Rincon-Gallardo & Elmore

7/22/2019 Rincon-Gallardo & Elmore

1/21

9>2

Gbrvbri Liuhbtjemb` _lvjlw Ve`. 7? Me. 9 ^jmtlr ?;2?Hepyrjngt oy tgl [rlsjilmt bmi Fl`èws ef Gbrvbri He``lnl

Yrbmsferdjmn Ylbhgjmn bmi @lbrmjmn

Ygreung Xehjb` Devldlmt jm Dlxjhbm

[uo`jh Djii`l Xhgee`s

XBMYJBNE _JMHM-NB@@B_IE_JHGB_I F. L@DE_LGbrvbri Nrbiubtl Xhgee` ef Liuhbtjem

Ygjs brtjh`l oy Xbmtjbne _jmhm-Nb``brie bmi _jhgbri F. L`derl lxpèrls tgl quls-tjem ef gew bmi umilr wgbt hemijtjems b heumtlrhu`turb` liuhbtjemb` prbhtjhl hbmol oreungt te shb`l bs b rlferd jmjtjbtjvl. Gjng`jngtjmn tgl lveùtjem ef tgl @lbrmjmnHeddumjty [reclht (@H[) jm Dlxjhe, tgl butgers prlslmt b prbhtjhl tgbt rums heum-tlr te tgl trbijtjemb` hu`turl bmi pewlr rl`btjems ef shgee`jmn. Ygl butgers lxbdjmlgew tgl @H[ suhhllili jm lxpbmijmn te gumirlis ef shgee`s bmi wbs rlhlmt`y bieptlibs pbrt ef b mbtjemb` strbtlny te trbmsferd tlbhgjmn bmi `lbrmjmn jm mjml tgeusbmishgee`s bhress Dlxjhe. Ygl butgers hemmlht amew`linl em orjmnjmn jmstruhtjemb`jdprevldlmt te shb`l wjtg sehjb` devldlmt tglery te bivbmhl tgl jilb ef liuhbtjemb`hgbmnl bs b sehjb` devldlmt. _jmhm-Nb``brie bmi L`derl lxpèrl tgl jdp`jhbtjemsef tgl wera ef tgl @H[ fer tglery, prbhtjhl, bmi pe`jhyhb``jmn fer bm b`tlrmbtjvlbpprebhg tgbt hgb``lmnls tgl trbijtjemb` tep-iewm vjlw ef liuhbtjemb` prbhtjhl bmipe`jhy, bmi jmstlbi hemhlptub`jzls tgl tlbhglr-stuilmt bmi pe`jhy-prbhtjhl pbjrs bsijb`lhtjhb` bmi gerjzemtb` rl`btjemsgjps ef dutub` jmulmhl.

Ygl [reflsser Olhedls b Xtuilmt

Em b summy dermjmn jm Mevldolr ?;2;, Gbrvbri preflsser _jhgbri L`derlfeumi gjdsl`f sjttjmn bt b sjdp`l tbo`l em tgl iusty fremt stlps ef b twe-reedrurb` shgee` oljmn tbungt nledltry oy Dbrjhruz, b tgjrtllm-ylbr-eì stuilmtfred tgl sdb`` heddumjty ef Xbmtb _esb, eml gumirli ajèdltlrs er se fredtgl mlbrlst hjty, Sbhbtlhbs, jm hlmtrb` Dlxjhe. L`derl wbs vjsjtjmn tgl heumtryte `lbrm boeut tgl [renrbd fer tgl Jdprevldlmt ef Liuhbtjemb` Bhgjlvldlmt([LD@L, oy jts jmjtjb`s jm Xpbmjsg), b mbtjemwjil strbtlny rlhlmt`y `bumhgli oy

Dlxjhes Djmjstry ef Liuhbtjem te predetl tgl trbmsferdbtjem ef jmstruhtjemb`


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9>?

Gbrvbri Liuhbtjemb` _lvjlw

prbhtjhl jm tgeusbmis ef puo`jh shgee`s bhress tgl heumtry. Gl wbs wbmilrjmnbreumi te eoslrvl tgl wera ef stuilmts bmi tlbhglrs jm Xbmtb _esb wglm Dbrj-hruz bpprebhgli gjd bmi efflrli te ol gjs tuter jm se`vjmn b nledltry preo-`ld. Bm lbsy eml, gl rldldolrs Dbrjhruz tl``jmn gjd, olhbusl sgl iji metamew gew duhg gl rldldolrli ef tgl nledltry gl gbi `lbrmli jm shgee`.Xgl prlslmtli gjd wjtg b hjrh`l tgbt gbi feur sdb``lr hjrh`ls jmshrjoli jm jtbmi bsali gjd gew gl weuì hedputl tgl brlb jmsjil tgl `brnlr hjrh`l tgbtwbs met jmhùili jm tgl feur sdb``lr hjrh`ls, njvlm tgl rbijj ef tgl hjrh`ls. Xglrlqujrli gjd te oetg lxp`bjm tgl stlps jm se`vjmn tgl preo`ld bmi lxp`bjmgjs wera bt lbhg stlp. Bs _jhgbri efflrli gjs pbtg tgreung tgl preo`ld, Dbrj-hruz bsali gjd te ilflmi gjs ilhjsjems bmi ijshuss b`tlrmbtjvls. Lvlmtub``y,

bftlr duhg ijshussjem, gl se`vli tgl preo`ld bmi preui`y efflrli gjs bmswlr.Dbrjhruz nbvl gjd b hbutjeus mei bmi tglm sbji, Out wl brl met qujtl flm-jsgli. Xgl pejmtli te tgl pj sydoe` jm tgl ferdu`b gl gbi ollm usjmn te hb`-hu`btl brlb ef tgl hjrh`ls bmi bsali _jhgbri, Hbm yeu lxp`bjm wgbt tgbt syd-oe` dlbms bmi wglrl jt hedls fred5 Jm b rlpert gl wretl sgert`y bftlr gjs vjsjtte Dlxjhe, gl rlhb``s3

B èmn pbusl lmsuli, wgj`l J shrbdo`li tgreung dy nledltry. J sbji wlba`y, Jtstbmis fer b mudolr . . . sedltgjmn `jal 8.29. Me, sgl sbji wjtg b derl jmsjs-tlmt teml, J wbmt yeu te tl`` dl wglrl jt hedlsfred. Fer tgl mlxt tlm djmutlser se, sgl `li dl tgreung b iltbj`li ijshussjem ef tgl ilrjvbtjem ef pj, jmhùijmn

b preef ef wgy jt gbs b hemstbmt vbùl fer b`` hjrh`ls. Dbrjhruz gbi dbmbnli, wjtgtgl wjt bmi wj`l ef bm lxplrjlmhli tlbhglr, te flmi b p`bhl jm dy `lbrmjmn wglrlrlhb`` gbi rlp`bhli umilrstbmijmn (jf tgl umilrstbmijmn wbs lvlr tglrl jm tglflrst p`bhl). (L`derl, ?;22, p. ?)

Gl hemtjmuls3

Bs b `lbrmlr, wjtg Dbrjhruz bs dy tuter, J feumi dysl`f jm bm umusub` sjtubtjem.Jt wbs h`lbr tgbt J wbs lmnbnli wjtg sedleml wge gbi dbstlrli b prbhtjhl. Xgl

wbs met obsgfu` boeut steppjmn dl wglm J devli fred eml stlp ef tgl preo-`ld te bmetglr te bsa fer b h`brjflhbtjem ef wgy J dbil tgl ilhjsjem J gbi dbil.

Glr dbmmlr wbs pe`jtl, rlsplhtfu`, out met evlr`y jdprlssli oy dy amew`linl efnledltry bmi lvlr-vjnj`bmt fer wlba ènjh bmi bdojnueus tlrdjmeèny. Glr quls-tjems wlrl h`lbr bmi gjng`y-fehusli. Xgl iji met sgbrl dy lmtgusjbsd fer gbv-jmn nettlm tgl rjngt bmswlr. Xgl wbs derl jmtlrlstli jm wgbt J ijimt amew, erheuìmt rlbij`y rlhevlr fred dy prjer amew`linl. Derl jdpertbmt`y, sgl ijimttlbhg dl b dltgei fer se`vjmn tgl preo`ld, sgl hebhgli dl tgreung b prehlssef tgjmajmn boeut tgl preo`ld, bmi ijbnmesli b hrjtjhb` wlbamlss jm dy obha-nreumi amew`linl. J fl`t tgbt J wbs jm tgl gbmis ef bm lxplrt. (p. 8)

^gj`l _jhgbri bmi Dbrjhruz wlrl werajmn em tgl preo`ld, stuilmts bmitlbhglrs fred Xbmtb _esb bmi twe etglr mljngoerjmn heddumjtjls wge wlrlvjsjtjmn tgl shgee` tgbt iby wlrl werajmn jm pbjrs bmi sdb`` nreups, sedl-tjdls tgl biu`ts p`byjmn tgl re`l ef tlbhglrs, sedltjdls stuilmts werajmn bs


