Proyecto Energias Renobables SFA

Diapositiva 1

Energas RenovablesInstructor: Dr. Germn Prez Hernndez

UJAT

Obtener conocimientos fundamentales en los diferentes tipos de energas renovables destinadas a la produccin de energa elctrica, y que posea la capacidad y habilidad requerida en el ambiente profesional. El anlisis que se realizar a cada una de las tecnologas involucrar: contexto de su utilizacin, disponibilidad de los recursos renovables, potencial energtico, elementos que componen los elementos tecnolgicos, operacin y mantenimiento.ModuloEnergas RenovablesEnerga SolarEnerga Solar TrmicaEnerga Solar FotovoltaicaEnerga ElicaIntroduccinEnerga geotrmicaEnerga de las aguasEnerga de Biomasa Historia del Uso de la Energa. Conceptos de Energas Renovables y No Renovables. Recursos y Demandas de Energa a nivel Global; Nacional y Regional. Desarrollo Sustentable. Cambio Climtico.

IntroduccinIntroduccin. Naturaleza y Disponibilidad de la Radiacin Solar. Geometra Solar. Estimacin y Medicin de la Energa Solar.Energa SolarIntroduccin. Fsica de Semiconductores. Juntura p-n.. Principios Bsicos del Efecto PV. Materiales Usados. Caractersticas Elctricas de las Clulas PV. Paneles PV. Diseo de sistemas PV. Potencial Tcnico. Produccin de Electricidad Aislada y en Red. Consideraciones Ambientales. Costos. Perspectiva Futura.Energa solar fotovoltaicaIntroduccin. Colectores Solares Planos. Sistema de Calentamiento del Agua y Potencial Tcnico. Uso de Energa Solar Concentrada. Sistemas de Receptor Central. Sistemas de Canales Parablicos. Sistemas de Platos Parablicos. Potencial Tcnico. Produccin de Electricidad. Consideraciones Ambientales. Costos. Perspectiva Futura.

Energa solar trmicaIntroduccin. El Viento. Fuerzas Aerodinmicas. Ley de Betz. Tipos de Convertidores Elicos. Potencial Tcnico. Produccin de Electricidad. Sistemas Aislados. Granjas Elicas y su conexin a la red. Consideraciones Ambientales. Costos. Perspectiva Futura.Energa de ElicaIntroduccin. Fotosntesis. Produccin de Gas, Biodiesel y Bioetanol. Potencial Tcnico. Produccin de Electricidad. Consideraciones Ambientales. Costos. Perspectiva Futura. Esquemas para el aprovechamiento de la biomasa.Energa de BiomasaPequeas Centrales. Energa de las Mareas. Energa de las Olas. Produccin de Electricidad. Consideraciones Ambientales. Costos. Perspectiva Futura.Energas de las aguasIntroduccin. Fsica Geolgica. Tecnologa Usada. Produccin de Electricidad. Consideraciones Ambientales. Costos. Perspectiva Futura.Energa GeotrmicaBIBLIOGRAFABoyle Godfrey, Renewable Energy- Second Edition, Oxford, Oxford University Press/The open University, UK, 2004. Gordon Jeffrey, Solar Energy-State of the Art, International Solar Energy Society, 2001.Comisin Nacional de Energa. http://www.conae.gob.mx.International Energy Agency (IEA). http://www.iea.org.Snchez, Miguel ngel. Energa solar fotovoltaica, Editorial Limusa, Mxico 2011. World Energy Council, Living in one World, UK, 2001.[32] Aarn Snchez Jurez. Notas del curso de especializacin Sistemas fotovoltaicos. Centro de Investigacin en Energa (CEI) de la UNAM. Temixco, Morelos, 2011.

Son los gases emitidos producto de una combustin. El principal de ellos es el CO2 (Bixido de Carbono)Principales Fuentes de Emisin de CO2

I. IntroduccinCambio climtico: Gases de efecto invernadero

Porcin: 46 g, cantidad x porcin 1 paq.Contenido energtico242 Kcal (1011 kj)Grasas (Lpidos)12.9 gGrasa Saturada4.1 gGrasa Trans0.5 gGrasa Monoinsaturada4.1 gGrasa Poliinsaturada3.8 gColesterol0 mgSodio113 mgCarbohidratos28.1 gFibra diettica0.8 gAzcaresProteinas3.3 gINFORMACIN NUTRIMENTAL- See more at: http://www.barcel.com.mxINGREDIENTES: papa natural, aceite vegetal, sal yodada, cloruro de potasio, extracto de levadura, inosinato y guanilato de sodio, maltodextrina, cido glutmico, aceite vegetal parcialmente hidrogenado, dixido de silicio (antiaglomerante), saborizante idntico al natural, cido ctrico y antioxidante TBHQ. - See more at: http://www.barcel.com.mx/#sthash.UudeIaBm.dpuf

Porcin: 52 g, cantidad x porcin 1 paq.Contenido energtico268 Kcal (1120 kj)Grasas (Lpidos)14.5 gGrasa Saturada6 gGrasa Trans0 gGrasa Monoinsaturada5.9 gGrasa Poliinsaturada2.6 gColesterol0 mgSodio368 mgCarbohidratos30.4 gFibra diettica1.4 gAzcares0.2 gProteinas3.9 gINFORMACIN NUTRIMENTALINGREDIENTES: Harina de maz, aceite vegetal, sazonador queso chipotle (sal yodada, maltodextrina, almidn de maz, glutamato monosdico, chiles, suero de leche en polvo, saborizante idntico al natural, cido ctrico, azcar, saborizante natural y artificial, ajo en polvo, colorantes artificiales (rojo no. 40, amarillo no. 5, azul no. 1 y amarillo no. 6)) y antioxidante TBHQ. - See more at: http://www.barcel.com.mx/#sthash.UudeIaBm.dpufReservas de recursos fsiles

Fuente: John F. Bookout (president of Shell USA). Two Centuries of Fossil Fuel EnergyInternational Geological Congress, Washington DC, Vol 12, 257-262 (1969)I. IntroduccinRecursos no renovables

I. IntroduccinRecursos renovables

IntroduccinCambio climtico: Gases de efecto invernadero

NAVIDAD EN EL 2050I. IntroduccinCambio climtico: Gases de efecto invernaderoIntensidad Solar : Efectos de la Atmosfera

Sun photosphere(6000 K black body)Extraterestrial sunlight (AM0)Luz del Sol a 40 N de latitud a medio da (AM1.5)II. Energa SolarGeometra Solar

Irradiancia Solar : Visible por nuestros ojosII. Energa SolarGeometra SolarIrradiancia Solar vs. horas del Da

Energy (eV)Low-gap cells work best morning and nightEdge of day loses blue lightIntensity (mW/m2-mm)Wavelength (mm)II. Energa SolarGeometra Solar

El da solar representa el valor promedio de horas, del total de horas entre el amanecer y el anochecer, durante el cual un sol equivalente (con irradiancia constante de 1 kW/m2) es capaz de generar la misma cantidad de energa que el sol verdadero entrega, en promedio en esa locacin para esa poca del ao

II. Energa SolarMedicin Energa Solar: Da Solar

Fuente: www.heliogis.comII. Energa SolarMedicin Energa Solar: Da Solar, CunduacnEnerga Solar

Eficiencia de Mdulos FVs:12%Cuadrado de 10 m de ladoGeneracin de Energa: ~50.0 kW-hr al da10 Deptos.

