Pueblos Yoruba-Parlantes de la costa de esclavo del oeste de África por A. B. Ellis 1890

7/21/2019 Pueblos Yoruba-Parlantes de la costa de esclavo del oeste de frica por A. B. Ellis 1890

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Tucnhks Vkruno Torhomtcs bc ho Eksto bc Csehovks bch kcstc bc grfeo.

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Tucnhks Vkruno Torhomtcs

Bc ho

Eksto bc Csehovks bch kcstc bc grfeo.

su^chfafm, Jomcros, Ekstujnrcs, c!cs, cmauo"c, Cte.

Tkr

#. $. Chhfs.%&'()*.

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+Cseomcobk cm, Bfefcjnrc, &(((

{Mkto9 Eoptuhks -, -F, -FFy ch Opmbfec `om sfbk kjftfbksbc cstc c-hfnrk. Mksktrks cstorcjks oarcaombk cstc jotcrfoh cmoham pumtk cm ch guturk.

#hgrcb Chhfs $urbkm!"&'/, 4&'()#$uc um kgfefoh $rft?mfeky outkr, cm ho Eksto bc >rky hoEksto Csehovobch grfeokeefbcmtoh, ctmkarogo, hfma%stfeo cfm&cstfaoef'm `fst'rfeo.

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)mtrc sus knros j*s ekmkefbos fmehuycm hks hfnrks bc horchfaf'm, usks, ekstujnrcs, hcycs c fbfkjos bc hks C5c

porhomtcs y bc hks Vkrunoporhomtcs bc ònftomtcs bc ho Ekstobc Csehovks, os ekjk hks 2s3f+ 27f porhomtcs ònftomtcs bcho Eksto bc >rkbc grfeokeefbcmtoh.

)m ktrk tronok /uc sc bcserfnc ch grfeokeefbcmtoh hos fshos bc1omto Chcmo, #secmsfm, 0crmombkTkk, 4sho bchks, 1om

6fecmtc, 1om #mtkmfk, 9kr 5ohh, &'':8=cst #grfeom Fshombs. 2kmbkm, Eòpjom omb 5ohh, &'',$frst cbftfkm

81kut3 #grfeom s;cte3cs. 2kmbkm, Eòpjom omb 5ohh, &''D" 23c 2s3fO1Nco;fma NckNhcs kg t3c 9khb Ekost kg =cst#grfeo9 t`cfr rchfafkm, jommcrs, eustkjs, ho3s, homauoac cte.2kmbkm. Eòpjom > 5ohh, &''D" # 3fstkr! kg t3c 9khb Ekost kg =cst #grfeo. #hgrcb$urbkm Chhfs. - 7cprfmt +b. Ousa. " 2kmbkm &'(:. - Mc3

1kr09 Mcark 6mf&. rcss, &((823c VkrunoO1Nco;fma NckNhcs kg t3c 1hovc Ekost kg =cst#grfeo9 t`cfr rchfafkm, jommcrs, eustkjs, ho3s, homauoac cte.cstcpkr Bo3kjf, cm ch 1urOkcstcpkr TkrtkGkvky #NNo, cm ch 1urpkr ch jor, cm ch Cstcpkr $cmfm, y cmch Gkrtcpkr hos trfnus Jo3kjctomosbch fmtcrfkr /uc tfcmcmbcmtrk bc hks tfcjpks rcefcmtcs ekm/ufstobo y omc8obo ho

prk&fmefo bc hks Vkrunobc Fhkrfm, y bc /ufcmcs pucbc bcefrsco`kro /uc ch tcrrftkrfk sc c8tfcmbc oh bfstrftk sur ooprk8fjobojcmtc '.:C bc hotftub G.

ks Tucnhks Vkruno Torhomtcs. *a. /

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2os oarcsfkmcs bc cstos trfnus Jo3kjctomosekjcmBorkm juytcjpromk cm ch sfahk prcscmtc, y mk eonc mfmaumo bubo cstoprcsf'm bch Gkrtcguc ho /uc eous' /uc hks Vkrunosc jk&fcrom

oh sur y ekhkmfBorom ch hftkroh.

)h pos Vkrunoekjprcmbc hks cstobks sfaufcmtcs cm hooetuohfbob, k hos umfbobcs pkhtfeos9

A&@.Oho ekhkmfo $rft?mfeobc oaks, /uc eunrc ch grcmtc-jorcmtcrk cmtrc hks jcrfbfomks bch 7k bc #"orroy ch 7k bc$cmfmy `o onskrnfbk hks omtcrfkrcs 7cfmks motf&ks bc #NNo,Tk;ro, $oboar!, oaks, Tohjo, c;;f, #ho, 3fm, >ank, yo;rf.

A/@.OIctu. Astc cs ch cstobk keefbcmtoh. )s hfjftobk oh >cstcpkr Bo3kjf, oh sur pkr Tkrtk Gkvk, y oh cstc pkr Cano. Dus

hjftcs GkrtcLksskm fmbcgfmfbos.

A:@.OCano. @ucbo oh Cstcbc Ictuy oh 1ur-kcstcbc hksVkrunoprkpfojcmtc. Du eopftoh cs #nck;uto, H$o"k ho rkeoH.

A)@.Ocnu. Astc cs ch 7cfmk 1ur-krfcmtoh, y cst* bf&fbfbk cm /

prk&fmefos, hhojobo cnu^cjky cnu >bc. cnu >bctfcmcpkr eopftoh um pucnhk bch jfsjk mkjnrc, ho eopftoh bc cnu^cjksc hhojo >ggfm. )h rk >bk >jfcs ekmsfbcrobk ch hjftcGkrtc-keefbcmtohbc cnu, y, `onhombk oprk8fjobojcmtc,pucbc bcefrsc /uc ch tcrrftkrfk bc hks cnusc c8tfcmbc tfcrroobcmtrk o umo bfstomefo bc umos jfhhos bc ho ohnugcro.

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[email protected] Irfnus bc hks C;ftf. )stos trfnus /uc gkrjom umoekmgcbcroef'm /ucbom oh Gkrtc-cstcbc cnu >bc.

[email protected]. @ucbo oh Gkrtcbc cnu >bc.

[email protected]. )stc 7cfmk euyo eopftoh cs >!k,/ucbo oh Gkrtcbc hnobomy Cano, y

Fmtrkbuetkrfo. *a. :

`oefo ch >cstccstc hfjfto su bfstrftk 1urbcmtrk bc umos /jfhhos bc #nck;uto.

A'@.OF"cso, eopftoh Fhcso. )stc cstobk sc sfto oh 1ur-cstcbc hksVkrunoprkpfojcmtc.

A(@.OFgc, ho eopftoh bch jfsjk mkjnrc, cst* oh 1ur-kcstcbcF"cso.

A&@.O>mbk. )stc 7cfmk, eopftoh >mbksc sfto oh 1ur-krfcmtcbc Fg;ckbom, #bk, #7krf,c Fancssotkbks hks euohcs /ucbom oh sur bc Cano. Dus

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ònftomtcs skm Canobk, k Canos;ch sur !Cano-kbk, Canobcho eksto#.

2ks ònftomtcs bc tkbks cstks cstobks ònhom um fbfkjo, chVkruno. )hhks skm hhojobks Goakspkr hks 0romecscs, y pkrhks Fmahcscsskm mkjnrobks bcspus bc sus bf&fsfkmcs pkhtfeos,ekjk Cano, Fnobom, cnu, cte.

)h sfstcjo bc ohnugcro /uc cm ch htfjk &khujcm bc csto scrfcguc mkjnrobo ekjk /uc ekjfcmBo o umo ekrto bfstomefo oh>cstcbch ^k 6khto, cm ho Eksto bc >rk, sc c8tfcmbc o hk horakbch cmtcrk grcmtc-jor bch tcrrftkrfk keupobk pkr hos trfnusVkruno-ònhomtcs, y sc pcrjftc um eomoh ekmtfmuk bcsbc TkrtkGkvko $cmfm. 2o c8tcmsf'm bch ekmtfmcmtc cm ho bfrceef'm bch1ur, /uc guc jcmefkmobk cm ch htfjk &khujcm ekjk tpfek bcho jftob >eefbcmtohbc ho Eksto bc Csehovks, y /u pucbc scr

otrfnufbo fmbubonhcjcmtc o ho oeef'm bc ho ekrrfcmtc bc 9ufmco/uc efcrro ekm orcmo hos opcrturos bc omtcrfkrcs cmtrobos /ucc8fstfcrkm cm ho hmco-ekstcro, tojnfm cs fauohjcmtc mktonhc cmcstk, ho jftob >rfcmtohbc ho Eksto bc Csehovks< y,acmcrohjcmtc ònhombk, ch pos cs

ks Tucnhks Vkruno Torhomtcs. *a.)onfcrtk, phomk, y bcsprk&fstk bc pfcbros. cncs umoc8ecpef'm, sfcmbk bcmsojcmtc ornkhobk< pcrk porcec /ucjcmks tcrrftkrfk ò sfbk aomobk bcsbc ch jor 1urbc cn, yhomBobk bcsbc oaksacmcrohjcmtc, bc hks bfstrftks oh >cstc,

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cmtrc oaksy Bo3kjf. Oh Cstcbc oaksho &fco hmco-ekstcroporcec òncr sfbk eosf ekhfmbomtc ekm ho eksto Gkrtcbc hosohnugcros bc Irobuy c;;f, y ho &o-oauo euoh hks ekmceto o

chhks pkr &o bc CNf, jfcmtros /uc oh >cstccstk porcec tcmcrumo tcmbcmefo bc muc&k òefo ch Gkrtcj*s ohh* bc hos ohnugcrosbc >huacy TkrtkGkvk. )stk cs skhojcmtc bcspus eruBor hocstrceò ohnugcro k ch orrkyk hhojobk ch orrkyk #"orroeuohekrrc cm umo eur&o ekm&c8o bcsbc ho ohnugcro bc Tkrtk Gkvkòefo ch >;Noro, /uc pfcbros skm cmekmtrobos cm ch suchk< yoprk8fjobojcmtc /jfhhos oh kcstc bc cstk porcec òncr sfbkumo &cB umo arom noò ohh, ch hjftc GkrtcLkbc hk /uc cro chIk, k Jrom omtomk, bc Bo3kjf, :jfhhos bcsbc ch hftkrohprcscmtc. 2o hmco pumtcobo cm ch jopo oekjpoomtc jucstro hoprknonhc pksfef'm bc ho omtfauo hmco-ekstcro cmtrc ch ^k 6khtoy c;;f.

)h bfstrftk Gkrtcbc ho &fco hmco-ekstcro bc ho rcaf'm Vkrunosc hc&omto juy arobuohjcmtc cm umo suecsf'm noos tcmbfbosjcsctos. EruBobos pkr umos pkeos hmcos bc ekhfmos noos, ukmbuhoefkmcs cm ho tfcrro< pcrk umo eobcmo bc jkmtoos euyobfrceef'm acmcroh cs >rfcmtohy òefo ch >cstc, sc c8tfcmbc, ooprk8fjobojcmtc 'arobks hotftub Gkrtc, bcsbc Bo3kjfo ho

grkmtcro GkrtcLobc F"cso, b'mbc ch pos cs cseonrksk y bfgefh.Ofshobk y bc ekhfmos bcmsojcmtc-ornkhobos, bc 'o &,/pfcs bc ohtk, tojnfm skm cmekmtrobks cm Fgcy >mbk.

)m ohaumos portcs, ekjk cm 1o;ftf, Gkrtcbc #"orro, y cm


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Fmtrkbuetkrfo. *a.

ks Tucnhks Vkruno Torhomtcs. *a.

#nck;uto, ofshobos josos bc aromftk pcrjftcm c&fbcmefor bcarom bcmuboef'm. ;c `ce`k ho cmtcro eksto >eefbcmtohbcgrfeo, cmtrc hos 4shos bc ks, Djfhhos oh Gkrtcbc 1fcrrockmo, y oaks, y prknonhcjcmtc j*s ohh* bc csks hjftcs,jucstro rostrks bc umo bcmuboef'm cmkrjc. 2o jcso-eunfcrtobc ho Kkmtoo Ikgfu, euoh sc hc&omto puro bcsbc ch Gkrtchhomkbch 7k bc Jchf;urfo umo ohturo bc /,pfcs, cs skhk umrcjomcmtc bc umo fmjcmso akrro bc pfcbro orcmfseo /ucfmbubonhcjcmtc umo &cB eunrf' tkbk cso portc bch pos< y hoKkmtoo bc Irknk, umo ofshobo y prcefpftobo joso bc, 'pfcs bc ohtk, sftuobo cm ch hhomk bc Irknkcm ho Eksto bc >rk,

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umtk ekm hos jkmtoos jcso-eunfcrtos ekm prcefpfefks&crtfeohcs cm ch bfstrftk bc #to;hu, oh mkrtc bc ho ohnugcro bcMuftto3!Icto#, prknonhcjcmtc, euombk hks ac'hkaks /ufcrom

c8ojfmorho, sc bcjkstror* scr ktrks &cstfafks bc ho jfsjogkrjoef'm bc pfcbro orcmfseo.

;c ho `fstkrfo tcjpromo bc hks pucnhks Vkruno-porhomtcs, mobocs ekmkefbk, c8ecptk hk /uc pucbc cspfaorsc bc ho HKfstkrfo bcBo3kjc! bc BohchH, &D(:bcsbc ho euoh pkbro porcecr /uc,oh prfmefpfk bch sfahk&', tkbos hos trfnus bfgcrcmtcs cstonomumfbos, y akncrmobos pkr um 7cy /uc rcsfbf' cm ch _fck >!k, o&cecs hhojobk Iotumao. )h 7cfmk Vkrunotojnfm porcec`oncr sfbk j*s pkbcrksk /uc hks ktrks /arombcs 7cfmks#grfeomks, Bo3kjfy #s3omtf. )mtrc &D/)y &D/ch 7cyVkrunoeos' ho pchco bch 7cy bc #rbroeuyk 7cfmk `ono sfbkbcrrkeobk pkr Bo3kjf, y cm&f' um creftk arombc,

ekmsfstfcmbk prfmefpohjcmtc bc eonohhcro, o fm&obfr Bo3kjf.kr umo cstrotoacjo %&*hks Vkrunogucrkm bcrrktobks,

%&.Tucnhks C7


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euombk ho poB umo &cB famkrobo, guc `ceò. )m &D:'ktrkcreftk Vkrunofm&obf' Bo3kjf, bcrrkt' oh 7cy, y eoptur' y/ucj' o #ankjf, Iohfo, y _osso %&*y bcsbc csc tfcjpk cm

obchomtc hks Vkruno`fefcrkm umo fmeursf'm omuohjcmtc cmBo3kjf, oskhombk ch pos, y rctfr*mbksc bc muc&k oh ekjfcmBkbc hos hhu&fos. )stc cstobk bc osumtks sc trok o um gfm pkr umtrotobk bc poB cm &D)D, pkr euoh ch 7cy bc Bo3kjfekjcmB' opoaor um pcsobk trfnutk omuoh oh 7cy Vkruno. ;cspus bc cstkmksktrks mk kjks j*s bc hks Vkrunocm ho 5fstkrfo bc Bohch/uc s'hk cs hhc&obo òsto &D(&c8ecptk /uc, cm &D', chhksfmtcrgfrfcrkm poro prc&cmfr o hks Bo3kjfbch oto/uc bc Tkrtk-Gkvk< pcrk ch trfnutk porcec òncr sfbk poaobk cm hks bos bch7cy 9ckbc Bo3kjf!&'&'#.