3/21

9>8

Yrbmsferdjmn Ylbhgjmn bmi @lbrmjmn Ygreung Xehjb` Devldlmt

sbmtjbne rjmhm-nb``brie bmi rjhgbri f. l`derl

tuters ef etglr stuilmts, bmi sedltjdls stuilmts p`byjmnbs jm tgl hbsl efDbrjhruz wjtg _jhgbritgl re`l ef tuters te biu`ts. Ygl prbhtjhl bmi tuterjb`mltweras ilshrjoli jm tgjs vjnmlttl brl typjhb` ef shgee`s jmve`vli jm [[email protected] `jal Dbrjhruz hbm mew ol heumtli jm tgl tgeusbmis. Bmi wgbt _jhg-bri L`derl lxplrjlmhli bs b stuilmt ef b yeumn njr` gbs ollm lxplrjlmhli oygumirlis ef tlbhglrs, shgee` suplrvjsers, liuhbtjemb` butgerjtjls, rlslbrhglrs,bmi ernbmjzli dldolrs ef tgl hjvj` sehjlty wge gbvl vjsjtli shgee`s jmve`vlijm [LD@L, b prenrbd tgbt gbs jts erjnjms jm b nrbssreets jmjtjbtjvl hb``li tgl@lbrmjmn Heddumjty [reclht (@H[).

@H[ bmi [LD@L prlslmt b umjqul eppertumjty te lxpèrl gew bmi umilrwgbt hemijtjems b heumtlrhu`turb` prbhtjhltgbt js, b prbhtjhl tgbt rums heum-

tlr te tgl trbijtjemb` jmstruhtjemb` hu`turl bmi pewlr rl`btjems ef shgee`jmnhbm ol lxpbmili te b `brnl mudolr ef shgee`s bmi bhress bm liuhbtjemb` sys-tld. Ygjs js tgl dbcer fehus ef eur lssby. Irbwjmn em hurrlmt amew`linl boeutjdprevjmn jmstruhtjemb` prbhtjhl em b `brnl-shb`l, sehjb` devldlmt tglery, bmiflrstgbmi lxplrjlmhl bmi amew`linl ef tgl hemtlxts bmi gjsterjhb` ilvlèp-dlmt ef [LD@L,2wl bivbmhl tgl metjem ef liuhbtjemb` hgbmnl bs b sehjb`devldlmt bmi ijshuss sedl jdp`jhbtjems ef tgjs rlhemhlptub`jzbtjem fer prbh-tjhl, pe`jhy, bmi tglery.

Eur lssby olnjms wjtg b prlslmtbtjem ef tgl ijstjmhtjvl flbturls ef @H[, jtsgjstery bmi jts lveùtjem jmte [LD@L. Mlxt wl suddbrjzl sedl dbcer hgb`-

`lmnls fer `brnl-shb`l jmstruhtjemb` jdprevldlmt, brnul tgbt sehjb` devldlmtsdby prevjil aly jmsjngts te se`vl suhg hgb``lmnls, bmi jmtreiuhl dbcer hem-hlptub` tee`s usli oy sehjb` devldlmt tglery te lxp`bjm gew dbrnjmb` bhtershbm hrlbtl sehjb`, jmstjtutjemb`, hu`turb`, er pe`jtjhb` hgbmnl. ^l tglm usl tglslhemhlptub` tee`s te lxbdjml tgl hemijtjems bmi tgl wbys jm wgjhg [LD@Lbhters gbvl ollm bo`l te lxpbmi b heumtlrhu`turb` jmstruhtjemb` prbhtjhl tetgeusbmis ef shgee`s bhress Dlxjhe. Mlxt wl ijshuss sedl ef tgl `btlmt rjsasbmi hgb``lmnls ef @H[s `brnl-shb`l re`èut. ^l hemhùil oy ijshussjmn sedljdp`jhbtjems ef umilrstbmijmn bmi predetjmn liuhbtjemb` hgbmnl bs b sehjb`devldlmt fer prbhtjhl, pe`jhy, bmi tglery.

Ygl @lbrmjmn Heddumjty [reclht bmi tgl [renrbd fer tglJdprevldlmt ef Liuhbtjemb` Bhgjlvldlmt jm Dlxjhe

[lrgbps tgl dest ijstjmhtjvl flbturl ef @H[ bmi [LD@L js tgl heumtlrhu`turb`mbturl ef tgl herl prbhtjhl predetli oy bmi lxpbmili tgreung tglsl preclhtsbhress tgl heumtry. Glrl wl usl tgl tlrd heumtlrhu`turb` te ilshrjol b prbh-tjhl tgbt js qub`jtbtjvl`y ijstjmht fred tgl lstbo`jsgli jmstruhtjemb` hu`turl bmijmstjtutjemb` struhturl ef shgee`jmnwgbt wl wj`` hb`` tgl ilfbu`t hu`turl(Xbrb-

sem, 2:7?). Xedl flbturls ef tgjs ilfbu`t hu`turl jmhùil b tep-iewm ilflmj-tjem ef tlbhgjmn bmi `lbrmjmn, wjtg butgerjty bmi hemtre` gjng`y hemhlmtrbtlijm tgl gbmis ef tlbhglrs1 b fehus em `brnl-nreup jmstruhtjem wglrl lvlry stu-


4/21

9>9


ilmt js lxplhtli te hevlr tgl sbdl hemtlmt bt tgl sbdl tjdl bmi pbhl bs tglwge`l nreup1 bmi b prjerjtjzbtjem ef hevlrjmn tgl hemtlmt evlr lmsurjmn stu-ilmt umilrstbmijmn.

Ygl plibneny ef @H[ js, jm jts obsjh tglery bmi prbhtjhl, hedp`ltl`y bt eiiswjtg trbijtjemb` tlbhgjmn bmi `lbrmjmn prbhtjhls, met em`y jm Dlxjhe out jm tglvbst dbcerjty ef shgee`s slrvjmn hgjìrlm bmi bie`lshlmts. Ygl herl prbhtjhlpredetli oy @H[ js feumili em b obsjh bxjed tgbt stbtls tgbt pewlrfu` `lbrm-jmn ehhurs wglm tgl jmtlrlst ef tgl `lbrmlr js dbthgli wjtg tgl hbpbhjty ef tgltlbhglr. Ygl obsjh bnrlldlmt bdemn tgesl wge cejm @H[ js tgbt tgl tlbhglrwj`` em`y efflr glr stuilmts tgl tepjhs bmi tgldls sgl dbstlrs wl``, bmi lbhgstuilmt wj`` hgeesl bdemn tgesl tepjhs tgl eml gl js dest jmtlrlstli jm. Xtu-

ilmts brl prlslmtli wjtg b hbtbèn ef tepjhs oy b tuter. B`tgeung tepjhs brldest`y tbalm fred tgl efflhjb` hurrjhuùd, tgly hbm b`se jmhùil etglr tepjhs efjmtlrlst, suhg bs fbrdjmn, djnrbtjem, bmi se em. Ygl pbrtjhu`br hemtlmt js metbs rl`lvbmt bs tgl ildemstrbtli dbstlry ef tgl tepjh oy tgl tuter bmi tgl jmtlr-lst ef tgl stuilmt te `lbrm jt. Ygus, sedl ijvlrsjty jm tgl he``lhtjem ef bvbj`bo`ltepjhs hbm ol feumi jm ijfflrlmt @H[ nreups.

Emhl stuilmts hgeesl tgljr tepjhs, tgly olnjm jmijvjiub` `jmls ef jmqujrywjtg tgl suppert ef tgl tuter, wge oujìs em tgl pupj`s prlvjeus amew`linlbmi bsas qulstjems te nujil tgl stuilmt te flmi gjs ewm bmswlrs. Emhl b stu-ilmt dbstlrs b tepjh, gl prlpbrls b puo`jh ildemstrbtjem te prlslmt wgbt gl

`lbrmli bmi gjs `lbrmjmn prehlss te gjs pllrs, gjs tuters, bmi eftlm te etglrdldolrs ef tgl heddumjty. Ygl stuilmt js tglm lxplhtli te olhedl b tuterte etglr stuilmts (bmi lvlm te biu`ts) jmtlrlstli jm `lbrmjmn tgl tepjh gl gbsdbstlrli. Ygjs wby, stuilmts `lbrm tgl hemtlmt tgly stuiy, ilvlèp jmilplm-ilmt `lbrmjmn saj``s, bmi `lbrm tgl jmstruhtjemb` prbhtjhl ef oljmn tuters. Yglamew`linl nlmlrbtli tgreung tgjs prehlss olhedls tgl heddem preplrtyef b`` tgl pbrtjls te tgl wera bmi js dbil bvbj`bo`l te tuters bmi stuilmts jmetglr shgee`s. Evlr tjdl, stuilmts bmi tuters pbrtjhjpbtl jm tgl hemstruhtjemef b orebi fumi ef amew`linl tgbt js dbil bvbj`bo`l, tgreung mltwerali rl`b-tjemsgjps, te lvlryeml wge pbrtjhjpbtls. Ygjs deil` ijsrupts tgl fbdj`jbr pbt-

tlrms ef shgee`1 amew`linl hlbsls te ol tgl se`l prlslrvl ef tlbhglrs, `lbrm-jmn olhedls b he``boerbtjvl prbhtjhl bdemn tuters bmi stuilmts, bmi stuilmtsolhedl bhtjvl bnlmts met em`y jm ilhjijmn wgbt tgly wj`` `lbrm out b`se jmorjmnjmn tgljr `lbrmjmn jmte tgljr rl`btjemsgjps wjtg biu`ts bmi etglr stuilmts.Xtuilmts olhedl hrlbters ef amew`linl bs wl`` bs hemsudlrs ef jt.