II. Energa SolarMedicin Energa Solar: Potencial de generacin

III. Energa Solar FotovoltaicaSemiconductores: Pelculas delgadas







La comprensin de los materiales se logra por medio de modelos. El modelo aceptado en la actualidad es el siguiente: Los materiales estn formados por tomos Los tomos se comportan como si fueran esferas slidas. tomos de diferente naturaleza qumica se representan por esferas de tamao diferente.

III. Energa Solar FotovoltaicaSemiconductores: Estructura cristalinaLos tomos se unen entre s para formar el material

Dependiendo del material, los tomos tienen dos posibilidades para enlazarse. 1. Los tomos no siguen ningn orden o siguen un orden de corto alcance: Materiales amorfos 2. Los tomos siguen un ordenamiento de largo alcance: Materiales Cristalinos. La estructura cristalina es el concepto que describe la forma como se organizan los tomos en el material. La estructura cristalina se determina por difraccin de rayos X. III. Energa Solar FotovoltaicaSemiconductores: Estructura cristalina

III. Energa Solar FotovoltaicaSemiconductores: Estructura cristalina






III. Energa Solar FotovoltaicaSemiconductores: Indice de Miller para un plano

Ejemplos de Clculos de ndices de MillerLos valores de los interceptos normalizados son: 1, 2 y 3.Los recprocos de estos nmeros son 1, y 1/3La menor constante que proporciona nmeros enteros es el 6Los ndices de Miller para este plano es el (632)

Casos especialesAlgunos valores de los interceptos es negativo. El ndice de Miller para es te plano es (2-21)

Cuando los planos no intercepte uno de los ejes, se considera el infinito y su reciproco es cero. El ndice de Miller para este plano es (100)

Cul es el ndice de Miller de este plano?

Establecer un sistema de ejes coordenados. Observar que este plano no intercepta a unos ejes coordenadosRecordar que hay que normalizar los intercepto en los ejes coordenadoObtener el reciproco de los intercepto y en su caso multiplicar por la menor constante

El ndice de Miller de este plano es:

Los valores normalizados de los intercepto son: , y Los recprocos de estos son 2,0,0Como ningn nmero es racional no es necesario multiplicar por un menor enteroEl ndice de Miller de este plano es (200)ndice de Miller-Bravais para la estructura hexagonal

Las tres caras mostradas en la celda unidad hexagonal son planos pertenecientes a la misma familia, sin embargo con el sistema de ejes elegidos esta equivalencia no es en absoluto obvia a la vista de los ndices de Miller.En este sistema en lugar de los tres ndices (hkl), se utilizan cuatro ndices (hkil)Introducir un cuarto eje, denotado u, como se muestra en la figurandice de Miller-Bravais para la estructura hexagonal

El ndice asociado a este nuevo eje se puede expresar en trminos de los ndices de Miller h y k de manera que i=-(h+k). Si ahora reasignamos ndices a los planos sealados.

El problema de notacin se resuelve, puesto que ahora los tres planos cristalogrficos si se expresan mediante ndices fcilmente asociables a la misma familia.

(0001)Cul es el ndice de Miller-Bravais de estos planos?(10 11)

Cual es el ndice de Miller de los siguientes planos:

Equipo de Difraccin de Rx, Cinvestav-MridaDifractmetro Siemens D-5000 con geometra Bragg-Brentano. Utiliz una radiacin monocromtica de cobre ( = 1.5418 ) con una energa de 34 kV y la corriente de 25 mA,Estructura cristalina cbica tipo zinc-blende, sin orientacin preferencial, con parametro de red a>6.481

Espectro de difraccin caracterstico del semiconductor CdTe

1895, W. C Rentgen, cientfico alemn de la Universidad de Wrzburg descubri los Rayos X. Por su descubrimiento obtiene el Premio Nobel en 1901.

Los rayos X y su interaccin con la materia

Equipo moderno de radiologa

Hace algo ms de un siglo, en 1895, Wilhelm Conrad Rntgen (1845-1923), cientfico alemn de la Universidad de Wrzburg, descubri una radiacin (entonces desconocida y de ah su nombre de rayos X) que tena la propiedad de penetrar los cuerpos opacos. Por su descubrimiento obtuvo el Premio Nobel de Fsica de 1901.

Fuentes de rayos X

La brillantez de fuentes de Rayos X como funcin del tiempo

Hace algo ms de un siglo, en 1895, Wilhelm Conrad Rntgen (1845-1923), cientfico alemn de la Universidad de Wrzburg, descubri una radiacin (entonces desconocida y de ah su nombre de rayos X) que tena la propiedad de penetrar los cuerpos opacos. Por su descubrimiento obtuvo el Premio Nobel de Fsica de 1901.

Tipos de Fuentes de rayos X

Difractometro de rayos X.

Sincrotrn de radiacin: ESRF: European Synchrotron Radiation Facility en Grenoble (Francia).

Generador de rayos X con nodo rotatorio.

Tubos convencionales de rayos X.

Los rayos X que ms interesan en el campo de la Cristalografa de rayos X son aquellos que disponen de una longitud de onda prxima a 1 Angstrom (fundamentalmente los denominados rayos X "duros" en el esquema superior) y corresponden a una frecuencia de aproximadamente 3 millones de THz (tera-herzios) y a una energa de 12.4 keV (kilo-electrn-voltios), que a su vez equivaldra a una temperatura de unos 144 millones de grados. Estos rayos X se producen en los laboratorios de Cristalografa o en las llamadas grandes instalaciones de sincrotrn. Los equipos que se utilizan en los laboratorios de Cristalografa para producir estos rayos X son relativamente sencillos. Disponen de un generador de alta tensin (unos 50.000 voltios), que se suministra al llamado tubo de rayos X, que es realmente donde se produce la radiacin. Esos 50 kV se suministran como diferencia de potencial (alto voltaje) entre un filamento incandescente (por el que se hace pasar una corriente i de bajo voltaje, unos 5 A a unos 12 V) y un metal puro (normalmente cobre o molibdeno), establecindose entre ambos una corriente de unos 30 mA de electrones libres. Desde el filamento incandescente (cargado negativamente) saltan electrones hacia el nodo (cargado positivamente) provocando, en los tomos de este ltimo, una reorganizacin electrnica en sus niveles de energa.