)h Jkncrmobkr Bohchmks fmgkrjo, sfm cjnorak, /uc euombkhks HC!cksH%/*!Vkruno# cstonom fmsotfsgce`ks ekm um 7cy,

chhks hc cm&fonom umo bchcaoef'm o h ekm um prcscmtc bc3ucvks bc hkrk, y um jcmsoc cm euoh chhks ekmsfbcronom /uc hbcno cstor gotfaobk ekm hks eufbobks bch aknfcrmk, y /uc cstccro ch tfcjpk poro h bcseomsor y tkjor um pc/uck suck. Ohrcefnfr cstc jcmsoc, ch 7cy cm obchomtc sc rctfro o susopkscmtks, ekjk sf gucro bkrjfr, y cmtkmecs bo ho bfrceef'm o

sus jucrcs bc cstromauhorhk,%&.Tucnhks C5!kspkr hks &fckscserftkrcs, bcspus sc mkjnr' o su eopftoh, >!k.*

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ks Tucnhks Vkruno Torhomtcs. *a.'

2k euoh chhos oeucrbom òecr.%&*)m &DD), ch cmtkmecs 7cy

rceòB' tkjor ho fmbfrceto, y bc&kh&f' hks 3ucvks bc hkrk. 2kscgcs fmtcmtorkm opkyor ho ekstujnrc pkr ho gucrBo, y >e3cjf,ch prfjcr jfmfstrk cmeoncB' umo rcnchf'm, euoh guc, sfmcjnorak, ophostobo, y >e3cjf, y tkbo su mujcrkso gojfhfogucrkm pucstks poro ho jucrtc.

2o roB'm bc mksktrks tcmcr tom c8fauo fmgkrjoef'm bc tomarombc 7cfmk #grfeomk>rfcmtohcs /uc hks Vkrunomkònftorkm hks tcrrftkrfks cm ho eksto-jor, hos trfnus C5ckeuporkm ho hmco-eksto tom hcks oh Cstcekjk $oboar!, y hostrfnus bc $cmfmho pkref'm bcsbc $oboar!o $cmfm. 2os trfnusC5csc ònom c8tcmbfbk bc `ce`k o hk horak bc ho hmco-jorbch >cstcoh Cstc, y hos trfnus bc $cmfmbch Cstcoh >cstc, òsto

chhks cmekmtrorsc, y eunrfr tkbk ch tcrrcmk /uc bo oh jor bchtcrrftkrfk /uc cm ch fmtcrfkr cro keupobk pkr hks Vkruno. )stconombkmk pkr portc bc hks Vkrunoporo cjpuor onok òefo ohjor pucbc òncr sfbk cm portc bcnfbk o ho supcrstfef'm, bfeòpkr Bohch/uc9

HCh gctfe3c bc hks C!cks cro ch JorH,

1 /uc chhks y sus 7cycs crom ojcmoBobks ekm ho jucrtc pkr sussoecrbktcs sf chhks ohaumo &cB sc otrc&fcrom o jfror sknrc chKor. 2ks ekjcrefomtcs bc cseho&ks y ktrks, /ufcmcsgrceucmtorkm ho Eksto bc Csehovkburomtc ch htfjk sfahk, mkgucrkm os trobks oh ekmtoetk ekm hks Vkruno, y pkr

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ekmsfaufcmtc mksktrks kjks juy pkek sknrc chhks< jfcmtros hohftcroturo oecreo bc #s3omtfy Bo3kjf/uc, ekjk hks Vkruno,gucrkm krfafmohjcmtc pkbcrcs fmtcrfkrcs, pcrk euyos fm&osfkmcs

bc hks 7cfmks bc ho eksto trocrkm o chhks obcmtrk bch ekmtoetkekm hks CurkNcks, cs ojphfk.

)m hk /uc pucbc scr bctcrjfmobk, ho prfmefpoh gucrBo bc hksVkrunohofeks cro ho eonohhcro, /uc sc bceo /uc crom cmmjcrks bc

%&. )sto ekstujnrc pcrjomcef' ekm gucrBo òsto òec nostomtcrcefcmtcs tfcjpks, sf, bc `ce`k, cstk cst* o`kro cm tktoh c8tfmtk.*

Fmtrkbuetkrfo. *a.(

&., umo jomfgfcsto c8oacroef'm, hks eonohhks mumeo òm

sfbk tom mujcrksks cm hks pkeks bfstrftks bc grfeo>rfcmtohcm euoh cs pksfnhc poro chhks &f&fr.)h fmgkrjc oecreo bchmjcrk bc eonohhcro oheomB' o hks ekjcrefomtcs o tro&s bc hostrfnus bc ho eksto, /ufcmcs mk pkscycrkm mfmaumks eonohhks y/ufmcsgucrkm sfm bubo arombcjcmtc fjprcsfkmobks pkr hkscspcet*euhks bc umks pkeks mjcrks bc `kjnrcs jkmtobks.

Dcam ho trobfef'm, hk sfaufcmtc guc ch jtkbk bc bctcrjfmor chmjcrk bc `kjnrcs rc/ucrfbks poro umo c8pcbfef'm jfhftor.6mo pfch-nucy cro pcaobo onok cm grcmtc bc ho tfcmbo bchacmcroh, y hks `kjnrcs jkmtobks posonom sknrc csto cmsuecsf'm cmtrc /homBos. Euombk, pkr cstc prkecsk, um oaucrkòno sfbk `ce`k cm ho pfch, ch mjcrk bc `kjnrcs sc pcmsono

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ekjk sugfefcmtc poro umo eojpoo krbfmorfo. oro scrfoskpcroefkmcs /pfchcs-nucycs crom usobos, umo pucsto cmefjo bcho ktro.

Oum/uc ekjk mksktrks soncjks bcsbc ho 5fstkrfo bcBohch,>!k, k Vkruno, guc um pkbcrksk 7cfmk oh jcmks tom tcjpromkekjk cm &D/), ho `fstkrfo trobfefkmoh Vkrunomks hhc&o mk josotr*s /uc oh gfm bch sfahk&', um `ce`k /uc jucstro /u pkeoekmgfomBo pucbc pkmcrsc sknrc hos trobfefkmcs bc moefkmcs/ufcmcs skm bcsekmkecbkros bch ortc bc ho cserfturo. )h prfjcr7cy bc /ufcm hks ork;nf, k erkmfstos, tfcmcm ohamekmkefjfcmtk cs #"oank/ufcm porcec `oncr rcfmobk pkekbcspus bc &D'y euyk mkjnrc cs prcscr&obk cm ho groscjtrfeo euoh gfo ch rftjk bch tojnkr kafbfank, ekjk sfauc99nk, #"oank, ank kno ank, ;f cjf, ;f ksf ank.%&*

%&. HCmvc"ceo, #"oank, cmvc"ceo ^c!, cmvc"ceo, Nucbo !ktojnf


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A&@ Vkrunoprkpfojcmtc, euyo Eopftoh, _fck >!k, k Iotumao,cstono sftuobk ohaumos (jfhhos oh Gkrtcbch prcscmtc pucnhkbc >!k. )h 7cy bc cstc cstobk, euyk ttuhk cro #hogfm, k

#ho7kgfm, hftcrohjcmtc HUmk Ruc Nkscc ho cmtrobo bchNohoefkH, cro ch akncrmomtc sknrc tkbks hos trfnus Vkruno-porhomtcs.

A/@Cano, euoh sc c8tfcmbc oh 1ury >cstcbch omtcrfkr 7cfmk.Du prfmefpoh pucnhk guc #;c, y bc cstc ch cgc tkjono su ttuhkbc #ho;c, HUmk Ruc Nkscc #;cH.

A:@Ictu. )stc cro cmtkmecs, ekjk o`kro, ho prk&fmefo>eefbcmtoh. Du eopftoh cro Ictu, y bc csto ch cgc tkjono suttuhk bc #ho;ctu, HUmk Ruc Nkscc IctuH.

A)@ cnu, euoh sc c8tfcmbc oh 1ury Cstcbc hks Vkruno

prkpfojcmtc. )stc cstono bf&fbfbk cm cnu^cjuy cnu >bc,eobo umk tcmfcmbk su prkpfk cgc, pcrk ch akncrmomtc bchhtfjk, hhojobk ch #7u"ohc, guc ekmsfbcrobk ch cgc bch tkbk.

2ks akncrmomtcs bc hks Vkruno, Cano, y Ictucstfhorkm eoboumk hhojorsc S3crjomkW.

#"oankguc suecbfbk pkr #nfkbum, /ufcm sc bfk `unkbfsgrutobk um horak y poegfek 7cfmk, os /uc, ch rcfmk bc su`crjomk y suecskr, #rkaomaom, pubk cseosojcmtc `oncrekjcmBobk omtcs bc hks &'. ;uromtc ch 7cfmk bc #rkaomaomguc /uc ch 7cfmk bc hks VkrunoekjcmB' o /ucnrorsc. 2ks

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0uho, os porcec, fm&obfcrkm ch tcrrftkrfk bc hks Kouso, y hksuhtfjks, cjpuobks òefo ch sur, nuseorkm rcguafk cm hosGkrtcLosprk&fmefos bc hks Vkruno. #rkaomaomùnk

opumtohobk su sknrfmk, #gum"o, akncrmobkr bc Fhkrfm, ho Gkrtc-krfcmtoh

Fmtrkbuetkrfo. *a.&&

prk&fmefo, euoh ekmtu&k um arom mjcrk bc rcguafobks Kouso,y #gum"o, sfcmbk ojnfefksk, ekmefnf' ch prkycetk bc houtfhfBoef'm bc hks Kousocm krbcm bc bcstrkmor o su tk yòecrsc #hogfm. Dfcmbk sus phomcs joburobks, h hc&omt' umofmsurrceef'm, euoh cmekmtr' umo jcbfbo bc 8ftks, pkr/uc >!kcstono sftfobk, y #rkaomaom, cm krbcm bc c&ftor eocr cm hosjomks bc su sknrfmk, sc cm&cmcm'< pcrk #gum"omk guc `*nfhporo oscauror ch trkmk, os hks omefomks bc >!kchfafcrkm poro ho

jkmor/uo o #bcnk, ch `crjomk bc #rkaomaom, y #gum"otu&k/uc rctfrorsc o Fhkrfmb'mbc h jomtu&k umo scjf-fmbcpcmbfcmtc pksfef'm. )stks c&cmtks skm supucstks /ucùnfcrkm tcmfbk huaor oprk8fjobojcmtc cm &'D, y cstk gucoprk8fjobojcmtc oh jfsjk tfcjpk /uc ohaumks bc hksprfjcrks Vkrunocjpuorkm oh sur y ekhkmfBorkm oaks. )h

prfjcr cgc bc oakscro mkjnrobk #s3fNo, y cs bfe`k /ucùnk pcrtcmcefbk o ho gojfhfo bch #hogfm.

#bcnks'hk rcfm' oprk8fjobojcmtc )jcscs, y jurf' bcrcpcmtc, bc hk euoh cstk cro supucstk /uc h guc cm&cmcmobk. Ahguc suecbfbk pkr Jo;u, /ufcm sc csgkrB' pkr òecr eoncBo

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ekmtro hos trfnus Jo3kjctomos/ufcmcs o`kro cstonomprcsfkmombk bcsbc ch Gkrtc, pcrk h guc bcrrktobk cm umo aromnotohho, y ekjctf' sufefbfk, bcspus bc um rcfmk bc

oprk8fjobojcmtc s'hk :jcscs. 6m fmtcrrcamk o`kro suecbf',buromtc euoh hos rfcmbos bc pkbcr gucrkm rctcmfbos pkr ch >no-s3krum, k prfjcr jfmfstrk, y cstk mk guc òsto posobk oks/uc um muc&k 7cy, mkjnrobk Jo"ktu, guc chcafbk. Ah rcfm'oprk8fjobojcmtc Du 'oks, ekjctf' sufefbfk o eouso, hotrobfef'm bfec, bc ho joho ekmbueto bc su `fk, y guc suecbfbkpkr #jkbk.

ks Tucnhks Vkruno Torhomtcs. *a.&/

#gum"oòno, bcsbc &'D, pcrjomcefbk cm pkscsf'm bc Fhkrfm,b'mbc h ùnk nuseobk bc gkrtohcecrsc ch jfsjk pkr cmekrooro hks Jo3kjctomksporo cstonhcecrsc, y, oprk8fjobojcmtc cm

&'/, jfcmtros #jkbkcstono ekjprkjctfbk ekm ho fm&osf'mbc trfnus bcsbc ch Gkrtc, h bc muc&k `fBk ho aucrro sknrc hksVkruno. Ah eoptur' y bcstruy' um mujcrk bc pucnhks, y cstonooporcmtcjcmtc ecreo bc hhc&orsc tkbk omtc h, euombk, pkrohaumo roB'm /uc mumeo ò tromspfrobk, h guc hhc&obk otr*s ohpucnhk bc Fhkrfmpkr csks jfsjks jcrecmorfks Kousoo tro&s

bc euoh oyubo h òno cspcrobk òecrsc #hogfm, y gucpnhfeojcmtc /ucjobk &f&k. )h arupk Jo3kjctomkònosfbk buromtc ohaumks oks bkjfmomtcs cm Fhkrfm, y o`kro,bcehorombk /uc cstks yo mk rcekmkecrom o um 7cy Noaomk,chhks chfafcrkm o um Jo3kjctomkoh suprcjk pkbcr, ybcsumfcrkm ho ekmc8f'm ekm hks Vkruno.

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Fhkrfmo`kro tkj' ho prfjoeo cm ho fm&osf'm Jo3kjctomobchks Vkruno, y hks Vkrunoporcecm òncr sfbk fm&orfonhcjcmtc

&cmefbks. )m &':, euombk cstc guc &fsftobk pkr ombcr, )h&fck >!kcro tkbo&o ho eopftoh Vkruno, pcrk cmtrc &'::y&':csto guc eopturobo y bcstrufbo pkr hks Jo3kjctomks, yhks Vkruno, &khorkm òefo ch 1ur, y gumborkm su prcscmtcEopftoh >!k, oprk8fjobojcmtc (jfhhos oh sur bch &fck. 2ksCano, tkjorkm &cmtoo bch bcrrkeojfcmtk Vkruno,bcehor*mbksc chhks fmbcpcmbfcmtc, pcrk hks Vkruno, cm euomtkchhks cstu&fcrkm unfeobks cm su muc&k tcrrftkrfk, hks otoeorkmekm &fakr, y hks hhc&orkm gucro bc tkbks sus pucnhks GkrtcLks.6mo fmtcrjftcmtc aucrro hucak sc /ucb' òsto ecreooprk8fjobojcmtc &':', euombk hks Canoonombkmorkm sustcrrftkrfks, y sc jk&fcrkm oh sur, gumbombk su prcscmtc eopftoh,#nck;uto. )h muc&k pucnhk cstono bf&fbfbk cm &orfks bfstfmtks

Fmtrkbuetkrfo. *a.&:

euortks, k jumfefpfks euohcs gucrkm hhojobks bcspus ekjk umfauoh mjcrk bc pucnhks /uc ònom sfbk bcstrufbk cm hoaucrro, y umk bc chhks, #;c, tkbo&o ekmscr&o ch mkjnrc bc ho

&fco eopftoh Cano. Oum/uc cstks c&cmtks keurrfcrkm tomrcefcmtcjcmtc, chhks yo sc òm fm&cstfbk ekm ch jftk< yfs3onc, ch cgc /uc hks hhc&' o #nck;uto, cs ercbk pkr hksCanopkr òncr sfbk um afaomtc y um scjf-;fks.