Biu`ts `lbrm tgl prbhtjhl ef tuterjb`s tgl sbdl wby stuilmts ie3 oy olhedjmnstuilmts te tuters wge dbstlr tepjhs tgly slla te `lbrm bmi tglm prbhtjhjmn bstuters ef etglrs jmtlrlstli jm `lbrmjmn tgl tepjhs tgly gbvl mew dbstlrli. Jm bsjdj`br fbsgjem te wgbt eml weuì eoslrvl jm bm brtjsbmb` werasgep, wglrl tgl

lxplrt prbhtjhl ef tgl dbstlr brtjsbm js dbil vjsjo`l b`` tgl tjdl te bpprlmtjhls,jm b tuterjb` mltwera, bpprlmtjhls gbvl plrdbmlmt bhhlss te tgl lxplrt prbh-tjhl ef jmilplmilmt `lbrmjmn bmi tuterjmn, wgjhg brl hemtjmueus`y deil`lioy tuters wjtg gjnglr ilnrlls ef lxplrtjsl (@plz & _jmhm-Nb``brie, ?;;8).


5/21

9>>, 2::91 @bvm il Brrjv, 2:76). Ygl nreup

tgbt weu`i `btlr hrlbtl HLBH flrst hbdl tenltglr breumi tgl [est-[rjdbry[reclht, bm jmjtjbtjvl `bumhgli jm 2::6 oy tgl Mbtjemb` Heumhj` fer tgl [rede-tjem ef Liuhbtjem (HEMBFL, oy jts jmjtjb`s jm Xpbmjsg) te gl`p stuilmts bmiyeumn jmstruhters ilvl`ep tgl boj`jty te `lbrm jmilplmilmt`y (Hdbrb, 2:::,?;;8). Ygl [est-[rjdbry [reclht rlbhgli 8


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9>6


wbs tglm bieptli bs b pjèt oy tgl Dlxjhbm Djmjstr y ef Liuhbtjem, bmi jmtgl mlxt twe ylbrs jt rlbhgli boeut feur gumirli shgee`s bhress tgl heumtry._lhlmt`y [LD@L wbs `bumhgli wjtg tgl bjd ef lxpbmijmn @H[s herl prbh-tjhl te tgl mjml tgeusbmi èwlst-plrferdjmn shgee`s bhress Dlxjhe tgreungtgl hrlbtjem ef b sehjb` mltwera deil` wglrloy tgjs prbhtjhl js sgewhbsli,`lbrmli, rlflmli, bmi ijssldjmbtli (ININJL, ?;2;).

Ygl strbtlny ef [LD@L jmve`vls tgl hrlbtjem bmi ilvlèpdlmt ef hbpbhjty bttgl shgee`, ijstrjht, stbtl, bmi flilrb` `lvl`s te jdprevl jmstruhtjemb` prbhtjhljm h`bssreeds. Meils (he``lnjb` tlbds) brl hrlbtli jm shgee`s, ijstrjhts, bmi bttgl stbtl bmi mbtjemb` `lvl`s tgbt lmnbnl jm hemse`jibtjmn bmi ijssldjmbtjmn@H[s herl prbhtjhl. Yuterjb` rl`btjemsgjps brl lstbo`jsgli wjtgjm bmi tgreung-

eut tgl meils, se tgl jmstruhtjemb` prbhtjhl tgbt js lxplhtli fred tlbhglrs jmtgljr h`bssreeds js hemstbmt`y deil`li bmi prbhtjhli bhress tgl mltwerafred tgl hlmtrb` meil te tgl h`bssreed. Bs hbpbhjty js ilvlèpli jm tgl meilsbt ijfflrlmt `lvl`s, mlw `jmas brl hrlbtli bdemn meils, sedltjdls fbhj`jtbtlioy tgl Djmjstry ef Liuhbtjem, etglr tjdls oy jmjtjbtjvl ef èhb` bmi stbtl-`lvl`bhters (ININJL, ?;2;).

Bt tgl tjdl ef tgjs puo`jhbtjem, sjx tgeusbmi shgee`s gbvl cejmli [[email protected] prl`jdjmbry bmb`ysjs sgews tgbt tgl feur tgeusbmi shgee`s pbrtjhjpbtjmn jm[LD@L fred tgl sjxtllm stbtls wjtg bvbj`bo`l ibtb gbvl jmhrlbsli tgl preper-tjem ef stuilmts sherjmn bt neei bmi lxhl``lmt `lvl`s jm tgl mbtjemb` stbm-

ibrijzli tlst, LM@BHL. Yglsl jmhrlbsls brl sjnmjflhbmt`y `brnlr tgbm tgesl jmtgl shgee`s met jm tgl prenrbd (ININJL, ?;2?). Etglr euthedls rlpertli oy@H[ bhters jmhùil3 jmhrlbsli stuilmt lmnbnldlmt, bs jmijhbtli oy stuilmtsveùmtbrj`y splmijmn derl tjdl jm shgee`1 jmhrlbsli plrhlmtbnls ef nrbiu-btls fred @H[ shgee`s lmre``jmn jm gjng shgee`1 jmhrlbsli stuilmt hemflilmhlprlslmtjmn tgljr `lbrmjmn jm puo`jh bmi bhtjmn bs tuters1 jdprevli h`bssreedijshjp`jml1 bmi olttlr bmi derl frlqulmt usl ef dbtlrjb`s jm shgee` `jorbrjls(_jmhm-Nb``brie, ?;;:, ?;22).

Jmstruhtjemb` Jdprevldlmt bmi Xehjb` Devldlmt YgleryFer tgl pbst feur ilhbils, b nrewjmn oeiy ef rlslbrhg jm tgl fllì ef liuhb-tjemb` hgbmnl gbs sgli `jngt em sedl ef tgl dest ijfflhu`t hgb``lmnls jmve`vlijm jdprevjmn tlbhgjmn bmi `lbrmjmn em b `brnl shb`l. Ygrll dbcer `lssems gbvlhedl eut ef tgjs rlslbrhg.

Fjrst, dest `brnl-shb`l liuhbtjemb` rlferd lfferts gbvl predetli deij-flhbtjems tgbt brl em`y wlba`y rl`btlijf bt b``te tgl jmstruhtjemb` herl,ilflmli bs tgl rl`btjemsgjp oltwllm tlbhglrs bmi stuilmts jm tgl prlslmhl efhemtlmt (L`derl, 2::6). Ygl rl`btjvl fbjùrl ef dest liuhbtjemb` rlferds te

suostbmtjb``y trbmsferd tgl jmstruhtjemb` herl em b `brnl shb`l sunnlsts sedldbcer `jdjtbtjems jmglrlmt te tgl iedjmbmt ènjh umilr wgjhg liuhbtjemb`pe`jhy gbs ollm umilrsteei bmi predetli, b ènjh tgbt gbs ollm rlflrrli tebs tgl tlhgmjhb`-rbtjemb` plrsplhtjvl em pe`jhy ilvlèpdlmt (Ibtmew & [bra,


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?;;:, pp. 89789:). Ygl `jdjtbtjems ef pe`jhjls ilsjnmli bmi hemiuhtli umilrb tlhgmjhb`-rbtjemb` pbrbijnd sjnmb` tgl mlli te ilvlèp b`tlrmbtjvl frbdl-weras te umilrstbmi bmi ilvlèp pe`jhy fer jmstruhtjemb` jdprevldlmt.