Este es un proceso en el que se genera mucho calor, por lo que los tubos de rayos X deben estar muy refrigerados. Una alternativa a los tubos convencionales son los llamados generadores de nodo rotatorio, en los cuales el nodo, en forma de cilindro, se mantiene con un giro continuo, consiguiendo con ello que la incidencia de los electrones se reparta por la superficie del cilindro y as se puedan obtener potencias mayores de rayos X

Rayos X por tubos convencionales

Tubo convencional de rayos X

Generacin de rayos X.Produccin de la denominada "brehmstrahlung" (radiacin de frenado)Produccin de rayos X caractersticos de un metalDistribucin de longitudes de onda de los rayos X que se producen en tubos convencionales de rayos X en donde el material andico es cobre (Cu), molibdeno (Mo)

El restablecimiento energtico del electrn andico que se excit, se lleva a cabo con emisin de rayos X con una frecuencia que corresponde exactamente al salto de energa concreto (cuntico) que necesita ese electrn para volver a su estado inicial. Estos rayos X tienen por tanto una longitud de onda concreta y se conocen con el nombre de radiacion caracteristica. Las radiaciones caractersticas ms importantes en cristalografia de rayos x son las llamadas lineas K-alpha donde los electrones caen a la capa ms interior del tomo (mayor energa de ligadura). Sin embargo, adems de estas longitudes de onda concretas, se produce tambin todo un espectro de longitudes de onda, muy prximas entre s, y que se denomina radiacion continua debido al frenado por el material de los electrones incidentes.

Difraccin de rayos X.

Semiconductores elementalesEstructura diamanteConfiguracin sp3III. Energa Solar FotovoltaicaSemiconductores

Semiconductores compuestosEstructura zinc-blendaConfiguracin sp3III-V: GaAs, InP, GaN, etcII-VI: ZnSe, CdTe, HgSe, etcIII. Energa Solar FotovoltaicaSemiconductores Conductividad, vara entre 104 y 10-10 (Ohm.cm)-1. Conductividad depende de la temperatura e incrementa cuando aumenta la temperatura. Por ejemplo un cambio de temperatura en el Ge de seis veces (de 100 a 600 K) produce un incremento de la conductividad de cerca de 16 rdenes. Para tener una idea de la magnitud de esta variacin, basta decir que ella corresponde aproximadamente a la relacin entre el radio de la Tierra y el de un tomo.La banda prohibida de energa vara entre 0.5 y 5 eV. Los materiales semiconductores se presenta la posibilidad de obtener conductividad positiva y negativa, lo que permite la existencia de campos elctricos intensos que han posibilitado la fabricacin de dispositivos de alta tecnologa.Propiedades Generales de los Semiconductores El movimiento del electrn entre tomos conlleva al transporte de una carga neta negativa,mientras que el movimiento a travs de los tomos (salto de un tomo a otro) es equivalente altransporte de una carga neta positiva.

Diagrama de bandas de un aislanteIII. Energa Solar FotovoltaicaSemiconductores: Aislante

Diagrama de bandas de un SemiconductorIII. Energa Solar FotovoltaicaSemiconductores

Diagrama de bandas de un conductorIII. Energa Solar FotovoltaicaConductor

Banda prohibidaBanda de valencia (llena)ECEgEVBanda de conduccin(vaca)Bandas pBandas sIII. Energa Solar FotovoltaicaEstructuras de bandas del silicio

CONCENTRACION DE PORTADORES DE CARGA EN S/CCuando hay concentracin de portadores (n p) en exceso el semiconductor se llama n p degenerado.

Donde:mde = Densidad de masa de electronesmdh = Densidad de masa de huecosMATERIALES S/C INTRINSECO

NC (300)NV (300)ni (300)Numero de atomosGe1.04 x 10256.0 x 10242.4 x 10195.65 x 1028Si2.8 x 10251.04 x 10251.05 x 10165 x 1018GaAs4.7 x 10237 x 10241.08 x 10125.65 x 1028Tarea.Realizar el clculo y grafica de la concentracin de portadores para el Ge, Si y GaAs en funcin de la temperatura.Nivel de Fermi

Sabemos que:

Eg (300 K)Ge0.66 evSi1.12 evGaAs1.42 evPara el Si: mc=6 y mdh/mde=0.013

Si (300)EFi 0.554 ev1.12EFiB.CB.VTarea.Realizar el clculo y grafica de la Nivel de fermi para el Ge, Si y GaAs en funcin de la temperatura

n-Type S/Cn nnP PnEF EFnCONCENTRACION DE PORTADORES DE CARGA EN S/C Extrnsecos

A esta relacin se conoce como ley de accin de las masasConcentracin Mayoritaria Nd en un S/M tipo n

Para el Si a 300 KImpurificacin de fosforo es 1022 m-3

1022 m-31023 m-3 (ev)-11012 m-3 (ev)-11010 m-3Dh C E l fhETipo-nnnPnPortador de carga mayoritariaPortador de carga minoritaria.

En el mismo caso para el Germanio

Para el GaAs

niCompuestoEg1012m-3GaAs1.42 ev1016 m-3Si1.12 ev1019 m-3Ge0.66 evNivel de Fermi para S/M Extrnseco

Para el Si

3. CEFnEFi0.56 evevE

S/C TIPO-P

PARA EL SILICIO

PARAB. CEFI = 0.050 evEFP= 0.2 evNa ~ 1022 m-3B.VE1.2 evDiodo, unin P-N n+ - PNd ~ 1022 m-3PH3Si Boro 1020 m-3Si Fosforo, P 1022 m-3

El nivel de fermi debe ser continuo a travs del material (conjunto de materiales) cuando esta en equilibrio trmico.Esto se da en-No iluminacinNo aplicacin de voltaje0.23evD= 0.59 v0.56EFP=0.330.360.56 evEfn= 0.791.12 evEUnin P-N.

