Ser social y conciencia política. Los problemas elementales del materialismo histórico

8/14/2019 Ser social y conciencia política. Los problemas elementales del materialismo histórico

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2" /9]1 MX MF HG*^ G*CXG """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""":" Xghcjfcslg hglpjscøk""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""2" Fj rmjfc`j` ̀ m fj m(pfgtjhcøk hjpctjfcstj"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""0" mjfc`j` m c`mgfg3&j""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""=" Fj j>tgkgl&j ̀ m fg c`mgfø3chg"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

0" 6CXPG C. - @MPM *CK.HC!K"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""":" 6cstgrcj f>hoj `m hfjsms""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""2" ,gf>ktjrcslg mhgkglchcslg""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""0" Fgs s><mtgs mk fj ocstgrcj"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

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Mf ljtmrcjfcslg`cjf-htchg `m *jr($ j `c%mrmkhcj `mf ljtmrcjfcslg trj`chcgkjfZrm%fm<g mk mf mspm<g `mf c`mjfcslgR$ kg hgksc`mrj O>m m(cstj >kj smpjrjhcøk g r>pmktrm fj c`mj fj bjsm ljtmrcjf" Fj ljtmrcj kg m(cstm hglg jf3g gp>mstg j fj c`mj$ sckgO>m jlbjs sgk >kj lcslj hgsj$ cktrckhj`j$ hgkmhtj`j" @m mstm lg`g$ mf gb<mtg `mf pmksjr kg ms j fj ljtmrcj hglg gp>mstj j fj c`mj$ sckg fj >kc`j` `cjfAhtchj `m ljtmrcj mc`mj mk fj %grlj `mprghmsgs `m >kjtgtjfc`j` hglpfm<j$ mstr>ht>rj`j hgktrj`chtgrcj"^gr msj rjJøk$ hglg `mh&j fj %jlgsj rm;gf>hcgkjrcj Pmscs C sgbrm Im>mrbjho$fgs icføsgigs kg ojk omhog l s /um cktmrprmtjr `m `cvmrsgs lg`gs mf luk`g> pmrg `m fg /um sm trjtj ms `m trjksigrljrfg" Mstj tmscs kgs `chm `gs hgsjs"

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pmksjlcmktg sck ck%f><g sgbrm fj rmjfc`j`$ kc >kj rmjfc`j` O>m kg `mtmrlckm mf pmksjlcmktg" Fj pr8htchj `mtmrlckj tjktg jf smr hglg jf pmksjr"

]kg `m fgs tmljs O>m l8s prmgh>pø j *jr( %>m mf `msjrrgffg$ mk mf hjpctjfcslg$`m fj`c(cscøk `mf trj'j)g" Fgs ck`c;c`>gs kgs mspmhcjfcJjlgs hj`j ;mJ l8s mk k>mstrgsrmspmhtc;gs hjlpgs$ `m ljkmrj O>m pmr`mlgs fj ;cscøk `m hgk<>ktg `m fj sghcm`j`$ `m:2 ]k pghg jktms `m msj %mhoj$ mk mf j g :)=0$ *jr( j ms hgkshcmktm `m fjs cks>%chcmkhcjs `mf pfjktmjlcmktg `m Im>mrbjho D^mrg mfoglbrm kg ms kck3 k smr jbstrjhtg$ j3jJjpj`g %>mrj `mf l>k`g" Mfoglbrm ms mfluk`g `m fgs oglbrms$ mf Mstj`g$ fj sghcm`j`" Msm Mstj`g msj sghcm`j` prg`>hmk fjrmfc3cøk$ukj hgkhcmkhcj ckvmrtc`j `mf luk`g$ pgrO>m Mstj`g sghcm`j` sgk >k l>k`g ck;mrtc`gE ZYjrf*jr($ DHgktrcb>hcøk j fj hr&tchj `m fj %cfgsg%&j `mf `mrmhog `m 6m3mfE$ mk Yjrf *jr( .rkgf` >3m$ ,gs

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Hglg `mh&jlgs jrrcbj$ glctcr fj pr8htchj rm%>3cjrkgs mk >kj b>rb><j c`mjfhgkstct> m >k mrrgr lgrjfN kg mstjlgs `msjrrgffjk`g >kj pjrtm %>k`jlmktjf `m k>mstrjshjpjhc`j̀ ms pgtmkhcjfc`j`ms":= Mf pmksjlcmktg fj rmjfc j̀` sm mkh>mktrjk&ktcljlmktm rmfjhcgkj`gs$ `m tjf lg`g O>m sm pcmksj `m jh>mr`g hgk mf lg`g mk O>m sm;c;m fj prgpcj ;c`j" - jf lcslg tcmlpg$ fj rm%fm(cøk mk mf l>k`g `m fjs c`mjs$ sckhgkm(cøk hgk mf l>k`g `m fj pr8htchj$ tjlbcAk tcmkm m%mhtgs ljtmrcjfms" Mk prclmr f>3jr$rm%>mrJj fj prgpcj `c;cscøk `m tmgr&j pr8htchj$ O>m ojhm pgscbfm pgr m<mlpfg O>cktmfmht>jfms `m mkgrlm hjfcbrm sm mkh>mktrmk jpjrhj̀ gs mk fj ckjhhcøk pgf&tchj$hmktrj`gs mk s>s hjrrmrjs s>s lArctgs jhj`Alchgs$ pgr tjktg sck lgfmstjr j fgs pg`mrgsgs"

Pg`g mstg O>cmrm `mhcr O>m fj rmjfc`j` j ms trjks%grlj`j hgk k>mstrj jhhcøk gk>mstrj ckjhhcøk" Mfhglprglcsg pgf*tchg kg ms sckg >k rmhgkghclcmktg `m mstm omhog$`m fj kmhmsc`j̀ `m `gtjrkgs `m >kj pr8htchj >kj Atchj hgksmh>mktms hgk fjrmspgksjbcfc`j` O>m tmkmlgs$ jf %grljr pjrtm `m >kj tgtjfc j̀`" .ht>mlgs g kgjht>mlgs$ mk jlbgs hjsgs msg tmk`r8 hgksmh>mkhcjs l> rmjfms" Xglgs rmspgksjbfms `mfg O>m s>hm`m$ kg ms pgscbfm rm%>3cjrsm mk >kj ckjhhcøk ckghmktm" 6j O>m mfm3cj>tmktchc`j` m ckj>tmktchc`j`$ fj prclmrj clpfchj tjktg mf mst>`cg `m fj rmjfc`j` hglgfj ;gf>ktj` pgf&tchj `m trjks%grljrfj"

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cstørchg," Mstm ftclg ms >k hgkhmptg l>hog l8s jhgtj`g$ O>m sm mkh>mktrj prmsmktj`g pgr prclmrj ;mJ mk fgs tm(tgs l8s mhgkølchgs `m *jr(" Fj rmfjhcøk mktrm jlbgshgkhmptgs smr&j hglpfm<j" ^g`r&j `mhcrsm O>m fgs ljr(cslgs s>pgkmk >kj mfjbgrjhcøk$ pgr pjrtm `m gtrgs j>tgrms$ `m jf3>kjs c`mjs O>m sm ojk rmhg3c`g `m fj gbrj `m *jr("

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2. Pmgrìj y prêhtchj pgfìtchj

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R":?6g sjbmlgs hfjrjlmktm O>m oj >kj `c%mrmkhcj mktrm tmkmr >kj hcmkhcj `m fj

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8. $mjfc`j` m c`mgfg%ìj

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22



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s>3mrc`g ;jrcjs gb<mhcgkms hgk%>scgkmsNXm s>mfmk hgk%>k`cr fgs hgkhmptgs `m D;jfgrE +prmhcg," Mf hjpctjf $ O>m sm ojffjj >k kc;mf `m jbstrjhhcøk mfm;j`g$ sm bjsj mk mf s>p>mstg `m O>m fjs lmrhjkh&jssm ;mk`cmrjk j s> ;jfgr" ^mrg mstm s>p>mstg kg ms >k hjprchog `m *jr(" Mf prmhcg`m fjs lmrhjkh&js mst8 fclctj`g pgr jrrcbj pgr jbj<g$ tcmk`m kjt>rjflmktm jjhmrhjrsm j s> ;jfgr rmjf" 0gr jbj3g$ mf prmhcg `m >kj lmrhjkh&j kg p>m`m hjmr pgr `mbj<g `m s> ;jfgr rmjf$ mf prghmsg prg`>htc;g sm3>cr scmk`g ;cjbfm" H>jk`gsm ;mk`mk fjs lmrhjkh&js pgr `mbj<g `m s> ;jfgr Zhgsj O>m s>hm`m mk mf hjsg `mO>m m(cstj sgbrmprg`>hhcøk sjt>rjhcøk `mf lmrhj`gR fgs hjpctjfcstjsck`c;c`>jfms mktrjr8k mk pAr`c`js$ hmrrjr8k s>s %8brchjs g sm trjsfj`jr8k j gtrjs

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24



`ml>mstrj O>m kg ms js&" ^jrj *jr($ mf ;jfgr `m >kj lmrhjkh&j `mshcmk`m h>jk`gfjs kmhmsc`j`ms sghcjfms `m `choj lmrhjkh&j sm mkh>mktrjk sjtcs%mhojs$ sm prg`>hm l8s `m fg O>m sm kmhmsctj" Pg`g trjbj<g O>m sgbrmpjsm mf trjbj<gsghcjflmktm kmhmsjrcg pjrj sjtcs%jhmr `chojs kmhmsc`j`ms sm hgksc`mrj trjbj<gck tcf$ pgr tjktg hjrmhm `m ;jfgr" Mstg s>pgkm >k `mshmksg 3fgbjf `mf ;jfgr `m

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Xc pjrj *jr( mf ;jfgr `m >kj lmrhjkh&j ;cmkm `mtmrlckj`g pgr mf tcmlpg `mtrjbj<g sghcjflmktm kmhmsjrcg pjrj s> prg`>hhcøk$ mktgkhms /O>A s>hm`m scDhghckgE >kj tjrtj `m bjrrg 1stj smr&j >k prg`>htg `m lc trjbj<g$ pmrg hjrmhmr&j`m ;jfgr p>mstg O>m kj`cm O>mrr&j hglprjrfj" Xck mlbjr3g$ *jr( `cstck3>&j mktrmtrjbj<g trjbj<g sghcjf Ztrjbj<g sghcjflmktm tcfR" Kck3>kj lmrhjkh&j p>m`mtmkmr(jfgr `m hjl'cg g D;jfgrE j smhjs$ sc kg tcmkm tjlbcAk >k(jfgr `m #sg g>tcfc`j`" Mstj `cstckhcøk mktrm ;jfgr `m hjlbcg ;jfgr `m >sg ms l> clpgrtjktm"Mf ;jfgr `m >sg ms >k rm%fm<g `m fj >tcfc`j` O>m tcmkm >kj lmrhjkh&j pjrjsjtcs%jhmr >kj kmhmsc`j` mk fj sghcm j̀`$ pgr hgksc3>cmktm >kj sghcm j̀`sghcjfcstj g hgl>kcstj$ pfjkc%chj j̀ rjhcgkjflmktm$ `mbmr&j gr3jkcJjr fj prg`>hhcøk jtmk`cmk`g j mstm ;jfgr `m >sg" Mk mf hjpctjfcslg$ mstg kg s>hm`m js&$ pgrO>m mk mf lmrhj`g mf ;jfgr `m hjlbcg prclj sgbrm mf ;jfgr `m >sg" Mstg3mkmrj mkgrlms hgktrj`chhcgkms$ hglg O>m m(cstj sgbrmprg`>hhcøk `m jrt&h>fgs`m f><g lcmktrjs oj mshjsmJ `m bcmkms b8schgs" G hglg O>m gtrjs lmrhjkh&jsjfhjkhmk >k prmhcg `m lmrhj`g l> pgr mkhclj `m s> ;jfgr `m >sg rmjf$ fg O>m`j f>3jr j '#r'#)js mspmh>fjtc;js O>m p>m`mk mstjffjr `msmkhj`mkjk`g >kjhrcscs mhgkølchj"