B slhemi `lssem fred tgl liuhbtjemb` hgbmnl fllì js tgbt jmmevbtjems tgbtgbvl bttldptli te ijrlht`y bfflht tgl jmstruhtjemb` herl rbrl`y plmltrbtl derltgbm b sdb`` frbhtjem ef shgee`s bmi h`bssreeds bmi slìed `bst èmn wglmtgly ie (L`derl, 2::61 Gbrnrlbvls & Fjma, ?;;;). B`tgeung spbhls suhg bsheddumjtjls ef prbhtjhl (IuFeur, ?;;91 @jtt`l, ?;;?1 ^lmnlr, 2::7) bmi pre-flssjemb` mltweras (L`derl, ?;;>1 Guolrdbm, 2::


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lrs werajmn hemijtjemssehjb` devldlmts jm liuhbtjem, bmi tgl rlslbrhgtgbt iehudlmts tgld, gbvl njvlm `jtt`l, jf bmy, ijrlht bttlmtjem te tgl preo`ldef trbmsferdjmn jmstruhtjemb` prbhtjhl. Xehjb` devldlmts bjdli bt bmi sus-tbjmli tgreung tgl rbijhb` trbmsferdbtjem ef tlbhgjmn bmi `lbrmjmn hbm pre-vjil b mlw ènjh bmi strbtlny te umilrstbmi bmi predetl liuhbtjemb` hgbmnl.

Xehjb` devldlmt tglery, b rjhg tglerltjhb` plrsplhtjvl irbwm fred sehj-eèny bmi pe`jtjhb` shjlmhl, prevjils b uslfu` frbdlwera te umilrstbmi gewdbrnjmb` bhters brl sedltjdls bo`l te hrlbtl sehjb`, jmstjtutjemb`, hu`turb`, erpe`jtjhb` hgbmnl (Nressdbm, ?;2;1 Ybrrew, ?;22)._lslbrhg em hemtldperbrysehjb` devldlmts jilmtjflls tgrll orebi slts ef fbhters tgbt gl`p us umilrstbmitgl ldlrnlmhl bmi ilvlèpdlmt ef sehjb` devldlmts3 detjvbtjems, deoj`jzjmn

struhturls, bmi pe`jtjhb` eppertumjtjls.?

Detjvbtjemsrlflr te tgl sgbrli dlbm-jmns hemstruhtli oy sehjb` devldlmt bhters bmi tgl rlbsems olgjmi tgljr ilhj-sjems te pbrtjhjpbtl. Deoj`jzjmn struhturls brl tgesl he``lhtjvl vlgjh`ls, jmfer-db` bs wl`` bs ferdb`, tgreung wgjhg plep`l deoj`jzl bmi lmnbnl jm he``lhtjvlbhtjem (DhBibd, DhHbrtgly, & Sbì, 2::6, p. 8). [e`jtjhb` eppertumjtjlsrlflr tetgl orebilr slt ef pe`jtjhb` hemstrbjmts bmi lmbo`jmn hjrhudstbmhls tgbt sgbplsehjb` devldlmts (DhBibd, DhHbrtgly, & Sbì, 2::61 Ybrrew, ?;22). Detjvb-tjems, deoj`jzjmn struhturls, bmi pe`jtjhb` eppertumjtjls brl uslfu` bmb`ytjhbòèhas te lxp`bjm gew bmi umilr wgbt hjrhudstbmhls bhters jm tgl dbrnjms efbm liuhbtjemb` systld dby spur tgl trbmsferdbtjem ef prbhtjhl jm b `brnl mud-

olr ef shgee`s bmi bhress tgl liuhbtjemb` systld.

Lxpbmijmn b Heumtlrhu`turb` [rbhtjhl Ygreung Xehjb` Devldlmt

Ygl qulstjem bt tgl hlmtlr ef tgjs lssby js gew bmi umilr wgbt hemijtjems bheumtlrhu`turb` jmstruhtjemb` prbhtjhl hbm ol lxpbmili te b `brnl mudolr efshgee`s. Bs wl wj`` ijshuss jm tgjs slhtjem, tgl lxpbmsjem ef @H[s herl prbhtjhlte tgeusbmis ef shgee`s bhress Dlxjhe hbm ol lxp`bjmli jm pbrt bs tgl rlsu`t efb hedojmbtjem ef fbhters tgbt jmhùil tgl hemtlxts wglrl @H[ ilvlèpli bmisedl flbturls ef @H[s deil` jtsl`f. [lrgbps derl jdpertbmt`y, tgjs lxpbmsjem

js lxp`bjmli oy tgl boj`jty ef jts bhters te spur b sehjb` devldlmt tgbt gbs hrl-btli bmi hbpjtb`jzli em plrsemb` bmi he``lhtjvl detjvbtjems, deoj`jzjmn struh-turls, bmi pe`jtjhb` eppertumjtjls te hemse`jibtl b heumtlrhu`turb` prbhtjhl jmh`bssreeds bmi lxpbmi jt bhress tgl liuhbtjemb` systld.

Hemtlxt3 Ygl Dbrnjms bs b Xpbhl ef [essjoj`jty

Jt js jm tgl dbrnjms ef tgl puo`jh liuhbtjemb` systldshgee`s èhbtli jm sdb``,shbttlrli heddumjtjlstgbt @H[ feumi b flrtj`l nreumi te jmclht b sjdp`l yltprefeumi`y heumtlrhu`turb` jmmevbtjem. Dlxjhe js eml ef tgl dest umlqub`

heumtrjls jm tgl werì. Jt js gedl te tgl rjhglst dbm em tgl p`bmlt bmi ylt gbsb `brnl prepertjem ef plep`l `jvjmn jm lxtrldl pevlrty. Ijspbrjtjls hbm b`se olsllm jm tgl nlenrbpgjh ijstrjoutjem ef tgl Dlxjhbm pepu`btjem. ^gj`l eml-tgjri ef tgl tetb` pepu`btjem js hemhlmtrbtli jm tgl tgrll `brnlst hjtjls, evlr :;


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plrhlmt ef tgl heddumjtjls tgbt hemstjtutl tgl heumtry brl sdb`` (wjtg flwlrtgbm twlmty-flvl gumirli jmgbojtbmts) bmi nlenrbpgjhb``y jse`btli. Ygl Dlxj-hbm puo`jh liuhbtjemb` systld js gjng`y slnrlnbtli, wjtg puo`jh djii`l shgee`sjm gjsterjhb``y dbrnjmb`jzli heddumjtjls bssjnmli dbmy flwlr rlseurhls bmi`lss lxplrjlmhli tlbhglrs tgbm tgljr derl prjvj`lnli heumtlrpbrts. Xhgee`s jmtglsl rurb` dbrnjms gbvl nrlbtlr tlbhglr deoj`jty bmi hemsjstlmt`y èwlr `lvl`sef stuilmt bhgjlvldlmt.

Yl`lslhumibrjb js b deib`jty ef èwlr-slhemibry liuhbtjem (nrbils >:)tgbt wbs hrlbtli te lxpbmi djii`l shgee`s te sdb``, shbttlrli heddumjtjlsbhress tgl heumtry. Yl`lslhumibrjbs hemstjtutl twe-tgjris ef Dlxjhbm puo`jhdjii`l shgee`s bmi bttrbht eml-flftg ef tgl èwlr-slhemibry shgee`-bnl pepu`b-

tjem (Dbrtmlz, ?;;


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jmmevbtjem. Bt tgl sbdl tjdl, Yl`lslhumibrjbs jm dbrnjmb`jzli heddumjtjlsefflrli lmbo`jmn hemijtjems fer rbijhb` ilpbrturl fred hemvlmtjemb` prbhtjhl.Ygl èw stuilmt-te-tlbhglr rbtje jm rurb` Yl`lslhumibrjbs bmi tgl prlslmhl efem`y eml tlbhglr plr nreup fbhj`jtbtli tgl ilvlèpdlmt ef plrsemb`jzli tute-rjb` rl`btjemsgjps bmi tgl bibptbtjem ef tgl shgee` shgliu`l te b`èw stuilmtste hgeesl tgljr tepjhs ef stuiy bmi fe`èw tgljr ewm pbhl. Furtglrderl, tglrl`btjvl llwby tgbt shgee` suplrvjsers jm Dlxjhe gbvl te dlijbtl oltwllm fli-lrb` pe`jhy bmi shgee` bhtjvjtjls,8tenltglr wjtg b rl`btjvl`y wlba prlslmhl efjmstjtutjemb` hemtre`s evlr tgl lvlryiby bhtjvjtjls ef tlbhglrs werajmn jm fbr-effheddumjtjls, fbhj`jtbtli tgl bieptjem ef @H[s heumtlrhu`turb` prbhtjhl.

Xedl Ijstjmhtjvl Flbturls ef @H[3 Bm Jmsjil-Eut Deil`, b Xjdp`l [rbhtjhl,bmi Bdp`l Eppertumjtjls te @lbrm Jt

@H[ hbm ol hemhlptub`jzli bs bm jmsjil-eut pe`jhy wjtg tgl fe`èwjmn hgbrbh-tlrjstjhs3 (2) b fehus em ijrlht`y jmulmhjmn jmstruhtjemb` prbhtjhl bmi b`jnm-jmn tgl surreumijmn jmstjtutjemb` struhturls, merds, bmi prbhtjhls bhherijmn`y(L`derl, ?;;9)1 bmi (?) b hèsl `jma oltwllm ilsjnm bmi jdp`ldlmtbtjem.Yglsl flbturls dbal @H[ qub`jtbtjvl`y ijstjmht fred dest liuhbtjemb` rlferdpe`jhjls bmi, bs wl brnul, brl jdpertbmt fbhters ef jts rl`btjvl`y rbpji lxpbm-sjem bhress tgl Dlxjhbm liuhbtjemb` systld.