POTENCIALBuit-In VbiDifusion VD

Sabemos que:

P+ - n1023 1020 m-3-Xp 0

Xn

n SiNd

P SiNa

. En el caso real, los efectos de recombinacin, tunelaje y recombinacin emisin, se tienen en cuanta agregndole a la ecuacin anterior un coeficiente n en la forma

A partir de ahora esta ecuacin recibe el nombre de Ecuacin del Diodo y su representacin esquemtica es:

Unin N/P

III. Energa Solar FotovoltaicaUnin n/p

III. Energa Solar FotovoltaicaUnin n/p, sin iluminacin

III. Energa Solar FotovoltaicaUnin n/p, con iluminacin

Adaptado de:EFuncionamiento de las Celdas solares del estado slidoTransformacin Directa de Luz a ElectricidadEl Binomio de Generacin de Energa LimpiaEnerga solarTecnologa FVEnerga Verde

III. Energa Solar FotovoltaicaCelda solar: funcionamiento

Deposit of CdS: Chemical Bath Deposition (BQ), Sputtering (SPT) y CSS

Deposit of CdTe: CSS.Celda Solar Convencional sobre substratos de vidrio

III. Energa Solar FotovoltaicaCelda solar: CdTe/CdS89 www.cie.unam.mx

m-Si10-24%VOC 21.7 VVOC = 21 VVOC = 23.8 VVOC = 95 Va-Si6-13%p-Si10-22%CdTe7-16%CuInGaSe: 10-18%III. Energa Solar FotovoltaicaCelda solar comercialesCaractersticas Elctricas de los Mdulos

LDK-240D-245D-250D-20

WARRANTIES 10 years for product defects in materials & workmanship 12 years for 90% of warranted minimum power 25 years for 80% of warranted minimum powerCaractersticas Elctricas de los MdulosYGE 60 Cell 40mm SERIES

GARANTAS

Garanta de producto limitada de 10 aos Gartanta de potencia limitada: 10 aos al 91,2% de la potencia de salida mnima y 25 aos al 80,7% de la potencia de salida mnima. .Caractersticas Elctricas de los MdulosSolar World 265 W

Efecto de la TemperaturaSolar cells are diodes.

Light (photons) generate free carriers (electrons and holes) which are collected by the electric field of the diode junction.

The output current is a fraction of this photocurrent.

The output voltage is a fraction of the diode built-in voltage.CurrentVoltageOpen-circuit voltageShort-circuit currentMaximum Power Pointn-typep-type-+LoadIII. Energa Solar FotovoltaicaCaracterizacin elctrica de una Celda solarGraphically:

Powermax = JV|max rectangle areaVoltage (V)Current Density (mA/cm2)JscVocRectangle Area Pabs = JscVocFill Factor (FF) =JmaxVmaxJscVocCell Efficiency (h) =JscVocFFIncident PowerJmaxVmaxIncident Power=AM 1.5 Incident Solar Power ~100 mW/cm2III. Energa Solar FotovoltaicaCaracterizacin elctrica de una Celda solar

III. Energa Solar FotovoltaicaEfecto de la irradiancia en celdas solares

III. Energa Solar FotovoltaicaEfecto de la temperatura en celdas solaresTarea: Calcular la eficiencia del modulo fotovoltaico a 25 y 55 C, determinar el porcentaje d perdida101 www.cie.unam.mxAplicaciones Fuera de la Red

SERVICOS COMUNITARIOS

EDUCACINAGUA PARA ABREVADEROS

SERVICOS DOMSTICOIII. Energa Solar FotovoltaicaAplicaciones de las celdas solaresSistemas fotovoltaicosUn sistema fotovoltaico es un conjunto de componentes elctricos, electrnicos y mecnicos cuya funcin es convertir la energa solar a energa elctrica, acondicionndola a los requerimientos de una aplicacin determinada que ser la que indique los elementos que formaran parte de ella.

Acoplamiento

Ventajas:Simple,prctico

Desventajas:Bajo rendimientoOperacin de daVentajas:Simple,Mayor rendimiento

Desventajas:Operacin de daSISTEMAS AUTOSUSTENTADOSAunque se ha fomentado el uso de la tecnologa fotovoltaica en el medio rural para aplicaciones sociales, culturales, de educacin, de comunicacin, de fomento a proyectos productivos, etc.,Se sigue teniendo mas de 5M de habitantes sin electricidad.

b) El mercado latente en aplicaciones rurales es grande.

c) No se tiene esquemas de financiamiento que permitan ampliar el mercado de la TFV.Panorama en MxicoSISTEMAS INTERCONECTADOS A LA REDAunque se tiene:Un marco regulatorio, Resolucin RES/054/2010 , que permite la interconexin de sistemas fotovoltaicos a la red elctrica convencional para autoconsumo, con potencias pico hasta de 500 kW (pequea escala hasta una Pp=30.0kW)y mediana escala hasta una Pp =500.0kW, bajo el esquema de medicin neta.

b) Posibilidad de deducciones fiscales

el mercado fotovoltaico en el mbito urbano no se ha desarrollo ampliamente.

Proyectos en pequea escala y mediana escala tanto para autoabastecimiento como para fines demostrativos se han estado instalando en los ltimos aos.

Se han anunciado grandes proyectos, por ejemplo el de Tecate BC (400 MW) que si se consolida, detonara el mercado nacional de FVLa energa elctrica proporcionada por los paneles puede tener forma y nivel diferente del requerido por los equipos destinados, lo que requiere la incorporacin de equipos adicionales:Regulador de carga.Batera/Acumuladores.Convertidor DC/AC

Clasificacion de las instalaciones fotovoltaicas:SFV autnomo de DCSFV autnomo de DC-ACSFV con conexin a la red.

III. Energa Solar FotovoltaicaElemento d e una Instalacin fotovoltaica

Corresponde a las que estn conectadas a la red publica de distribucin, para dos finalidades:Venta del total de la energa generada.Venta de la generacin de energa elctrica sobrante con respecto a la que necesita en el lugar de generacin.

III. Energa Solar FotovoltaicaInstalacin fotovoltaica Interconectada a la red

Energa Elctrica en zonas urbanas: Interaccionando con la Red

SISTEMAS FV CONECTADOS A LA REDCARGASKWhINVERSORARREGLO FVREDMEDIDOR BIDIRECCIONALCARGASKWhINVERSORARREGLO FVREDMEDIDOR BIDIRECCIONALEsquema bsico Funcionamiento del sistema Dimensionamiento de un Sistema FV Conectado a la RedObjetivos:Evaluar la viabilidad tcnica del proyecto.Estimar el costo del sistema. Garantizar que el sistema opere con unrendimiento aceptable. Optimizar el costo del proyectoDemanda mensual (obtener promedio diario). Tipos de Carga Das hbiles y no hbilesCaractersticas geogrficas del sitio. Datos mensuales de irradiacinDatos Mnimos NecesariosDetermine la demanda de agua del mes crtico.Determine la carga total.Seleccione el tipo de inversor.Dimensione el arreglo fotovoltaico.Estime el rendimiento mensual del sistema; Compare con la demanda.Afine el diseoProcedimiento de Diseo

CASO DE ESTUDIO

Edificio B de la DAIA.Se encuentra ubicado en el municipio de Cunduacn, Tabasco con coordenadas geogrficas 180470 N y 930903 O.Cuenta con:

- 4 Aulas de clases en planta alta;- 4 Aulas de clases en planta baja;- 1 centro de impresin;- Pasillos en ambos pisos.

