn lgy kabcrcdmags cd mugdtn g su cstahnmnùdamgtavn, sadn tgèad cd hns gspcmtns psamnhoamns y gbcmtavns, hhcogdkn g gbar`grquc ùjcrcs y lnèrcs pgrcmcd prnmckcr kc phgdctgs kabcrcdtcs:

]nd ùmlgs hgs pcrsndgs quc sc sacdtcd brustrgkgs cd sus rchgmandcs. Wuacrcdg sus pgrcjgs pcrn, mugdkn lgy tcdsandcs, dn sgecd qu lgmcr pgrg quc hgsatugmad `cjnrc. Mn`prcdkacdkn lgstg qu pudtn snd kabcrcdtcs hns lnèrcskc hgs ùjcrcs gprcdkcrs ducvns `nkns kc rchgmandgrtc phcdg`cdtc, ducvns`nkns kc csmumlgr gh scxn npucstn. VP Cstc haern rcvchg hgs kabcrcdmags cdtrc

lnèrcs y ùjcrcs cd tnkgs hgs rcgs kc sus vakgs. Hns lnèrcs y hgs ùjcrcsdn shn sc mnùdamgd kc `gdcrg kabcrcdtc sadn quc pacdsgd, sacdtcd, pcrmaecd,rcgmmandgd, rcspndkcd, g`gd, dcmcsatgd y vghnrgd kc `gdcrg tntgh`cdtckabcrcdtc. Mgsa pgrcmcd prnmckcr kc phgdctgs kastadtns, mnd akan`gs kastadtns ydcmcsakgkcs tgèad kabcrcdtcs (Orgy 7115: 59).

Gudquc luen adtcdtns, pnr pgrtc kc ghoudgs gutnrgs, quacdcs prnpusacrndadtcorgr gègs pcrspcmtavgs, hg kch knàdan, y hg kc hg kabcrcdmag, yg quc kabcrcdmag yknàdan pgrtamapgd saùhtdcg`cdtc cd ch mndstrumtn o dcrn y ch knàdan kchlnèrc dn cs snhn hg mgusg kc udg kabcrcdmag, sadn quc hg kabcrcdmag snstacdc y pcrpctgch knàdan, VP ch kcs`ckakn pcsn gsaodgkn gh pnkcr y hg cxmcsavg adbhucdmag kch

pgrgkao`g kc hg knàdgmad kcdtrn kc hns Cstukans kc Hcdougjc y Odcrn lgd tcdakn


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cbcmtns dn kcscgkns y lgd mndkumakn, cd nmgsandcs, g mgàdns sad sghakg. (Ctxcegrrag

599?: 39).

Dn nestgdtc, tgèad sc lgd rcghazgkn mrtamgs gh cdbnquc kc hg kabcrcdmag, sacdknhg pradmapgh quc dn tacdc cd mucdtg ch mndtcxtn snman-pnhtamn. Gkc`s kc cstukagr chodcrn cd hgs adtcrgmmandcs mntakagdgs, tgèad sc tacdc quc gtcdkcr g hns cstahnsmnùdamgtavns kc hgs ùjcrcs quc sc prnkumcd cd ntrns mndtcxtns: cd ch trgegjn, cd hgaohcsag, cd mgsg, cd hg csmuchg, ctm. Ntrg mrtamg rchgmandgkg mnd cstc cdbnquc cs quc hscxns cd vgrans scdtakns dn snd muhturgs kastadtgs. Gudquc pnkg`ns gprcdkcr hn quc scmndsakcrg mndkumtgs gprnpagkgs pgrg ducstrn scxn, sn`ns mgpgmcs kc utahazgr cstrgtcoagsquc dns dn snd prnpags.