Ygl jmstruhtjemb` prbhtjhl ef tuterjb` rl`btjemsgjps jm @H[ weras sjdu`tbml-

eus`y bs tgl stbrtjmn pejmt bmi tgl dbcer strbtlny ef tgl deil`. \m`jal dbmyjmmevbtjems, tgl prbhtjhl glrl js o`lssli`y sjdp`l.9Jt jmve`vls tlbhgjmn plep`ljmqujry saj``s, lxpesjmn tgld te b oeiy ef amew`linl tgly hbm usl te sgbpltgljr prbhtjhl, bmi prevjijmn tgld wjtg bdp`l eppertumjtjls te prbhtjhl jmtgl prlslmhl ef plep`l wge brl, gewlvlr djmjdb``y, derl dbstlrfu` ef tglprbhtjhl tgbm tgly brl. Ylbhglrs brl flrst lxpesli te @H[ oy pbrtjhjpbtjmn bsstuilmts ef tuters wjtg derl lxplrjlmhl wjtg bmi dbstlry ef tgl herl prbhtjhlef tuterjb`s. Ygly tglm gbvl bhhlss te slvlrb` jmstbmhls wglrl tgly hbm hem-tjmul eoslrvjmn, `lbrmjmn, hemse`jibtjmn, rlflmjmn, bmi ijssldjmbtjmn @H[sherl prbhtjhls, wgjhg jmhùil h`bssreed-obsli hebhgjmn, shgee` jmtlrhgbmnls,

bmi jmtlmsjvl bmi plrjeijh trbjmjmn slssjems.Bs dby ol lxplhtli, tgl jmtreiuhtjem ef @H[s heumtlrhu`turb` prbhtjhl

jm rlnu`br h`bssreeds tlmis te hrlbtl tlmsjems wjtg surreumijmn jmstjtutjemb`lmvjremdlmts, dest predjmlmt`y jm tgl ferd ef eppesjtjem bmi rlsjstbmhlfred etglr tlbhglrs, lxhlssjvl bidjmjstrbtjvl bmi membhbildjh rlqujrl-dlmts, bmi tjngt ourlbuhrbtjh hemtre`s fred sedl èhb` butgerjtjls (_jmhm-Nb``brie, ?;;:, ?;22). B hèsl `jma oltwllm ilsjnm bmi lxlhutjem gbs b`èwli@H[ bhters te mbvjnbtl tglsl tlmsjems. Ygl `lbilrs ef @H[, bmi derl rlhlmt`ytgl `lbilrsgjp ef [LD@L, gbvl heddjttli te dbjmtbjmjmn suhg b hèsl `jma

jm tgrll dbcer wbys. Fjrst, lvlry bhter jm tgl prenrbd, rlnbri`lss ef glr fer-db` gjlrbrhgjhb` re`l jm tgl jmstjtutjem, js lxplhtli te dbstlr bmi deil` tglprbhtjhl bmi tgl jmstruhtjemb` hu`turl predetli tgreung @H[. Emnejmn fbhl-te-fbhl lmheumtlrs oltwllm prenrbd `lbilrs bmi èhb` bhters wglrl @H[s


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herl prbhtjhl js hemstbmt`y deil`libmi met sjdp`y tbàli boeut, lmheur-bnli, er jdpesligl`p ijsse`vl rlsjstbmhl bdemn salptjhs er eppemlmts.Xlhemi, tgl hrlbtjem ef obrnbjmjmn brlmbs (L`derl, 2:>:) js lmheurbnli,wglrl tlbhglrs, tlbhglr hebhgls, bmi èhb` butgerjtjls nlt tenltglr te ijshussprenrlss, jilmtjfy jmstjtutjemb` hemstrbjmts, bmi dbal mlhlssbry bibptbtjems tefbhj`jtbtl tgl hemse`jibtjem bmi lxpbmsjem ef tgl prbhtjhl. Xuhg bibptbtjemsdby jmve`vl, fer lxbdp`l, rl`lbsl ef bidjmjstrbtjvl bmi etglr lxtrbhurrjhu`brrlqujrldlmts fer tlbhglrs, hgbmnls jm tgl shgee` vjsjt pretehe`s usli oy suplr-vjsers, er mlw brrbmnldlmts te njvl tlbhglrs derl tjdl fer @H[-rl`btli pre-flssjemb` ilvlèpdlmt. Bmi tgjri, tgl @H[ deil` jtsl`f rldbjms umilr hem-stbmt rlvjsjem bmi bibptbtjem. Ygreung tgljr hemstbmt prlslmhl jm shgee`s bmi

preflssjemb` ilvlèpdlmt slssjems, @H[ `lbilrs nbjm flrstgbmi amew`linl efbsplhts ef tgl deil` tgbt mlli bibptbtjem. Xedl jdpertbmt hgbmnls tgl erjnj-mb` deil` gbs umilrneml jmhùil b ilhjsjem te usl tgl efflhjb` hurrjhuùd bstgl dbcer seurhl ef tepjhs fer tuterjmn (wglm @H[ stbrtli, tgl tlxts bmi preo-`lds efflrli te tlbhglrs wlrl tbalm fred lxtlrmb` seurhls) bmi tgl jmhùsjemef b`` suoclht dbttlrs jm tgl hbtbèns ef tepjhs (jm tgl olnjmmjmn, tgl fehus wbscust em dbtg, `jtlrbturl, bmi Lmn`jsg) (_jmhm-Nb``brie lt b`., ?;;:).

@H[ bs b Xehjb` Devldlmt3 Detjvbtjems, Deoj`jzjmn Xtruhturls,bmi [e`jtjhb` Eppertumjtjls

B h`lbr fehus em b sjdp`lylt rbijhb` trbmsferdbtjem ef jmstruhtjemb` prbhtjhlgbs b`èwli @H[ bhters te ilvlèp b heddem jmstruhtjemb` prbhtjhl, b sgbrliijsheursl bmhgerli em tgl jmstruhtjemb` herl, bmi b fumi ef sgbrli hemtlmtamew`linl. Ygl lxpbmsjem ef @H[s herl prbhtjhl fred b gbmifu` te tgeu-sbmis ef shgee`s gbs surprjsli dbmy liuhbtjemb` butgerjtjls bs wl`` bs tgl erjn-jmb` `lbilrs ef tgl preclht tgldsl`vls (Hdbrb, jm prlss). Ylbhglrs jm @H[ iemet rlhljvl bmy lxtrb demly er bmy hbrllr bivbmhldlmt prjvj`lnl fer pbrtjhj-pbtjmn jm tgl preclht. Dbmy ef tgld pby eut ef tgljr ewm pehalts te ernbmjzlpuo`jh prlslmtbtjems bmi ilvlèp mltweras wjtg etglr tlbhglrs bmi shgee`ser te hrlbtl mlw spbhls bmi tjdl fer preflssjemb` ilvlèpdlmt. Xedl lvlm

nlt jm treuo`l wjtg tgljr jddlijbtl liuhbtjemb` butgerjtjls fer lmnbnjmn jm bprbhtjhl tgbt js bt eiis wjtg hemvlmtjemb` shgee`jmn prbhtjhls. B`` tgly rlhljvljs bhhlss te b mltwera ef suppert wjtg derl lxplrjlmhli hebhgls. Zlt tlbhglrsbrl devjmn, deoj`jzjmn olyemi wgbt tgl jmjtjbters ef tgl preclht heuì gbvljdbnjmli. ^gbt devls tgld js b rl`lvbmt bmi jdpertbmt qulstjem te hemsjilr.

@H[ pbrtjhjpbmts gbvl hemstruhtli b he``lhtjvl jilmtjty bmi ijsheursl tgbtflmis jts herl detjvbtjem jm `lbrmjmn bmi gl`pjmn etglrs `lbrm tgreung tute-rjb` rl`btjemsgjps. Ygl dbcer seurhl ef detjvbtjem ef @H[ bhters, rlnbri`lss efferdb` jmstjtutjemb` re`l, hedls fred lxplrjlmhjmn b prefeumi trbmsferdbtjem

bt tgl `lvl` ef tgl jmstruhtjemb` herl3 @H[ pbrtjhjpbmts gbvl ijshevlrli nbpsjm tgljr ewm amew`linl, eplmli tgldsl`vls up te rlhljvl tgl suppert ef tgljrhebhgls bmi pllrs te `lbrm mlw tepjhs, bmi ilvlèpli jmsjngt bmi hemflilmhlte `lbrm bmi tlbhg. Ygly gbvl ilvlèpli hèslr plibnenjh bmi bfflhtjvl rl`b-


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tjemsgjps wjtg tgljr stuilmts. Bmi, dbyol derl jdpertbmt`y, tgly gbvl metjhlitbmnjo`l jdprevldlmts jm tgljr stuilmts hemflilmhl, lmnbnldlmt, bmi saj``ste `lbrm bmi tlbhg. Ygly sll tgljr stuilmts tbajmn oeeas te tgljr gedls1 sgew-jmn up jm shgee`s jm tgl bftlrmeems bmi em wllalmis1 èsjmn trbha ef tjdlbmi djssjmn ùmhg orlbas1 nbjmjmn vjsjo`l hemflilmhl te `lbrm em tgljr ewm,te prlslmt tgljr wera jm puo`jh, bmi te gl`p etglrs `lbrm (_jmhm-Nb``brie,?;22). Yglsl trbmsferdbtjems jm tgl jmstruhtjemb` herl jmspjrl @H[ bhters tehemtjmul hemse`jibtjmn bmi lxpbmijmn tgljr heumtlrhu`turb` prbhtjhl olyemitgljr jddlijbtl jmstjtutjemb` slttjmns (_jmhm-Nb``brie, ?;2?).