CARGA INSTALADA EN EL EDIFICIO POTENCIA TOTAL INSTALADA: 7,315.2 WDAS HBILESTIPO DE CARGACANTIDADPOTENCIA CONSUMIDAHORAS DE USO POR DIAENERGIA CONSUMIDA POR DIABalastro de las 16 aulas (3x28)9676.2w536,576 whPotencia total considerada: 7,315.2 WConsumo total diario 36,576 whDAS NO HBILESTIPO DE CARGACANTIDADPOTENCIA CONSUMIDAHORAS DE USO POR DIAENERGIA CONSUMIDA POR DIABalastro de las 16 aulas (3x28)9676.2w00 whConsumo total diario: 0 wh

DEMANDA DE ENERGA En este anlisis energtico, se tomaron en cuenta las siguientes consideraciones:Para das hbiles.

Todas las cargas conectadas durante 5 horas, excepto las lmparas de los pasillos;

Las lmparas de los pasillos se consideran encendidas durante 0 horas la da.

Obteniendo un consumo promedio diario de 36,576 wh.

Mtodo del mes crtico:Pe = Ec/RsMTODO DE CLCULO

CONSUMO PROMEDIO MENSUAL Con respecto al calendario escolar UJAT 2010-2011, se consiguieron los siguientes datos:De esta manera se obtuvo el consumo mensual promedio, con la ecuacinEc promedio diaria del mes = (Ec en das hbiles + Ec en das no hbiles)/ Das del mesMESDAS HBILESDAS INHBILESEne-12229Feb-12209Mar-122110Abr-121119May-122110Jun-12219Jul-12229Ago-12238Sep-121911Oct-12229Nov-121911Dic-121120TOTAL232134ENERGA PROMEDIO DIARIA POR MES EN KWh/daEne-1225.96Jul-1225.96Feb-1225.22Ago-1227.14Mar-1224.78Sep-1223.16Abr-1213.41Oct-1225.96May-1224.78Nov-1223.16Jun-1225.60Dic-1212.98

EL MES CRTICO Datos de irradiacin solar para el municipio de Cunduacn, Tabasco.Aplicando la frmula de Potencia efectiva, se obtuvieron los siguientes datos:Mes crtico:Ene-12IRRADIACIN PROMEDIOMESENEFEBMARABRMAYJUNJULAGOSEPOCTNOVDICPROM TOTALKW/m22.83.84.74.85.04.95.04.74.43.43.12.34.1POTENCIA EFECTIVA MENSUAL EN KWEne-129.27Jul-125.18Feb-126.48Ago-125.68Mar-125.19Sep-125.22Abr-122.76Oct-127.59May-124.89Nov-127.31Jun-125.19Dic-125.52Promedio: 5.86

SELECCIN DEL INVERSOR Valores clave para seleccionar el inversor: Potencia efectiva del mes crtico y potencia nominal de entrada del inversor.Pn inv = Pe/T Donde:Pn inv es la potencia nominal de entrada del inversor;Pe es la potencia efectiva del mes crtico y;T es la eficiencia total del sistema.

T = w x inv T = 0.95 x 0.96 = 0.91 Pn inv = 8, 550 W 0.91 __________ = 9,395.6 Wp = 2 inversores de 4,697.8 WCARACTERSTICAS DEL INVERSORSMA Sunny Boy SB5000TL-20DATOS DE ENTRADADATOS DE SALIDAPmax de CC = 5,300WPnom = 4600WVmax = 550VRango de salida de tensin CA = 220,320,240VRango de entrada de tensin = 175V-440VImax = 22AVnom = 400VRendimiento = 96.5%Imax por string = 2x15/15ACERTIFICADOS: CE, VDE 0126-1-1, DK 5940, RD 1663, G83/1-1, PPC, AS4777, EN 50438*,C10/C11, PPDS, KEMCO (slo SB 3000TL-20)

SELECCIN Y CLCULO DEL NMERO DE MDULOS CARACTERSTICAS DEL MDULOKYOCERA KD240GH-2PB(STC) A 1000W/m2-25C(NOCT) A 800W/m2-45CPnom = 240WPnom = 172WVmax = 29.8VVmax = 26.7VImax = 8.06AImax = 6.45AVoc = 36.9VVoc = 33.7VIsc = 8.59AIsc = 6.95ACERTIFICADOS: IEC 61215 ed.2, IEC 61730. Categora de proteccin II Nmero de mdulos en serie = Vn (inversor) Vn (mdulo) _____________ = 300 V _________ 33.7 V = 8.9 9 mdulos Nmero de mdulos en paralelo = Ec x Fs Vn inv x Im x Rs x T ___________________ Nmero de mdulos en paralelo = 29,350 x 1 300 x 8.06 x 3.43 x 0.91 ___________________ = 3.88 4 mdulos

PARTE ELCTRICA CABLEADO

Segn la NOM-001 SEDE-2005 en su artculo 310.13, permite el uso de conductores TWD-UV en la instalacin de sistemas fotovoltaicos. Por su parte el NEC-2008 acepta los tipo USE-2 y UF resistente a la luz solar. Esto es para los conductores s sin ducto.

En lo que respecta a los circuitos cableados en ductos, las normas antes mencionadas aceptan conductores tipo RHW-2, THW-2, THWN-2.CLCULO DE CONDUCTORES1.- Conexin entre mdulos.2.- Conexin AFV caja de conexiones.3.- Conexin caja de conexiones inversor.4.- Conexin inversor caja de conexiones (2).5.- Conexin caja de conexiones (2) interruptor manual tablero principal.ID = 1.56 x ISC para las secciones 1, 2 y 3 POR AMPACIDAD para las secciones 4 y 5 ID = 1.25 x ISC = POR CADA DE TENSIN 2 x L x I _______ K x V = K x V 2 x L x I x cos _____________

PARTE ELCTRICA 1798(+)(-)TABLERO PRINCIPALCAJA DE CONEXIONES (2)INVERSORCAJA DE CONEXIONES 16AWG 16AWG 12AWG 10AWG 6AWGL = 7 mV = 2%L = 2 mV = 3%L = 20 mV = 3%L = 2 mV = 2%L = 10 mV = 3%

NGULO DE INCLINACIN En la mayora de las aplicaciones de los SFV, el mximo de energa durante el ao completo se consigue con el ngulo de inclinacin prximo al valor de la latitud.8.91sen = 2.64m8.91cos = 8.50m9x0.99=8.91m9 mdulos = Latitud0.4m3.04m

Verano: Latitud - 15Invierno: Latitud + 15

ORIENTACIN DE MDULOS NORTE verdaderoNORTE magnticoDECLINACIN HACIA EL ESTEBrjula 270 O180 S175 S verdadero90 ENorte magnticoDireccin NORTE SUR SUR NORTE.Sin proyeccin de sombras.Declinacin magntica.Cmo detectar el NORTE (SUR) verdadero?