2. +gkhmptg ̀ m pfus*jfgr

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* @ *$ ;mk`mr pjrj hglprjr$ @ * @$ hglprjr pjrj ;mk`mr"

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http://kapitalism101.wordpress.com/2010/05/13/law-of-value-3-das-mudpie/






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8. $mprgùhhc k y jhulufjhc k

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&. Fj fuh#j pgr mf sjfjrcg

Prjs `gs Àhj`js `m `glckcg c`mgfø3chg `mf kmgfcbmrjfcslg$ sm pmrhcbm hglg >k omhogkjt>rjf O>m fj sgf>hcøk j mstj hrcscs mhgkølchj `mf hjpctjfcslg `mbm pjsjr pgr fgsrmhgrtms $ jktm tg`g$ pgr rm%grljs `mf lmrhj`g fjbgrjf O>m jbjrjtmk mf hgstm mk sjfjrcgs`m fj %>mrJj `m trjbj<g" Xm oj jhmptj`g hglg >kj m;c`mkhcj O>m `mbmlgs Djprmtjrkgs mfhckt>røkE pjrj pg`mrhglpmtcr mk >k l>k`g 3fgbjfcJj`g$ hgktrj pj&sms O>m prg`>hmkl8s O>m kgsgtrgs j lmkgr prmhcg" Mk mstjs hgk`chcgkms$ /O>A O>m`j `m fj f>hojmhgkølchj$ `mslgrjfcJj`j trjs j gs `m pAr`c`js `mf pg`mr jÒ>csctc;g `m fgstrjbj<j`grms$ hgk`chcgkj`j j mkhj<jr `mrrgtjs s>hmsc;js sck jpmkjs >k sgfg j;jkhmrmjf /Pcmkm smktc`g f>hojr pgr lm<grms sjfjrcgs$ g oj O>m rmsc3kjrsm js>lcr mf hgstm$hm`cmk`g j fj c`mj `m O>m fj lg`mrjhcøk sjfjrcjf ms kmhmsjrcj pjrj pg`mr clp>fsjr mfhrmhclcmktg mhgkølchg js& ojhmr pgscbfm fj hrmjhcøk `m mlpfmg+jy /um smaucr lgvcfcz k`gsm5 ' ojy /um jbjk`gkjr fj fuhoj mhgkølchj> pgr ck9tcf 2ffmvjlgs tcmlpg sck ajkjr kj j̀8 y pgr hgktrjprgùhmktm 2mf gb3mtcvg jogrj ms hrmjr mlpfmg85

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Mf j>lmktg `m sjfjrcgs `m fgs trjbj<j`grms smr&j hgktmstj`g `m ljkmrj

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Fj rmsp>mstj `m *jr( sm `crc3cr8 pgr tjktg j fj bjsm `mf jr3>lmktg `m mstgk$ hgk mfgb<mtg `m pgkmr mk ;jfgr fjf#h j mhgkølchj `m fgs sck`chjtgs$ j>kO>m rmhgkghcmk`gs>s f&lctms fj kmhmsc`j` `m >kjf#h j pgf*tchj"

. Xjfjrcg y %jkjkhcj

Mk >kj mhgkgl&j hjpctjfcstj$ fj lj gr pjrtm `m fj pgbfjhcøk sm ojffj `msprg;cstj `mlm`cgs `m prg`#hhcøk" . `c%mrmkhcj `mf pmO>m g hjlpmsckg g jrtmsjkg prm hjpctjfcstj$O>m pgsm&j Zck`c;c`>jf g hgl>kjflmktmR mf s>mfg$ mf tjffmr fjs omrrjlcmktjs$ mfNgbrmrgfcbrm sm mkh>mktrj hgk fj sgfj prgpcm`j̀ `m s> hjpjhc`j̀ `m trjbj<g g-#mr!j `mtrj'j)g " IgrJj`g j j`O>crcr s>s lm`cgs `m ;c`j mk mf lmrhj`g$ `mbm 3jkjrsm mf s>stmktg pgkcmk`g j fj ;mktj Zg%rmhcmk`g mk mf lmrhj`gR s> prgpcj hjpjhc`j` pjrj trjbj<jr$ hgk mfgb<mtg `m pgkmrsm bj<g mf ljk`g `m >k mlprmsjrcg g pjtrøk O>m s& pgsmm fgs lm`cgs `m prg`>hhcøk" @m mstm lg`g$ s>r3m >kj `cstckhcøk mktrm >kj hfjsm `m trjbj<j`grmsjsjfjrcj`gs >kj hfjsm `m hjpctjfcstjs O>m gbtcmkmk s> 3jkjkhcj j pjrtcr `m s> hjpjhc`j` pjrj `cspgkmr `mf trjbj<g j<mkg"

^mrg$ /h>8f ms fj %>mktm `m `choj 3jkjkhcj Fgs mhgkglcstjs hf8schgs ojbfjk `m>k hgstm `m prg`>hhcøk `m >k sgbrmprmhcg O>m sm clpgk`r&j pgr fj %>mrJj `m fjhgst>lbrm Zmf o8bctg `m pj3jr tjktg pgr tjf hgsjR g pgr fjs %f>ht>jhcgkms `m fj g%mrtj fj`mljk`j" Fj 3jkjkhcj hjpctjfcstj prg;mk`r&j m(hf>sc;jlmktm `m msm sgbrmprmhcg" ^jrj*jr($ mstm p>ktg `m ;cstj kg m(pfchj mf ;mr`j`mrg grc3mk `m fj 3jkjkhcj"

-. Mf grc%mk `m fj %jkjkhcj hjpctjfcstj

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*jr( pjrtm `m fj bjsm `m O>m fjs lmrhjkh&js sm cktmrhjlbcjk pgr s>s ;jfgrmsrmjfms$ `mshjrtjk`g mk >k prckhcpcg O>m fj 3jkjkhcj hjpctjfcstj prg;mk3j `m >ksgbrmprmhcg clp>mstg jrtc%chcjflmktm j fgs prg`>htgs" Pgljk`g mstm p>ktg `m pjrtc`jO>m kgs p>m`m pjrmhmr jktc ckt>ctc;g$ *jr( kgs ojhm hjlbcjr `m mk%gO>m$ sct>jk`g mfgrc3mk `m fj 3jkjkhcj hjpctjfcstj kg mk mf lmrhj`g$ sckg mk mf prghmsg `m prg`>hhcøk".s&$ hgksc3>m m(pfchjr fj m;c`mkhcj `m O>m fg %>k`jlmktjf pjrj ljktmkmr fj 3jkjkhcj `mfmlprmsjrcg ms mf ljktmkclcmktg j fj bj<j `m fgs sjfjrcgs"

00



.f prghmsg prg`>htc;g sm ckhgrpgrj >kj lmrhjkh&j h> js hjrjhtmr&stchjs pmh>fcjrms pmrlctmk hfjrjlmktm gbtmkmr >k ;jfgr m(hm`mktmN fj lmrhjkh&j %>mrJj `mtrjbj<g$ O>m hglg ;m&jlgs ms fj kchj pgsmscøk O>m mf gbrmrg fcbrm p>m`m pgkmr j fj;mktj" .f mlpfmjrsm j hjlbcg `m >k sjfjrcg$ mf gbrmrg hgkscmktm mk rmjfcJjr >k trjbj<g`>rjktm fj <grkj`j fjbgrjf mstcp>fj`j mk s> hgktrjtg" @m mstm lg`g$ mf prmhcg `m fj

lmrhjkh&j %>mrJj `m trjbj<g sm `msfc3j `mf trjbj<g rmjflmktm rmjfcJj`g" Mf hjpctjfcstjj`O>cmrm fj hjpjhc`j` `mf trjbj<j`gr pjrj prg`>hcr$ kg mf %r>tg `mf trjbj<g rmjfcJj`g" .hjlbcg$ fm jsc3kj >ksjfjrcg O>m ms ck%mrcgr jf ;jfgr `m `chog trjbj<g" Mk gtrjs pjfjbrjs$fj 3jkjkhcj `mf hjpctjfcstj prg;cmkm `mf trjbj<g kg pj3j`g jf gbrmrg" Fj `c%mrmkhcj mktrmmf ;jfgr `mf trjbj<g rmjfcJj`g pgr mf gbrmrg s> sjfjrcg ms `mkglckj`jpf#s(jfgr$ ms fj%>mktm `m fj 3jkjkhcj hjpctjfcstj"

. Fgs fìlctms jf ckhrmlmktg `m sjfjrcgs `mktrg `mf hjpctjfcslg

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http://informes.seminaritaifa.org/files/2009/08/Informe_06_ES.pdf




mstjr8 mk fj hjpjhc`j` `mf Mstj`g pjrj mstcl>fjr fj mhgkgl&j j>lmktjk`g fj`mljk`j j3rm3j`j Zlm`cjktm gbrjs p bfchjs$ s>bsc`cgs$ mth"R `>rjktm fj %jsm`mshmk`mktm ̀ mf hchfg mhgkølchg"Fgs mhgkglcstjsljrxcstjs hgksc`mrjk O>m mf prghmsg `m fj jh>l>fjhcøk `mhjpctjf Zmf hrmhclcmktg mhgkølchgR ms mk s& lcslg hgktrj`chtgrcg" Mstg fm ojhmmktrjr mk hrcscs pmrcø`chjs hj`j ;mJ l8s ;cgfmktjs$ O>m jlmkjJjk smrcjlmktm s> prgpcj s>pmr;c;mkhcj"

. hgktck>jhcøk trjtjlgs fjs trms tmgr&js ljr(cstjs hf8schjs sgbrm fjs hrcscsZtmk`mkhcj `mhrmhcmktm `m fj tjsj `m 3jkjkhcj$ hrcscs `m s>bhgks>lg$ hrcscs `m prgpgrhcgkjfc`j`R" Mstjs trms tmgr&js sgk hglpfmlmktjrcjs$ hj`j >kj `m mffjs jkjfcJj>k `msmO>cfcbrcg$ >kj hgktrj`chhcøk g >kj tmk`mkhcj `mf lg`g `m prg`>hhcøk hjpctjfcstj"^mrg hglg ;mrmlgs l8s j`mfjktm$ kck3>kj `m mstjs tmgr&js j>tgrcJj pmr sm j ojbfjr `m>kj tmk`mkhcj `mf hjpctjfcslg j `mrr>lbjrsm j>tgl8tchjlmktm$ bj<g mf pmsg `m s>s prgpcjs hgktrj`chhcgkms" Mf hjlbcg sghcjf ojhcj gtrg lg`mfg Zg ojhcj >kj rm%grljlmkgr `mf lcslg mk >k smktc`g prg3rmscstj g hgksmr;j`gr$ ojhcj fj cJO>cmr`j g ojhcj fj`mrmhojR `mpmk`m `m fg O>m sm oj3j pgf&tchjlmktm$ `mf hgktm(tg sghcjf m ocstørchg"