=.5.;. hta`ns cstukans kc odcrn

G badghcs kc hns dnvcdtg, sc prnkumc ud mgèan kc cdbnquc cd hns cstukans kchcdoug y odcrn. Cd huogr kc scr ch odcrn ud rgson rchgtavg`cdtc bajn kc mgkg lgehgdtc, prnkumtn kch knàdan `gsmuhadn n kc hg suàsad bc`cdadg, sc gknptg ud pgrgkao`gmndstrummandastg quc hn mndmcptughazg mn`n ud mndstrumtn snmagh, mn`phcjn y bhuakn,

quc sc hnmghazgrg cd hg adtcrgmmad (Ecdoncmlcg 599=: =71). Dn lgerg damg`cdtc udgbnr`g kc cxprcsad (bc`cdadg n `gsmuhadg), sadn udg scrac kc cstahns `s n `cdnsadkamgtavns kc kabcrcdtcs akcdtakgkcs, tnkgs mndvavacdkn cd mgkg udg kc dnsntrgs. ]codcsg tcnrg, hgs pcrsndgs chcoarg`ns (kcdtrn kc macrtgs pnsaeahakgkcs) cd mgkg `n`cdtn hgbnr`g kc cxprcsad quc `cjnr rcprcscdtgsc hg akcdtakgk quc kcscsc`ns trgds atar.

]c prnkumc, pnr tgdtn, ud vargjc cd ch ruèn kc hns cstukans kc odcrn,ghcjdknsc mgkg vcz `s kc ocdcrghazgmandcs snerc ch hcdougjc kc hgs ùjcrcs, pgrg

mcdtrgrsc cd ùjcrcs cspcmbamgs cd satugmandcs mndmrctgs y eusmgdkn hg adtcrgmmad kcodcrn mnd ntrgs mgtconrgs y rchgmandcs kc pnkcr. Hg ln`nocdcakgk kc hns orupnsgdghazgkns mnd gdtcranrakgk sc vc trudmgkg pnr ntrgs vgragehcs n kavasandcs snmaghcs: hgckgk, hg rgzg n ctdag, hg nracdtgmad scxugh, hg mhgsc snmagh n ghod tapn kc kasmgpgmakvgragehcs tnkgs chhgs budkg`cdtghcs g hg lnrg kc nrogdazgr ch nrkcd snmagh y quc tacdcd surcbhcjn cd ch usn kc hg hcdoug. Ch adtcrs kc hgs ducvgs advcstaogmandcs sc mcdtrg cdàmrncstukans kch lgehg cd mnùdakgkcs pcqucgs y hnmghcs (Cmfcrt y @mMnddchh-Oadct, 7115). ]c gmukc cdtndmcs g cstukagr hgs prmtamgs kasmursavgs kc orupns kc


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ùjcrcs y kc lnèrcs, quc snd àcèrns kc kavcrsgs mnùdakgkcs snmaghcs quc scsnhgpgd cdtrc s (mn`n gknhcsmcdtcs csmnhgrcs, vcmadgs kc egrran, mhacdtgs kc udoa`dgsan n udg kasmntcmg, juogknrcs g`gtcurs, gbamandgkns gh kcpnrtc, ctm.) pgrg prnegrm`n hg dnmad kc odcrn vg adcxnrgehc`cdtc udakg g ntrns gtraeutns snmaghcs y pcrsndghcs y cdrgazgkg cd hg muhturg. ]c advcstaogd hns mgèans cd hgs prmtamgs scod chmndtcxtn mn`n rcspucstg g kavcrsgs npnrtudakgkcs snmaghcs n g trgdsbnr`gmandcssnmaghcs, hgenrghcs n pnhtamgs. Cd pghgergs kc Ecdoncmlcg,cstns trgegjns pgrcmcdrcbnrzgr hg vacjg akcg kc hg snmanhadostamg kc quc hg pcrtcdcdmag kc udg pcrsndg g udorupn snmagh y ch scdtakn kc hg prnpag akcdtakgk, hgs aòcdcs pravgkgs kc s às`gskctcràdgd hg bnr`g kc hcdougjc usgkg n ch mndtcdakn kc hn quc sc kamc (Ecdoncmlcg

599=: =59).

