Presentasi Pola Sulur

7/30/2019 Presentasi Pola Sulur

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History of fingerprinting

Sir Francis Galton published in 1892 a detailed statistical modelof fingerprint analysis and identification and encouraged its usein forensic science in his book Finger Prints. Galton calculatedthat the chance of a "false positive" (two different individualshaving the same fingerprints) was not higher than about 1 in 64billion.

And Galton's approach is still visiblein the F.B.I. approach of fingerprint

classification groups that is used aroundthe world today


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The entire human body is clothed with the Skin. The skin on theventral sides of the hands and the plantar sides of the feet isexclusively designed and is corrugated with the ridges andconfigurations which are functionally useful as they help in thegrasping without which the objects would easily slip away fromthe hands.

Cummins in 1926 for the first time coined the termdermatoglyphics to this field of science. It has been accepted

and adopted internationally. Etymologically this term isharmonious blend of two words Derma, Skin; Glyphe, Carve. Itgives the impression that something has been carved out of theskin.


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EMBRYOLOGY AND GENETICS

The ridge configurations on the volar surface of hands areformed by elevated parallel rows of sweat-gland orifices, eachabout half a millimeter wide. They develop by the third monthof fetal life and are under strong but not exclusive geneticcontrol. Environmental fetal influences are evident if we

consider the differences which exist between the left and righthands of a single person and the few dissimilarities incorresponding hands of identical twins. Environmentalmodifications also can be induced by teratogenic substances.

Dermatoglyphics are formed during the 13th/14th week of thedeveloping embryo and once formed remain permanent and neverchange throughout the life except in the dimension incommensurate to the growth of an individual.


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Hereditary influence has been demonstrated by analysis of familiesusing correlation coefficients. Dermatoglyphic features aredetermined by many genes with an additive action, some of whichpossibly have dominant inheritance. It seems, for example, that TRC,hypothenar radial loop, the 11nd interdigital loop, and axial

triradius have higher heritability indices than other dermatoglyphiccharacteristics.

Because of their complex polygenic inheritance and because theyare not influenced after birth by external factors-geographical,economical, or other-dermatoglyphics are probably the most usefulcharacters for studying the basic relation among differentpopulations. The large number of genes involved account for thefrequency of dermatoglyphic abnormalities found in many differentsyndromes of chromosomal defects.


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Fingerprint Patterns

There are three main fingerprint patterns:- arches

- loops

- whorls


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Arches

Arches are found in about 5% of fingerprint patternsencountered.

The ridges run from one side to the other of the pattern,making no backward turn.

There is no delta in an arch pattern but where there a delta, nore-curving ridge must intervene between the core and deltapoints.

There are four types of arch pattern:- plain arches

- radial arches

- ulnar arches

- tented arches


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Plain arches have an even flow of ridges from oneside to the other of the pattern, no significant upthrusts and the ridges enter on one side of theimpression, and flow out the other with a rise or wave

in the center.

The ridges of radial arches slope towards the thumb,have one delta and no re-curving ridges.

Arches

Plain Arch


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Arches

On ulnar arches, the ridges slope towards the littlefinger, have one delta and no re-curving ridges.

Tented arches have an angle, an up thrust, or two ofthe three basic characteristics of the loop. Theydont have the same "easy" flow that plain arches doand particularly have significant up thrusts in theridges near the middle that arrangethemselves on both sides of a spineor axis towards which the adjoiningridges converge and appear to formtents.

Tented Arch


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Loops

Loops occur in about 60-70 % of fingerprint patternsencountered.

One or more of the ridges enters on either side ofthe impression, re-curves, touches or crosses the linerunning from the delta to the core and terminates onor in the direction of the side where the ridge orridges entered.

Each loop pattern has is one delta and one core andhas a ridge count.


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Radial loops are named after the radius, a bone in theforearm that joins the hand on the same side as thethumb. The flow of the pattern in radial loops runs inthe direction of the radius (toward the thumb).

Radial loops are not very common and most of thetime radial loops will be found on the index fingers.