^gj`l tgly fbhl slvlrb` tlmsjems wjtg jmstjtutjemb` merds, prbhtjhls, bmistruhturls surreumijmn tgljr prbhtjhl, @H[ bhters gbvl ollm bo`l te usl

bmi hrlbtl ferdb` bmi jmferdb` deoj`jzjmn struhturls te lxpbmi @H[s herlprbhtjhl te b `brnlr mudolr ef shgee`s bmi te jmulmhl tgl ilvlèpdlmt ef[LD@L. Xuhg deoj`jzjmn struhturls jmhùil heddumjtjls ef prbhtjhl, shgee`vjsjts, shgee` jmtlrhgbmnls, bmi puo`jh ildemstrbtjems te eutsjilrs, wglrl tglherl prbhtjhl ef tuterjb`s js sgewhbsli, hemse`jibtli, bmi ijssldjmbtli. oy FlrmbmieNemz`lz, ilputy djmjstlr ef obsjh liuhbtjem bt tgbt tjdl, bftlr vjsjtjmn bm @H[shgee` jm slbrhg ef lfflhtjvl b`tlrmbtjvls te puo`jh liuhbtjem jm dbrnjmb`jzliheddumjtjls. Bftlr eoslrvjmn tgl eutstbmijmn wera ef stuilmts bmi tgljr sjm-n`l tlbhglr jm tgl sdb`` heddumjty ef Xbm _bdm (Sbhbtlhbs), gl puo`jh`ybsali gjs tlbd ef bivjslrs bmi tgl ilputy djmjstlr ef liuhbtjem jm tgl stbtl tegl`p gjd lxpbmi @H[ te dbmy derl shgee`s bhress tgl heumtry (Hdbrb, jmprlss). Ygjs vjsjt jmspjrli tgl hrlbtjem ef b pjèt prenrbd tgbt lxpbmili tglherl prbhtjhl ef @H[ te boeut feur gumirli shgee`s jm tgl fe`èwjmn twe ylbrs

bmi, derl rlhlmt`y, tgl `bumhg ef [LD@L. Ygjs orebilr mbtjemb` jmjtjbtjvl gbs,te tgjs ibtl, fbhj`jtbtli tgl lxpbmsjem ef @H[s prbhtjhl te sjx tgeusbmi shgee`sbhress tgl heumtry tgreung tgl hrlbtjem ef sehjb` mltweras wglrloy tgl herlprbhtjhl ef tuterjb`s js sgewhbsli, hemse`jibtli, bmi ijssldjmbtli.


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Bmetglr jdpertbmt pe`jtjhb` eppertumjty wbs hrlbtli wglm Ib`j`b @plz, b`lbijmn dldolr ef HLBH, tgl MNE tgbt flrst ilvlèpli tgl @H[ deil`, wbsjmvjtli te cejm tgl Ilpbrtdlmt ef Jmmevbtjem bt tgl Djmjstry ef Obsjh Liuhb-tjem jm ?;;6. Ib`j`b wbs bo`l te nrbiub``y jmhùil slvlrb` etglr dldolrs efHLBH em glr tlbd bmi te orjmn @H[ te tgl bttlmtjem ef jmulmtjb` pe`jhy dba-lrs bt tgl Djmjstry ef Liuhbtjem. Ygl jmherperbtjem ef @H[ `lbilrs jmte tglIlpbrtdlmt ef Jmmevbtjem nrbmtli tgl nreup bhhlss te rlseurhls bmi pe`jtjhb`jmulmhl te hrlbtl stbtl-`lvl` tlbds wjtg lxjstjmn stbff, te ilvlèp tgljr hbpbh-jty te jmjtjbtl tuterjb` mltweras jm h`bssreeds, bmi te predetl shgee` vjsjts bmijmtlrhgbmnls wjtgjm bmi bdemn stbtls te ijssldjmbtl tgl mlw prbhtjhl te bduhg `brnlr mudolr ef shgee`s tgbm b sdb`` MNE heuì lvlr gbvl rlbhgli.

Ygl jmherperbtjem ef @H[ `lbilrs jmte tgl Djmjstry ef Liuhbtjem ehhurrjmnsjdu`tbmleus`y wjtg tgl nrbssreets deoj`jzbtjem ef tlbhglrs bmi èhb` `lbilrsturmli eut te ol b pjvetb` lvlmt fer tgl `brnl-shb`l re`èut ef tgjs deil`.

B @btlmt _jsa3 Fred Xehjb` Devldlmt te Mlw Ourlbuhrbhy

Ygus fbr, [LD@L gbs rlbhgli sjx tgeusbmi shgee`s tgreung tgl hrlbtjem efmltwera meils jm pbrtjhjpbtjmn shgee`s, rlnjems, bmi stbtls wglrloy @H[s herlprbhtjhl js sgewhbsli, rlflmli, bmi ijssldjmbtli. Furtglrderl, tgl prbhtjhl eftuterjb`s gbs stbrtli plrdlbtjmn tgl wjilr liuhbtjemb` systld jm ijvlrsl wbys,

wgjhg jmhùil3 tgl jmtlnrbtjem ef slvlrb` prenrbds jmte b mbtjemwjil strbt-lny tgbt usls @H[s herl prbhtjhl bs jts umjfyjmn prjmhjp`l (ININJL, ?;22)1b rlhlmt`y bpprevli mbtjemwjil bnrlldlmt tgbt lxp`jhjt`y prlslmts tuterjb`mltweras bs b ilsjrbo`l prbhtjhl bhress tgl A: systld (XL[, ?;22)1 bmi tgljmherperbtjem ef tgl tuterjb` mltwera deil` bs tgl herl prbhtjhl fer jmtreiuh-tery heursls fer b`` jmhedjmn nrbil > stuilmts bmi tgljr tlbhglrs bhress Dlxj-hbm puo`jh shgee`s. Ygl hurrlmt bidjmjstrbtjem gbs p`bms te furtglr lxpbmi[LD@L te mjml tgeusbmi shgee`s bmi, wjtg vbryjmn ilnrlls ef jmtlmsjty, derltgbm tgjrty tgeusbmi èw-plrferdjmn shgee`s jm Dlxjhe. Jm tgl prehlss, @H[sherl prbhtjhl gbs stbrtli te devl eutwbri fred tgl fbdj`jbr tlrrjtery ef Yl`lsl-

humibrjb jmte b derl ijvlrsl pertfe`je ef urobm bmi rurb` shgee`s bt ijfflrlmtnrbil `lvl`s. Derl jdpertbmt`y, wjtg [LD@L tgl prbhtjhl js devjmn eut ef bmltwera ef shgee`s tgbt veùmtbrj`y eptli jmte tgl prbhtjhl bmi jmte b he``lh-tjem ef shgee`s oljmn rlqujrli te biept tgl prbhtjhl oy vjrtul ef tgljr stbtus bsèw-plrferdjmn shgee`s. [LD@L fbhls tgl hgb``lmnl ef bhhedp`jsgjmn b irb-dbtjh sgjft jm shb`l wgj`l bt tgl sbdl tjdl lmsurjmn tgl jmtlnrjty ef tgl deil`.Ygreung jts rbpji lxpbmsjem, [LD@L rums tgl rjsa ef turmjmn b sehjb` devl-dlmt jmte b mlw ourlbuhrbhy.