Jcddabcr Mngtcs y Kcenrgl Mg`crnd lgd kcsgrrnhhgkn sus trgegjns cd cstg hdcg.Cd ud trgegjn mndjudtn,_n`cd ad tlcar spccml mn`ùdatacs (71


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gprnpagkn kc hg `gsmuhadakgk y hg bcàdakgk dn saodabamg udg rcprnkummad adtgmtg kc

hgs às`gs sad tcdcr cd mucdtg hgs marmudstgdmags, pucstn quc supndc kabcrcdtcscstrgtcoags scod sc cdtgehc mndvcrsgmad mnd udg pcrsndg kch às`n odcrn n kchodcrn npucstn, cd satugmandcs pehamgs n pravgkgs, cd hgs kavcrsgs pnsamandcs snmaghcs(`gkrc, g`gdtc, prnbcsandgh, gàog, ctm.).

=.=. Odcrn y ]ahcdman

Hns cstukans kc odcrn, gudquc dn kc `gdcrg mndtadugkg, lgd admhuakn ghoudnschc`cdtns kch pgrghcdougjc cd sus puehamgmandcs. Ch sahcdman, quc tgd pnmn mndsakcrgknlg cstgkn pnr hns cstukans snmanprgo`tamns, lg cdmndtrgkn cd cstg kasmaphadg ud

adcsta`gehc ghagkn. Kcec`ns rc`ndtgrdns g hgs pra`crgs puehamgmandcs snerc odcrn pgrg cdtcdkcr hg cstrcmlg rchgmad quc gèns bcd`cdns ougrkgd.

Hg mrccdmag pnpuhgr scghg quc hg ùjcr lgehg kc`gsagkn, macrtg`cdtc ùmln`s quc hns lnèrcs. ]nerc cstc pgrtamuhgr hg hadostamg trgkamandgh dn prnpnrmandgkgtns c`pramns. Ycrn cd nmgsandcs cstgs mrccdmags pnpuhgrcs snd su`g`cdtcmndtrgkamtnrags: sc mndsakcrg quc hgs ùjcrcs lgehgd `s, pcrn quc su cstgkn dgturghkcecrg scr ch sahcdman6 sc csta`g quc su mgukgh hxamn cs supcranr gh `gsmuhadn, pcrn qucsu mndvcrsgmad cs travagh, ctm. Cd ud gpgrtgkn gdtcranr (vak. 7.5.7) dns rcbcrg`ns gJcspcrscd (7155) mn`n udn kc hns pra`crns hadoastgs quc lgeg genrkgkn ch tc`g kchodcrn. Cstc gutnr, gs mn`n ntrns cstukansns kc hg pnmg, mndsakcrgegd quc ch huogr kchg ùjcr kceg haàtgrsc gh èatn pravgkn y bgàhagr. G cstc bcd`cdn, quc sc lg`gdtcdakn kurgdtc tgdtn tac`pn, sc hn mndnmc mn`nch sahcdman bc`cdadn. Ecdoncmlcglgmc ghusad g cstc bcd`cdn mn`n ch quc lg mgrgmtcrazgkn g hgs ùjcrcs g hn hgron kc hgtrgkamad:

Ch mg`pn kndkc hg ùjcr sc lg kcsgrrnhhgkn trgkamandgh`cdtc admhuyc ch kchgs rchgmandcs adtcrpcrsndghcs, pcrn rgrg`cdtc hg csbcrg rctramg n pehamg. VP

Cd pehamn hns lnèrcs lgehgegd y hgs ùjcrcs mghhgegd6 cd csc scdtakn, chsahcdman pehamn lg sakn pgrtc kc hg bcàdakgk. Ch cptn`c kc hg pnsamadbc`cdadg lg mndsastakn cd hg guscdmag kc vnz pehamg: hgs ùjcrcs dn lgd pnkakn scr hns bahsnbns adbhuycdtcs, hns nrgknrcs n hns pnctgs, hns pnhtamns nhns rctramns, hns org`tamns n hns hadoastgs (Ecdoncmlcg 7115: ;1).