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Oprk8fjobojcmtc oh jfsjk tfcjpk,Fnobom, um pucnhk bc ho&fco prk&fmefo bc hksCano, sftuobk o umos:jfhhos oh 1urbc>!k, sc bcehor' fmbcpcmbfcmtc bc hksCano< hks krfafmohcs

ònftomtcs bc Canoònom sfbk hhc&obks gucro pkr hks cnu, yhks htfjks, cm su turmk, pkr hks rcguafobks Vkruno. ?trosscecsfkmcs tu&fcrkm huaor, y pkr &')ch 7cfmk bc hks Vkrunosc òno `cmbfbk cm hks cstobks fmbcpcmbfcmtcs sfaufcmtcs.

A&@Vkruno, 1urbch &fck Vkruno, Eopftoh >!k.

A/@ Cano, 1ury >cstcbch &fck Cano, Eopftoh #nck;uto.

A:@Ictu.

A)@ cnu.

A@ Fnobom, um pc/uck cstobk oh 1urbc >!k. )stc pkscy' umomkjfmoh kncbfcmefo oh #hogfm, pkr/uc sus ònftomtcs cromrcguafobks Vkruno, pcrk crom rcohjcmtc fmbcpcmbfcmtcs.

A@ F"cso, um pc/uck cstobk oh 1urbc Fhkrfm. 1 o suakncrmomtc sc hc hhojono ch >7o.

AD@ Fgc, um pc/uck cstobk oh 1ur-kcstcbc F"cso. 1 o suakncrmomtc sc hc hhojono >mf.

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2o omtcrfkr prk&fmefo Vkrunobc Fhkrfmcstono o`kro `onftobopkr hks 0uho, $krmu, y Kouso, y guc bfe`k /uc tcmo umopknhoef'm bc :,, ',bc /ufcmcs

ks Tucnhks Vkruno Torhomtcs. *a.&)

cstonom cm ch pucnhk bc Fhkrfm. 2ks 0uhogucrkm ho roBobkjfmomtc, y ch aknfcrmk cstono cm sus jomks.

kek bcspus bc &')hos trfnus bc C;ftf, os chhks gucrkmhhojobks bcspus, cstk cs, hks `onftomtcs bc hks &orfks pucnhks/uc sc c8tfcmbcm cmtrc hnobomc F"cso, y ch fmjcbfotk tcrrftkrfkoh 1ur, gkrjorkm umo, ekmgcbcroef'm, euohcs prkmtk gucrkmumfbks pkr Fg


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Kfcmtros cstks c&cmtks cstonom tcmfcmbk huaor cm ch fmtcrfkr,oaks, /uc, ekjk mksktrks `cjks &fstk, guc ekhkmfBobk pkr hksVkrunooh prfmefpfk bch sfahk, sc òno `ce`k um huaor bc

ohaumo mktkrfcbob ekjk um cjpkrfk bc cseho&ks. 2os aucrroscm ch Gkrtc, euohcs ònom sfbk eosf fmecsomtc bcsbc ho rcnchf'mbc #gum"ooprk8fjobojcmtc cm &'D, ùnk rcsuhtobk cm hoeopturo bc jue`ks jfhcs bc prfsfkmcrks bc aucrro, bc ojnkssc8ks y tkbos hos cbobcs, y hks pckrcs bc stks, hks `kjnrcs /ucmk crom bc mfmaumo fjpkrtomefo hkeoh, y hos

Fmtrkbuetkrfo. *a.&

jucrcs /uc mk crom bc mfmam tfpk bc otroetf&k, crom, cmoeucrbk ekm ho pr*etfeo usuoh, &cmbfbks o hks ekjcrefomtcs bccseho&ks. oaksguc ch j*s ekm&cmfcmtc pucrtk, y chhks gucrkmpkr ekmsfaufcmtc sfm mujcrk noobks ohh cm arupks poro cspcror

ch cjnor/uc. )stc tr*gfek cm cseho&ks, ch euoh trok o oaksbcmtrk bc ohaumo mktkrfcbob ekjcmBobo oprk8fjobojcmtc chok &'&, y prkmtk hkar' juy arombcs bfjcmsfkmcs.

)m &':um gkrecck pkr ho suecsf'm suraf' cm oaks, y rcsuht'cm Iksk;k, guc ch hcatfjk suecskr, sfcmbk c8pchfbk bch 7cfmk

pkr su rf&oh >hu7khc/ufcm sc oscaur' ch trkmk poro h.>hu7khcjurf' cm &')&, y guc suecbfbk pkr #;ftk!c/ufcm guchk nostomtc tkmtk poro fm&ftor o Iksk;k/uc tkbo&o cstono &f&ky cm ch bcstfcrrk, o &cmfr y &f&fr cm oaks. Iksk;kr*pfbojcmtcoecpt' ho fm&ftoef'm, prkmtk cjpcB' o ekmspfror, y omtcs bcpkek tfcjpk cmekmtr' sugfefcmtc nucm opky' poro rcnchorsc. )m

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ch gkrecck /uc sfauf' ch pucnhk bc oaksguc /ucjobk, y#;ftk!chhc&obk oh bcstfcrrk. Ah cmekmtr' um rcguafk cm$oboar!, y, cm ch krbcm bc fmbuefr o hks Fmahcscso bcspksorsc

ekm su eouso, prkjctf' /uc, sf h cro rcfmtcarobk cm oaks, hpkbro oyuborhks o suprfjfr ch ekjcrefk bc cseho&k. )stomcakefoef'm &fmfcrkm oh ekmkefjfcmtk bc Iksk;k, h bcspoe`'umo gucrBo o $oboar!poro otoeor o #;ftk!c, euoh /ucj' chpucnhk, y jot' o um ekjcrefomtc Fmah


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gucak rctkrmobk. )h gucak bcsbc hks noreks tu&k, sfm cjnorak,pkeks cgcetks sknrc hks motf&ks, /ufcmcs gucrkm nfcm eunfcrtkspkr hos cjpohfBobos y porcbcs bc norrk, y umo portc bc &

`kjnrcs guc pkr hk tomtk hhc&obks o tfcrro. )hhks sc cmekmtrorkmskhks cm um honcrfmtk bc cstrceòs eohhcs, bc eobo cs/ufmo bc hoseuohcs chhks crom bfsporobks pkr cmcjfaks csekmbfbks, ybcspus bc pcrbcr o /gumefkmorfks jotobks y &orfks `kjnrcs`crfbks, chhks gucrkm ekjpchfbks o rctfrorsc o hks noreks.

)stc groeosk hhc&' o um j*s bctcrjfmobk oto/uc cm Bfefcjnrcsknrc ch bo /bc cstc jcs umo ekmsfbcronhc gucrBo, nok chekjombk bch EkjkbkrkK. =. $ruec, cmtr' cm ho ohnugcro cmhks noreks. 2ks motf&ks kgrcefcrkm umo knstfmobo rcsfstcmefo, ytcmo cm pksfef'm &orfos orjos, euohcs gucrkm sujojcmtc nfcmscr&fbos. )h 2cocr`fBk tfcrro cm grcmtc bc umo notcro, sknrceuoh su prkpfo orjo mk pubk scr trobo poro hhc&orho, y poro

soh&orho bc su bcstrueef'm sc `fBk mcecsorfk òecr tfcrro o umarupk y hhc&or ho notcro pkr osohtk. )stk guc `ce`k cm aohomtccstfhk, pcrk ekm ho gucrtc prbfbo bc &gumefkmorfk y &:`kjnrcsjucrtks, y )gumefkmorfks y &'`kjnrcs `crfbks. 2os

Fmtrkbuetkrfo. *a.&D

ktros cjnoreoefkmcs y noreks ònom cmtrctomtk jomtcmfbk umnkjnorbck &fakrksk, euoh guc jomtcmfbk tkbk csc bo, yekmtfmu' ho sfaufcmtc joomo bcsbc ch ohno òstooprk8fjobojcmtc hos &&o.j., euombk umo rceojoro cm ho krfhhoc8phkt' y pusk cm gucak oh pucnhk. 2os hhojos, o&f&obos pkr ho

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nrfso-jor, sc c8tcmbf' ekm ropfbcB mktonhc, y ch eohkr cro tomfmtcmsk /uc ch gucak !;fsporks# bc hks motf&ks sc jkbcr'arobuohjcmtc y hucak gfmohjcmtc sc bctu&k. 2o joomo

sfaufcmtc, Iksk;ky sus scaufbkrcs `unfcrkm onombkmobk chhuaor, hks $rft?mfektkeorkm tfcrro. )hhks cmekmtrorkm ho phoyogucrtcjcmtc cjpohfBobo, y umo cmgfhobos pfcBo bc ortfhhcro cmeobo prkjkmtkrfk. /orjos gucrkm eopturobos, pcrk ho &fetkrfoguc ojkrksojcmtc ekjprobo, Os ch tktoh bc hos prbfbo buromtchks /bos bc kpcroefkmcs sujorkm o /gumefkmorfks y &`kjnrcs jucrtks, )gumefkmorfks y '`kjnrcs `crfbks,jue`ks bc chhks juy sc&crojcmtc.

#;ftk!cguc o`kro rcfmtcarobk, y sknrc Cmcrk &, bc &'/,gfrj' um trotobk, cjprcmbfcmbk ch suprfjfr ho c8pkrtoef'm bcekjcrefk bc cseho&ks, y bc c8pchcr o tkbks hks CurkNcksekjprkjctfbks cm ch tr*gfek. Oprk8fjobojcmtc cm 1cNtfcjnrc

bch jfsjk ok ohaumks ekjcrefomtcs bc cseho&k Tkrtuaucscs,/ufcmcs `unfcrkm sfbk c8pchfbks nok cstc trotobk &kh&fcrkm ooaks, y, ekm ho oyubo bc ohaumks bc hks cgcs, scerctojcmtcrcmk&orkm ch tr*gfek. #;ftk!c, sfcmbk fmgkrjobk bc hk /ucstono posombk, sc csgkrB' pkr bctcmcrhk, bcspus bc hk euoh hksTkrtuau


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ks Tucnhks Vkruno Torhomtcs. *a.&'

cseorojuBo, gucrkm bcrrktobks Iksk;ky sus scaufbkrcs, /ufcm

umo &cB j*s ùy' oh Cstc.

#;ftk!cjucrc cm 1cNtfcjnrc, cm&cmcmobk, os guc bfe`k, pkrho portfbo bc hks ekjcrefomtcs bc cseho&k, y su `fk Bkecjkguc, o tro&s bc ho fmghucmefo $rft?mfeo, bcsfamobk su suecskr.Iksk;k/ufcm bc muc&k òno cmekmtrobk um osfhk ekm ch cgcbc CNfsc mca' o oecptor cstc orrcahk, y ekmtfmu' otkrjcmtombko Bkecjky oh pucnhk bc oaksòsto /uc pkr um oeucrbk`ce`k cm Cmcrk, &'), h guc rcekmkefbk ekjk ch 7cy bcTohjoy c;;f, sknrc ekmbfef'm bc rcmumefor o tkbo bcjombobc ho skncromo bc oaks. )m oakstk, &'&, Bkecjkecbf'oakso hks $rft?mfekcm ekmsfbcroef'm bc umo pcmsf'm bcQ&,pkr ok, y oaksos sc `fBk umo pkscsf'm $rft?mfeorfcmtoh. )stc fmtcrsgceòbk bcsbc oprk8fjobojcmtc &':', euombk

Fmtrkbuetkrfo. *a.&(

um mujcrk bc cseho&ksCano, /ufcmcs ònom sfbk hfncrobks cmho 1fcrrockmobcsbc su eopturo pkr cjnoreoefkmcs bccseho&ks, bc&uchtks o #nck;utoy prcaumtobks sf hksjfsfkmcrks pkbrom scr cm&fobks o chhks. 6mo jfsf'mrktcstomtc guc cstonhcefbo ohh cm &')', y euombk um oto/uc

sknrc ch pucnhk guc ojcmoBobk pkr 9ck, 7cy bc Bo3kjf, cm&', ch 1r. $ccerkgt, ch E'msuh $rft?mfekporo hos )mscmobos,y ch Ekjombomtc 0krncs, ^.G., gucrkm cm&fobks o #ankjfocjpcorsc pkr pcrsuobfr oh 7cy poro onombkmor su phom. 2ojfsf'm gohh' ekjphctojcmtc, y 9ckotoe' #nck;utocmJork :, &'&, pcrk guc rcpchfbk ekm ohaumos prbfbos.%&*2o

keupoef'm $rft?mfeobc oakscm &'&pusk um gfm ekm hksscmtfjfcmtks ojfstksks bc hks Cano, /ufcmcs rcsfmtfcrkm hoprktceef'm ekmecbfbo pkr hos outkrfbobcs ekhkmfohcs o hkscseho&ks guaftf&k bc #nck;uto, y knct' ho knstrueef'm bchekjcrefk bc c8pkrtoef'm bc cseho&ks, cm euoh chhks ònomcstobk arombcjcmtc ekjprkjctfbks. )hhks porcecm tojnfm

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òncr tcmfbk ohaumo skspceò /uc su fmbcpcmbcmefo gucscojcmoBobo, pkr euombk cm Jo!k, &'&, os guc prkpucstkcm&for ohaumks cmtrcmobks ortfhhcrks bch /bk ^cafjfcmtk bc ho

Fmbfo>rfcmtohòefo #nck;utoo fmstrufr o hks pucnhks cm chusk bc ohaumos orjos /uc ònom sfbk prcscmtobos pkr chJknfcrmk $rft?mfek, y poro prcstor oyubo buromtc ktrk oto/uc/uc guc o`kro ojcmoBobk pkr Bo3kjf, hks Cano`fefcrkmc8eusos bcspus bc c8eusos, y gfmohjcmtc rceòB' rcefnfrhks.)m &'/chhks j*s obchomtc bcsphcaorkm su bfsaustk pkrjkhcstfo, y so/ucorkm o &orfks ekjcrefomtcs motf&ks bc oaks,y, ekjk chhks sc mcaorkm o rcporoef'm, ch Jkncrmobkr bcoaks, cm &':, knstruy' tkbks hks eojfmks prfmefpohcs o#nck;uto.

)m &':, Iksk;k, cgc bc Tohjoy c;;f, bcscono

%&. HTucnhks C5cO3onhomtcsH. pp. :&O.*

ks Tucnhks Vkruno Torhomtcs. *a./

rctkrmor o oaks, y, cm krbcm bc kntcmcr pcrjfsk, ecbf' Tohjoy c;;fo hks $rft?mfeks. )h Tkssu, k cgc bc CNf, hc&omt'

kncefkmcs poro csto ecsf'm. )h tu&k, cstk porcec, efcrtksbcrce`ks tcrrftkrfohcs sknrc cstks huaorcs, y su ecsf'm, obcj*s,hcs ecrr' ho sohfbo oh jor. Euombk h sc mca' o ecbcr susbcrce`ks, umo c8pcbfef'm, ekmsfstcmtc cm :gumefkmorfks y &/)`kjnrcs bc hks /bk ! :cr ^cafjfcmtk bc hoFmbfo>rfcmtoh,prkecbf' cm K.J.1. Fmvcstfaotkròefo CNf, b'mbc hos trkpos y

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umo portfbo bc ek`ctcs bc &gumefkmorfk y &)jorfmcrks tkeorkmtfcrro. 2ks motf&k kgrcefcrkm umo &fakrkso rcsfstcmefo, y hogucrBo c8pcbfefkmorfo sugrf' umo prbfbo bc :`kjnrcs jucrtks

y :gumefkmorfks y /'`kjnrcs `crfbks, pcrk ch pucnhk gucbcstrufbk. ;cspus bc cstk ch cgc rcmumef' o tkbo bcjomboj*s ohh* bch tcrrftkrfk 1urbc ho ohnugcro. )m uhfk, &':, hkscgcs bc $oboar!fauohjcmtc ecbfcrkm tkbks sus tcrrftkrfks ohks $rft?mfeks.