2. Pmgrìjs ljrxcstjs `m fj hrcscs/ fj tmk`mkhcj `mhrmhcmktm `m fj tjsj `m %jkjkhcj

Xm3 k *jr($ j lm`c`j O>m j;jkJj mf `msjrrgffg hjpctjfcstj$ fj tjsj `m 3jkjkhcj tcmk`m jhjmr" Mstg s>hm`m pgrO>m j lm`c`j O>m hrmhm fj jh>l>fjhcøk `m hjpctjf$ j>lmktj fjck;mrscøk mklj"#ckjrcj lm`cgs `m prg`>hhcøk mk lj gr lm`c`j O>m fj ck;mrscøk mksjfjrcgs" Ms fg O>m sm hgkghm hglg mf ckhrmlmktg `m fjhglpgschcøk graêkchj `mfhjpctjf" Mk gtrjs pjfjbrjs$ fjs mlprmsjs hjpctjfcstjs tcmk`mk j rmmlpfjJjr jf gbrmrg pgr fjl8O>ckj$ g j >sjr l8s m%chcmktmlmktm fgs rmh>rsgs tAhkchgs fj gr3jkcJjhcøk" .s& p>m`mk ckhrmlmktjr mf ;gf>lmk `m fj prg`>hhcøk$ mlpfmjk`g hj`j ;mJ j lmkgstrjbj<j`grms" ^gr mstj rjJøk$ ms fø3chg O>m fgs trjbj<j`grms hgktmlpfmk scmlprm hgkrmhmfg fj ckhgrpgrjhcøk `m k>m;js tAhkchjs ljO>ckjrcj mk mf prghmsg prg`>htc;g"

mhgr`mlgs O>m mffu`cslg Zfj rmbmfcøk hgktrj fj ckhgrpgrjhcøk `m ljO>ckjrcj$ O>mojh&j `m Astj mf gb<mtg `m fj jhhcøk cfm3jf ;cgfmktjR %>m mf prclmr lg;clcmktg gbrmrg mkfj Ck3fjtmrrj `mf C $ `>rjktm mf j>3m `m fj rm;gf>hcøk ck`>strcjf$ jktms `m fj hrmjhcøk`m sck`chjtgs gr3jkcJj`gs" .ktms `m jp>ktjr j fj rmfjhcøk fjbgrjf lcslj j fj `c%mrmkhcj`m hfjsm$ fgs trjbj<j`grms f>hojrgk hgktrj mf %mkølmkg cklm`cjtjlmktm ;cscbfm$ fjcktrg`>hhcøk ̀ m ljO>ckjrcj"

Mstg ms fg O>m s>hm`m pgr mf fj`g `mf trjbj<j`gr O>m s>%rm fgs m%mhtgs pmrkchcg`m fj lg`mrkcJjhcøk bj<g mf hjpctjfcslg" ^mrg mf ckhrmlmktg `m fj hglpgschcøk gr38kchj

`mf hjpctjf `msjrrgffj >kj hgktrj`chhcøk cktmrkj j fj prgpcj prg`>hhcøk hjpctjfcstj"@mh&jlgs O>m mf grc3mk `m fj 3jkjkhcj hjpctjfcstj mst8 mk fj pf>s;jf&j$ O>m sm gbtcmkm plm`cg `mf hgks>lg prg`>htc;g `mftrj'j)g (c(g `mf trjbj<j`gr" Xøfg mf trjbj<g ;c;g `mftrjbj<j`gr$ søfg fj %>mrJj `m trjbj<g mk jhhcøk$ prg`>hm jf3 k ;jfgr" ]kj %8brchj O>m kgmlpfmjrj trjbj<j`gr jf3>kg$ kg ckhgrpgrjr&j kck3 k k>m;g ;jfgr j fjs lmrhjkh&js O>m prg`><mrj" Xøfg trjsfj`jr&j jf prg`>htg mf ;jfgr `m fgs lm`cgs `m prg`>hhcøk Zl8O>ckjs

ljtmrcjs prcljsR" ]kj %8brchj `m mstm tcpg$ sc gbt>;cmrj bmkm%chcgs$ `mpmk`mr&j pjrjmffg `m hcrh>kstjkhcjs m(tmrkjs$ hglg fj pgscbcfc`j` `m mfm;jr jrtc%chcjflmktm fgs prmhcgs pgr mkhclj `mf ;jfgr rmjf" Hglg ;clgs mk mf p>ktg : `mf hjp&t>fg =$ m(cstm >kj rmfjtc;jj>tgkgl&j mktrmprmhcgs (jfgr $ pmrg tjlbcAk >kj tmk`mkhcj j O>m fgs prmhcgs smjprg(clmk jf ;jfgr rmjf"

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*jr( m(p>sg ;jrcjs hj>sjs O>mhgktrjrrmstjr*jk fj tmk`mkhcj `mhrmhcmktm `m fjtjsj `m 3jkjkhcj" 6j `gs O>m `mstjhjrN

Fj hrmjhcøk `m k>m;jsck`#strcjs O>m jbsgrbmk >kj pjrtm `mf m(hm`mktm3mkmrj`g pgr fjs ck`>strcjs prmm(cstmktms Zmk fgs j gs `m fj pgst3>mrrj$ mstg msmspmhcjflmktm rmfm;jktm mk mf hjsg `mf `msjrrgffg `m fg O>m sm oj ffjlj`g mfDhglpfm<g lcfctjr ck`>strcjfER" Mk m%mhtg$ mf hjpctjf sm `mspfjJj ojhcj mstjsk>m;js rjljs `gk`m fj tjsj `m 3jkjkhcj ms lj gr$ mk f>3jr `m rmck;mrtcr mfm(hm`mktm mk fjs rjljs j `msjrrgffj`js" Xck mlbjr3g$ mstj hj>sj hgktrjrrmstjktm`msjpjrmhmr&j h>jk`g mf prghmsg `m ck`>strcjfcJjhcøk mst8 j;jkJj̀ g$ msck%rmh>mktm O>m s>r<jk k>m;js rjljs prg`>htc;js"Mf hrmhclcmktg `m fjpg'fjhcøk" Kg pgrO>m mffg Zhglg jr3>lmktjr&jk fgsLm kmscjkgsR s>pgk3j >k j>lmktg `m fj `mljk j̀$ sckg pgrO>m hgkffm;j mfrm%>mrJg `m >kj pgbfjhcøk gbrmrj `msmlpfmj`j$ >k Dm<Arhctg `m rmsmr;jE hglg fgffjljbj *jr($ O>m jf p><jr j fj bj<j pgr fgs sjfjrcgs rm`>hm fj prmscøk hjpctjfcstj`m s>stct>cr mf trjbj<g pgr ljO>ckjrcj"

.ogrj bcmk$ `mh&jlgs O>m ;jfgr prmhcg tcmk`mk j mO>cfcbrjrsm" Mstj tmk`mkhcjsøfg p>m`m m;ctjrsm mk `mtmrlckj`js hcrh>kstjkhcjs hglg$ pgr m<mlpfg$ pgr lm`cg `m pr8htchjs lgkgpgfcstjs" Mk fjs hgk`chcgkms `m >k hjpctjfcslg j;jkJj`g Zhjpctjfcslglgkgpgfcstj R `gk`m prclj mf `glckcg mhgkølchg `m fjs 3rjk`ms hgrpgrjhcgkms$ fjshgsjs s>hm`mk `m ljkmrj `cstcktj j hglg fg ;m&j *jr( h>jk`g mst>`cjbj fgslmrhj`gshglpmtctc(gs" . `c%mrmkhcj `m fg O>m s>hm`m mk mf hjpctjfcslg hglpmtctc;g$ jO>& fgs3rjk`ms gfc3gpgfcgs kg <>m3jk j >kj hglpmtmkhcj %mrgJ O>m pgk3j mk pmfc3rg fjs3jkjkhcjs 3mkmrjfms Zpgr m<mlpfg$ mk ck tcfms 3>mrrjs `m prmhcgsR" Mk smhtgrhgkhmktrj`gs$ fj tmk`mkhcj ms jf j>lmktg `m prmhcgs jf mfm;j`g kc;mf `m 3jkjkhcj" @mflcslg lg`g$ p>mstg O>m hgktrgfjk fj prg`>hhcøk j 3rjk mshjfj mk b>mkj pjrtm `m tg`g>k smhtgr$ fjs hgrpgrjhcgkms p>m`mk m;ctjr fj sjt>rjhcøk `mf lmrhj`g pgr mstj rjJøk p>m`mk smr rmtchmktms j jlpfcjr fj prg`>hhcøk$ `mbc`g jf m%mhtg O>m tmk`r&j `m ojhm`mshmk`mr fj tjsj `m 3jkjkhcj" Mk mf hjsg `m 3rjk`ms hgrpgrjhcgkms$ fj ckkg;jhcøktmhkgfø3chj fj rmkg;jhcøk `m fgs lm`cgs `m prg`>hhcøk jhgst>lbrj j smr l8s fmktj" Fjhgksmh>mkhcj ms hjpjhc`j` ck`>strcjf ck%rj>tcfcJj`j >k lj gr &k`chm `m `msmlpfmg"

8. Pmgrìjs ljrxcstjs `m fj hrcscs/ hrcscs `m su!hgksulg

@mh&jlgs O>m mf hjpctjfcslg tcmk`m j ckhgrpgrjr k>m;j ljO>ckjrcj mk mf prghmsg prg`>htc;g$ O>m mstg rmpmrh>tm mk mf `mshmksg `m fj tjsj `m 3jkjkhcj" /Xgk tgktgs fgs

hjpctjfcstjs ck`c;c`>jfms Kg$ sm trjtj `m >k lmhjkcslg rmfjtc;jlmktm j>tgl8tchg bjsj`g mk mf h8fh>fg mhgkølchg j hgrtg pfjJg" @mh&jlgs l8s jrrcbj O>m mf ;jfgr `m >kjlmrhjkh&j sm lc`m pgr mf tcmlpg sghcjflmktm kmhmsjrcg pjrj s> prg`>hhcøk" Mk gtrjs pjfjbrjs$ mf tcmlpg `m trjbj<g lm`cg kmhmsjrcg" Mstg O>cmrm `mhcr O>m h>jfO>cm prg`>htg$ `j`g mf kc;mf jht>jf `mf `msjrrgffg `m fjs %>mrJjs prg`>htc;js$ tjr`j mk prg`>hcrsm >k tcmlpg lm`cg `mtmrlckj`g" Pg`js fjs mlprmsjs `m >k lcslg smhtgr mlpfmjk fj lcslj ljO>ckjrcj trjbj<j`grms c3>jflmktm h>jfc%chj`gs" Mf jJjr fjrmjfc`j` hgkhrmtj ojhmk O>m jf3>kjs mlprmsjs mstAk pgr mkhclj `m fj lm`cj gtrjs pgr `mbj<g$ pmrg mf ;jfgr lm`cg sc3>m scmk`g mf lcslg" Xc >stm` ms lm<gr g pmgr hjrpcktmrg$msg søfg O>cmrm `mhcr O>m tjr`jr8 l8s g lmkgs tcmlpg mk prg`>hcr >kj lcslj lmsj" Xctjr`j l8s tcmlpg `m fg kgrljf$ `mbmr8 trjbj<jr l8s ogrjs pjrj 3jkjr fg lcslg O>m >k