RECOMENDACIONES PARA LA INSTALACIN Antes y durante la instalacin se deben tener presente los siguientes consejos:1.- Dar prioridad a la informacin proporcionada por el fabricante y no asumir que no se necesita.

2.- Utilizar el apoyo tcnico que el fabricante brinda.

3.- Tener presente las normas bsicas de seguridad.

4.- Instalar el sistema pensando que, en algn momento, deber ser mantenido, reparado o ampliado.

5.- Recordar que la temperatura y la humedad ambiente, sean altas o bajas, afectan el funcionamiento y la vida til de los componentes del sistema.

MANTENIMIENTO Inspeccin visual del sistema: se podr detectar la detereorizacin prematura por efecto de roedores o inclemencias del tiempo.ASPECTOS FSICOSReemplazar mdulos rotos.-Lavar los mdulos con agua y un trapo suave.-Verificar la rigidez de estructuras.-Limpiar conexiones corrodas.-Podar rboles que pudieran dar sombra.ASPECTOS ELCTRICOS-Medir la corriente Isc del arreglo.-Medir el voltaje Voc del arreglo.

RECOMENDACIONES:Utilizar guantes, casco, pinzas para electricidad, a fin de evitar alguna descarga elctrica al personal de mantenimiento.

INCREMENTO PROMEDIO DE LA TARIFA DE CFE.Para esto, se realiza un anlisis de la Tarifa 3 Generales de Baja Tensin brindadas por CFE debido a que esta tarifa es para edificios o residencias mayores a 25 kW sin utilizacin de ningn tipo de transformador.ANALISIS DE LA FACTIBILIDAD DEL SF.

INCREMENTO PROMEDIO DE LA TARIFA DE CFE.