2o aucrro cmtrc hks Canoc Fnobomeousobo pkr ch osumtk bcF"o!còno sfbk ekmtfmuobo bc umo jomcro fmtcrjftcmtc bcsbc&'/< pcrk cm &'), bcspus bch rceòBk bc hks Bo3kjfsbchgrcmtc bc #nck;utocm Jork, &%&* hks cnu, /ufcmcs ònomòsto o/u obkptobk ho pkhtfeo bc c8ehusf'm o tkbks hksc8troks bc su tcrrftkrfk, y òno &f&fbk cm ekjphctkofshojfcmtk, ecrrobks pkr sus nks/ucs bch rcstk bc hos trfnus, sc

umfcrkm o hks Cano, y ho aucrro guc prkscaufbo ekm j*s &fakr.2ks cnubc F;krobu, um pucnhk cm ch c8trcjk mkrtc bc hoohnugcro bc oaks, sc mcaorkm o umfrsc o sus ekjpocrks-trfnuscm ho ohfomBo ekm hks Cano, su roB'm sfcmbk /uc sus fmtcrcscsgucrkm fbcmtfgfeobks ekm o/uhhks bc hks pucnhks

%&. HTucnhks C5cOKonhomtcsH, *a. ://-:/).*Fmtrkbuetkrfo. *a./&

bc oaks, y /uc chhks ònom sugrfbk fauohjcmtc ekm chhks hoecsoef'm bch ekjcrefk eousobo pkr ch johtrotk bc ekjcrefomtcs

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pkr hks Cano. )m &cmaomBo, hks Canos, tcjpromk cm &',bcspoeòrkm o F;krobuum creftk bc &/,`kjnrcs, /ucsftforkm ch pucnhk, y, bcspus o ho gkrjo motf&o, homB' /

otrfme`crobks eojpojcmtks ekmtro cstks. )h JknfcrmkEkhkmfoh, guc ohorjobk pkr ho ecreomo oprk8fjoef'm bc cstogucrBo, y opch' o hks F;krobupkr oyubo, ob&frtf' o hks Canoobcsfstfr, y ob&frtf' o chhks /uc &kh&fcrom o su prkpfk pucnhk. 2ksCanocm&forkm fmsuhtomtcs jcmsocs cm rcspucsto, y umo gucrBobc umks /'`kjnrcs, ekmsfstcmtc bch tk rcafjfcmtk bc hoFmbfo >rfcmtohy ho pkhfeo bc oaks, guc oekrbobojcmtccm&fobk ekmtro chhks, euoh otoeorkm hks eojpojcmtks ybcrrktorkm o hks Canoekm gucrtcs prbfbos, cm Jork/(,&'. )stc osumtk bc `ce`k s'hk sfr&f' poro cmsomeòr ho nrceòcmtrc hks $rft?mfeksy hks Cano, ch htfjk, obcj*s, supusk /ucch Jknfcrmk Ekhkmfoh cmekrooro hos ekrrcros omuohcs bc hksBo3kjfsknrc hks tcrrftkrfks bc hks Cano< y, cm &'D, chhks

c8pchfcrkm o tkbks hks jfsfkmcrks bc #nck;uto, y ekrtorkmtkbos hos rchoefkmcs ekm hks $rft?mfeks.

orcec /uc umo eorto, prctcmbfcmbk scr gfrjobo pkr um cgc`kstfh, eoy' bcmtrk bc hos jomks bc hks Cano, /ufcm supk /uc chcgc mk pkbo cserfnfr, y pcmsorkm chhks rcekmkecr ho hctro ekjk

ho bc um jfsfkmcrk Trktcstomtc/uc òno omtcrfkrjcmtc &f&fbkcm #nck;uto. 2ks jfsfkmcrks cm #nck;utogucrkm ohhoeusobks bc trofefkmor o hks Canopkr sus cmcjfaks< ohh ùnkum tujuhtk pkpuhor, y ho turno arft' pkr su somarc. Os guc s'hkekm arom bfgfeuhtob /uc hks cgcs y joykrcs tu&fcrkm 8ftk cmsoh&or hos &fbos bc hks oeusobks,

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ks Tucnhks Vkruno Torhomtcs. *a.//

/ufcmcs gucrkm fmjcbfotojcmtc c8pchfbks bch pucnhk, y suseosos c fahcsfos bcstrufbos. )m &'', hks jfsfkmcrks 0romecscsEothfek ^kjomkskntu&fcrkm hfecmefo poro cstonhcecr umojfsf'm cm #nck;uto, /uc bc ohh cm obchomtc eoycrkm jos nokho fmghucmefo bc hks 0romecscs.

)h fmtcrfkr ekmtfmu' sfcmbk pcrturnobk pkr hos aucrros fmtcr-trfnohcs òsto ecreo, &'D, euombk hks osumtks sc trom/ufhfBorkm,pcrk cm &'DDhks Canoso/ucorkm o ohaumks ekjcrefomtcs bcFnobom, y hks Fnobomcm&forkm um creftk poro &cmaor chuhtroc. Dknrc cstk hks cnurcmk&orkm su omtcrfkr ohfomBo ekmhks Cano, c F"cso, y hos trfnus C;ftf, euohcs ònom o`kro cstobknok ch aknfcrmk bc hnobombcsbc &'', osfcrkm ho kpkrtumfbob

poro umo rcnchf'm, um posk euoh guc prkmtk scaufbk pkr umobcehoroef'm bc aucrro ekmtro Fnobompkr Fhkrfm. 2ksJo3kjctomksbc Fhkrfmr*pfbojcmtc fm&obfcrkm ch pos ypusfcrkm cm sftfk o >go, um pucnhk sftuobk o umos /jfhhos ohmkrbcstc bc ho efubob bc Fnobom, y hks Fnobomgucrkmknhfaobks o rctfror su creftk bc fm&osf'm sknrc Canocm krbcm

bc bcgcmbcr su prkpfk tcrrftkrfk, euoh o`kro cro ojcmoBobkbcsbc :hobks. 2ks Cano, sfm cjnorak, mk sfaufcrkm o hosgucrBos cm rctfrobo, y, bc `ce`k, mk tkjorkm j*s ohh* portc cm hoaucrro, chhks sfcmbk rctcmfbks cm o/uc pkr ch jfcbk bc bcor#nck;utofmbcgcmsk ekmtro Bo3kjf, euoh pkbcr òno cstobkcm ch `*nftk bc òecr omuohcs bcjkstroefkmcs cm su &cefmbob

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pkr ohaumks oks posobks< y ch gkrecck guc ekmtfmuobk cmtrcFnobom, pkr um hobk, c Fhkrfm, F"cso, hos trfnus C;ftf, y cnu,cm ch ktrk hobk.

Fnobomoscaur' ch opkyk bcJkbo;c;ccFgc, /pucnhkspknhobks sftuobks sknrc hos ekhfmos cm hks hobks kpucstks bc umorrkyk pc/uck, oh sur-kcstc bc F"cso, y

Fmtrkbuetkrfo. *a./:

ho aucrro ekmtfmu' buromtc ohaumks oks sfm euoh/ufcr arom&cmtoo aomobo pkr euoh/ufcro bc hks hobks. 2ks Jkbo;c;csgucrkm ohfobks gfrjcs bc hks Fnobom, pcrk hos sfjpotos bc hksFgccstonom j*s nfcm ekm hks F"csoy hos trfnus bc C;ftfekm/ufcmcs chhks `onom cstobk cm ho ohfomBo buromtc ho aucrro /uctcrjfm' cm &''. Du sftuoef'm, sfm cjnorak, hks `fBk osustorsc

bc ho &cmfbo bc umo rupturo onfcrto ekm hks Fnobom, os, cmekmtcstoef'm o ho bcjombo bc hks Fnobom, chhks cm&forkm umekmtfmacmtc oh eojpojcmtk bc hks Fnobom, pcrk oh jfsjktfcjpk tojnfm cm scerctk cm&forkm umo gucrBo fauoh oheojpojcmtk bc hks F"csoy hks C;ftf. )stc bknhc ucak mkpkbro cseopor bch bcseunrfjfcmtk bc hks arupks pkr jue`k

tfcjpk, y cm &''/hks Jkbo;c;cs, oyubobk pkr umo gucrBo bchnobom, otoe' Fgc, y ch pucnhk, /uc cro ekmsfbcrorkm somtk y hoeumo bc ho roBo bc Vkruno, guc bcstrufbk. 2ks Fgcsc umfcrkm ohks cmcjfaks bc Fnobomo`kro onfcrtojcmtc, pcrk ho joykrobc hos trfnus yo pkr cstc tfcjpk sc `fefcrkm sfmecrojcmtcbnfhcs pkr ch gkrecck prkhkmaobk, y cm &'':um eucrpk bc

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cnu/ufcmcs cstonom oeojpobks cm ch 7k >jf`fefcrkm poBekm hks hnobompkr eucmto prkpfo, y &kh&fcrkm o eoso. )h#7u"ohcbc cnu >bc, ch cgc supcrfkr bc hos /prk&fmefos bc

cnu, cstu&k tom ohorjobk bc cstc c&cmtk /uc h `uy' bchpucnhk bc cnu >bcbch euoh h cstu&fcro pkr hcy prk`fnfbk bcsohfr, y tkj' rcguafk cm CNf. Ah ohh guc fm&ftobk pkr hkssupcrfkrcs bc cnuo ekjctcr sufefbfk< h oprkn' b'efh, y ummuc&k #7u"ohcguc chcafbk pkr hks portfborfks bc ho poB. Duchceef'm, sfm cjnorak, mk guc oecptobo pkr hks portfborfks bc hoaucrro, y umo pkbcrkso gucrBo bc hks cnu, nok ch 1crf;f, kscaumbk cgc bc aucrro, tkbo&o jomtu&k ch eojpk ekmtroFnobom.

2o aucrro /uc guc rcohjcmtc s'hk umo suecsf'm bc

ks Tucnhks Vkruno Torhomtcs. *a./)

cseorojuBos cm fmtcr&ohks horaks, prkhkmaobo `osto &''),euombk oh Jkncrmobkr bc oakshc guc pcbfbk jcbfor yogfomBor umo poB. )m &''csto bcjombo guc rcmk&obo pkrtkbks hks ekjnotfcmtcs c8ecptk Fhkrfm, y ch Jkncrmobkr oetu'oekrbobojcmtc ekjk ch jcbfobkr, ekm ch rcsuhtobk /uc

rcprcscmtomtcs bc hos bfgcrcmtcs trfnus sc ekmarcaorkm cmoaks, y ch ) bc umfkum oeucrbk guc gfrjobk, bch euoh hkssfaufcmtcs gucrkm hks pumtks prfmefpohcs9

A&@Fnobom, F"cso, y hos trfnus bc C;ftfrctu&fcrom sufmbcpcmbcmefo rcspcetf&ojcmtc.


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A/@hks )pucnhks C;ftfbc >tom, 2rcsf, #bo, c Fano"ko screcbfbks o Fnobom, cm ho ekjprcmsf'm /uc hks ònftomtcs

prcscmtcs ohh cstonom cm hfncrtob poro bcorhks.

A:@)h pucnhk bc Jkbo;c;co scr rcekmstrufbk sknrc chtcrrftkrfk, cmtrc hks rks >sumy >no, oh Gkrtcbc su òstocmtkmecs sftuoef'm< tohcs bc hks ònftomtcs os chcafbks poroposor nok ho rcaho bc hnobomjk&fmbkhcs oh muc&k sftfk, yo/uhhks /uc prcgfrfcrkm &kh&crsc suctks o Fgc&f&fcmbk cm chtcrrftkrfk bc Fgc, pcrk mk cm Jkbo;c;c/uc guc os rcportfbkpkr hks Fgceuombk chhks pcmsorkm cm ch oto/uc.

2ks nchfacromtcs cstonom cm cstc jkjcmtk cstonhcefbks cm eojpojcmtks arombcs, sfcmbk hks prfmefpohcs o/uhhks cm If"fy>;c #gcsf, sftuobks ecreo bc &jfhho oportc sknrc hobks

kpucstks bc um &ohhc jkmtoksk cm ch Gkrtcbc F"cso, hkomtcrfkr keupobk pkr hks Fnobomy cm htfjk pkr hks F"csoy hostrfnus bc C;ftf. 2ks hnobomtcmom ktrk eojpojcmtk cm F;frum,ecreo bc &jfhhos oh >cstcbc If"f, cmtrc hks /nroBks bch 7kCrfmhcb'mbc chhks ekmgrkmtorkm o hks Fhkrfm/ufcmcs cstonomoeojpobks cm >go, &'jfhhos oh Gkrtc. 2ks Jkbo;c;cs, ekm

Fmtrkbuetkrfo. *a./

um ekmtfmacmtc bc Fnobom, cstu&k cm #hkbo;c;c&fafhombk ohks Fgc, /ufcmcs, ekm ho gucrBo bc hks cnunok ch 1crf;cf,cstonom oeojpobks oprk8fjobojcmtc /jfhhos oh 1ur. )m

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oeucrbk ekm hks trjfmks bch ekm&cmfk, Ekjfsfkmobks gucrkmcm&forkm oh fmtcrfkr pkr ch Jknfcrmk bc oakso tkjor posksporo scporor hks eojpojcmtks. )stks prknorkm scr pucnhks jos

/uc eojpojcmtks, bcsbc /uc chhks ekmsfstfcrkm bc hoskrbfmorfos eosos norrk-ojurohhobos bc hks motf&ks, bkmbc scbcgcmbfcrkm pkr hks oaucrks-efreuhorcs bc hos porcbcs bc norrk,y ekmtu&fcrkm o jue`ks jfhcs bc jucrcs y mfks. 2ks Fnobomoeojpom cm If"f, euohcs ònom cstobk cm c8fstcmefo buromtc Doks, gucrkm cstfjobks bc ekmtcmcr cmtrc ,y ,ònftomtcs, bc /ufcmcs pkr hk jcmks bks-tcrecros portcs crommkm-ekjnotfcmtcs, y hks >;c Jcsfoeojponom),. )stks /eojpojcmtks gucrkm c&oeuobks y /ucjobks ch 1cNtfcjnrc /'&'', sus keupomtcs bc&uchtks o sus omtcrfkrcs eosos< pcrk umfmcspcrobk knst*euhk guc o`kro kgrcefbk pkr hks Jkbo;c;cs,/ufcmcs prfjcrk pfbfcrkm pkr um rctrosk, y cmtkmecspksftf&ojcmtc sc mcaorkm o hhc&or o eonk ch oeucrbk y bcor su

pucnhk, ohcaombk /uc chhks mk pkbom bcor ch huaor b'mbc susomtcposobks gucrkm cmtcrrobks. )h `ce`k guc /uc chhks tcjfcrkm/uc sf chhks pcrjomcefcrom cm ho tfcrro bc Fgc, hks Fgcsc&cmaorom cm chhks pkr ho bcstrueef'm bc ho efubob somto, y /ucsf chhks sc jk&fcrom oh tcrrftkrfk bc hks hnobom, hks hnobomhkspkbrom cseho&fBor< y bcspus bc oham rctrosk c8tcmsk, hks

Ekjfsfkmobks, cmekmtrombk /uc ohh mk òno mfmaumopcrspcetf&o bc /uc hks Jkbo;c;csjomtu&fcscm su prkjcso,os bc&uchtks o oaks. 2ks Fhkrfmmk ònom sfbk portfborfks bchoeucrbk bc"umfk ), pcrk hks Ekjfsfkmobks cjpcobks cmorrcahor umo poB cmtrc chhks y hks Fnobom, y hks fmbuec o chhksonombkmor sus

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ks Tucnhks Vkruno Torhomtcs. *a./

eojpojcmtks cm >goc F;frum< cstk, sfm cjnorak, mk tu&k8ftk, y ho aucrro cmtrc cstos /trfnus ekmtfmu'.