@H[ gbs nrewm bs b prbhtjhl `brnl`y olhbusl jt gbs lmnbnli bm lvlr-nrewjmn

mudolr ef plep`l jm b heddem `lbrmjmn preclht hemmlhtli tgreung b sehjb`mltwera. Ygl fumibdlmtb` hemijtjems tgbt lmbo`l `lbrmjmn jm tgjs mltwerabrl twefeì. Fjrst, plep`l wera jm fbhl-te-fbhl rl`btjemsgjps wjtg etglrs wgebrl, em sedl ijdlmsjem, derl amew`linlbo`l tgbm tgly brl boeut tgl wera


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bt gbmi. Ygly ie tgjs wjtg tgl lxplhtbtjem tgbt tgly tgldsl`vls wj`` bssudltgl sbdl re`l vjs--vjs etglrs. Xlhemi, amew`linl devls tgreung tgl mltweratgreung b rl`jbmhl em puo`jh ijsheursl boeut tgl `lbrmjmn, wgjhg, jm turm,rljmferhls bhheumtboj`jty fer qub`jty bdemn dldolrs ef tgl mltwera. Yglhgb``lmnl glrl js te hemtjmul oujìjmn tgl sehjb` mltwera deil` eut, tgreungsuhhlssjvl stbnls, jmte sl`f-rlpreiuhjmn mltweras obsli em fbhl-te-fbhl rl`b-tjemsgjps bmi puo`jh ijsheursl.

@H[s tuterjb` systld js stj`` glbvj`y ilplmilmt em tgl hurrjhu`br dbtlrj-b`s fred tgl erjnjmb` Yl`lslhumibrjbs, wgjhg wlrl ouj`t fer bm lmtjrl`y ijfflr-lmt purpesl jm bm lmtjrl`y ijfflrlmt lrb. Ygl mltwera `lbilrs bmi tuters brlolnjmmjmn te orjmn mlw amew`linl bmi dbtlrjb`s jmte tgl mltwera fred tgljr

ewm prbhtjhls bmi tgljr ewm `lbrmjmn, out tgbt prehlss mllis jmfrbstruhturlbmi suppert te dllt met em`y tgl hgb``lmnls ef shb`l out b`se tgl hgb``lmnlsef allpjmn up wjtg tgl ildbmis ef jmhrlbsjmn`y bdojtjeus `lbrmlrs. [LD@Lweuì ol bm jilb` slttjmn te lxplrjdlmt wjtg vbrjeus eplm-bhhlss deil`s fersgbrjmn hurrjhuùd dbtlrjb`s bmi jmqujry tbsas tgreung tgl mltwera ef shgee`s,tuters, bmi stuilmts. Jm tgl boslmhl ef slrjeus bttlmtjem te tgl qubmtjty, qub`-jty, bmi bhhlssjoj`jty ef gjng-qub`jty hurrjhuùd dbtlrjb`s, [LD@L heuì s`jiljmte dlijehrjty.

Ygl prlssurl te vbst`y jmhrlbsl tgl shb`l ef @H[ tgreung [LD@L hedlsfred b nrewjmn rlb`jzbtjem jm tgl mbtjemb` nevlrmdlmt tgbt Dlxjhe fbhls b hrj-

sjs ef qub`jty jm jts shgee`s. Ygl jmtreiuhtjem ef b mbtjemb` tlstjmn systld gbsfehusli puo`jh ilobtl em jssuls ef tlbhglr qub`jty bmi stuilmt plrferdbmhl.[LD@L hurrlmt`y gbs gjng vjsjoj`jty jm Dlxjhe bs b predjsjmn pbtg tewbri sjn-mjflhbmt jdprevldlmts jm tgl qub`jty ef `lbrmjmn fer stuilmts bmi tlbhglrs.Out tgl nrewjmn fehus em mbtjemb` tlstjmn hbm b`se orjmn jrrlpbrbo`l gbrdte tgl wera ef [[email protected] gbs `bumhgli jts mbtjemb` tlstjmn prenrbd(XL[, ?;2?) wjtgeut illp hemsjilrbtjem ef wgbt tgl tlsts bhtub``y dlbsurl bmiwgltglr rlwbrijmn bmi pumjsgjmn shgee`s obsli em tgljr tlst plrferdbmhl jsbhtub``y b ilflmsjo`l tglery ef shgee` jdprevldlmt. Ygl suhhlss ef [LD@L bsbm jdprevldlmt strbtlny wj`` rlqujrl b tgeungtfu` bpprebhg te bsslssdlmt tgbt

hemsjilrs dlbsurls ef qub`jty bs wl`` bs dlbsurls ef plrferdbmhl, bttlmtjemte tgl sehjb` bmi hu`turb` purpesls ef `lbrmjmn bs wl`` bs tgl jmstrudlmtb` pur-pesls, bmi b wj``jmnmlss te suoclht tgl tlst-bmi-pumjsg tglery ef bhheumtboj`jtyte tgl sbdl stbmibris ef lfflhtjvlmlss bs b`tlrmbtjvl tglerjls ef bhheumtboj`jtybmi jdprevldlmt.

^jtgeut tgl dest sb`jlmt flbturls ef @H[ bs b sehjb` devldlmt, [LD@Lweuì qujha`y ilve`vl jmte cust bmetglr ourlbuhrbtjh preclht. Jm jts jmjtjb`stbnls, @H[ wbs njvlm b sgl`tlrli stbtus wjtgjm tgl nevlrmdlmt bs b pjèt prec-lht tgbt nrbmtli pbrtjhjpbtjmn tlbhglrs bmi èhb` butgerjtjls `llwby te ilpbrt

fred hemvlmtjemb` struhturls bmi prbhtjhls, tgus pretlhtjmn jt fred oljmnjmherperbtli jmte tgl dbjmstrlbd ourlbuhrbtjh struhturl. Bs tgl vjsjoj`jty eftgl wera gbs jmhrlbsli, tgl prlssurl te jmherperbtl tgl prbhtjhl jmte dbjm-strlbd jmstjtutjems js jmhrlbsjmn tee. Ygl rldliy fer tgjs prlssurl wj`` met


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Dest liuhbtjemb` pe`jhjls brl ilvlèpli bt tgl flilrb` `lvl`, out sjmhl ilhlmtrb`jzb-tjem ef liuhbtjemb` slrvjhls jm tgl `btl 2:7;s, stbtl djmjstrjls ef liuhbtjem brl b`è-

hbtli rlseurhls te jdp`ldlmt flilrb` pe`jhy bmi gbvl sedl pewlr te ilvlèp tgljr ewmprenrbds. Bs dlijbters oltwllm flilrb`/stbtl pe`jhy bmi h`bssreeds, suplrvjsers bmirlnjemb` bmi slhter `lbilrs gbvl rl`btjvl lxjoj`jty te sl`lht flilrb`/stbtl prenrbds fertgljr shgee`s bmi rlnjems.

9. ^l hgeesl te hb`` @H[s herl prbhtjhl sjdp`l qujtl il`jolrbtl`y. ^gj`l tbajmn fernrbmtli tgbt `lbrmjmn js b hedp`lx pglmedlmem, @H[ efflrs b rl`btjvl`y sjdp`l deil`3lmheurbnjmn eml-em-eml lmheumtlrs oltwllm plep`l wge dbstlr tgl prbhtjhl bmi tgesl

wge brl jm tgl prehlss ef `lbrmjmn jt. @H[s prbhtjhl js b`se sjdp`l wglm hedpbrlite tgl gjng`y prlshrjptjvl, du`tj`bylrli, bmi dbtlrjb`-glbvy prbhtjhls lmheurbnli oydest `brnl-shb`l liuhbtjemb` rlferds. @H[ bhters gbvl il`jolrbtl`y hgeslm met te pre-iuhl mlw dbtlrjb`s, ferdbts, er dbmub`s bmi gbvl jmstlbi fehusli em prevjijmn bdp`leppertumjtjls te nbjm lxpesurl te bmi try eut tgl prbhtjhl ef tuterjb`s. Ygl qub`jfllrsjdp`l iels met gbvl fer us b mlnbtjvl hemmetbtjem bmi, bs wl furtglr lxp`bjm jm tgjslssby, wl stremn`y ol`jlvl tgl sjdp`jhjty ef tgl prbhtjhl js b hrjtjhb` fbhter jm jts rl`btjvl`yrbpji lxpbmsjem.


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Hdbrb, N. (jm prlss). Jmmevbhjm, ilshuorjdjlmte y hbdoje lstruhturb` lm rlils il tuterb.Xe`jhjtli pbplr fer _lvjstb Liuhbrl.

Hbrvbcb`, L. (?;;8). \mb djrbib b `bs bu`bs il tl`lslhumibrjb. _lhemstruhhjm il` deilèplibnnjhe lm l` hbse il `bs dbtldtjhbs._lvjstb @btjmebdlrjhbmb il Lstuijes Liuhbtj-ves, 82(8), 2>).Liuhbhjm il biu`tes lm l` Hlrre il `b Hruz. Hgj-gubgub, Dxjhe3 HLN-HLD[BL.

Hlmtre il Lstuijes Nlmlrb`ls QHLNT. (2::9). Lspbhjes il jmmevbhjm preflsjemb` lm `b lshul`bprjdbrjb. Hgjgubgub, Dxjhe3 Butger.

Heourm, H. (?;;2). He``lhtjvl slmsl dbajmn boeut rlbijmn3 Gew tlbhglrs dlijbtl rlbijmnpe`jhy jm tgljr preflssjemb` heddumjtjls.Liuhbtjemb` Lvbùbtjem bmi [e`jhy Bmb`ysjs,?8(?), 29;.