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Sheet1Scale0.0040.0090.0240.040.7WavelengthSpectral IrradianceThicknessAbsorption 1Absorption 2Absorption 2Absorption 2Absorption 2Spectrum 0Spectrum 1Spectrum 2Spectrum 3Spectrum 4Spectrum 5nmhc (eV/nm)1-0.5-0.5-0.5-0.5-101240Exponent0.20.20.20.22.23054.06508800749.50.950.05647755120.12707449030.33886530750.56477551246.23921540793050.950.89783331530.83663466550.67694950050.54006336330.00185381674309.96296056253103.999522071842.34.230.05599414420.12598682440.33596486490.55994144165.7775678023104.233.99965396613.72927993723.02296194772.41635583390.01309708223.9317.91072878213153.9360375944107.810.780.05552402360.12492905320.33314414180.55524023635.370808748931510.7810.19776462499.51399157357.72566902116.18701245220.05013097583.8326.27680059213203.87453700718118.10.05506660990.12389987230.33039965940.5506660995.010772748732018.117.130240096515.9907761613.007320038810.43583795150.12065008163.7335.09509253253.8149287454246.924.690.05462135740.12289805410.32772814430.54621357384.690720737732524.6923.377568371121.834695672817.790598775214.29893028980.22665586293.6344.40328951393303.7571267947395.439.540.05418775220.12192244240.32512651310.54187752184.405057878133039.5437.454432679735.001481016328.565117474122.99864488120.48299689193.5354.24338353353.7010502754390.239.020.05376530970.12097194690.32259185850.53765309754.149113126233539.0236.977478031134.574014996928.260991927922.79226531230.61567331373.4364.66230654413403.6466230654435.443.540.05335357280.12004553890.3201214370.53353572833.918965856934043.5441.277868430138.61475730231.612689890925.53740723080.86477510413.3375.71267946973453.593773455843943.90.05295210950.11914224640.31771265710.52952109523.711308593934543.941.635876462338.969218827231.95094196825.85213591651.07315802443.2387.45370070313503.542433835483.848.380.05256051150.11826115090.3153630690.52560511493.523337642635048.3845.90279432242.983888280235.294369120728.6021357111.42724906763.1399.95220717743603.4440328951520.452.040.05180538640.11656211950.31083231870.51805386453.197249826136052.0449.41268967446.314289136738.136824397430.99911913822.12710697243413.28394741673703.350950925666.466.640.05108534490.11494202610.30651206950.51085344922.925414152637066.6463.321166233759.404083618149.047682065439.98288744273.5747342772.9427.53511801723803.2627680059712.771.270.05039782110.11339509740.30238692640.50397821072.696474445938071.2767.767156518363.62970264952.672239660543.05581386244.80665317182.8442.8042293753903.1791072878720.972.090.04974050030.11191612560.29844300160.49740500262.501867723239072.0968.591926489964.457056594153.488802709443.83840833695.90646559962.7459.20438601854003.09962960561013.3101.330.04911128870.11050039950.29466773190.49111288652.3350479076400101.3396.473776838490.729460594775.468457352662.00838581289.80933624132.6476.86609317314103.02402888351158.4115.840.04850828710.10914364590.29104972250.48508287082.1909473309410115.84110.3549116616103.862331090686.587910669871.31645297812.95216036452.5495.94073694202.95202819581184.3118.430.04792976860.10784197940.28757861180.47929768632.0655971052420118.43112.8875623736106.322836114988.831690112273.334002486415.01012485272.4516.60493427084302.88337637731072.1107.210.04737415920.10659185830.28424495550.47374159251.9558554723430107.21102.249445161996.370262097380.684345484366.756250635515.1641494862.3539.06601836964402.8178450961302.3130.230.0468400210.10539004720.28104012570.46840020961.8592107169440130.23124.2706809027117.203538753298.323394751581.524363026420.28925429932.2563.56901920454502.75522631611526.3152.630.04632603720.10423358370.27795622330.46326037211.7736363327450152.63145.7205366253137.5218905168115.591273962796.039188314125.90355865852.1590.40563916674602.69533009181599.9159.990.04583100020.10311975040.27498600110.45831000191.6974833126460159.99152.8229884047144.3140117882121.5256452039101.169902995229.3011862232619.9259211254702.63798264311581.3158.130.04535379960.10204604910.27212279750.45353799581.6293991533470158.13151.1184067143142.789487533120.4572215546100.472040391731.00096479081.9652.55360118424802.58302467141628.6162.860.04489341280.10101017880.26936047690.44893412821.568266312480162.86155.7103457335147.2130352695124.4035179342103.954864301733.94103057721.8688.80657902784902.53030988211539.5153.950.04444889640.1000100170.26669337860.44448896441.51315499490153.95147.256943796139.2983251494117.91151799998.705326343133.90196184791.7729.32461308825002.47970368451549154.90.04401937850.09904360150.26411627070.44019378451.4632865743500154.9148.2292955307140.2934283337118.945270638799.741911316235.85536377831.6774.90740140635102.43108204361586.8158.680.04360405160.09810911610.26162430950.43604051581.4180050904510158.68151.9095904281143.8513506998122.1518919313102.601143701138.43177169141.5826.56789483335202.38433046591485.2148.520.04320216730.09720487640.25921300370.43202167291.3767547301520148.52142.2402404219134.7626055247114.606741118196.418486934737.48590138551.4885.608458755302.33934309861572.7157.270.04281303040.09632931850.25687818270.42813030451.3390620279530157.27150.678894048142.8270924571121.6424362325102.497024515941.21911255081.3953.73218634625402.29602193011551155.10.04243599460.09548098770.25461596730.42435994551.3045216217540155.1148.6558756835140.9759181371120.2357144123101.464615775242.07898504411.21033.20986854175502.25427607681561.8156.180.04207045750.09465852940.25242274510.42070457511.2727848019550156.18149.7457312469142.0743708443121.3387769796102.545295998243.73831040571.11127.13803840915702.17517867061501.8150.180.0413716710.09308625990.24823002630.41371671051.2165564498570150.18144.0935733722136.831236322117.167501575299.297248745844.490608630411239.851842255902.10144380041395.8139.580.04071260670.09160336510.24427564020.4071260671.1684083846590139.58134.0114584191127.3621430297109.329064349492.898903854843.39002295990.91377.61315805566102.03254400371485.6148.560.04008970330.09020183240.24053821970.40089703291.1268360955610148.56142.7220758662135.7462161334116.79855483199.493457091648.14189623510.81549.81480281256301.96801879721434.4143.440.03949982610.08887460870.23699895640.39499826071.0906732269630143.44137.8845861822131.2419046395113.173028456296.632832900248.1944371440.71771.21691756501.90746437271420.1142.010.03894020380.08761545850.23364122260.38940203761.0590038411650142.01136.5863853136130.0972202705112.421618579596.206357333149.24922525280.62066.41973708336701.85052513771392.5139.250.03840837650.08641884710.2304502590.38408376491.0311001869670139.25134.0030421513127.7214897159110.588999249594.839606669349.65855550340.52479.70368456901.79688672791130.2113.020.03790215260.08527984320.22741291530.37902152551.0063778382690113.02108.8164634716103.781211847590.030804039277.365679786941.31340220880.43099.6296056257101.74627020041317131.70.03741957220.08419403750.22451743330.37419572220.984362871710131.7126.8629077051121.0656028811105.215347180190.588827304549.21329141410.34132.83947416677181.72681315081010.5101.050.03723276030.08377371070.22339656190.37232760310.9762256441718101.0597.356810037892.929555012580.819549212669.636429356638.06860016790.26199.2592112501724.41.7115569331043.4104.340.03708576030.08344296070.22251456190.37085760320.9699679892724.4104.34100.541345134695.986910851483.524519518172.009438045739.55479035510.112398.51842250037401.67547546251211.4121.140.03673623620.08265653150.22041741740.36736236230.9555874864740121.14116.7705228076111.529638311497.176555533583.896553941746.5887648844752.51.64764364421194.1119.410.03646479150.0820457810.21878874930.36464791540.9448867914752.5119.41115.1341716171110.0040483895.94491265782.923212924546.4174821218757.51.63676810861175.7117.570.03635827710.08180612350.21814966280.36358277130.9407958376757.5117.57113.3721333848108.33494574394.526879961381.732451775945.8895794124762.51.626035203643.264.320.03625291050.08156904870.21751746320.36252910540.93680755762.564.3262.02997365959.281754428151.746311883644.761192246325.205521429767.51.61544213971030.9103.090.03614867160.08133451110.21689202950.36148671580.9329184656767.5103.0999.429984342995.037151354582.989190435771.81660216640.55600780427801.58955364391131.3113.130.03589287960.08075897920.21535727780.35892879640.9236083477780113.13109.1414470472104.352920508991.211439481679.012716161744.92207186638001.54981480281081.8108.180.0354972890.07986890020.21298373390.35497288980.9098411292800108.18104.407260438799.875819193187.427753022575.854999502243.55198914388161.5194262773849.484.940.03519228770.07918264720.21115372590.35192287660.899728224181684.9482.002754423278.473616884668.771636443359.741220830334.5434136918823.71.5052225838785.178.510.03504896680.07886017540.21029380110.35048966840.8951214655823.778.5175.805969160572.556518945463.62027470155.297977619232.0758862197831.51.4911026365916.691.660.03490599970.07853849940.20943599830.34905999720.8906162699831.591.6688.515712564784.736596444574.340068086364.652455236337.61751660768401.4760140979960.196.010.03475267550.078193520.20851605320.34752675540.885882906484096.0192.730707751688.78865055477.939766147867.824643160239.5897183258601.4416881887979.197.910.03440170260.07740383080.20641021550.34401702590.875419834386097.9194.599007719190.617274127779.649716244669.410049566140.79782842198801.408922548933.493.340.03406379010.07664352760.20438274030.34063790050.865817942188093.3490.214029301686.453371682576.086130922866.394275471539.26881916299051.3700020356748.774.870.03365858150.07573180850.20195148930.33658581550.854886156490574.8772.39192027169.409341886261.178865014353.472497739731.84457761239151.3550293358667.666.760.03350155580.07537850060.20100933490.33501555810.850814181991566.7664.560485429961.912716713154.603324213847.755227658528.51099826719251.34038037690.569.050.03334729440.07503141230.20008376620.33347294370.84690056992569.0566.785339339164.058675466756.528623112149.46958004629.60461646729301.3331740239403.740.370.03327117540.07486014460.19962705220.33271175370.845000569193040.3739.048941103837.458242915333.064489531428.944354640117.34122068159371.3232143461258.325.830.03316571810.07462286580.19899430870.33165718110.842401783793725.8324.987379789623.972653455721.169094224418.539051996611.1243324689481.3078605931313.631.360.03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Sheet1

Noon, AM 1.511 am/1 pm10 am/2 pm9 am/3 pm8 am/4 pm7 am/5 pm

Sheet2Indium Tin Oxide (ITO)Flourinated Tin Oxide (FTO)In-Doped ZnO (IZO)7017628038558668810891490.5359147723764.5806851187.328883989597110771183138616872089409055

Sheet2

Indium Tin Oxide (ITO)Flourinated Tin Oxide (FTO)In-Doped ZnO (IZO)