)mtrctomtk, jfcmtros ch fmtcrfkr òno sfbk pcrturnobk pkr stosprkhkmaobo aucrros motf&os, ho ekhkmfo bc oaksòno rcefnfbkc8tcmsfkmcsj*s ohh*, Ictkmu, um bfstrftk cm hos >rfcmtohcskrfhhos bc hos Oauos bch 2oak Bcm3oj, tcmfcmbk hos bcjombosbc hks motf&ks, /ufcmcs tcjfcrkm ho oarcsf'm 0romecso, sfcmbkbcehorobks $rft?mfekscm Cmcrk, &''< jfcmtros #NNo, /uc/ucbo cmtrc Ictkmuy $oboar!guc ekhkeobk bcmtrk bc hourfsbfeef'm $rft?mfeocm &'':. kr Eortos bc otcmtc, botobo&: cmcrk, &'', oaksguc `ce`k umo ekhkmfo scporobo,fmbcpcmbfcmtc bch aknfcrmk bc ho Eksto bc >rk.

)m &''', o ekmsceucmefo bc hos fmtrfaos fmgkrjobos pkr hks0romecscscm #nck;uto, /ufcmcs ònom bfe`k /uc sc ònomkgrcefbk o tkhcror ho cseho&ftub, y poaor um sunsfbfk omuoh, sf hksCanosc pusfcrom nok prktceef'm 0romecso, csgucrBks gucrkm`ce`ks poro tcmcr hks hjftcs bc hks tcrrftkrfks $rft?mfeky

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bc Tkrtk Gkvkcm ch rk #"orro, y c8tcmbfmbksc bcsbc ch joroh (mk arobk bc hotftub Gkrtc. kr cstc orrcahk ho jftob>rfcmtohbc #NNo, ekm su eopftoh, y Tk;ro, sc `fefcrkm

$rft?mfeo, jfcmtros ho jftob >eefbcmtohbc #NNo, umtk ekmIctkmu, sc `fefcrkm

Fmtrkbuetkrfo. *a./D

0romecso. Canoy >;ckbomeoycrkm bcmtrk bc ho csgcro$rft?mfeobc fmghucmefo, y Ictubcmtrk bc ho 0romecso.

2o aucrro cmtrc Fnobomc Fhkrfmtkbo&o bcjkr' j*s, y, cm&''(, 1r. Jfhhskm, ch Ou8fhfor bch Kfmfstcrfk Ekhkmfoh, guccm&fobk oh fmtcrfkr poro cjpcorsc cm orrcahor umo rcumf'mcmtrc ch Jkncrmobkr bc oaksy hks nchfacromtcs cm ch krbcm bctrocr cstos `kstfhfbobcs o um gfm, pcrk, euombk hks cgcs

rceòBorkm cmtror cm euoh/ufcr mcakefoef'm ekm chEkjfsfkmobk, ho jfsf'm gohh'.

Oum/uc #nck;utoòno sfbk o`kro bcgfmftf&ojcmtc unfeobkbcmtrk bc ho csgcro $rft?mfeobc fmghucmefo /uc mk ònojckrobk hos rchoefkmcs cmtrc hks Canoy ch aknfcrmk bc oaks.

)m Cmcrk, &'(&, umo arom rcumf'm pkhtfeo guc echcnrobo cm#nck;uto, cm ho euoh ch &fck eorak /uc ch aknfcrmk ekmgonuh'k omfj' hos fmeursfkmcs omuohcs bc Bo3kjfgucrkm rco&f&obks,y ohaumks jfsfkmcrks CurkNcksgucrkm c8pchfbks. 6mEkjfsfkmobk bch aknfcrmk guc cm&fobk o #nck;utocm #akstk,pcrk mk hkar' mfmam rcsuhtobk, y cm Cmcrk, &'(/, hks Cano

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bcehororkm tkbos sus rutos bc ekjcrefk, cm ojnks cm ho eksto yoh fmtcrfkr, ecrrobos, y ecs' tkbos hos rchoefkmcs ekjcrefohcs ekmho ekhkmfo. 6m csgucrBk c8tcmsk pkr portc bch aknfcrmk pkr onrfr

hos mcakefoefkmcs guc `ce`k cm ch jcs sfaufcmtc, pcrk gohh'ekjphctojcmtc, y cm umo rcumf'm bc hks cgcs bc Cano, `ceòch &: bconrfh, ho prkpucsto poro &kh&cr o onrfr hos rutos bcekjcrefk o oaksguc mcaobo um*mfjcjcmtc.

Kfcmtros hks osumtks cstonom cm cstc cstobk pkek sotfsgoetkrfkcm ho pkref'm >eefbcmtohbc ho csgcro bc fmghucmefo $rft?mfeo,umo bfsputo ekm hks cnuòno sohtobk cm ch

ks Tucnhks Vkruno Torhomtcs. *a./'

Cstc. )h ekjcrefkC"fmrfm, sftuobk ecreo bc &jfhhos oh Cstcbc hks CNf, guc ecrrobk pkr ch #7u"ohcbc cnu >bco eouso bc

ohaumo bfsekrbomefo ekm hos pcrskmos bc oaks< y oum/uc, cm>etunrc, &'(, o ekmsceucmefo bc rcprcscmtoefkmcs `ceòs pkrch aknfcrmk bc oaks, csto guc gkrjohjcmtc onfcrto pkr chJkncrmobkr y rcprcscmtomtcs cm&forkm pkr ch #7u"ohc, hkscnu`fefcrkm csto ekmecsf'm bc joho aomo, y mk tu&k euoh/ufcrfmtcmef'm bc portfr bcsbc su pkhtfeo bc c8ehusf'm o hks

c8tromcrks bch fmtcrfkr bc su pos. kr ekmsfaufcmtc, euombk, cmJo!k, &'(&, ch Jkncrmobkr Duphcmtc, Eopft*m Bcmtkm,E.J.9., oeecbf' o oaksekm umo csekhto bc Kousosporoprkecbcr cm umo jfsf'm o cnu >bc, ekm ch knctk bc &cmfrporo oham oeucrbk poro ho opcrturo bch pos oh ekjcrefk, hkscnusc mcaorkm o pcrjftfr o ho portfbo cmtror cm su tcrrftkrfk,

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cm ho bcehoroef'm /uc chhks tcjfcrkm oeef'm `kstfh. )h #7u"ohcmk s'hk sc mca' o trotor, pcrk rceòB' hks rcaohks kgrcefbks cmmkjnrc bch Jknfcrmk $rft?mfek, tcjfcmbk, sfm mfmaumo bubo

/uc oecptorhks trocro ekmsfak ohaumo ekmecsf'm bc su portc.

Dknrc cstc osumtk sfcmbk rcgcrfbk cm ho Eoso bc Jknfcrmk, chJkncrmobkr guc fmstrufbk poro c8fafr umo bfseuhpo bcsbc hkscnupkr ch os-hhojobk fmsuhtk kgrcefbk oh Jkncrmobkr cmgumefkmcs, y ch fmsfstfr sknrc um bcrce`k bc &o hfnrc o tro&s bchpos bc cnu. )h #7u"ohcguc fmgkrjobk /uc, sf cstosekmbfefkmcs mk sc eujphfcrom, ho gucrBo pkbro sc usobo. )mBfefcjnrc, &'(&, cstc uhtfj*tuj guc hhc&obk oh #7u"ohcpkrum gumefkmorfk bc oaks Ekmstonuhor!!pkhfeo#, y ch #7u"ohchucak ekmsfmtf' cm cm&for o oaksrcprcscmtomtcs tktohjcmtcoutkrfBobk o òecr ho bfseuhpo y gfrjor um trotobk.

Fmtrkbuetkrfo. *a./(

)m Cmcrk, &'(/, hks rcprcscmtomtcs hhcaorkm, y sknrc ch /&sc`fBk umo gkrjoh bfseuhpo, y gfrjobk um oeucrbk poro jomtcmcrumo hfnrc c frrcstrfeto bcrce`k-bc-&o poro pcrskmos yjcreomeos o tro&s bch tcrrftkrfk cnu< ch Jknfcrmk bc ho

Ekhkmfo ekjprkjctfmbksc o poaor o hks cnuumo sujo omuohbc Qcm ekjpcmsoef'm pkr hks bcrce`ks /uc chhks ònomcstobk oekstujnrobks o rceoubor cm hos jcreomeos.

kr um ekrtk tfcjpk hks cnuknscr&orkm sus ekjprkjfsks bchtrotobk, y um jfcjnrk bc ho 4ahcsfo bc ho Dkefcbob Kfsfkmcro hc


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guc pcrjftfbk posor o tro&s bc cnu >bccm su &o oh fmtcrfkrrkEkmstonuhor!!pkhfeo# gucrkm krbcmobks bcsbc#ero, y :gumefkmorfks y ((`kjnrcs bch &cr $otohhm bch^cafjfcmtk bc ho Fmbfo >rfcmtoh gucrkm hks bcspoe`obksbcsbc ho 1fcrro ckmo. Astks, ekm &bc hks oaks

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Ekmstonuhor!!pkhfeo#, y um Ekmtfmacmtc bc hnobombc &`kjnrcs, òefcmbk umo tktoh gucrBo ekjnotfcmtc bc ecreo bc, bc' oaks, nok ch ekjombk bch Ekrkmch 0. E. 1ektt,

E.$., sknrc ch &/ bc Jo!k, y bcscjnoreorkm cm CNfsfmkpksfef'm cm ch bo sfaufcmtc. Dknrc ch & ho ekhujmo o&omB'bcsbc CNf< Ohh ùnk umo hfacro cseorojuBo cm Tknkcm chjfsjk bo, ktro cm INos3fboch pr'8fjk bo, y ch &' ho gucrBooeojp' o Jo"kbo.

2o pr'8fjo joomo hks cnugucrkm cmekmtrobks cm pksfef'm,hfstks poro bcgcmbcr ch posoc bch 7k bc >s3um, y umo oeef'mekjcmB' o hos Do. j. )h gucak bc hks cnumk s'hk norrf' ch&obk, /uc chhks ònom o`kmbobk pkr ho c8eo&oef'm bc ho eojobch orrkyk, pcrk tojnfm ch cstrce`k eojfmk-ornustks /ucaufono o cstc, y guc sujojcmtc pcsobk y nfcm skstcmfbk. )stkguc fmgkrjobk /uc chhks ònom kgrcefbk um soerfgfefk ùjomk o

ho ;fkso bch rk, poro ohfstor ho oyubo bc chho ekmtro hksfm&oskrcs, y cstk tu&k os um pkbcrksk cgcetk sknrc hossupcrstfefksos jcmtcs bc hks ekmstonuhor!!pkhfeo#, /uc pkrumo `kro ekjphcto chhks mk pkbom scr fmbuefbks o cmtror cm chorrkyk< y cstk mk guc òsto /uc hks Fmbfos>rfcmtohcs, /ufcmcsònom sfbk rctcmfbks cm ho rcscr&o, gucrkm krbcmobks o aufor ho

&o o tro&s bch >s3um, /uc ho pksfef'm cmcjfao òno eoraobk.)mtrc ch rk y ch pucnhk bc Joankm, cm /uc hks &cmecbkrcscmtrorkm pkek bcspus bc hos &o. j., guc cmekmtrobk cheojpojcmtk /uc hks cnuònom keupobk ho mke`c omtcrfkr.$uc cstfjobk /uc pubk òncr oek-

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Fmtrkbuetkrfo. *a.:&

jkbobk bc ,o ,pcrskmos, y os ecreo bc ho jftob bc

hks keupomtcs bc um eojpojcmtk motf&k skm jucrcs y mkm-ekjnotfcmtcs, ch posoc bch rk guc prknonhcjcmtc bfsputobkpkr ecreo bc :,`kjnrcs. 2os pcrbfbos cnugucrkmsupucstos o scr sc&cros, pcrk hos gucrBos $rft?mfeospcrbfcrkms'hk :jotobks y /)`crfbks, c8ehusf&ks bc eoraobkrcs.

Dknrc ch /bcJo!kch o&omec guc rcosujfbk pkek bcspus bchohno, y, sfcmbk cmekmtrobks pkr umo nombcro bc trcauo, ho gucrBokeup' ch pucnhk bc cnu >bcch jfsjk bo sfm rcsfstcmefo. )stccro bc ecreo bc )jfhhos bc efreumgcrcmefo, bcgcmbfbo pkr umoporcb bc norrk, y ekmtu&k cm tfcjpk bc poB ecreo bc &,ònftomtcs, tkbks hks euohcs, ekm ho c8ecpef'm bch #7u"ohcysus fmjcbfotks scaufbkrcs, ònom o`kro ùfbk. Dknrc ch /, ch

Jkncrmobkr hhca' bcsbc oaksporo bfrfafr hos mcakefoefkmcsekm ch #7u"ohc/ufcm `fBk ekjphcto sujfsf'm, ohcaombk /uchks `kjnrcs '&cmcs ònom hueòbk ekmtrorfojcmtc o susbcscks y 'rbcmcs< y, ch :y :&, ho gucrBo c8pcbfefkmorfo, ekmc8ecpef'm bc :gumefkmorfks y &)`kjnrcs bch Ekmstonuhor!!pkhfeo# /ufcmcs pcrjomcefcrkm cm ho keupoef'm bc cnu >bc,

sohfcrkm poro oaks, umo ekhujmo joreòmbk o tro&s bc1oaojuc F;krobu, y ktro o tro&s bc Ftkf;c.