Heourm, H. (?;;9). Olyemi ilheup`jmn3 _ltgjmajmn tgl rl`btjemsgjp oltwllm tgl jmstjtu-tjemb` lmvjremdlmt bmi tgl h`bssreed. Xehjeèny ef Liuhbtjem, >>(8), ?22?99.

Ibtmew, B., Guoobri, @., & Dlgbm, G. (?;;?).Lxtlmijmn liuhbtjemb` rlferd3 Fred eml shgee` tedbmy. Mlw Zera3 _eut`linl Fb`dlr.

Ibtmew, B., & [bra, V. (?;;:). Hemhlptub`jzjmn jdp`ldlmtbtjem3 @brnl-shb`l rlferd jm bmlrb ef hedp`lxjty. Jm N. Xyals & I. [`bma (Lis.), BL_B gbmioeea em liuhbtjemb` pe`jhyrlslbrhg(pp. 897862). ^bsgjmntem, IH3 Bdlrjhbm Liuhbtjemb` _lslbrhg Bssehjbtjem.

Ijrlhhjm Nlmlrb` pbrb l` Ilsbrre`è il `b Nlstjm y `b Jmmevbhjm Liuhbtjvb QININJLT.(?;2;). [renrbdb ldlrnlmtl pbrb `b dlcerb il` ènre liuhbtjve3 Iehudlmte obsl. DlxjheHjty, Dxjhe3 Xuoslhrltbrb il Liuhbhjm Osjhb.

Ijrlhhjm Nlmlrb` pbrb l` Ilsbrre`è il `b Nlstjm y `b Jmmevbhjm Liuhbtjvb QININJLT.(?;22).Lstrbtlnjb jmtlnrb` pbrb b dlcerb il` enre liuhbtjve3 Erjlmtbhjemls y rlhedlmibhjemls

pbrb eplrbr `b LJD@L ilsil l` lmfequl il rl`bhjemls tuterbs. Dlxjhe Hjty, Dxjhe3 Xuoslh-

rltbrb il Liuhbhjm Osjhb.Ijrlhhjm Nlmlrb` pbrb l` Ilsbrre`è il `b Nlstjm y `b Jmmevbhjm Liuhbtjvb QINI-NJLT. (?;2?). Bm`jsjs il jdpbhte il` [LD@L lm slhumibrjbs3 _lsu`tbies prulob [email protected] Djdle.

IuFeur, _. (?;;9). ^gbt js b preflssjemb` `lbrmjmn heddumjty5Liuhbtjemb` @lbilrsgjp,62(7), 622.

L`derl, _. F. (2:>:). Obhawbri dbppjmn3 Jdp`ldlmtbtjem rlslbrhg bmi pe`jhy ilhjsjems.[e`jtjhb` Xhjlmhl Rubrtlr`y, :9(9), 6;2626.

L`derl, _. F. (2::6). Nlttjmn te shb`l wjtg neei liuhbtjemb` prbhtjhl. Gbrvbri Liuhbtjemb`_lvjlw, 66(2), 2?6.

L`derl, _. F. (?;;9). Xhgee` rlferd fred tgl jmsjil eut3 [e`jhy, prbhtjhl, bmi plrferdbmhl, Hbd-orjinl, DB3 Gbrvbri Liuhbtjem [rlss.

L`derl, _. F. (?;;>). [reflssjemb` mltweras bmi shgee` jdprevldlmt. Xhgee` Bidjmjstrbter,69(9), ?;?9.

L`derl, _. F. (?;22). Yrbmsferdbtjem ef `lbrmjmn jm rurb` Dxjhe3 B plrsemb` rllhtjem. \mpuo-`jsgli pbplr.

L`derl, _. F., [ltlrsem, [. @., & DhHbrtgly, X. C. (2::6). _lstruhturjmn jm tgl h`bssreed3 Ylbhg-jmn, `lbrmjmn bmi shgee` ernbmjzbtjem. Xbm Frbmhjshe3 Cessly-Obss.

Nbmz, D. (?;;:). ^gy Ibvji sedltjdls wjms3 @lbilrsgjp, ernbmjzbtjem, bmi strbtlny jm tgl Hb`jfer-mjb fbrd weralr devldlmt. Mlw Zera3 Exferi \mjvlrsjty [rlss.

Nrjmi`l, D. X. (?;;9).Ilspjtl tgl eiis3 Ygl hemtlmtjeus pe`jtjhs ef liuhbtjem rlferd. [rjmhltem,MC3 [rjmhltem \mjvlrsjty [rlss.

Nressdbm, F. (?;2;). Ijsslmt fred wjtgjm3 Gew liuhbtjemb` jmsjilrs usl pretlst te hrlbtl

pe`jhy hgbmnl.Liuhbtjemb` [e`jhy, ?9(9), 6


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Guolrdbm, D. (2::). [JXB ?;;6 lm Dxjhe.Dlxjhe Hjty, Dxjhe3 Butger.

Jmstjtute Mbhjemb` pbrb `b Lvbùbhjm il `b Liuhbhjm QJMLLT. (?;;:). L` Bprlmijzbcl lmtlrhlre il slhumibrjb lm Dxjhe. Jmferdl seorl ès rlsu`tbies il Lxhb`l ;:, Bp`jhbhjm ?;;7.Dlxjhe Hjty, Dxjhe3 Butger.

Clmmjmns, M. L. (2::6). Jmtlrprltjmn pe`jhy jm rlb` h`bssreeds3 Hbsl stuijls ef stbtl rlferd bmitlbhglr prbhtjhl. Mlw Zera3 Ylbhglrs He``lnl [rlss.

Cegmstem, G., & A`bmilrdbms, O. (Lis.). (2::8(:), 6>86>>.

@jtt`l, C. ^. (?;;?). @ehbtjmn `lbrmjmn jm tlbhglrs heddumjtjls ef prbhtjhl3 Eplmjmn uppreo`lds ef bmb`ysjs jm rlheris ef lvlryiby wera. Ylbhgjmn bmi Ylbhglr Liuhbtjem,27(7)3 :2>:96.

@plz, I., & _jmhm-Nb``brie, X. (?;;8) @b hbpbhjtbhjm brtlsbmb` y `b preflsjemb`jzbhjm il `b`boer iehlmtl lm [esprjdbrjb. Dlxjhe Hjty, Dxjhe3 HEMBFL.

Dbrtmlz, F. (?;;:).Dlxjhe Hjty,Dxjhe3HLMLVB@.

_ljdlrs, F. (Li.). (?;;6). Bprlmilr ds y dlcer3 [e`tjhbs, prenrbdbs y epertumjibils il bprlm-ijzbcl lm Liuhbhjm Osjhb lm Dxjhe. Dlxjhe Hjty, Dxjhe3 Femie il Hu`turb Lhemdjhb.

_jmhm-Nb``brie, X. (?;;:). @b sustlmtboj`jibi il` hbdoje liuhbtjve lm Yl`lslhumibrjbs b trbvs ilhedumjibils il bprlmijzbclQ_lpert fer tgl Ilpbrtdlmt ef Jmmevbtjem bt tgl DlxjhbmDjmjstry ef LiuhbtjemT. Dxjhe3 Djdle.

_jmhm-Nb``brie, X. (?;22).Liuhbtjemb` hgbmnl bs lxplrjlmhli oy mjml tlbhglrs jm Dlxjhbm dbr-njmb`jzli puo`jh djii`l-shgee`s3 Hgb``lmnls bmi pessjoj`jtjls ef trbmsferdjmn shgee`s fred tgljmsjil eut(Rub`jfyjmn pbplr, Gbrvbri Nrbiubtl Xhgee` ef Liuhbtjem).

_jmhm-Nb``brie, X. (?;2?). @b trbmsferdbhjm il` mh`le plibnnjhe hede fulmtl ildetjvbhjm iehlmtl lm lshul`bs po`jhbs dlxjhbmbs.IJIBH, ).Xbmtjbne, Hgj`l3 [renrbdb il [redehjm il `b _lferdb Liuhbtjvb lm Bdrjhb @btjmb

y l` HbrjolFemie il Jmvlstjnbhjemls Liuhbtjvbs._ehgem, Y. _. (2::7). Hu`turl devls3 Jilbs, bhtjvjsd, bmi hgbmnjmn vbùls. [rjmhltem, MC3[rjmhltem \mjvlrsjty [rlss.


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Xbmtes, B. (?;;2). Epertumjibils liuhbtjvbs lm tl`lslhumibrjb y fbhterls qul `bs hemijhje-mbm. _lvjstb @btjmebdlrjhbmb il Lstuijes Liuhbtjves,82(8), 22


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Ygjs brtjh`l gbs ollm rlprjmtli wjtg plrdjssjem ef tgl Gbrvbri Liuhbtjemb` _lvjlw(JXXM

;;2>-7;

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