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Za``cr`gd y _cst (71?3), pnr su pgrtc, gpudtgd gh sahcdmagàcdtn kc hg ùjcrcd mndvcrsgmandcs `gdtcdakgs mnd lnèrcs. Cxphamg cstg mucstad kamacdkn quc hgsùjcrcs cd sus turdns: (7) snd mnrrcspndkakgs pnr hns lnèrcs mnd rcspucstg s`da`gs6 (5) sc vcd sn`ctakgs g hg supcrpnsamad kc hns lnèrcs6 y (=) snd

adtcrru`pakgs mndstgdtc`cdtc pnr chhns. Kc cstg `gdcrg, hns lnèrcs mndsaoucd cjcrmcrsu knàdan y su pnkcr snerc hgs ùjcrcs. Mn`n nescrvgd cstns gutnrcs, pgrcmc pnr tgdtnquc hg satugmad kc pnkcr kch lnèrc cd hgs adstatumandcs mnrrcspndkc g ud cjcrmaman kc

pnkcr tgèad cd hgs àmrnsatugmandcs kc adtcrgmmad. Hns lnèrcs dacogd g hgs

ùjcrcs ch cstgtutn kc adtcrhnmutnrcs aoughatgrags cd hg mndvcrsgmad, yg scg mnd rcspcmtng ud usn phgdn kch prnpan turdn kc mndvcrsgmad, yg scg rcspcmtn g hg chcmmad kc hns

grou`cdtns kc mndvcrsgmad. Ynr tgdtn, sc puckc kcmar quc ch às`n pnkcr `gsmuhadnquc npcrg cd ch phgdn snmagh snerc ch mndtrnh kc hgs `gmrnadstatumandcs, sc `gdabacstgtgèad cd ch mndtrnh, pnr hn `cdns pgrmagh, snerc hgs àmrnadstatumandcs, mn`n pnrcjc`phn hg mndvcrsgmad (Ranha 7117: 12).

Mn`n gpudteg`ns gdtcranr`cdtc, hgs ùjcrcs lgd sakn trgkamandgh`cdtcmhgsabamgkgs mn`n lgehgknrgs, mugdkn hg cvakcdmag ctdnorb amg ùcstrg quc hnslnèrcs lgehgd `s quc hgs ùjcrcs cd mndvcrsgmandcs cdtrc lnèrcs y ùjcrcs(]pcdkcr, 71


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cxpucstn cd cstc trgegjn, karc`ns quc hgs ùjcrcs snd `s mnnpcrgtavgs, `cdns jcrgrquazgdtcs. Cd sus mndvcrsgmandcs lgy `s adtaàkgk, `s brgdquczg, `s adtcrs pnr hns adtcrhnmutnrcs. Ygrg hgs ùjcrcs, sc trgtg pra`nrkagh`cdtc kc cstgehcmcr hgzns kcudad cdtrc hns lgehgdtcs, mgptgr su psamnhnog y rcbnrzgr hg adtaàkgk cdtrc pcrsndgs gtrgvs kch gmtn mnùdamgtavn. Hns lnèrcs trgtgd budkg`cdtgh`cdtc kc cstgehcmcr

jcrgrqugs kc pnkcr adtcrpcrsndghcs. Hg pghgerg bc`cdadg puckc mndsakcrgrsc mn`n

mnnpcrgtavg brcdtc g hg `gsmuhadg, quc puckc scr mndsakcrgkg mn`n`ndnhnogkg (Hnzgdn Knàdon 7113: 7??). Hgs ùjcrcs ùcstrgd ud `gynr rcspctn pnr hns turdnsmndvcrsgmandghcs, pnrquc rcspctgd `s ch prnpan jucon kc hg mndvcrsgmad y pgrtamapgd`s kc h6 hgs ùjcrcs, tgèad, rcmurrcd `s g hgs prcoudtgs n adtcrrnogmandcs (Mngtcs

71


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