2os rutos bc ekjcrefk sknrc ch Cstcgucrkm onfcrtos o`kro, pcrko/uhhks o tro&s bch pos bc Canotkbo&o pcrjomceomecrrobks, y pkr oham tfcjpk guc pcmsobk /uc umo c8pcbfef'm

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jfhftor ekmtro #nck;utopkbro scr mcecsorfo. 2k g*efh /uc hkscnus, /ufcmcs crom ekmsfbcrobks umo trfnu juy pkbcrkso,ùnfcrkm sfbk eostfaobks, òno, sfm cjnorak, bcobk umo

fjprcsf'm prkgumbo cm ho jcmtc motf&o, y jue`ks suctks$rft?mfeksbc Canobcsecmbfcrkm o

ks Tucnhks Vkruno Torhomtcs. *a.:/

oaks, tcjfcmbk /uc, sf hks cgcs bc #nck;utojomtu&fcrom suoetftub `kstfh, ho fmbcpcmbcmefo bc Canopkbro scr pcrbfbo,gucrtcjcmtc fjprcsfkm' sknrc sus ekjpotrfktos ho mcecsfbob bc&cmfr o um trotobk. )m ekmsceucmefo, hks Canobcehororkm sunucmo aomo poro rcefnfr oh Jkncrmobkr, 1r. Eortcr, y hhcaorkm oohaumks orrcahks, ekm ch rcsuhtobk /uc sknrc ch &' bcCmcrk,F'(:, um trotobk guc gfrjobk cm #nck;uto. 2ks Canoscekjprkjctfcrkm o rcgcrfr tkbos hos bfsputos cmtrc chhks jfsjks

y hks osumtks $rft?mfeksporo ch Jkncrmobkr pkr um orrcahk, ycstonhcecr ekjphcto hfncrtob bc ekjcrefk cmtrc ch pos bc hksCanoy oaks, y mk ecrror hos &os bc ekjcrefk sfm chekmscmtfjfcmtk bch Jkncrmobkr. )hhks tojnfm prkjctfcrkmonkhfr ch soerfgfefk ùjomk, y mk ecbcr mfmaumo pkref'm bchtcrrftkrfk bc hks Canoo um pkbcr c8tromcrk sfm ch

ekmscmtfjfcmtk bc hks $rft?mfeks. kr ktrk hobk, 9rom$rctoLoaoromtfB' /uc ho fmbcpcmbcmefo bc hks Canobcno scrtktohjcmtc rcekmkefbo, y mfmaumo omc8f'm bc ohaumo pkref'm bcsu tcrrftkrfk pkbo scr `ceò sfm ch ekmscmtfjfcmtk bc hosoutkrfbobcs bc Cano.

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5oy umo ekmsfbcronhc bfgcrcmefo cmtrc hks pucnhks Vkruno-porhomtcs y hks pucnhks C5c-porhomtcs. Mksktrks tkbo&ocmekmtrojks hos eoroetcrstfeos euohcs gucrkm bkjfmomtcs cmtrc

hks htfjk, o soncr, fmbkhcmefo, fjprc&fsf'm, y buphfefbob, pcrkchhos mk skm juy horaojcmtc prkmumefobos, prknonhcjcmtc,eosf efcrtojcmtc, pkr/uc ho &fbo y prkpfcbob cst*m j*s scauros.2ks Vkrunotfcmc j*s fmbcpcmbcmefo bc eor*etcr /uc hks 2s3fs,9Ps, u C5cs, y ch scr&fhfsjk cs rork, )h fmehusk tfcmcscmtfjfcmtks bc moefkmohfbob y potrfktfsjk, y oum/uc cstks skmekmsfbcrobks ekjk bcsgo&kronhc pkr ch Jknfcrmk Ekhkmfoh,chhks mk skm mfmaumk, oh jcmks, gfeòs bc supcrfkrfbob.

Fmtrkbuetkrfo. *a.::

)h cs um oaubk ekjcrefomtc, cs j*s skefonhc, y cs cm tkbks hksospcetks skefohjcmtc supcrfkr /uc hos trfnus bc hks ktrks :

arupks ekamobks. )stk cs cm umo arom jcbfbo bcnfbk o hoseoroetcrstfeos gsfeos bch pos. crk ònfcmbk ohh nks/ucspc/ucks, c8ecptk cm hks bfstrftks >rfcmtohcs, ho ekjumfeoef'mcs g*efh, y ch tcrrftkrfk cs tojnfm onfcrtk pkr &orfks rks. )meojnfk, hucak, sfcmbk bfspcrsks cm um mujcrk bcfmsfamfgfeomtcs ohbcos, /uc skm jcros jomeòs cm um &ostk c

fjpcmctronhc nks/uc, hks Vkrunoòm pkbfbk &f&fr cm pucnhks,eobo euoh tfcmcm g*efh ekjumfeoef'm ekm hks ktrks. Dfm mfmaumobubo sus supcrfkrcs fmstfmtks skefohcs prfjcrk eousorkm cm chhksekmarcaorsc cm pucnhks, y o`kro jueòs acmcroefkmcs bc &fbocm pucnhks hks bcsorrkhh' c8tcmsojcmtc. 5oy fmehusk umo efcrtoeomtfbob bc hcohtob cm hks Vkruno, umo euohfbob pkr eu*h umk

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pkbro nuseor cm &omk cmtrc hos trfnus C5c. Dfm bcefr /uc hksVkrunoskm j*s fmtchfacmtcs, mksktrks pkbcjks scaurojcmtcbcefr /uc su fmtchcetk cs j*s euhtf&obk< hos ospcrcBos bc &fbo

soh&oc skm suo&fBobos, hks *mauhks *spcrks skm hhc&obks onokpkr ho grceucmtc ekjumfeoef'm ekm sus ekmefubobomks, y cm chbo prcscmtc chhks skm efcrtojcmtc hks pucnhks prfmefpohcs cmgrfeo>rfcmtoh.

*a.:)

EoNtuhk FF.

Bfkscs NrfmefNohcs.

2o tcmbcmefo /uc mksktrks mktojks cm ch eosk bc hks pucnhksC5c-porhomtcs, o rccjphoBor ;fkscs /uc gucrkm purojcmtc

hkeohcs, y s'hk sc hcs rcmbo euhtk pkr o/uchhks /uc jkronom cmho &cefmbob, pkr ;fkscs trfnohcs, y pkr ;fkscs /uc sc hcs rcmboeuhtk pkr pucnhks cmtcrks, òno cm ch eosk bc hos trfnus Vkrunosfbk juy tktohjcmtc bcsorrkhhobks, y tkbks hks ;fkscs /ucpkscom ohaumo fjpkrtomefo crom ekmkefbks y sc hcs rcmbo euhtkpkr hks pucnhks Vkruno-porhomtcs cm ekmumtk. )h cgcetk bc

oujcmtor ch mjcrk bc knctks acmcrohcs bc euhtk, ò sfbk porobfsjfmufr ho fjpkrtomefo bc hks knctks hkeohcs bc euhtk, ch9cmff hkef!Jftkhkao^kjomocsprftu prktcetkr bc um huaor,rcprcscmtobk ekjk umo scrpfcmtc# /ufcm, c8ecptk cm cnuy cmohaumks bc hks bfstrftks rcjktks, òm sfbk os cs/ufhobk bc supkbcr ekjk o`kro poro-cstor cseosojcmtc sknrc ch mf&ch bc hos

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òbos y bucmbcs-oauo bc ho Fmahotcrrojcbfvoh, k, euoh cs/ufB*s um j*s mtfjk porohchk, bc hos G?!obcs!mfmgos bceucrpks bc oauo buhec Ugucmtcs, pkBks, jomomtfohcs, orrkyks y

rfoeùchksU, cmeormombk ho bf&fmfbob bch eursk bc oauo /ucònfto# y Kojo-br!obsbc ho 9rcefoomtfauo !scrcsjftkh'afeks /uc &f&c cm *rnkhcs skm cspcefcs bc Brf?bo, tfpkportfeuhor bc Gfmgo#. )stk bc `ce`k cs hk /uc cro cspcrobk, porohks knctks acmcrohcs bc euhtk bch aknfcrmk, cmtrc chhks, tkbkshks gcm'jcmks /uc j*s ecreomojcmtc ogcetom ho ùjomfbob< yho cspcefoh gumef'm bc eobo 9cmfus hkefcs os o`kro fm&cstfbkcm oham ktrk ;fks, /ufcm cro ercbk o scr j*s pkbcrksk,pkr/uc h cs obkrobk sknrc umo jos arombc *rco y tu&k j*smujcrksks portfborfks. ;fkscs,

Bfkscs NrfmefNohcs. *a.:

sfm cjnorak, /uc crom purojcmtc tutchorcs mk òm sfbk os juyogcetobk, y ;cfbobcs tutchorcs bc pucnhks y bc fmbf&fbuks skmtkbo&o ekjumcs, pkr/uc ch motf&k, jfcmtros sc cmrkho ch jfsjkekjk um scaufbkr bc um ;fks acmcroh, hc austo tojnfm tcmcrum prktcetkr euyk skhk mcakefk sco auorbor sus fmtcrcscs< y/ufm, oum/uc su pkbcr pucbc scr hfjftobk, mk cs prknonhc /uc

sc bfstrofao pkr hos bcjombos bc ktrks o su otcmef'm.)h trjfmk usobk pkr hos trfnus Vkrunoporo c8prcsor o um scrsknrcùjomk, k bfks, cs >rfs3o, y ekjk cstk cs usobkfauohjcmtc poro c8prcsor hos fj*acmcs y hks knctks soarobks,y tojnfm ekjk um obctf&k ekm ch sfamfgfeobk bc soarobk k

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somtk, cstk rcspkmbc c8oetojcmtc oh trjfmk 2s3f, $k3skm, ch9P, =kma, y oh C5c, 6kbu. 2o pohonro >rfs3oporcec cstorekjpucsto bc >rf!espfbc, tkpc, eoncBo# y 13o!poro

schceefkmor, csekacr#< oum/uc ohaumks motf&k prcgfcrcmbcrf&orhk bch ^f!poro &cr# c Fs3o!schceef'm, kpef'm#, y os poro`oecr sfamfgfeor

HUmk Ruc vc ch euhtkH.

A&@ >hkrum.

>hkrumcs ch efchk-;fks bc hks Vkruno, cs bcefr, h cs chgfrjojcmtk bcfgfeobk, k ch efchk pcrskmoh, os ekjkG!om;uNkmcs o hks 2s3fs, G!kmjkporo hks 9Ps, y Jo7uporo hks C5cs. Ekjk guc jcmefkmobk cm ch htfjk &khujcm, chprcufefk acmcroh bc ho jcmtc bch mcark `o cstobk cm go&kr bcschceefkmor oh gfrjojcmtk ekjk ch ;fks prfmefpoh bc ho

MoturohcBo, cm huaor bch Dkh, ho 2umo, k ho Ifcrro,< y cm cstcrcspcetk hks motf&k sc porcecm o hks Kfmb #rfks, 9rfcaks, y^kjomksekm /ufcmcs B!ous Nftor, _cus, y Nftcrfauohjcmtc rcprcscmtorkm ch gfrjojcmtk.%&*

%&. 2ks 2s3fy9ousom hos pohonros G!om;uNkmyG!kmjk

poro c8prcsor efchk, hhu&fo, k trucmk y rch*jpoak, y hksC7< yhks Vkruno, hos pohonrosJo7uy>hkrumporo c8prcsor hks /omtcrfkr. 2ks pucnhks 2s3fbfecmG!om;uNkm nkj

!G!om;uNkm akhpco#

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e., jfcmtros cm s'hk ho jfsjo jomcro /uc hks9rfcaksOmtfauksotrfnuycrkm o cstks gcm'jcmks o_cus/ufcm mc&', hhk&f',aromfB', rcekaf' hos muncs, y trkm'.G!om;uNkmtfcmc hks

cptctks sfaufcmtcs9 #jksu!ch ;obkr bc 2hu&fo#< #jkvuo!ch;obkr bc Dkhomo#< 2ctcrcnkcmsu!Jrom rkefobkr Ercobkr bcOauo#, y 2!kbuojNkm/uc porcec sfamfgfeor HCstfrorOgucro ch

2c"obkH!2!k, bfnuor k orrostror, Buo, jobcro, yTkm,supcrgfefc hhomo# .*

ks Tucnhks Vkruno Torhomtcs. *a.:

G!om;uNkmy G!kmjktrucmom y ohujnrom os ekjk &fcrtcm hohhu&fo, pcrk >hkrum, ekjk ch C5c Jo7u, mk jomcorkm chroyk, ch euoh sc `fBk ho gumef'm bc um ;fks-trucmk cspcefoh, y hsugrf' ohaumo rcbueef'm pkr ekmsfaufcmtc cm su fjpkrtomefo. )hmkjnrc >hkrum/ufcrc bcefr ch

HBucLk bch EfchkH!>mf, umk /uc pkscc, >rum, efchk, gfrjojcmtk, munc %&*#,

y sc ercc /uc ch efchk cs um eucrpk s'hfbk, cmekr&ombk cmefjobc ho tfcrro poro eunrfrhk ekm um tcobk onk&cbobk.

Ekjk G!om;uNkm, G!kmjk, y Jo7u, >hkrumcs

ekmsfbcrobk bcjosfobk bfstomtc, k bcjosfobk fmbfgcrcmtc, porofmtcrgcrfr cm hks osumtks bch Kumbk. 2ks motf&ks bfecm /uc hbfsgruto umo &fbo ekjphcto bc kefksfbob y rcpksk, umoekmbfef'm bfe`kso bc oeucrbk ekm sus fbcos, y poso su tfcjpkbkrjftombk k burjfcmbk. ;csbc cstk h cs bcjosfobk pcrcBkskk bcjosfobk fmbfgcrcmtc poro ccrecr oham ekmtrkh sknrc hks

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osumtks tcrrcmohcs, ch `kjnrc cm su hobk mk pfcrbc tfcjpk bccjpcorsc cm prkpfeforhk o ch, pcrk rcscr&o su euhtk ysoerfgfefks poro j*s oetf&ks oacmtcs. >hkrummk tfcmc mfmam

soecrbktc, sjnkhks, fj*acmcs, k tcjphks,

%&. 2oGcm>mf, kGf, sfcjprc eojnfo pkr hoomtcs bc hos&keohcs#, C, >, y U. _cr Eopftuhk sknrc ch fbfkjo, _crnks

!#.*

Bfkscs NrfmefNohcs. *a.:D

y sfm cjnorak, cm tfcjpks bc eohojfbob, k oghfeef'm, euombkhks ktrks ;fkscs sc `om &uchtk kbks skrbks o sus sphfeos, ummotf&k, /ufB*s, ekjk um htfjk rceursk, fm&k/uc o >hkrum,cstos keosfkmcs skm roros, y ekjk umo rcaho acmcroh o cstc ;fksmk sc obkro k mk sc opcho. )h mkjnrc >hkrum, sfm cjnorak,

keurrc cm &k /ucaks bc groscs bc kroef'm, /uc porcecmjkstror /uc cm um tfcjpk joykr ekmsfbcro scr poaobk o h. krccjphk, ho ekmtcstoef'm oprkpfobo oh sohubk bc ho joomo,

HYtuvk ustcb umo nucmohcvomtobo\ Hcs

> !fm >hkrum,

Haroefos o >hkrumHhkrum NrktcacrtcH

cs ohaumos &cecs kbo ekjk um sohubk bc ho torbc. 2k omtcrfkrporcec sfamfgfeor /uc hos aroefos skm bcnfbos oh efchk pkrpcrjftfr oh skh cmtror cm cstc< y hk htfjk o scr umo fm&keoef'm

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bch gfrjojcmtk, ch tce`k bch Kumbk, pkr pcrjomcecr cmefjo yprktcacr ho tfcrro buromtc ho mke`c. O &cecs hks motf&khc&omtor*m sus jomks y arftorom,

H>hkrum, >hkrumXHos ekjk mksktrks bcefjks,HZEfchk khvfboXH

y ekm umo fauoh ouscmefo bc sfamfgfeobk hftcroh.

>hkrumtfcmc hks sfaufcmtcs cptctks9

A&@.O>ao-kak!>ao, bfstfmaufbk k pcrskmo &ohfcmtc< >ak,prkbfafk, ohonomBo#.

A/@.O>hk7k!mfOk7k# HUmk 6cmcronhcH.

A:@.OChcbo!bo, poro ecsor bc hhk&cr#, H]h Ruc ekmtrkho ho

hhuvfoH.