Sheet4113.00E+08T:6000010000WavelengthSpectral IrradianceAM0AM 1.5 Globalhbar6.63E-34j.secc (m/s)3.00E+080.321nmhc (eV/nm)nmW/sm/nmW/smW/cm2 nmnmW/sqm/nmpi3.141592612403050.0092w (s-1)W/sqm/nmexp(hbarw/kT)-1hbar/pi2c2hbarw/kT3054.06508800749.50.95199.50.0055.50E-030.0053100.04081.50E+154.58E-03166128.1546705557.47E-521.20E+012.02E+017.24E-051.46E-033103.999522071842.34.23200.50.0071.25E-020.0073150.10391.50E+154.79E-03156460.9428615961.20E+012.00E+017.64E-051.53E-033153.9360375944107.810.78201.50.0071.97E-020.0073200.17441.49E+155.01E-03147443.9883428911.19E+011.98E+018.07E-051.60E-033203.87453700718118.1202.50.0082.76E-020.0083250.23791.48E+155.23E-03139028.1657027981.18E+011.96E+018.52E-051.67E-033253.8149287454246.924.69203.50.0093.63E-020.0093300.3811.47E+155.46E-03131168.4413453261.18E+011.95E+018.98E-051.75E-033303.7571267947395.439.54204.50.0094.58E-020.0093350.3761.47E+155.70E-03123823.5026416481.17E+011.93E+019.47E-051.82E-033353.7010502754390.239.02205.50.015.53E-020.013400.41951.46E+155.95E-03116955.4232924741.17E+011.91E+019.98E-051.90E-033403.6466230654435.443.54206.50.016.55E-020.013450.4231.45E+156.20E-03110529.3611215251.16E+011.89E+011.05E-041.99E-033453.593773455843943.9207.50.0117.70E-020.0113500.46621.44E+156.47E-03104513.284939491.16E+011.87E+011.11E-042.07E-033503.542433835483.848.38208.50.0159.15E-020.0153600.50141.44E+156.74E-0398877.72748784081.15E+011.85E+011.16E-042.16E-033603.4440328951520.452.04209.50.0241.16E-010.0243700.64211.43E+157.02E-0393595.56179882041.14E+011.84E+011.22E-042.25E-033703.350950925666.466.64210.50.0281.43E-010.0283800.68671.42E+157.30E-0388641.79859710171.14E+011.82E+011.29E-042.34E-033803.2627680059712.771.27211.50.0341.77E-010.0343900.69461.42E+157.60E-0383993.40262456151.13E+011.80E+011.35E-042.43E-033903.1791072878720.972.09212.50.032.07E-010.034000.97641.41E+157.90E-0379629.1259964311.13E+011.78E+011.42E-042.53E-034003.09962960561013.3101.33213.50.0322.39E-010.0324101.11621.40E+158.21E-0375529.35689817931.12E+011.77E+011.49E-042.63E-034103.02402888351158.4115.84214.50.0412.80E-010.0414201.1411.40E+158.54E-0371675.98211100241.12E+011.75E+011.56E-042.73E-034202.95202819581184.3118.43215.50.0373.17E-010.0374301.0331.39E+158.87E-0368052.26201233761.11E+011.73E+011.64E-042.84E-034302.88337637731072.1107.21216.50.0343.51E-010.0344401.25481.38E+159.20E-0364642.71683880091.11E+011.72E+011.71E-042.95E-034402.8178450961302.3130.23217.50.0363.87E-010.0364501.47071.38E+159.55E-0361433.0231243691.10E+011.70E+011.79E-043.06E-034502.75522631611526.3152.63218.50.0454.32E-010.0454601.54161.37E+159.91E-0358409.91933833571.10E+011.69E+011.88E-043.17E-034602.69533009181599.9159.99219.50.0484.80E-010.0484701.52371.37E+151.03E-0255561.11984711161.09E+011.67E+011.97E-043.29E-034702.63798264311581.3158.13220.50.0485.28E-010.0484801.56931.36E+151.07E-0252875.23641274071.09E+011.66E+012.06E-043.41E-034802.58302467141628.6162.86221.50.0395.67E-010.0394901.48341.35E+151.10E-0250341.7065202641.08E+011.64E+012.15E-043.53E-034902.53030988211539.5153.95222.50.0516.18E-010.0515001.49261.35E+151.14E-0247950.7278968711.08E+011.63E+012.25E-043.66E-035002.47970368451549154.9223.50.0666.84E-010.0665101.5291.34E+151.18E-0245693.1986490921.07E+011.61E+012.35E-043.79E-035102.43108204361586.8158.68224.50.0587.42E-010.0585201.43111.34E+151.23E-0243560.66250091841.07E+011.60E+012.45E-043.92E-035202.38433046591485.2148.52225.50.0547.96E-010.0545301.51541.33E+151.27E-0241545.25866646551.06E+011.58E+012.56E-044.06E-035302.33934309861572.7157.27226.50.0418.37E-010.0415401.49451.32E+151.31E-0239639.67593623171.06E+011.57E+012.67E-044.19E-035402.29602193011551155.1227.50.0418.77E-010.0415501.50491.32E+151.36E-0237837.11059676471.05E+011.56E+012.79E-044.34E-035502.25427607681561.8156.18228.50.0549.31E-010.0545701.44711.31E+151.40E-0236131.22784011921.05E+011.54E+012.90E-044.48E-035702.17517867061501.8150.18229.50.0489.79E-010.0485901.34491.31E+151.45E-0234516.12635232561.04E+011.53E+013.03E-044.63E-035902.10144380041395.8139.58230.50.0561.04E+000.0566101.43151.30E+151.49E-0232986.30579961061.04E+011.52E+013.15E-044.78E-036102.03254400371485.6148.56231.50.051.09E+000.056301.38211.30E+151.54E-0231536.6369576481.04E+011.50E+013.28E-044.94E-036301.96801879721434.4143.44232.50.0551.14E+000.0556501.36841.29E+151.59E-0230162.33425300431.03E+011.49E+013.42E-045.10E-036501.90746437271420.1142.01233.50.0461.19E+000.0466701.34181.28E+151.64E-0228858.93050745531.03E+011.48E+013.56E-045.26E-036701.85052513771392.5139.25234.50.0391.23E+000.0396901.0891.28E+151.70E-0227622.25369522981.02E+011.47E+013.70E-045.42E-036901.79688672791130.2113.02235.50.0571.28E+000.0577101.26981.27E+151.75E-0226448.40554071951.02E+011.45E+013.85E-045.59E-037101.74627020041317131.7236.50.0491.33E+000.0497180.97371.27E+151.80E-0225333.74179996381.01E+011.44E+014.00E-045.77E-037181.72681315081010.5101.05237.50.0531.39E+000.053724.41.00541.26E+151.86E-0224274.85408346221.01E+011.43E+014.16E-045.94E-03724.41.7115569331043.4104.34238.50.0421.43E+000.0427401.16731.26E+151.91E-0223268.55309073061.01E+011.42E+014.32E-046.12E-037401.67547546251211.4121.14239.50.0461.47E+000.046752.51.15061.25E+151.97E-0222311.85313865671.00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Proyecto Energias Renobables SFA

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