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jrtmsjkg l8s ojbcfc`gsg$ O>m pg`r&j ojhmr mf lcslg trjbj<g mk lmkgs tcmlpg" Fjs hgsjssgk l8s sclpfms mk fj ck`>strcj lg`mrkj$ jftjlmktm j>tgljtcJj`j$ `gk`m fj ojbcfc`j`ck`c;c`>jf tcmkm lmkgs pmsg" Mf trjbj<j`gr ms >k gpmrjrcg$ >k jscstmktm `m fj l8O>ckjO>m sm j`jptj j fgs rctlgs `m trjbj<g O>m Astj fm clpgkm" Mk mstjs hgk`chcgkms$ sm ;m hgklj gr hfjrc`j` O>m fj kchj ljkmrj O>m tcmkm >kj mlprmsj pjrj j`mfjktjr j s>s

hglpmtc`grms pjsj pgr cktrg`>hcr k>m;j ljO>ckjrcj" .s& p>m`m prg`>hcrsm l8s O>m fjhglpmtmkhcj$ ojhcmk`g >sg `m lmkgs ljkg `m gbrj" Mstg fm pmrlctm j>lmktjr jrtc%chcjflmktm fj 3jkjkhcj pgr >k tcmlpg$ ojstj O>m fjs ckkg;jhcgkms tmhkgfø3chjs smm(tcmk`jk j tg`js fjs mlprmsjs `mf smhtgr" Mstj hglpmtmkhcj hgrtgpfjhcstj mst8 mk fj rj&J`mf j>lmktg `m fj hglpgschcøk gr38kchj `mf hjpctjf ZO>m hgk`>h&j j >kj tmk`mkhcj j`mhrmhmr fj tjsj `m 3jkjkhcj$ hglg ;m&jlgs jrrcbjR" ^mrg tjlbcAk hgkffm;j O>m fgslmrhj`gs hjpctjfcstjs$ mk prckhcpcg$ tcmk`jk j fj s>pmrprg`>hhcøk" Pg`js fjs mlprmsjstcmkmk fj kmhmsc`j` `m prg`>hcr l8s O>m s>s hglpmtc`grms$ l8s r8pc`g" Mstg kgs ffm;jj fj sm3>k`j tmgr&j ljr(cstj `m fj hrcscsN fjs hrcscs `ms#'hgks#lg "

Xm s>pgkm O>m fj prg`>hhcøk hjpctjfcstj ms >kj prg`>hhcøk pjrj mf hgks>lg".ogrj bcmk$ mstm hgks>lg kg sm bjsj mk fjs kmhmsc`j`ms o>ljkjs$ sckg mk fj`mljk`jm%mhtc;j$ mstg ms$ mk mf pg`mr `m hglprj"0) Mf prgbfmlj ms O>m mf lg`g hjpctjfcstj `m prg`>hhcøk kg p>m`m 3mkmrjr fj s>%chcmktm `mljk`j m%mhtc;j pjrj ;mk`mr tg`g fg O>m sm prg`>hm$ js& 3jrjktcJjrsm fj jh>l>fjhcøk `m hjpctjf mf hrmhclcmktg mhgkølchg" Mkgtrjs pjfjbrjs$ mf hjpctjfcslg kg hgksc3>m O>m oj j s>%chcmktm 3mktm hgk `ckmrg mk fgs bgfscffgs pjrj hglprjr tg`gs fgs bcmkms O>m sm prg`>hmk" - l8s h>jk`g$ `mbc`g j fjckkg;jhcøk tmhkgfø3chj$ hj`j ;mJ ojhmk %jftj lmkgs mlpfmj`gs pjrj pgkmr mk ljrhoj fj prg`>hhcøk `m lmrhjkh&js" Mf lg`g `m prg`>hhcøk hjpctjfcstj `msmlbghj mktgkhms mkhrcscs `msg'rmprg`#hhcøk" G bcmk sclpfmlmktm$ `j`g O>m sm prm;A O>m smr8 clpgscbfm;mk`mr lmrhjkh&js mk >k lmrhj`g sjt>rj`g$ mstj `ck8lchj 3mkmrj mk fgs hjpctjfcstjs >k`msckhmktc;g pjrj fj ck;mrscøk$ hgk fg O>m fg l8s %rmh>mktm ms mkhgktrjrkgs hgkhjpjhc`j` ck`>strcjf ck%rj>tcfcJj̀ j$mstjkhjlcmktg mhgkølchg jftgs &k`chms `m`msmlpfmg"

.ogrj bcmk$ sc mf hjpctjfcslg tcmkm mstj tmk`mkhcj jf s>bhgks>lg jfmstjkhjlcmktg g fj hrcscs$ /hølg sm m(pfchj mf hrmhclcmktg mhgkølchg O>m ojhjrjhtmrcJj`g fj lj gr pjrtm `m s> ocstgrcj Fgs tmørchgs `mf s>bhgks>lg ojbfjk `m O>mmf hjpctjfcslg kmhmsctj >kj %>mktm m(tmrkj `m `mljk`j m%mhtc;j$ >k lmrhj`g m(tmrcgr O>mjbsgrbj mf m(hmsg `m prg`>hhcøk" 6j O>m ;mk`mr ojhcj j%>mrj$ oj O>m m(pgrtjr j gtrgslmrhj`gs" Mfclpmrcjfcslg ms fj %jsm `mf hjpctjfcslg hjrjhtmrcJj`j pgr fj f>hoj mktrm fjs3rjk`ms pgtmkhcjs `mf l>k`g pjrj `csp>tjrsm msgs mspjhcgs$ msjs %>mktms `m `mljk`j"^mrg fj m(pjkscøk `mf hjpctjfcslg j >kj mshjfj l>k`cjf mk fj mrj `m fjafg'jfc!jhcøk ojtmrlckj`g hgk fj pgscbcfc`j` `m mkhgktrjr msgs k>m;gs lmrhj`gs"

Mstm prgbfmlj ms l> jht>jf pjrj kgsgtrgs fgs m>rgpmgs" Mstjlgs ;cmk`g O>m>kj pgtmkhcj mhgkølchj Z.fmljkcjR sm oj bmkm%chcj`g `m fj mstr>ht>rj `m fj ]kcøkM>rgpmj pjrj m(pgrtjr j fgs pj&sms lcmlbrgs hrmhmr `m mstm lg`g$ ojhcj s> lmrhj`gm(tmrkg" Fjs rmhmtjs `m fgs mhgkglcstjs grtg`g(gs pjrj O>m Mspj j oj3j fg lcslghoghjk hgk fj rmjfc`j` `m O>m kg ms ljtmrcjflmktm pgscbfm O>m tg`gs fgs pj&sms `mf3fgbg smjk m(pgrtj`grms kmtgs" ^jrj O>m mstj mstrjtm3cj `>rm jf3 k tcmlpg$ sm kmhmsctjO>m s>r<jk pj&sms hgk kmhmsc`j` `m clpgrtjr msgs bcmkms" Fjs mhgkgl&js mlmr3mktmshgkstct> mk$ pgr mstj rjJøk$ fj 3rjk mspmrjkJj `m pj&sms hglg .fmljkcj ZO>m lcrj j%>mrj `mf lmrhj`g m>rgpmgR" .ogrj bcmk$ kc tg`gs pg`mlgs m(pgrtjr j Hockj$ kc mst8hglprgbj`g O>m mf &k`chm `m hrmhclcmktg `m mstm pj&s ;j j j sgstmkmrsm mk mf tcmlpg j0)

BgsA *jk>mf +>sO>mtj$'. (ct.04



fgs rctlgs jht>jfms$ sck hjmr mk hgktrj`chhcgkms" ]kj hrcscs `m fj mhgkgl&j hockj$ sgbrmh> j pgscbcfc`j` jp>ktjk jf3>kgs mhgkglcstjs$ smr&j `msjstrgsj pjrj mf hjpctjfcslg3fgbjf"

&. Pmgrìjs ljrxcstjs `m fj hrcscs/ hrcscs `m prgpgrhcgkjfc`j`

Fj tmgr&j `m fjs hrcscs `m prgpgrhcgkjfc`j` sct j fj hj>sj `m fj hrcscs mk mf `msmO>cfcbrcgmktrm fgs `cstcktgs smhtgrms prg`>htc;gs" Mk Mf hjpctjf $ *jr( `cstck3>&j `gs smhtgrmsmhgkølchgsN

Xmhtgr CN prg`>hhcøk `m lm`cgs `m prg`>hhcøk"Xmhtgr CCN prg`>hhcøk `m ZjR bcmkms `m hgks>lg jrt&h>fgs `m prclmrj kmhmsc`j`

`m ZbR jrt&h>fgs `m f><g"

Xm3 k mstm msO>mlj$ mf smhtgr C `mbm prg`>hcr fg <>stg pjrj sjtcs%jhmr fj `mljk`j`m lm`cgs `m prg`>hhcøk `m fgs smhtgrms C CC$ mf smhtgr CC `mbm prg`>hcr fgs lm`cgs hgks>lg pjrj sjtcs%jhmr fjs kmhmsc`j`ms `m fgs trjbj<j`grms `m fgs b>r3>msms" Fj hrcscssgbrm;cmkm h>jk`g >kg `m mstgs `gs smhtgrms prg`>hm mkmxhmsg$ `msmO>cfcbr8k`gsm fj prgpgrhcgkjfc`j` kmhmsjrcj mktrm jlbgs" Hglg ;mlgs$ mstj m(pfchjhcøk ms >kj ;jrcjhcøk`m fj m(pfchjhcøk s>bhgks>lcstj"

. >ckjkhcjrc jhc k y kmgfc!mrjfcslg

.ogrj bcmk$ hglg `mh&jlgs$ mstjs tmk`mkhcjs hgktrj`chtgrcjs prg`>hmk hrcscs O>m kgtcmkmk pgr O>A `msmlbghjr kmhmsjrcjlmktm mk mf `mrr>lbm hglpfmtg `m fj mhgkgl&jhjpctjfcstj" Mf hjpctjfcslg lgkgpgfcstj lctc3ø jf3>kjs `m fjs hgktrj`chhcgkms O>m omlgs;cstg$ ojhcmk`g l8s hjfh>fj`grj fj jh>l>fjhcøk hjpctjfcstj$ m;ctjk`g mf `mshmksg `m fjs3jkjkhcjs$ hgk<>rjk`g fjs ck tcfms 3>mrrjs `m prmhcgs `mf hjpctjfcslg hglpmtctc;g" Fgshgk%fchtgs jrlj`gs `mf sc3fg pmrlctcmrgk rmfjkJjr fj mhgkgl&j j pjrtcr `m fjck`>strcj `m 3>mrrj pgstmrcgrlmktm pgr fj kmhmsc`j` `m rmhgkstr>hhcgkms j 3rjk mshjfj"Fjs rm3>fjhcgkms trjs fj CC >mrrj *>k`cjf$ bjsj`js mk hrctmrcgs Lm kmscjkgs$ `cmrgkf>3jr j >k lg`mfg hgk jftgs sjfjrcgs mfm;j`g 3jstg p bfchg$ fg O>m pmrlctcøckhrmlmktjr mf hgks>lg `m fj pgbfjhcøk hgk<>rø fjs hrcscs `m s>bhgks>lg" - pgr

ftclg$ fj `msrm3>fjhcøk$ fj %ckjkhcjrcJjhcøk mf kmgfcbmrjfcslg `m fjs `Ahj`js `m fgs?5 )5 ochcmrgk pgscbfm sgrtmjr pgr jf3 k tcmlpg fjs hgktrj`chhcgkms O>m ojb&j 3mkmrj`gmf lg`mfg Lm kmscjkg"