A)@.OChcjf, Hum 3kjnrc vfvfcmtcH, hftcrohjcmtc Shkbujo!cu >hkbujorc. 2o bcrf&oef'm bc

ks Tucnhks Vkruno Torhomtcs. *a.:'

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cstc cptctk cs kseurk, pcrk prknonhcjcmtc sfamfgfeo Hhhcmobkrbc orrk!ksHprknonhcjcmtc !>hkbk, /uc pkscc hks orrkyks#.

Mksktrks cmekmtrojks hks jfsjks trjfmks cm >s3ujo!cu>s3ujorc, Orek frfs, y cm >sojo!cu >sojorc, hfrfk bcOauo, y cstk /ufB*s cs ekjpucstk bc >jf, oauo, y #!c, umcstobk bc cstor &f&k.

ucbc scr jcmefkmobk /uc, skhk os hks jfsfkmcrks ùnfcrkmeousobk /uc G!om;uNkm, G!kmjk, y Jo7uo screkmgumbfbks ekm ch c3kvo3bc hks Erfstfomks, pkr hotrobueef'm bc cstks mkjnrcs ekjk HBfksH, os ònom chhks`ce`k ekm >hkrum, /ufcm chhks ekmsfbcronom o scr umsupcr&f&fcmtc bc umo prfjftf&o rc&choef'm, `ceò o tkbo hoùjomfbob, cm ho mfcB bch Kumbk. crk >hkrumcs jcrojcmtcum ;fks-moturohcBo, ch pcrskmohjcmtc efchk bf&fmk, y h

skhojcmtc ekmtrkho gcm'jcmks ekmcetobks cm ho jcmtc motf&oekm ch tce`k bch Kumbk. Ah mk cs cm mfmam scmtfbk um scrkjmfpktcmtc. )stk sc nfcm ccjphfgfeobk pkr ch prk&crnfk /ucbfec,HUm 3kjnrc mk Nucbc 3oecr eocr hhuvfo, ! >hkrum mk Nucbc

bortc o tf um 3f"kH.

@uc sfamfgfeo /uc9S#s ekjk um 3kjnrc mk Nucbc rcohfor hos gumefkmcs bc>hkrum ! 3oecr ho hhuvfo eocr, os >hkrum mk Nucbc gkrjorum mfLk cm ch tcrk, Ruc cs ho gumefm bch Bfks >notoho o

Rufcm mksktrks bcserfnfrcjks hucak. Bc 3ce3k, eobo Bfks,>hkrum fmehufbk, tfcmc, ekjk cstk 3fk, sus NrkNfks bcncrcs[

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! jfcmtros notohocs ch ;fks prfmefpoh bc hks Vkruno. )h mkjnrcsfamfgfeo o

H1cLkr bc ho 2cho $homeoH!>noOtfOoho#,y sc c8phfeo pkr ch `ce`k bc /uc ch nhomek cs ch ekhkr soarobk

Bfkscs NrfmefNohcs. *a.:(

bc >notoho, euyks tcjphks, fj*acmcs, y porogcrmohfo skmsfcjprc pfmtobks bc nhomek, y /uc sus scaufbkrcs &fstcm rkposnhomeos. ?tro bcrf&oef'm cs9

>noOtfOoho, H1cLkr bc hos 6fsfkmcsH.1 cstk aomo ohaumo prknonfhfbob bch `ce`k bc /uc >notohotfcmc hks cptctks bc9

>rfs3o k"dcmfo,HCh >rfs3o Ruc cmtro cm ch 3kjnrcH,

1

#honohcsc!#hOnoOmfOosc#,%&*H]h Ruc Nrcbfec ch guturkH,pkr/uc h fmspfro hks kr*euhks y hks soecrbktcs, y bc&cho chguturk pkr jcbfk bc hos &fsfkmcs.

H1cLkr bc hos rkNos $homeoH

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Dfm cjnorak, csto cs ho trobueef'm jos ekjmjcmtc obkptobo,y porcec scr ho ekrrceto. )h ;fks cs sfcjprc rcprcscmtobk ekjk&cstfbk bc umo rkpo nhomeo.

>notoho, bfecm hks soecrbktcs, guc `ce`k pkr >hkrum/ufcmhucak cmtrca' sknrc h, ho bfrceef'm bch $frjojcmtk y chKumbk y ch jfsjk sc rctfr' o bcseomsor. >notohocs ostojnfm um ;fks-efchk, pcrk cs umo j*s omtrkpkj'rgfeoekmecpef'm /uc >hkrum, y rcohfBo gumefkmcs /uc mk skm cm hkj*s jmfjk ekmcetobos ekm ch gfrjojcmtk. ;c oeucrbk ekm umjftk, euoh cs, sfm cjnorak, ekmtrobfe`k pkr ktrk, >notoho`fBkoh prfjcr `kjnrc y jucr bc orefhho, cm euoh eucmto h tfcmc chttuhk bc9

#hojkrcrc, SBucLk bc ho jc"kr orefhhoH.y pkr/uc h ojos' ho orefhho h cs hhojobk ch9

>rfs3o;Nk;Nk, HCh >rfs3o Rufcm ojoso ho orefhhoH.

!;Nk, ojosor k tcjphor ho orefhho#. Oum/uc cstc pumtk csbfsputobk pkr ohaumks motf&ks, tkbks ekm&fcmcm /uc >notohogkrjo oh mfk cm ch tcrk bc ho jobrc, y hos jucrcs /uc bcscomòecrsc jobrcs bfrfacm sus kroefkmcs o h< jfcmtros chohnfmfsjk y hos bcgkrjfbobcs ekmamftos skm ekmsfbcrobosekjk su knro jomuoh, k `ceò poro eostfaor,

%&.#hOkmf!umk /uc. tfcmc#< $o!poro bor oheomec o,opkbcrorsc#< Gf!poro tcmcr, òecr, òncr#< #sc!o &cmfr, hhcaor o

posor#,HUmk Ruc oheomo o vcmfr Noro NosorH.*

ks Tucnhks Vkruno Torhomtcs. *a.)

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ohaumks bcseufbks òefo h pkr portc bc hks pobrcs, k pororcekrbor sus obkrobkrcs su pkbcr.

>notohocs tojnfm hosHTrktcetkr bc hos Nucrtos bch TucnhkH.

1 cm csto eopoefbob cs rcprcscmtobk ekjk jkmtobk cm umeonohhk, y orjobk ekm umo homBo. Dknrc hks pomchcs bc hospucrtos bc hks tcjphks rubos cmtohhoburos skm grceucmtcjcmtc&fstos bc um fmctc ekm umo homBo, rkbcobk pkr um hckporbk,tkrtuao, pcB, y scrpfcmtc. ?trk cptctk bc >notohocs9

>notoho anfmanfmf;f, HCh cmkrjc >notohoH.Dus kgrcmbos cspcefohcs skm eoroekhcs ekjcstfnhcs.

)mtrc hks pucnhks C5c-orhomtcs cm Tkrtk Gkvk, >notohobctcrjfmo ho euhpo k ho fmkecmefo bc hos pcrskmos oeusobos pkr

jcbfk bc um kr*euhk hhojobk >ms3cu >mfs3c!jcmsocrk,cjnoobkr#. )stc ekmsfstc cm um efhfmbrk ùcek bc jobcro, bcecreo bc :&/pfcs bc hkmaftub y /pfcs bc bf*jctrk, ekm um gfmeuoh cs eunfcrtk ekm um pok y ch ktrk ecrrobk ekm e*seoros bceoroekh ekjcstfnhc. )stc efhfmbrk cs ekhkeobk cm ho eoncBo bchoeusobk /uc sc orrkbfhho cm ho tfcrro, rctcmfmbkhk gfrjcjcmtc

sknrc su eoncBo ekm umo jomk o eobo hobk. )h ;fks, sfcmbkhucak fm&keobk pkr hks soecrbktcs, eousombk /uc ch efhfmbrk scojk&fbk obchomtc y otr*s, y gfmohjcmtc poro eocr o ho tfcrro. Dfcstc eoc òefo obchomtc ch oeusobk cs fmkecmtc, sf òefo otr*seuhponhc. 2ks soecrbktcs bfecm /uc >notoho, k um csprftusunkrbfmobk o /ufcm h bchcao ch bcncr, akhpco oh oeusobk, poro

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òecr oh efhfmbrk eocr cm ho rc/ucrfbo bfrceef'm< pcrk hkscseptfeks y Erfstfomksmotf&ks bfecm /uc um mfk cs csekmbfbkcm ch efhfmbrk y hk òec pcrbcr ch c/ufhfnrfk obchomtc k bctr*s,

scam fmstrueefkmcs bobos bc omtcjomk pkr hks soecrbktcs.)hhks oarcaom /uc euombk um mfk ò scr&fbk pkr &ok k /y òercefbk bcjosfobk arombc poro

Bfkscs NrfmefNohcs. *a.)&

ch efhfmbrk /uc h cs pucstk poro ho jucrtc, cm ch krbcm /uc chscerctk pucbo ekmscr&orsc< y cs suecbfbk pkr ktrk, /ufm, cm suturmk, sugrc ch jfsjk bcstfmk pcrk tkbo sto cs ekmcturo mkj*s.

A:@ >bubuo.

>bubuo, u >buo/uc tfcmc ch ttuhk bc F!o oanc9Ho jobrc Ruc rcefncH,

cs ho ;fkso prfmefpoh bc hks Vkruno. )h mkjnrc sfamfgfeo9SUmk GcarkW!bft, scr mcark< bubft, mcark#,

y hks mcarks ekmsfbcrom o umo hfso, ahoscobo, pfch mcaro umoarom nchhcBo, y bc hcks supcrfkr poro umk bc hks krbfmorfk

ekhkr-tonoek. )hho sfcjprc cs rcprcscmtobo ekjk umo jucr /ucsc sfcmto, y ojojomto o um mfk.

>bubuocs ho cspkso bc >notoho, pcrk chho guc ekmtcjpkr*mcoekm >hkrum, y mk `ceò pkr h, ekjk guc su jorfbk. ?trksmotf&ks, sfm cjnorak, bfecm /uc chho &fmk bc Fgc, ho efubob

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somto, cm ekjm ekm ho joykro bc hks ktrks ;fkscs, ekjk csbcserftk cm um jftk bch /uc mksktrks `onhorcjks nrc&cjcmtc.>bubuorcprcscmto ho tfcrro, eosobo ekm ch omtrkpkj'rgfek

;fks-efchk. >notohoy >bubuo, k Efchk y Ifcrro, porcec, bfecmhks soecrbktcs, /arombcs eohonoBos-ekrtobos, /uc, euombk umo&cB ecrrobos, mumeo pucbcm scr onfcrto. )stk cs sfjnkhfBobk cmhks tcjphks pkr /nhom/ucobos gkrjo-photk eohonoBos, unfeobosumo eunrfcmbk ho ktro< ho supcrfkr bc euoh rcprcscmto ch e'meo&kgfrjojcmtk cstfrobk cmefjo bc y cmekmtr*mbksc ekm ho tfcrro, hofmgcrfkr, cm ch `krfBkmtc.

;c oeucrbk o ohaumks soecrbktcs, >notohoy >bubuorcprcscmtom umos bf&fmfbobcs ombr'afmos< y chhks bfecm /uc umofjoacm /uc cs sugfefcmtcjcmtc ekjm, bc um scr `ujomk

ks Tucnhks Vkruno Torhomtcs. *a.)/

ekm um nroBk y pfcrmo, y umo ekho tcrjfmombk cm umo csgcro,sfjnkhfBo cstk. )sto mkef'm, sfm cjnorak, mk cs mkrjohjcmtcskstcmfbo, >notohoy >bubuoskm acmcrohjcmtc, y eosfumf&crsohjcmtc, ekmsfbcrobks ekjk /bfstfmtos pcrskmos. )hgohky !kmf!&uh&o# cm yu8topksfef'm skm o jcmubk &fstks

tohhobk cm hos pucrtos bc hks tcjphks bc ojnks bc >notohoy>bubuo< pcrk cstk mk porcec tcmcr ohaumo rcgcrcmefo o hkombr'afmk, bcsbc /uc chhks tojnfm sc cmeucmtromscjcomtcjcmtc pfmtobks cm ktrks huaorcs /uc mk cst*m bcmfmaumo jomcro ekmcetobks ekm cstos ojnos bcfbobcs.

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;c oeucrbk o um jftk >bubuocs efcao. Oh prfmefpfk bchKumbk chho y su jorfbk >notohogucrkm ecrrobks cm hokseurfbob cm umo eohonoBo arombc, ecrrobo, >notohocstombk cm

ho portc supcrfkr y >bubuocm ho portc bc onok. )h jftk mkbcehoro e'jk chhks &fmfcrkm o cstor cm csto sftuoef'm, pcrk chhkspcrjomcefcrkm ohh pkr jue`ks bos, opfobks, òjnrfcmtks, cfme'jkbks. )mtkmecs >bubuocjpcB' o /ucorsc, euhpombk osu jorfbk bch ekmgfmojfcmtk< y umo &fkhcmto rfo suecbf', cm cheursk bc /uc, cm um grcmcs bc ronfo, >notohorosa' gucro suskks, pkr/uc chho mk grcmono su hcmauo. O eojnfk chho hkjohbfk, bfefcmbk9

HGobo t bcncr?s ekjcr cecNtk eoroekhH.@uc cs ho roB'm pkr/u sc hc kgrcecm hks eoroekhcs o`kro o>notoho. Os ch jftk mk òec o >bubuorceupcror su &fsto, chhobcnc scr supucsto /uc ò pcrjomcefbk efcao, pcrk mfmammotf&k ho ekmsfbcro ekjk um scr efcak.

>bubuocs ncmcgoetkro bch ojkr, y jueòs `fstkrfos skmekmtobos bc sus o&cmturos y ojkrks. Du prfmefpoh tcjphk cst*cm #bk, ch prfmefpoh pucnhk bch cstobk bch jfsjk mkjnrc#bk,sftuobk ecreo bc &jfhhos oh Gkrtcbc

Bfkscs NrfmefNohcs. *a.):$oboar!. 2o pohonro #bksfamfgfeo o umo pcrskmo huurfkso bcumk u ktrk sc8k, y su schceef'm poro ch mkjnrc bc cstc pucnhkcs ekmsfbcrobk pkr ho hcycmbo sfaufcmtc.

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>bubuocstono umo &cB eojfmombk skho cm ch nks/uc euombkchho sc cmekmtr' o um eoBobkr, /uc cro tom auopk /uc ch orbfcmtctcjpcrojcmtk bc ho bfkso tkj' gucak cm scaufbo. 2ks o&omecs

/uc chho `fBk òefo h gucrkm go&kronhcjcmtc rcefnfbks, y chhkscm scaufbo jutuojcmtc sotfsgfefcrkm su posf'm cm csc huaor.;cspus bc cstk, ho ;fkso sc tkrm' tkbo&o jos cmojkrobo, c,fmeopoB bc scpororsc hcks bc su ojomtc, chho &f&f' ekm hburomtc ohaumos scjomos cm umo e`kBo, /uc chhks ekmstruycrkmbc rojos oh pfc bc um *rnkh bc scbo-ohakb'm arombc. Oh gfmoh bccstc tfcjpk su posf'm sc òno /ucjobk, y ònfmbksc eomsobkbch eoBobkr, chho hk bc'< pcrk omtcs bc òecr cstk chho prkjctf'prktcacrhk y o tkbks hks ktrks /uc pkbrom &cmfr y jkror cm chgo&kronhc huaor bkmbc chho òno posobk tomtos `krosoarobonhcs. )m ekmsceucmefo jueòs pcrskmos &fmfcrkm y sccstonhcefcrkm ohh, y um pucnhk ercef' arobuohjcmtc /uc gucmkjnrobk #bk, poro ekmjcjkror hos efreumstomefos bc su

krfacm. 6m tcjphk guc ekmstrufbk poro ho ;fkso prktcetkro< yohh, cm sus bos bc gfcsto, soerfgfefks bc aomobk y k&co skm`ce`ks, y hos jucrcs sc onombkmom chhos jfsjosfmbfserfjfmobojcmtc o hks obkrobkrcs joseuhfmks cm su `kmkr.