Ulnar loops are named after the ulna, a bone in theforearm. The ulna is on the same side as the littlefinger and the flow of the pattern in a ulnar loop runsin the direction of the ulna (toward the little finger).

Loops


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Loops

Radial Loop Ulnar Loop


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Whorls

Whorls are seen in about 25-35 % of fingerprintpatterns encountered.

In a whorl, some of the ridges make a turn through atleast one circuit.

Any fingerprint pattern which contains 2 or moredeltas will be a whorl pattern.

There are four types of whorl patterns.

- Plain whorls- Central pocket loop whorls

- Double loop whorls

- Accidental whorls


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Whorls

Plain whorls consist of one or more ridges which make or tend tomake a complete circuit with two deltas, between which animaginary line is drawn and at least one re-curving ridge withinthe inner pattern area is cut or touched.

Central pocket loop whorls consist of at least one re-curvingridge or an obstruction at right angles to the line of flow, withtwo deltas, between which when an imaginary line is drawn, nore-curving ridge within the pattern area is cut or touched.

Central pocket loop whorl ridges make one complete circuitwhich may be spiral, oval, circular or any variant of a circle.


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Double loop whorls consist of two separate and distinct loopformations with two separate and distinct shoulders for eachcore, two deltas and one or more ridges which make, a completecircuit. Between the two at least one re-curving ridge within theinner pattern area is cut or touched when an imaginary line isdrawn.

Accidental whorls consist of two different types of patternswith the exception of the plain arch, have two or more deltas or

a pattern which possess some of the requirements for two ormore different types or a pattern which conforms to none ofthe definitions.

Whorls


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Plain Whorl

Central Pocket Whorl

Whorls

Double Loop Whorl

Accidental Whorl


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RIDGE COUNT


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normal features : the ATD angle is around 45%


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Flexian crease


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Simian crease

A simian crease is a single line that runs across the palm of thehand. People normally have three creases in their palms.

The term "simian crease" is not used much anymore since ittends to have a negative meaning (it refers to monkey or ape).The crease is usually just referred to as a single palmar crease.

Strong lines (called palmar flexion creases) appear on the palmsof the hands and soles of the feet. The palm normally has three

of these creases. But sometimes, the horizontal creases jointogether to form a single one.

Palmar creases develop while the baby is growing in the womb,

usually by the 12th week of gestation.


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A simian crease is a single palmarcrease as compared to two creasesin a normal palm


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Simian crease

A single palmar crease is often a normal finding. However, itmay also be associated with:

- Down syndrome

- Fetal alcohol syndrome

- Trisomy 13- Rubella syndrome

- Turner syndrome

- Klinefelter syndrome

- Pseudohypoparathyroidism- Gonadal dysgenesis

- Cri du chat syndrome


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BIRTH DEFECTS & DERMATOGLYPHICS

Some peculiarities of dermatoglyphics andflexion creases are found in a variety ofclinical syndromes caused by genetic

abnormalities or teratogenic drugs.


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Chromosomal abnormalities

Examination of dermal patterns is of particular value in cases ofchromosomal aberration.

In Down's syndrome (21 trisomy), deviations from normalconsist of an increased frequency of ulnar loops on fingers and

reduced TRC. Radial loops are shifted from their usual site of occurrence (i.e.,

the index) to the third, fourth, or fifth fingers. In the palm theaxial triradius is placed distally, the angle atd being wider than560.

Other significant features are the high frequency of the simiancrease and a single crease on the fifth finger. Relatives ofpatients or carriers of balanced translocation 21/D have a widerangle atd than normal.


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In trisomy 18 or Edward's syndrome, apart from the mentalretardation which appears in the few babies still surviving a

year after birth-which is usual in all autosomal chromosomeaberrations-the most common abnormalities are prominentocciput, small receding chin, low uncurled ears, broad, shortthorax, short fingers with flexion deformity, and genitourinaryand cardiac defects.

The characteristic dermal configurations include high frequencyof arches on fingers, hypoplasia of ridge development, absenceof distal flexion crease on the third through the fifth finger,and presence of a simian crease.