Xm3 k ^j>f X mmJ $04 fj rmhmscøk `m fgs j gs :4?= ?# jbrcø >k pmrcg`g mk mf O>m

s>b jh&jk trms tmk`mkhcjs %>k`jlmktjfmsNFj rjfmktc!jhcøk `m fj tjsj `m hrmhclcmktg"Fj prgfc%mrjhcøk 3fgbjf `mhgrpgrjhcgkms l>ftckjhcgkjfms lgkgpgfcstjs Z>gfc3gpgfcgsR"Fj -ckjkhcjrc!jhcøk `mf prghmsg `m jh>l>fjhcøk `m hjpctjf"

.f c3>jf O>m s>hm`cø mk fj `Ahj`j `m fgs j gs 25$ mk mstj mtjpj kgs mkhgktrjlgs>k ckhrmlmktg `m fj hjpjhc`j̀ prg`>htc;j ck%rj>tcfcJj`j$ fj prgfc%mrjhcøk `m 3rjk`ms04 ^j>f *" X mmJ $ D*grm Zgr fmssR gk fgbjfcJjtcgkE$ mk )gktofy $mvcm =4$ kV = Zsmptcmlbrm :44?R$

`cspgkcbfm mk ottpNQQlgktof rm;cm "gr3Q:44?Q54Q5:Qlgrm gr fmss gk 3fgbjfcJjtcgk Z=Q25:0R"=5

http://monthlyreview.org/1997/09/01/more-or-less-on-globalization





hgrpgrjhcgkms fj tmk`mkhcj j b>shjr >k rm%>3cg sm3>rg `m fj 3jkjkhcj hjpctjfcstj %>mrj`m fj mhgkgl"j rmjf " ^>ms hglg ;clgs$ fgs lgkgpgfcgs gptjk pgr hgktmkmr fjjh>l>fjhcøk pjrj m;ctjr prgbfmljs `m `mshmksg `m fj tjsj `m 3jkjkhcj" Fgs m(hm`mktms`m fj prg`>hhcøk$ mk ;mJ `m rm3rmsjr jf prghmsg prg`>htc;g pjrj j>lmktjr fj mshjfj `m fj prg`>hhcøk Zjh>l>fjhcøkR$ sm `mspfjJjk ojhcj fj ck;mrscøk %ckjkhcmrj fj mspmh>fjhcøk"

@m jo& mf mspmhtjh>fjrbggl `mf lmrhj`g `m ;jfgrms$ O>m kgs oj `j`g fjs 3rjk`ms hrcscs%ckjkhcmrjs `m :424 255)"Fj rjk @mprmscøk mksm ø j fgs mhgkglcstjs O>m mf Mstj`g `mb&j clpgkmr >k

hgktrgf >kj rm3>fjhcøk `m fj mhgkgl&j"=5 ^mrg mk fgs j gs ?5 mlpmJjrgk j hrmhmr fjs prmscgkms `mf hjpctjf pjrj mhojr jbj<g msjs rm3>fjhcgkms" Fj rjk @mprmscøk mrj >krmh>mr`g `mf pjsj`g$ mf `mrr>lbm `mf hjpctjfcslg pjrmh&j clprgbjbfm" Fj prmscøk `mfgs trjbj<j`grms sm ojb&j rmfj<j`g$ kg sm mspmrjbj kc tml&j j >kj rm;gf>hcøk sghcjfcstjmk Ghhc`mktm" Prjs mf fm;jktjlcmktg `m fjs rm3>fjhcgkms `m pgst3>mrrj$ mk fgs j gs )5$;mlgs fcbmrjrsm jO>mffj tmk`mkhcj j fj %ckjkhcjrcJjhcøk O>m ljrhø fgs j gs 25" +j<g mfljrhg kmgfc'mrjf$ mf smhtgr %ckjkhcmrg pjsj 3rj`>jflmktm `m %ckjkhcjr fj mhgkgl&j rmjf$j fj p>rj mspmh>fjhcøk mk b>shj `m bmkm%chcgs %8hcfms r8pc`gs"

Mstj k>m;j mhgkgl&j `m hjsckg mspmh>fjtc;j pmrlctcø rmfjkJjr >kj mhgkgl&j mkhrcscs$ `m omhog %>m jbrjJj`j pgr fgs prgpcgs pjrtc`gs `mhmktrg1c!"#cmr`j$ O>m smhgk;crtcmrgk jfm3rmlmktm jf kmgfcbmrjfcslg mspmrjk`g O>m mf hrmhclcmktg r8pc`g ochcmr pgscbfms k>m;js %grljs `m rm`cstrcb>hcøk `m fj rcO>mJj`mktrg `mf hjpctjfcslg" X>r3cø >kk>m;g pjhtg sghcjf$ O>m sm bjsjbj mk >k Mstj`g `mf bcmkmstjr %ckjkhcjrcJj`g$=: mk fj pjrtchcpjhcøk `m fj 3mktm hgrrcmktm mk msj mhgkgl&j `m hjsckg" MlpmJjrgk j jpjrmhmr Dhfjsms lm`cjsE Z tjlbcAk trjbj<j`grmsR O>m <>3jbjk hgk s>s jogrrgs mk fj bgfsj$ g O>mck;mrt&jk mk hglpfchj`gs prg`>htgs %ckjkhcmrgs" ^mrg kg søfg pgrO>m jf3>kgs O>cscmrjkmkrcO>mhmrsm r8pc`g$ sckg tjlbcAk pgrO>m l>hogs `mpmk`&jk `m mstjs ck;mrscgkm prmhjrcjs pjrj ojhmr %rmktm j hgk`chcgkms `m ;c`j O>m sm mstjbjk mk`>rmhcmk`g"

Mk mckg ]kc`g$ `msp>As `m *jr3jrmt Pojthomr `m fgs 3gbcmrkgs fjbgrcstjskmgfcbmrjfms$ sm oj c`g j`mf3jJjk`g mf scstmlj p bfchg `m pmkscgkms$ `m tjf lg`g O>m fgstrjbj<j`grms O>m O>cmrjk >k rmtcrg `c3kg `mbmk ck;mrtcr mk pfjkms `m pmkscgkms prc;j`gs@chogs pfjkms `m pmkscgkms ck;cmrtmk j s> ;mJ mf `ckmrg `m fgs trjbj<j`grms mkhglpfchj`js j;mkt>rjs %ckjkhcmrjs mspmh>fjtc;js$ O>m kg scmlprm jhjbjk bcmk" MkMspj j$ fj ;c;cmk`j mk prgpcm`j`$ O>m trj`chcgkjflmktm ojb&j sc`g mf bjstcøk `m fjj>tg`m%mksj `m fgs trjbj<j`grms Zhgktrj fgs rmktcstjs O>m clpgk&jk jfO>cfmrms jb>sc;gs$ pjrj prgtm3mr j fj %jlcfcj mk hgk`chcgkms `m jftgs &k`chms `m `msmlpfmg mstr>ht>rjfR smhgk;crtcø mk >k jhtc;g %ckjkhcmrg l8s" Fj 3mktm hgl k ck;crtcø mk s> ;c;cmk`j$mspmrjk`g O>m s> prmhcg k>khj bj<jr&j" ^mrg ojb&jk sc`g mk3j j`gs" - jf %ckjf$ mstjDmhgkgl&j `m hjsckgE$ j fj O>m tg`gs tmk&jk O>m <>3jr$ tmrlckø %jffjk`g

mstrmpctgsjlmktm mk 255) hglg mstjffø mf lmrhj`g `m ;jfgrms trjs fgs jfghj`gs j gs 25"Hglg kgs `ml>mstrj mf prghmsg `m %ckjkhcjrcJjhcøk$ fj m;gf>hcøk pgstmrcgr `m >kjsghcm`j` hjpctjfcstj trjs >kj hrcscs mhgkølchj `mpmk`mr8 `m fjs hcrh>kstjkhcjs hgkhrmtjs$

`m %jhtgrms ocstørchgs hglg mf 3rj`g `m hgkhcmkhcj `msjrrgffg `m fjs f>hojs `m hfjsms"Mk >k lglmktg `m `mbcfc`j` `mf lg;clcmktg gbrmrg gr3jkcJj`g$ fj hrcscs `m fgs j gs ?5kg sc3kc%chø mf `mrr>lbm `mf hjpctjfcslg$ sckg O>m `cg f>3jr j >k k>m;g lg`mfg `mhrmhclcmktg bjsj̀ g mk fj Dmhgkgl&j `m hjsckgE %ckjkhcmrj mspmh>fjtc;j" @mf lcslg

=5 ^jrj tg`g mstm p8rrj%g$ lm bjsg mk mf jrt&h>fg `m @j;c` *" YgtJ$ DIckjkhcjfcJjtcgk jk` kmgfcbmrjfcslEZ grLck3 pjpmrR$ `cspgkcbfm mkottpNQQpmgpfm">ljss"m`>Q`lLgtJQIck\jk`\KF\5)\54"p`% Z=Q25:0R"=:

.rljk`g Imrk8k`mJ XtmckLg$ =z/ucmr`j y rmpubfchjkcslg$ *j`rc`N .Ljf$ 25:5$ p" 2::"=:

http://people.umass.edu/dmkotz/Fin_and_NL_08_09.pdf





lg`g$ fj hrcscs `m 255) p>m`m hgk`>hcrkgs jf sghcjfcslg$ g j k>m;js %grljs `mhjpctjfcslg$ pgscbfmlmktm l8s j>tgrctjrcjs jktc`mlghr8tchjs" Fj ftclj pjfjbrj$ pgr tjktg$ fj tcmkm fj hjpjhc`j` `m fgs `m jbj<g pjrj hgktrgfjr mf prghmsg `m hjlbcg sghcjf$ pjrtcmk`g `m fjs hgk`chcgkms mhgkølchjs `mf 3rj`g `m `msjrrgffg `m fjs f>hojs `mhfjsms" Mf %>t>rg `m fjs kjhcgkms `m fj o>ljkc`j` mk s> hgk<>ktg kg mst8 hgjhhcgkj`g

kc `mtmrlckj`g pgr mf scstmlj mhgkølchg ZDkc mk mf prclmr ckstjktm kc mk mf ftclg$s>mkj <jl8s fj ogrj sgfctjrcj `m fj ftclj ckstjkhcj ER"=2 - pgr mffg kg pg`mlgs gf;c`jr k>khj$ hgktrj mf mhgkglchcslg$ O>m mf ljtmrcjfcslg `m *jr( ms >k ljtmrcjfcslgocstørchg p>ms mf tcmlpg `m fgs oglbrms kg sm <>m3j mk mf scstmlj mhgkølchg sckg mk fjocstgrcj `m >kj tgtjfc`j` hglpfm<j `m hcrh>kstjkhcjs$ jJjrms lg;clcmktgs sghcjfmsgr3jkcJj`gs"

=2 Fg>cs .fto>ssmr$ DHgktrj`chhcøk sgbrm`mtmrlckjhcøkE$ mk ,j rmvgfuhcøk tmørchj `m )jr*$ *j`rc`N