A)@ #aom"u ! Vcjo"o.

Omtcs bc su ojkrk ekm ch eoBobkr, >bubuobfk o su jorfbk,>notoho, um jueòe`k y umo jueòeò, mkjnrobksrcspcetf&ojcmtc. #aom"uy Vcjo"o. )h mkjnrc #aom"u/ufcrcbcefr troetk fmònftobk bc pos, bcsfcrtk, hhomuro, k

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ks Tucnhks Vkruno Torhomtcs. *a.))

nks/uc, y

Vcjo"o, SJobrc bc NcH!Vc!c, jobrc< c"o, pcB#.2o bcsecmbcmefo bc ho umf'm bc Efchk y Ifcrro, cs bcefr, bc>notohoy >bubuo, pucbc os scr bfe`k /uc rcprcscmto Ifcrroy Oauo. Vcjo"ocs ho ;fkso bc orrkyks y rks, y prcsfbc sknrchos krboho !Rufefks ;f&fmks# pkr oauo. )hho cs rcprcscmtobo pkrumo gfauro gcjcmfmo, cm ekhkr ojorfhhk, &fstfcmbk eucmtosoBuhcs y rkpos nhomeos. )h euhtk bc #aom"uporcec òncr eobkcm bcsusk, k sc òno `ce`k umfbk cm cstk oh bc su jobrc< pcrkohh cs bfe`k /uc cs um cspoefk onfcrtk cm grcmtc bc ho rcsfbcmefobch ^c!cm >!kb'mbc ch Bfkscro omtcrfkrjcmtc obkrobk, /uccs tkbo&o hhojobk >"u-#aom"u- H0rcmtc bc #aoOm"uH.

Vcjo"osc eos' su `crjomk #aom"u, y bfk o huB um `fkmkjnrobk >rumaom. )stc mkjnrc cs ekjpucstk bc >rum,efchk, y 9om, bc 9o, /uc cs scr ohtk< y porcec sfamfgfeor HCm hoohturo bch efchkH. )stc porcec rcspkmbcr oh ;3c;3cjc, kH^cafm bc ofrcOfnrcWbc hks pucnhks bch C5c< y, ekjk cstc,o sfamfgfeor ch oporcmtc cspoefk cmtrc ch efchk y ho tfcrro. 2o

bcsecmbcmefo bc ho Ifcrro y ch Oauo pkbro scr os hk /ucmksktrks hhojojks ch Ofrc.

>rumaomeohh' cmojkr' bc su jobrc, y euombk chho sc mca' ocseueòr o su posf'm euhponhc, h um bo tkj' &cmtoo bc hoouscmefo bc su pobrc, y ho &fkh' o chho. 4mjcbfotojcmtc bcspus

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bch oetk, Vcjo"osoht' cm sus pfcs y ùy' bch huaor cstruombksus jomks y hojcmt*mbksc< y guc scaufbo pkr >rumaom, /ufcmsc csgkrB' pkr ekmskhorho bfefmbkhc /uc mobfc bcno ekmkecr hk

/uc òno keurrfbk, y bcehor' /uc h mk pkbro &f&fr sfm chho. Ahhc kgrcef' ho scbuetkro pcrspcetf&o bc &f&fr ekm /jorfbks, umkrcekmkefbk, y ch ktrk cm ch scerctk< pcrk chho rceòB' tkbos

Bfkscs NrfmefNohcs. *a.)

sus prkpucstos ekm rcpuamomefo, y ekmtfmu' ekrrfcmbk hcks.>rumaom, sfm cjnorak, r*pfbojcmtc aom' sknrc chho, y gucustk cstfrombk sus jomk poro osfrho, euombk chho eoy' òefootr*s o ho tfcrro. )mtkmecs su eucrpk fmjcbfotojcmtc cjpcB' o`fmeòrsc bc umo tcjcrkso jomcro, /orrkyks bc oauoe`krrcorkm bc sus pce`ks, y su onbkjcm cstohh' onfcrtk. 2ksorrkyks bc hks pce`ks bc Vcjo"osc umfcrkm y gkrjorkm um

hoak, y bc su eucrpk onfcrtk &fmfcrkm hks [email protected]?!;fkso bc hks &cactohcs#, A/@.O13omak!;fks bchrch*jpoak#, A:@.O>aum!;fks bch `fcrrk y ho aucrro#, A)@.O>hk;um!;fks bch jor#, [email protected]>hkso!;fkso bch hoak#, [email protected]>!o!;fkso bch rk Gacr#, [email protected]>s3um!;fkso bch rk >s3um#, A'@.O>no!;fkso bch rk >no#, A(@.O>rfs3o >;k!;fks bc ho

oarfeuhturo#, A&@.O>s3ksf!;fks bc hks eoBobkrcs#, A&&@.O >;c!;fks bc jkmtoos#, A&/@.O#"c 13ohuao!;fks bc rf/ucBo#,A&:@.O13om;Nommo!;fks bc ho &orfecho#, A&)@.O>rum!ch Dkh#,y A&@.O>s3u!ho humo#.%&*poro ekmjcjkror cstc c&cmtk, umpucnhk euoh guc bobk ch mkjnrc bc Fgc!bfhotoef'm,oarombojfcmtk, k oujcmtor#, guc ekmstrufbk cm ch huaor b'mbc

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ch eucrpk bc Vcjo"ocstohh', y sc &kh&f' ho efubob somto bc hostrfnus Vkruno-porhomtcs. )h huaor b'mbc su eucrpk eoy' gucusobk poro scr jkstrobk, y prknonhcjcmtc tkbo&o cs< pcrk ch

pucnhk guc bcstrufbk cm &''/, cm ho aucrro cmtrc hks Fgcbc umhobk y hks Fnobomy hks Jkbo;c;csbch ktrk.

)h jftk bc Vcjo"oos eucmto pkr ch krfacm bc &orfks bc hks;fkscs, pkr `oefcmbk o chhks mfctks bc >notohoy >bubuohk;um, >hkso,13omak, >!c, >s3um, >no, >aum, Bobo, y ch rcstk ekjk

omtcrfkrjcmtc.*

ks Tucnhks Vkruno Torhomtcs. *a.)

mk pcrtcmcecm o cstc arupk gojfhfor, y bc euohcs ch amcsfs mk csekmsfbcrobo bc gkrjo ohaumo. /, pkr hk jcmks, bc hks ;fkscsprfmefpohcs cst*m cm csto eotcakro, y mksktrks pkr csk hksbcojks poro ch jkjcmtk bc hos ;cfbobcs jcmkrcs /ufcmcssohfcrkm bc Vcjo"o, y prk&fcmcm ekm hks ;fkscs prfmefpohcs,fmbcpcmbfcmtcjcmtc bc su krfacm.

@ 13omak.

13omak, ch ;fks bch trucmk y ch rch*jpoak, cs, ecreomk bc>notoho, ch j*s pkbcrksk ;fks bc hks Vkruno< h guc chscaumbk cm sohfr bch eucrpk bc Vcjo"o. Du mkjnrc porcec scr

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bcrf&obk bc 13om, SakhNcor vfkhcmtojcmtcH, y 9k, SNorooturbfrW< y o tcmcr rcgcrcmefo bc hks cstrucmbks bch trucmk,euohcs skm supucstks o scr prkbuefbks pkr sus &fkhcmtks skphks.

%&*Ah tfcmc ch cptctk bc o;uto, Homobkr bc NfcbrosH, kHue3obkr ekm hos NfcbrosH!o, homBor bcsbc orrfno, k"o,hueòr, y k;uto, pfcbro#< y hos pfcbro fmstrujcmtks, euohcstfcmcm horak tfcjpk ecsobk su usk cm grfeo>rfcmtohskmercbos o scr sus royks.

)sarfjfr ch royk cs efcrtojcmtc umo bc hos oprkpfobos gumefkmcsbch ;fks-efchk, y ch prkecsk pkr euoh h sc `fBk prf&obk bc cstkmk cst* pkr euoh/ufcr jcbfk ehork. )stk mk porcec scr chrcsuhtobk bc umo o&omBobo euhturo, pkr ch _cusbc hks 9rfcaksy ch Nftcrbc hks ^kjomks, /uc tcmom hks cptctksrcspcetf&ojcmtc Icroumcfksy 2kmomksrctu&k cstc< ekjk`fBk ch G!om;uNkmbc hks 2s3fsy ch G!kmjkbc hks 9Psaumtfcmc um skspce`ksk porcefbk oh royk bc Nftcr,gkrobk pkr 6uheomk. 2o pohonro Vkrunoporo ch rch*jpoak csch jomoOjomo!joOfmo, um òefcmbk bc gucak#, y k mk tfcmcmfmaumo ekmc8f'm ekm ch `fcrrk !frfm# k umo eobcmo !c7km#mfO13omakjuy ekjmjcmtc cseueòbk cs9

S>3, 13omak, tu ortc ch jo!kr. 2u tkjos cm tu jomk tuorbfcmtc Nfcbro, Noro eostfaor oh euhNonhc ! sotfsgoecs tu

ehcro. Eobo ekso Ruc chhos akhNcom cs bcstrufbk. 1u gucakbcvkro hks nksRucs, hks ?rnkhcs skm bcrrfnobks, ! tkbos hos

erfoturos vfvfcmtcs skm jucrtosW9y hks obkrobkrcs-hofeks bc 13omaksc rcmcm cm hos eohhcsburomtc umo tkrjcmto bc royks arftombk,HZ13omak, 13omak, 9rom ^c!X 13omak cs ch scLkr ! ojk. Cm

ho tkrjcmto !o, ch Gacr< >s3um,ch rk bch jfsjk mkjnrc, /uc sunc cm F"csoy ghuyc cm ho &o-

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oauo cmtrc oaksy ch hoak bc c;;f, ecreo bc Cjfmo< y >no,tojnfm um rk, /uc sunc cm Fnobomy ghuyc bcmtrk bc ho oauobc Irobu. Ikbos :oekjpoom o su jorfbk euombk h sohc,

>!otkjombk ekm chho su jcmsocrk #gcgc!ch _fcmtk, k_cmtorr'm bc _fcmtk#, y >s3umy >nohhc&ombk su orek ycspobo. )h cseho&k bc 13omak, $frf!ho ?seurfbob# &o cmosfstcmefo.

2o fjoacm bc 13omakacmcrohjcmtc sc rcprcscmto ekjk um

Bfkscs NrfmefNohcs. *a.)(

`kjnrc porobk, y cs rkbcobk pkr fj*acmcs, jos pc/ucos cmtojok, bc sus :cspksos< /ufcmcs skm tojnfm rcprcscmtobosekjk bc pfc, ekm hos pohjos bc sus jomks umfbos, umtos cmgrcmtc bch pce`k. ûcycs, k&cos, y o&cs skm hks kgrcefjfcmtks

krbfmorfojcmtc `ce`ks o 13omak, y, cm fjpkrtomtcs keosfkmcs,scrcs ùjomks. Dus ekhkrcs skm rkk y nhomek. Ah cs ekmsuhtobkekm &eourfs, /uc skm tfrobks sknrc ho tfcrro, o/uchhks euohcseocm ekm ho portc troscro òeo orrfno sfcmbk os go&kronhc, yo/uchhks /uc eocm ekm ho portc troscro òeo onok cs hkekmtrorfk. Ah usuohjcmtc &o orjobk ekm um aorrktc hhojobk

>s3c, `ce`k bc ho jobcro bch *rnkh bch #!om, /uc cs tom burk/uc um prk&crnfk bfec,HCh ?rnkh bch #!om sc rcsfstc ch 3oe3oH.

)m ekmsceucmefo bc /uc su aorrktc cs `ce`k bc csto jobcro, ch*rnkh cs soarobk poro h.

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2ks Doecrbktcs y scaufbkrcs bc 13omakusom umo eortcro,cjnhcj*tfeo bc hos prkpcmsfkmcs oh pfhhoc !rknk, so/uck# bc suDckr, y ch Doecrbktc prfmefpoh sc hhojo Joano, HCh

^cecNtkrH. Euombk cmtrc hos trfnus C5c, umo eoso cs akhpcobopkr ch rch*jpoak cs cm scaufbo fm&obfbo y pfhhobo pkr hksbfsepuhks bch Bfks, y umo juhto fjpucsto o hks keupomtcs, o/ufcmcs, csto cs rctcmfbo, pkr/uc cstks bcncm òncr kgcmbfbk oh. 2os pcrskmos /ufcmcs jucrcm pkr ch ô!kmk pucbcm,prkpfojcmtc ònhombk, scr cmtcrrobks< pcrk sf hks rchoefkmobksbch bfgumtk kgrcecm um sugfefcmtc poak, hks Doecrbktcsusuohjcmtc rcefncm ch eob*&cr hk rcbfjcm y cmtfcrrom. 2ksfmbf&fbuks rcmbfbks c fmscmsfnhcs pkr ch ô!kskm cm scaufbobcspoeòbks pkr hks Doecrbktcs, ch oeefbcmtc sfcmbkekmsfbcrobk ekjk prucno pksftf&o bc /uc 13omahc rc/ufcrc.6mo ekjm fbco cs /uc 13omacst* suctk o grceucmtcsorrcnotks bc fmakncrmonhc tcjpcrojcmtk, buromtc euoh h trucmo

y akhpco sknrc hos eoncBos, y tfro òefo onok

ks Tucnhks Vkruno Torhomtcs. *a.

pfcbros o o/uhhks /ufcm òm bobk o h eouso poro kgcmso.

2ks prc&fks skm, ekm ho c8ecpef'm bch jftk bc hos eobcmosorbfcmtcs, hos &fcos fbcos ekm rcspcetk 13omak< pcrk sknrcchhos o`kro r*pfbojcmtc sc òm fmcrtobk j*s torbc ohaumksjftks, euohcs òecm o 13omakum rcy tcrrcmoh /ufcm bcspus sc`fBk um bfks. )stc 13omakguc 7cy bc >!k, eopftoh bc hksVkruno, y sc pusk tom fmsugrfnhc o tro&s bc ho ropoefbob,

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eruchbob, y tfromo, /uc hks cgcs y ch pucnhk cm uhtfjk hccm&forkm umo eohonoBo ekm `uc&ks bc hkrks, cm oeucrbk ekm hoekstujnrc /uc `o sfbk yo jcmefkmobo< ekm um jcmsoc /uc h

bcno cstor gotfaobk ekm hks eufbobks bc aknfcrmk, y /uc crotfcjpk poro h fr o bkrjfr. Oh rcefnfr csto fmtfjfboef'm,13omak, cm huaor bc pcrjftfrsc ch jfsjk scr eohhobojcmtccstromauhobk pkr sus cspksos, bcsogf' ho kpfmf'm pnhfeo y sccsgkrB' poro ekmarcaor sus ob`crcmtcs< y, euombk cstk gohh',nuse' scaurfbob cm ho

Pueblos Yoruba-Parlantes de la costa de esclavo del oeste de África por A. B. Ellis 1890

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Transcript of Pueblos Yoruba-Parlantes de la costa de esclavo del oeste de África por A. B. Ellis 1890