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In the syndrome of partial deletion of the long armof chromosome 18-(18q-), facial dysmorphia is, insome respects, the reverse of that in trisomy 18:protruding mandible, midface dysplasia, overcurled

helix and prominent anthelix of the ear, carp-shapedmouth, and tapering fingers are the most importantsymptoms; on the fingers there is an excess ofwhorls, which is the reciprocal of an excess of

arches.



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When there is deletion of the short arm ofchromosome 18(18p-), there is neither characteristicfacial dysmorphia nor a special dermatoglyphicpattern; however, hypertelorism, palpebral ptosis,

and low-set, large, poorly formed ears usually arefound; the axial triradius is sometimes placed distallyand TRC is often high.



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Trisomy 13

Trisomy of chromosome 13 is associated with a clinical syndromewhich partially overlaps that of trisomy 18.

Some features are found more commonly in trisomy 13; theseinclude microphtalmia or anophtalmia, cleft lip and palate,

polydactyly, capillary hemangiomata, and localized defects ofthe scalp.

Axial triradius is more distally displaced than in all otherchromosomal aberration syndromes, radial loop frequency isincreased on fingers, and a thenar/Ist interdigital pattern and

simian creases are frequent.


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Cri-du-chat disease

The syndrome of deletion of the short arm of chromosome5(5p-), called cri-du-chat disease, is well delineated. The moststriking feature is the cry of the newborn, similar to themewing of a kitten; this usually persists for a few months.

Other common features are hypertelorism, antimongoloid slantof palpebral fissures, micrognathia, short neck, and prematuregraying of the hair. Simian crease, high frequency of thenarpatterns, intermediate axial triradius, and deficiency of ulnarloops on fingers are the usual dermatoglyphic features.


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Abnormalities involving sex chromosomes produce the moststriking effects on finger patterns, expecially on TRC. As a rule,the excess of sex chromosomes reduces the TRC and the lackof sex chromosomes increases the TRC.

The X chromosome has approximately twice the effect of the Ychromosome. Thus, patients with Turner's syndrome (XO,mosaicism, structural abnormalities of X in women) have a meanTRC greater than that of normal women (average: 30 ridgesmore). Patients with excess of X chromosomes, in women (tripleX, tetra X) or in men (Klinefelter's syndrome with variouschromosomal abnormalities: XXY, XXXY...), would have,respectively, a mean reduced TRC of 30 or 60 ridges in

comparison with the TRC of normal women or men. Excess of Ychromosomes in man reduces the TRC by approximately 12ridges in comparison with normal man. Observed values are ingood accordance with these expected values.



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Some defects caused by environmental teratogens areassociated with unusual dermatoglyphics. In some, such asthe thalidomide syndrome, the development of limbs isoften disturbed; thus, it is not surprising that abnormaldermatoglyphics occur. In prenatal rubella syndrome, limb

development is normal. The most common defects aremicrocephaly, cataract, deafness, blindness, andabnormalities of the cardiovascular or central nervoussystems.

Dermatoglyphic features include distal axial triradius,high palmar pattern frequency, increased whorl frequency

on fingers of affected males, and frequent simian crease. As transitory chromosomal aberrations occur during

rubella, dermatoglyphic peculiarities may be theconsequence of these chromosomal abnormalities.


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The systematic study of dermatoglyphics in disorders which aresuspected or proved to be caused by genetic abnormalities or byenvironmental agents which exert their effects early ingestation will lead to the discovery of a wide array of diseasesin which dermatoglyphics deviate from normal. The way by which

altered genes or an excess or lack of genes inducesdermatoglyphic modifications is not yet understood.

In order to be able to find a solution for the problem of the

development of dermal ridges, we must accumulate dataextensively on chromosome aberrations and their correspondingdermatoglyphic features and on the metabolism of gene action.Even now, however, we can consider dermatoglyphics adiagnostic tool which often can be helpful in strengthening adiagnostic impression.


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