Xc3fg C$ :444$ p" 40"=2



'" I]M . @MF *]K@G @MF P .+.BG

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^mrg mstm tcpg `m gbsmr;jhcgkms$ l> pmrtckmktms$ pjsjk pgr jftg >kj h>mstcøkclpgrtjktm" Mk mf tcmlpg `m *jr($ fj ljkmrj hjpctjfcstj `m gr3jkcJjr fj prg`>hhcøk kgmrj fj kchj m(cstmktm kc fj l8s m(tmk`c`j mk mf 3fgbg Zj>kO>m tmk`&j j smrfgR" Mk fjjht>jfc`j`$ m(cstmk l>ftct>` `m mspjhcgs jhtc;c`j`ms mhgkølchjs O>m mst8k %>mrj `mfhjpctjfcslg" ^mrg pjrj O>m pg j̀lgs sm3>cr `chcmk`g O>m ;c;clgs mk sghcm j̀`mshjpctjfcstjs$ kg ms kmhmsjrcg O>m tg`j fj jhtc;c`j` mhgkølchj smj hjpctjfcstj" +jstj hgkO>m mf lg`g `m prg`>hhcøk hjpctjfcstj smj `glckjktm$ pjrj O>m sglmtj j s> fø3chj jfrmstg ̀ m jhtc;c`j`ms mhgkølchjs"

-$ /hølg sm p>m`m pjsjr pgr jftg O>m mk k>mstrj sghcm`j`$ hglg mk tg`js fjssghcm`j`ms mk O>m `glckj mf lg`g `m prg`>hhcøk hjpctjfcstj$ fj rcO>mJj sm prmsmktj

hglg >kj mkgrlm jh>l>fjhcøk `m lmrhjkh&js=0

Pg`g fg O>m kgs rg`mj oj pjsj`g pgr >k prghmsg `m prg`>hhcøk hjpctjfcstj$ O>m oj hglmkJj`g O>cJ8s mk jf3 k pj&s fm<jkg$ ojsc`g prghmsj`g pgr mlpfmj`gs ljf pj3j`gs$ oj sc`g jhjbj`g mlbjfj`g mk jf3 k pj&sghhc`mktjf Dpgstck`>strcjfE$ mk mf h>jf tjlbcAk sm mfjbgrø s> `csm g"

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Mk m%mhtg$ fj Dsgf>hcøkE `m rmhgrtjr mk 3jstg p bfchg$ `m jbjrjtjr fgs hgstms prg`>htc;gs pgr lm`cg `mf jtjO>m j fjs rmktjs `mf trjbj<g j fjs hgk`chcgkms fjbgrjfms

Zhglg omlgs ;cstg hgk fj rmhcmktm rm%grlj fjbgrjf mk Mspj jR hgk mf gb<mtg `mhrmhmr ojhcj jiumrj$ hoghj hgk fj m(cstmkhcj `m igrljs `m prg`uhhcøk y `m trjbj3g sghcjf /umm*cstmk jf ljramk `mf hcrhuctg `mf trjbj3g jsjfjrcj`g$ O>m sgk clprmshck`cbfms `mktrg`mf msO>mlj mhgkølchg `m k>mstrg scstmlj l>k`g" Igrljs `m prg`>hhcøk ckljtmrcjf `msmktc`g `m sc3kc%chjhcgkms$ O>m prmhcsjk `m fj m(cstmkhcj `m >kj sghcm`j` `msjrrgffj`j

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mkgrlm h l>fg `m lmrhjkh&js $ fj lmrhjkh&j ck`c;c`>jf hglg fj %grlj mfmlmktjf `m msj rcO>mJjE

ZYjrf *jr($ Mf hjpctjf $ Fcbrg C$ ;" :$ *j`rc`Q+>mkgs .crmsN Xc3fg C$ :4?#$ p" =0"R=0



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prg`>htc;j tjf hglg fj hgkghmlgs kg sm sgstmk`r&j" Fjs pgf&tchjs grtg`g(js O>m ljrhjkfgs 3gbcmrkgs søfg p>m`mk hgktrcb>cr j >kj `mstr>hhcøk `m mstm mktrjlj`g h>ft>rjf$ j>k k>m;g bjrbjrcslg" Mstg rm`>k`jr8 mk >k s>b`msjrrgffg sghcjf h>ft>rjf O>m søfg p>m`m ckhrmlmktjr k>mstrj `mpmk`mkhcj `m fgs hmktrgs h>ft>rjfms$ O>m sgk tjlbcAk fgshmktrgs mhgkølchgs `mf scstmlj hjpctjfcstj l>k`cjf" Fj jh>l>fjhcøk `m rcO>mJj mk fgshmktrgs mhgkølchgs j hgstj `m fjs mhgkgl&js pmrc%Archjs$ ms tjlbcAk >kj jprgpcjhcøk `mhrmjtc;c`j`$ h>ft>rj m ckkg;jhcøk"

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:. Mf kg trj!j)g `mf trj!j)j`gr, sm% k "jrx

Mstm mstjt>tg `m fj prg`>hhcøk sclbøfchj sm mkh>mktrj mk fj gbrj `m *jr($ mk rmjfc`j`$hglg >kj j>smkhcj hfjlgrgsj" Mf p>ktg hmktrjf `m fj Dhr&tchj `m fj mhgkgl&j pgf&tchjE`m *jr( ojb&j sc`g mf jk8fcscs `m fj m(pfgtjhcøk `m fj %>mrJj `m trjbj<g`mf trjbj3j`gr $ms `mhcr$ `mf trjbj<j`grghupj`g" Xc ojb&j mk *jr( >k mspjhcg pjrj pmksjr fjs pr8htchjssghcjfms prg`>htc;js pmrg m(tmrkjs jf l>k`g `mf trjbj<g$ mstm mspjhcg mrj pmksj`gscmlprm `ms`m mf p>ktg `m ;cstj `mf kg trjbj<g`mf trjbj3j`gr jsjfjrcj`g " .s&$ mkjf3>kgs brm;ms mspjhcgs mk fgs O>m *jr( prmstj jtmkhcøk j mstm %mkølmkg$ sm hmktrj mkfg O>m sm ffjljr&j mf Dtcmlpg fcbrmE g mk tArlckgs l8s m(jhtgs$ mk mf hgks>lg ffjlj`gDclprg`>htc;gE Zj>kO>m ms prg`>htc;g p>mstg O>m rmprg`>hm fj %>mrJj `m trjbj<g ghjpjhc`j` `m trjbj<g `mf trjbj<j`grR"

^gr tjktg$ mk *jr( mstm kg trjbj<g mst8 mk%ghj`g `ms`m mf p>ktg `m ;cstj `mftrjbj<g" @ms`m mf p>ktg `m ;cstj `m fgs prghmsgs prg`>htc;gs$ `mf trjbj<g jsjfjrcj`g `mfj prg`>hhcøk `m pf>s;jfgr pjrj jfclmktjr fj 3jkjkhcj `mf hjpctjfcstj" @ms`m mstm p>ktg`m ;cstj$ *jr( mlprmk`m >k jk8fcscs b8schg j k %>k`jlmktjf sgbrmfj m*pfgtjhcøk `mf kg:trjbj3g"

^gr kg trjbj<g mktmk`mrmlgs mk j`mfjktm fj pjrtchcpjhcøk mk fgs prghmsgs

prg`>htc;gs$ pmrg %>mrj `m fjghupjhcøk" Xm trjtj$ pgr js& `mhcrfg$ `mf Dtrjbj<gE Zg `m fjm%chcmkhcj sghcjfR `mf `msgh>pj̀ g g `mf ckjhtc;g$ js& hglg `m jO>mffj jhtc;c`j`3mkmrj`grj `m rcO>mJj Z `m ;jfgrR O>m mf trjbj<j`gr gh>pj`g ffm;j j hjbg %>mrj `m s> p>mstg `m trjbj<g sck rmhcbcr pgr mffg rmtrcb>hcøk jf3>kj"

^>ms bcmk$ *jr( ffm;j j hjbg >k jk8fcscs `m mstm kg trjbj<g O>m$ hglg omlgs`chog$ mst8 fc3j`g jf jk8fcscs `mf trjbj<g" @m lg`g O>m mf kg trjbj<g smr8 scmlprm mf `mftrjbj<j`gr" Ms `mhcr$ sm trjtjr8 `m s> tcmlpg fcbrm$ `mf tcmlpg O>m trjksh>rrm mktrm trjbj<g

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hgks>lgN pgr >k fj`g mf hjpctjfcstj hgks>lm %>mrJj `m trjbj<g$ pmrg$ pgr gtrg fj`g$tjlbcAk mf trjbj<j`gr mk h>jktg tjf ffm;j j hjbg >k hgks>lg$ hgk >k `gbfm hjr8htmrN

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m(jhtjlmktm mf lcslg O>m mf ;jfgr `m fj %>mrJj `m trjbj<g ck;mrtc`j mk mffgs pgr tjktg$ mstm hgks>lg prg`>htc;g `mf gbrmrg ms m(jhtjlmktm mf hgks>lg O>m ffm;jj hjbg mf hjpctjfcstj$ hgks>lg `m %>mrJj `m trjbj<g Zg hjpjhc`j` `m trjbj<gR"Mk fj Dms%mrj prc;j`jE$ ms hgks>lg ck`c;c`>jfN hgks>lg `m lm`cgs `m ;c`j pjrjs>bscstcr"

Mstm sm3>k`g lg`g `mf hgks>lg$ mf hgks>lg ck`c;c`>jf$ l>mstrj `gs jspmhtgsN

Mk prclmr f>3jr$ fj ck;mrscøk mk sjfjrcgstjlbc-k rmvcmrtm mk bmkmichcg `mf hjpctjfcstj" Xcr;m pjrj rmprg`>hcr fj %>mrJj `m trjbj<g `mf lcslg lg`g mk O>m smjfclmktj hgk hjrbøk >kj hjf`mrjN Dmfhgksulg ck`cvc`ujf `mf gbrmrg sc3>mscmk`g tjlbcAk >k mfmlmktg `m fj prg`>hhcøk rmprg`>hhcøk `mf hjpctjf$ j smm%mht m `mktrg g %>mrj `mf tjffmr$ `m fj %8brchj$ mth"E== Msm ms mfhgks#lgprg`#htc(g `ms`m mf p>ktg `m ;cstj `mf hjpctjfcstj$ O>m hgksc`mrj O>m gtrghgks>lg ZO>m ;j j l8s jff8 `m fj rmprg`>hhcøk `m fj %>mrJj `m trjbj<gR pgr pjrtm`mf gbrmrg sm rm`>hm j smrhgks#lg clprg`#htc(g " Xm trjtjr&j `m >k 3jstg%r&;gfg$ ck tcf$ `ms`m mf p>ktg `m ;cstj `mf s>p>mstg rc3grcslg lgrjf `mf b>r3>Asms%grJj`g$ `mf mlprmk`m`gr O>m sm oj Domhog j s& lcslgE hgk s> prgpcgms%>mrJg trjbj<g" @m mstm lg`g$ sm mktcmk`m O>m mf gbrmrg `mbm lg`mrjr shgks>lg p>mstg O>m fgs rmh>rsgs sgk fclctj`gs" ^mrg tjlbcAk `m mstm lg`g$ mfgbrmrg ;c;m pgr pjrj mf trjbj<gN kg `mshjksj l8s O>m pjrj ;gf;mr j s> p>mstg `mtrjbj<g mk hgk`chcgkms jptjs pjrj ljktmkmr mk ljrhoj fj mspcrjf `m ;jfgrcJjhcøkhjpctjfcstj" X> prgpcg hgks>lg ck`c;c`>jf ms >k mfmlmktg pjrj fj rmprg`>hhcøk

`mf hjpctjf" - ms O>m mf Dhgks>lg clprg`>htc;gE ms hcmrtjlmktm l> prg`>htc;g" .ogrj bcmk$ fj rmprg`>hhcøk `m fj %>mrJj `m trjbj<g kg p>m`msgbrmpjsjr hcmrtgs f&lctms" Mf gbrmrg `mbm rm3rmsjr jf lmrhj`g `m trjbj<g$ pgr msgkg `mbm `cspgkmr `m >kgs ck3rmsgs m(hmsc;gs O>m fm pmrlctjk clp>kmlmktmjbjk`gkjr s> p>mstg pjrj DrmtcrjrsmE" Mk gtrjs pjfjbrjs$ mf sjfjrcg mf tcmlpgfcbrm `mbmk mstjr `csp>mstgs pjrj rmprg`>hcr fj %>mrJj `m trjbj<g$ pjrjrmprg`>hcrfj `m lg`g ljkmrj O>m sc3j gh>pjk`g s> lcslj pgschcøk `m pjrtc`jmk fgs prghmsgs prg`>htc;gs"^mrg$ j`ml8s$ mf hgks>lg Dclprg`>htc;gE ffm;j j hjbg >kj sm3>k`j %>khcøk" -ms O>m fj rjJøk `m smr `m tg`j lmrhjkh&j ms tmrlckjr cktm3rj`j mk fj ørbctj `mfhgks>lg$ pjrj fg h>jf sm kmhmsctj O>m mf gbrmrg smjjf lcslg tcmlpg >k

+hgks#lc`gr, `m lmrhjkh&js" Mk fj ørbctj `mf hgks>lg sm rmcktm3rjk `gs3rjk`ms tcpgs `m lmrhjkh&jsN tjktg fgs lm`cgs `m prg`>hhcøk Zfj rmprg`>hhcøk mkmshjfj jlpfcj`j g jh>l>fjhcøk hjpctjfcstj$ prmhcsj `m >kj clprmscgkjktm prg`>hhcøk `m lm`cgs `m prg`>hhcøkR$ hglg fgs lm`cgs `m hgks>lg" Kggbstjktm$ oj scmlprm >k DpmO>m gE m(hm`mktm `m jlbgs$ `mbc`g kjt>rjflmktmjf trjbj<g m(hm`mktm O>m ffm;j j hjbg mf trjbj<j`gr" Fgs lm`cgs `m hgks>lgm(hm`mktms sm rmjfcJjk mk mf lmrhj`g$ fg h>jf m(c3m `m >kj b>mkj ck;mktc;j pgr pjrtm `m fgs `mpjrtjlmktgs `mljr mtcka " Fgs lm`cgs `m prg`>hhcøk m(hm`mktmssm rmjfcJjk$ hglg omlgs `chog$ pgr lm`cg `m fj rmprg`>hhcøk mk mshjfjjlpfcj`j" Fj pjrj`g<j mst8 mk O>m mstj ljkmrj `m rmcktm3rjr fj prg`>hhcøk

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Yjrf *jr($ Mf hjpctjf $ Fcbrg C$ ;" 2$ *j`rc`Q+>mkgs .crmsN Xc3fg C$ :4?#$ pp" ?50 ?5="=#



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O>m kgs rg`mjkR mk mf hgks>lg$ Dprg`>htc;gE g Dclprg`>htc;gE"Mk jlbgs hjsgs$ mf hgks>lg clprg`>htc;g `mf trjbj<j`gr rms>ftj$ mk rmjfc`j`$

l> prg`>htc;g" Kg sgfjlmktm pgrO>m rmprg`>Jhj fj %>mrJj `m trjbj<g$ sckg pgrO>m pmrlctm hgk<>rjr fjs hrcscs `m s>pmrprg`>hhcøk Z pgrO>m$ mk tArlckgs Lm kmscjkgshgktrcb> m j mstcl>fjr fj`mljk`j jarmaj`j R" ^gr msg mf `cs%r>tm `m tg`j hfjsm `m;jfgrms `m >sg pgr pjrtm `mf gbrmrg jsjfjrcj`g kg mst8 `m kck3 k lg`g mk hgktrj`chhcøkhgk fj tmgr&j `m *jr(" - pgr mstj rjJøk$ fj hgkstct>hcøk `m jsghcjhcgkms `mhgks>lc`grms fj prmsmkhcj `m lcfctjktms hgk;mkhc`gs mk mffjs rms>ftj smr tjkclpgrtjktmN >kj jfmrtj sgbrm fj g%mrtj `m bcmkms `m hgks>lg$ sgbrm s>s mst8k`jrms `mhjfc`j` Zfg O>m clpfchj >k lj gr ;jfgr ck`c;c`>jf `m mstm tcpg `m lmrhjkh&jsR$ ms >kj%grlj `m rmc;ck`chjr mf jhhmsg `m fgs trjbj<j`grms j >kj pgrhcøk lj gr `mf prg`>htgsghcjf$ scmlprm h>jk`g ;j j `m fj ljkg `m >kj f>hoj pgr fgs sjfjrcgs pgr fjshgk`chcgkms fjbgrjfms$ sm hgkmhtm hgk fj f>hoj pgf&tchj"

Xmj hglg smj$ `mh&jlgs O>m *jr( <>stc%chj fj kmhmsc`j` `mf ffjlj`g Dhgks>lgclprg`>htc;gE$ `mf hgks>lg `mf ;jfgr m(hm`mktm O>m 3mkmrj mf hjpctjfcslg" Hglg fjjh>l>fjhcøk kg p>m`m jbsgrbmr tg`g mf ;jfgr mk mf lmrhj`g$ ojk `m smr fgs ck`c;c`>gsfgs O>m rmjfchmk msm ;jfgr$ pgr fg tjktg j>lmktj s> hgks>lg s> Dpg`mr j`O>csctc;gE"^mrg sm3 k prm`chm *jr($ mffg kg ms sckg fj prm%c3>rjhcøk `m fj hrcscs$ h>jk`g mf prg`>htg sghcjf sgbrmpjsm fj hjpjhc`j` `m hgks>lg `m fj sghcm`j`"

2. Mf kg trj!j)g `m fgs kg jsjfjrcj`gs

.ogrj bcmk$ `msp>As `m trjtjr mstj m(pfgtjhcøk `mf kg trjbj<g hglg tcmlpg fcbrm hglghgks>lg ck`c;c`>jf `mf trjbj<j`gr$ ojbr8 O>m trjtjr gtrg lg`g `m m(pfgtjhcøk `mf kgtrjbj<g$ >k lg`g tjf ;mJ l8s jht>jf 2/um kg pgr mffg `m3j gbsgfmtg mf /um jhjbjlgs `mvmr84 fj m(pfgtjhcøk `mf kg sjfjrcg$ g `m fg O>m hjbr&j ffjljr fj Dhfjsm kg jsjfjrcj j̀E"Mstm kg sjfjrcg t>;g scmlprm$ og tjlbcAk j>kO>m `m >k lg`g O>cJ8 l8s ;cscbfm$ >kjclpgrtjktm hjr3j `m m(pfgtjhcøk" Ms mf kg sjfjrcg `mf `msgh>pj`g g `mf pjrj`g$ pmrg mstjlbcAk mf kg sjfjrcg `mf mlpfmj`g j tcmlpg pjrhcjf$ `mf hgktrjtg tmlpgrjf$ `mflckc3gb""" g sclpfmlmktm `m fj pgbfjhcøk ffjlj`j ckjhtc;j Ztrjbj<j`grms `glAstchgs$mst>`cjktms$ lmkgrms `m m`j` R" r>pgs tjk `cspjrms tcmkmk mk hgl k s> pjrtchcpjhcøk

mk prghmsgs prg`>htc;gs O>m hgktrcb> mk j fj hgomscøk j fj rmprg`>hhcøk `mf tm<c`gsghcjf$ pmrg pgr fj h>jf kg rmhcbmk ck3rmsgs pgrO>m sm hgksc`mrj O>m mstgs prghmsgs ffm;jk j hjbg mk mf 8lbctg `mf Dtcmlpg fcbrmE g `mf h>ftc;g `m fj D;c`j prc;j`jE" - msO>m$ hglg ;mrmlgs$ fg h>rcgsg ms O>m mstj m(pfgtjhcøk kg hgkscstm j mk ojhmr h>lpfcr l8s ogrjs hgk lj gr ms%>mrJg mk mf p>mstg `m trjbj<g$ sckg hj`j ;mJ l8s mk rmjfcJjr pr8htchjs prg`>htc;js %>k`jlmktjfms pjrj fj mhgkgl&j hjpctjfcstj$ pmrg pr8htchjs O>m smffm;jk j hjbg iumrj `m fgs f&lctms `mf Dl>k`g `mf trjbj<gE mktmk`c`g jf lg`gtrj`chcgkjf"

^>ms bcmk$ m(cstm >k f&lctm cktr&ksmhg j Mf hjpctjf ZO>m kg fg gf;c`mlgs$ kg ms kcl8s kc lmkgs O>m mf mst>`cg `m fjmsimrj mhgkølchj `mf lg`g `m prg`>hhcøk hjpctjfcstjRO>m kgs pgkm mk jp>rgs j fj ogrj `m pmksjr fj hgk`chcøk `mf kg trjbj<g" 6jbr8 pgr tjktg

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O>m mlpmJjr jogrj `mfclctjk`g fj hglpgschcøk `m fgs k>m;gs s><mtgs sghcjfms O>mhglpgkmk mstj mspmhcm `m kg hfjsm$ ojbr8 O>m `mtmrlckjr pgstmrcgrlmktm mf lg`g mkO>m sm fj p>m`m mktmk`mr kg j hglg >kj kg hfjsm$ sckg sclpfmlmktm hglg >kj rm3cøks>r3c`j j pjrtcr `m >k `mtmrlckj`g m<mrhchcg `m `glckjhcøk mlprmk`c`g pgr mf hjpctjf$m<mrhchcg mk mf h>rsg `mf h>jf fj prgpcj hfjsm gbrmrj %>m sgpgrtjk`g trjks%grljhcgkms O>m

ojk tmrlckj`g hjlbcjk`g s> rgstrg pgr hglpfmtg"M(cstm pgr tjktg >k ;jh&g O>m fj tmgr&j Zpmrg rmhgr`mlgs O>m Mf hjpctjf mrj >kfcbrg ckjhjbj`gR kg cktm3rjbj `mf tg`gN mf omhog `m O>m >kj pjrtm kj`j `msprmhcjbfm `mfj pgbfjhcøk l>k`cjfkg rmhcbj sjfjrcg jfaukg" .f3g O>m *jr( cktmktø rmhg3mr hglgkm3jtc;c`j` `m fj hfjsm gbrmrj$ mk prclmr f>3jr hglg+m)%rhctg ck`#strcjf ̀ m rmsmr(j,N

Msj `cslck>hcøk rmfjtc;j `m s> pjrtm hgkstct>tc;j ;jrcjbfm$ jhmfmrj`j hgk mfhrmhclcmktg `mf hjpctjf 3fgbjf jhmfmrj`j mk prgpgrhcøk lj gr O>m mf prgpcg hrmhclcmktg `m Astm$ jpjrmhm pgr gtrj pjrtm$ j fj ck;mrsj$hglg ukckhrmlmktg jbsgfutg `m fj pgbfjhcøk gbrmrj /um scmlprm ms l s r pc`g /ummf `mf hjpctjf vjrcjbfm g /um mf `m fgs lm`cgs /um pmrlctmk ghupjr jj/u-ffj " Fj jhulufjhcøk hjpctjfcstj prg`>hm `m ljkmrj hgkstjktm$ jktms bcmk$ prmhcsjlmktm mk prgpgrhcøk j s> mkmr3&j j s> ;gf>lmk$ >kj pgbfjhcøk gbrmrj rmfjtcvjlmktm m*hm`mktjrcj$ mstg ms$m*hmscvj pjrj fjskmhmsc`j`ms lm`cjs ̀ m vjfgrczjhcøk ̀ mf hjpctjf pgr tjktg supmrifuj"=#

Mstm hgfmhtc;g h>lpfm fj %>khcøk `m prmscgkjr j fj bj<j mf prmhcg `mf trjbj<g" Xc tmk3g>kj %8brchj tg`gs fgs `&js tmk3g O>m hgktrjtjr j hcmk mlpfmj`gs$ prgh>rjrA O>m p><mk pgr mf p>mstg >kgs `gshcmktgs$ s>bjstjrA fgs sjfjrcgs j fj bj<j" Mstm prghm`clcmktgjfhjkJj >k k>m;g kc;mf hgk fj 3fgbjfcJjhcøk$ h>jk`g jktm h>jfO>cmr rmc;ck`chjhcøk glg;cfcJjhcøk sck`chjf sm jcrmj mf %jktjslj `m fjs `msfghjfcJjhcgkms$ pgrO>m m(cstm tg`g>k m<Arhctg `m rmsmr;j 3fgbjf O>m jhmptjr8 h>jfO>cmr mlpfmg"

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^jrj >k jk8fcscs sclcfjr jf O>m jO>& sgstmkmlgs sgbrm fj hj`>hc`j` `m fgshgkhmptgs `m Df>lpmkprgfmtjrcj`gE `m Dm<Arhctg ck`>strcjf `m rmsmr;jE$ sgbrm s>s>pmrjhcøk$ ;jfm fj pmkj rmlctcrsm j fg O>m$ hgk tg`gs s>s mrrgrms$ m(pgkmk 6jr`t Km3rcmk )uftctu` "=' ^mrg oj O>m sm jfjr jO>& O>m mf hgkhmptg `m Dkg hfjsmE hgk O>m

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hjr8htmr `m ljtmrcj prclj$ pmrlctcr&j s>brj jr O>m fj Dl>ftct>È `m 6jr`t Km3rc kg hgkscstm mk >kj=?



Hgk mstg$ mf hgkhmptg$ O>m tmk&j smktc`g mk fg hgkhrmtg$ sm 3mkmrjfcJj >kc;mrsj`msmlbghjk`g mk mf hjgs" ^mrg ms hglprmkscbfm O>m 6jr`t Km3rc pcmksmk `m mstmlg`g fjs hgsjs" Mffgs pcmksjk O>m fgs k>m;gs lm`cgs `m prg`>hhcøk O>m pmrlctmkojbfjr `m fj l>ftct>` trjks%grljr&jk pghg j pghg tg`js fjs rjljs prg`>htc;js tg`j fjsghcm`j` mk s> hgk<>ktg" Mf prgbfmlj ms O>m mstj prg`>hhcøk `m j%mhtgs kg ms >kj

ljkmrj `m prg`>hcr `glckjktm O>m trjks%grlm `mtmrlckm tg`j fj prg`>hhcøk sghcjf" .fhgktrjrcg$ ms >k hgk<>ktg `m pr8htchjs Z>kc;mrsjfms$ O>m mk tg`g tcmlpg f>3jr ojkm(cstc`g$ sc bcmk sck mf j>(cfcjr tmhkgfø3chg `m O>m og sm `cspgkmR pmrg$ mstm prgbfmlj$ sm mkh>mktrjk sglmtc`js pgr >k lg`g `m prg`>hhcøk hjpctjfcstj `glckjktm"@m lg`g O>m mf prgbfmlj %>k`jlmktjf ms hølg pg`mlgs s>strjmrfjs j mstm `glckcg$hglg pg`mlgs 3jrjktcJjr s> fcbmrtj` jf ljr3mk `m s> m(pfgtjhcøk mhgkølchj `m s>sglmtclcmktg j fø3chjs hjpctjfcstjs lmrhjktcfcstjs"

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6g `&j$ fj Dpgbfjhcøk rmljkmktm g sgbrjktmE oj pmr`c`g mstj hgk`chcøk `m rmstgck%grlm" @m omhog sm hgkstct> m$ mk l>hogs hjsgs$ hglg >kj pgbfjhcøk hrmj`grj `m%grljs k>m;js$ g msm oj sc`g >kg `m fgs pjpmfms O>m sm fm jsc3kjrgk mk fgs j gs `mlj gr prgspmrc`j` mhgkølchj$ fgs j gs mk fgs h>jfms$ bj<g mf pjrj3>js `mf Mstj`g `mf+cmkmstjr$ fgs trjbj<j`grms lm<grjrgk s>s hgk`chcgkms `m ;c`j m(cstcø fj pgscbcfc`j` `mO>m jlpfcjs hjpjs `m fj pgbfjhcøk m(pmrclmktjrjk lg`gs `m ;c`j jf ljr3mk `m fjlcsmrcj `m fj prg`>hhcøk$ %>mrj `m fgs s>hcgs l8r3mkms fghjfms lgrjfms `mf s>b>rbcg`mhclgkøkchg"

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8. ·+uêf ms fj clpgrtjkhcj `m mstj pg!fjhc k kg jsjfjrcj`j7

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^mrg sc `m fg O>m sm trjtj ms `m O>m mf trjbj<g ck`c;c`>jf sm mktcmk`j hglg lm`cj`mf trjbj<g sghcjf$ mktgkhms kg sm trjtj `m m;jf>jr mf trjbj<g `m >k ck`c;c`>g hglg lm<gr O>m mf `m gtrg$ sckg `m ckhrmlmktjr fjs %>mrJjs prg`>htc;js `m fj sghcm`j` mk s>hgk<>ktg" Fg clpgrtjktm kg ms mf pjpmf `m hj̀ j h>jf$ sckg O>m m%mhtc;jlmktm sm`msjrrgffm >kj hggpmrjhcøk m%chjJ prg`>htc;j" - mk rmfjhcøk hgk mstg$ O>m fgs %r>tgs `mmstj hggpmrjhcøk sm rmpjrtjk <>stj prgpgrhcgkjflmktmN tmkcmk`g mk h>mktj O>m k>mstrgb<mtc;g %>k`jlmktjf ms O>m tg`gs rmjfchmk >kj tjrmj c3>jflmktm prg`>htc;j$ O>m `mmstm lg`g rmhcbjk pgr s> trjbj<g >k prg`>htg c3>jf"

Hjbm hgksc`mrjr O>m fj tmgr&j `mf ;jfgr kg `j rjJøk pgr s& sgfj `m gtrgs prghmsgs prg`>htc;gs hglg mf ffjlj`g Dtrjbj<g ckljtmrcjfE" ^mrg ms O>m fj tmgr&j `mf ;jfgr kg smffm3j j mktmk`mr jtmk`cmk`g j fgs prghmsgs prg`>htc;gs jcsfj`jlmktm hgksc`mrj`gs$ sckgmk s> tgtjfc`j` j fg fjr3g `m >kj hcmrtj m(tmkscøk `m tcmlpg Zjtmk`cmk`g pgr tjktg j fjrmprg`>hhcøk$ sclpfm g mk mshjfj jlpfcj`j$ `m tjfms prghmsgs prg`>htc;gsR"

- pjrj O>m fj rmprg`>hhcøk smj pgscbfm$ kg bjstj hgk rmprg`>hcr fgs lm`cgs `m prg`>hhcøk$ tjlbcAk oj O>m rmprg`>hcr fj %>mrJj `m trjbj<g" Mf ffjlj`g Dtrjbj<gckljtmrcjfE$ `ms`m fgs smr;chcgs jf trjbj<g cktmfmht>jf$ mst8 `mstckj`g mk b>mkj pjrtm jmstj prg`>hhcøk rmprg`>hhcøk `m fj %>mrJj `m trjbj<g Zck`>strcj `mf ghcg tcmlpg fcbrm$ prg`>hhcøk `c%>scøk `mf sjbmr$ h>jfc%chjhcøk `c%mrmkhcj`j `m fj %>mrJj `m trjbj<g R^mrg h>jfO>cmr ck`c;c`>g pjrtchcpj mk mstgs prghmsgs `m prg`>hhcøk rmprg`>hhcøk `m fj%>mrJj `m trjbj<g" Mstjs pr8htchjs rmprg`>htc;js sgk hgk`chcøkck`cspmksjbfm pjrj fgs prghmsgs prg`>htc;gs" - sgk rmjfcJj`js sgstmkc`js pgr tg`gs fgs ck`c;c`>gs sck`cstckhcøk" ^gr msg oj O>m hgkhf>cr O>m hgkstct> mk >k tcpg `m trjbj<g %>k`jlmktjf pgr mf h>jf sck mlbjr3g kg sm rmhcbm rmtrcb>hcøk jf3>kj"

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&. Fj `mimksj `mf hgl k sghcjf y hufturjf

Fj rmktj b8schj `m hc>`j`jk&j ms >kj `m fjs prgp>mstjs l8s p><jktms mk fgs ftclgs j gsmk mf smkg `m fj cJO>cmr`j" Fj rmktj b8schj sm oj hgk;mrtc`g mk >k hgkhmptg hmktrjf pjrjtg`j pgf&tchj rj`chjf$ O>m `mbm smr hgksc`mrj`g smrcjlmktm pjrj rmspgk`mr j fgs rmtgs O>mkgs g%rmhm mf hjpctjfcslg `msjrrgffj`g" I>k`jlmktjflmktm$ mstj rmktj j >`j jckhrmlmktjr mf pg`mr mhgkølchg `m >kj b>mkj pjrtm `m fj pgbfjhcøk O>m hj`j ;mJ l8s smmkh>mktrj m(hf>c`j `mf lmrhj`g `m trjbj<g" .sclcslg$ kgs pmrlctcr&j pmksjr mk >kjrmfjhcøk l8s mstrmhoj mktrm mstj pgbfjhcøk$ kgrljflmktm lmkgsprmhcj̀ j pgr smr hgksc`mrj`j Dclprg`>htc;jE$ fj pgbfjhcøk Dprg`>htc;jE `m trjbj<j`grms jsjfjrcj`gs"@m mstm lg`g$ pg`r&jlgs pfjktmjr l8s bcmk mf lg`g mk O>m jlbgs hjlpgs smmkh>mktrjk mstrmhojlmktm rmfjhcgkj`gs mk >kj lcslj tjrmj" Ms fj tjrmj `m trjks%grljr fjs hgk`chcgkms `mf trjbj<g$ tjktg `mktrg `m s> p>mstg hglg %>mrjN mk msm j%>mrj jf O>m ;mk m(p>fsj`gs tg`gs jO>mffgs O>m kg sgk rmhgkghc`gs hglg lmrmhm`grms `m >kjrmtrcb>hcøk mhgkølchj pgr s>s j pmsjr `m mffg gb;cjs hgktrcb>hcgkms j fj sghcm`j`"

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http://monthlyreview.org/2012/06/01/the-denialism-of-progressive-environmentalists




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Ser social y conciencia política. Los problemas elementales del materialismo histórico

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Transcript of Ser social y conciencia política. Los problemas elementales del materialismo histórico