Orden Público Derecho Internacional y Arbitraje Inversión - Alejandro López Ortiz

Subtitle

Septiembre 2012

Emilio Gmez

HL House Style

Orden pblico, derecho internacional y arbitraje inversionistas-EstadoAlejandro Lpez Ortiz. Hogan Lovells International LLP, MadridQuito, 18 de octubre de 2012

www.hoganlovells.com

Derecho internacional impone obligaciones a los Estados en reas de inters pblico Derechos humanos Proteccin del medio ambiente Proteccin de intereses culturales Lucha contra la corrupcin y el blanqueo de capitales, etc.

Imponen a los Estados la obligacin de respetar y hacer respetar en sus territorios

Interaccin con obligaciones relativas a la inversin extranjera1. Coincidencia2. Inversiones que infringen normas de derecho internacional3. Conflicto de obligaciones para los Estados4. Problemas derivados del procedimiento de resolucin de disputas

TPI se remiten al derecho internacional2


1. Coincidencia

TPI imponen obligaciones coincidentes con obligaciones de derecho internacional Derechos humanos:

Derecho de propiedad (y limitaciones a la expropiacin) Artculo 17 Declaracin Derechos Humanos Artculo 21 CADH Artculo 1 Protocolo Adicional CEDH

Derecho a proceso debido (forma parte del trato justo y equitativo) Artculo 10 Declaracin Derechos Humanos Artculo 8 CADH Artculo 6 CEDH

Auxilio en la interpretacin de conceptos en arbitrajes inversionista-Estado Azurix c. Argentina, Laudo CIADI, 2006 ADC c. Hungra, Laudo CIADI, 2006

3


2. Inversiones que infringen derecho internacional

TPI: inversin debe cumplir legalidad domstica e internacional Plama Consortium c. Bulgaria, Laudo CIADI 2008

"Unlike a number of Bilateral Investment Treaties, the ECT does not contain a provision requiring the conformity of the Investment with a particular law. This does not mean, however, that the protections provided for by the ECT cover all kinds of investments, including those contrary to domestic or international law"

Inceysa Vallisoletana c. El Salvador, Laudo CIADI 2006 Phoenix Action Ltd. c. Repblica Checa, Laudo CIADI 2009

"nobody would suggest that ICSID protection should be granted to investments made in violation of the most fundamental rules of protection of human rights, like investments made in pursuance of torture or genocide or in support of slavery or trafficking of human organs"

World Duty Free c. Kenya, Laudo CIADI 2006 Kardassopoulos c. Georgia, Laudo CIADI 2007

[The relevant BIT could not be interpreted] "to allow a State to preclude an investor from seeking protection under the BIT on the ground that its own actions are illegal under its own laws. In other words, a State cannot avoid jurisdiction under the BIT by invoking its own failure to comply with its domestic law"

4


3. Conflicto de obligaciones para los Estados Conflicto de obligaciones internacionales: cmo resolver? Artculo 53 CVDT: nulidad de tratados contrarios a normas de ius

cogens Alegacin por Estado como defensa en arbitrajes:

S.D. Myers. Inc. c. Canad, Laudo UNCITRAL 2000 Conflicto con tratado en materia de medio ambiente: rechazado

"where a state can achieve its chosen level of environmental protection through a variety of equally effective and reasonable means, it is obliged to adopt the alternative that is most consistent with open trade"

SPPE c. Egipto, Laudo CIADI 1992 Conflicto con Convencin UNESCO: rechazado

Glamis Gold c. Estados Unidos, Laudo UNCITRAL 2009 Conflicto con libertad religiosa

Suez et. al c. Argentina, Laudo CIADI 2010 (entre otros) Conflicto con obligaciones en materia de derecho fundamental al agua: rechazado

"Argentina is subject to both international obligations, i.e. human rights and treaty obligations, and must respect both of them. Under the circumstances of this case, Argentinas human rights obligations and its investment treaty obligations are not inconsistent, contradictory, or mutually exclusive. Thus, as was discussed above, Argentina could have respected both types of obligations"

5


Estado de necesidad / medidas no precluidas CMS c. Argentina, Laudo CIADI 2005 (similar: Siemens, Enron, Sempra)

Estado de necesidad por obligacin de garantizar derechos humanos en situacin de emergencia: rechazo

LG&E c. Argentina, Laudo CIADI 2006 (similar: Continental Casualty) Estado de necesidad por obligacin de garantizar derechos humanos en situacin de

emergencia: admisin parcial Casos de expropiacin

Expropiacin requiere indemnizacin, incluso por inters pblico: Compaa de Desarrollo Santa Elena c. Costa Rica, Laudo CIADI 2000 Metalclad c. Mxico, Laudo CIADI 2000 Tecmed c. Mxico, Laudo CIADI 2003 Siemens c. Argentina, Laudo CIADI 2007

Exclusin de indemnizacin: Saluka c. Repblica Checa, Laudo UNCITRAL 2006

"the principle that a State does not commit an expropriation and is thus not liable to pay compensation to a dispossessed alien investor when it adopts general regulations that are commonly accepted as within the police power of States forms part of customary international law today"

Methanex c. Estados Unidos, Laudo UNCITRAL 2005"[i]t is a principle of customary international law that, where economic injury results from a bona fide regulation within the police powers of a State, compensation is not required"

6


Previsin de defensas en los TPI (medidas no precluidas) Clusula emergencia / necesidad (TBI US-Argentina) Derechos humanos / medio ambiente / responsabilidad social corporativa /

salud pblica (Borrador TBI Modelo de Noruega; TBI Espaa-Libia; TBI Suiza-Uruguay)

7


4. Problemas derivados del procedimiento de resolucin de disputas

Transparencia? Intervencin de "amicus curiae"

Grupo de Trabajo II de UNCITRAL: borrador de Reglas de Transparencia para arbitrajes inversionista-Estado sobre la base de tratados

8


Hogan Lovells has offices in:

Abu DhabiAlicanteAmsterdamBaltimoreBeijingBerlinBrusselsBudapest*Caracas

Colorado SpringsDenverDubaiDusseldorfFrankfurtHamburgHanoiHo Chi Minh CityHong Kong

HoustonJakarta*Jeddah*LondonLos AngelesMadridMiamiMilanMoscow

MunichNew YorkNorthern VirginiaParisPhiladelphiaPragueRiyadh*RomeSan Francisco

ShanghaiSilicon ValleySingaporeTokyoUlaanbaatarWarsawWashington DCZagreb*

"Hogan Lovells" or the "firm" is an international legal practice that includes Hogan Lovells International LLP, Hogan Lovells US LLP and their affiliated businesses.

The word "partner" is used to describe a partner or member of Hogan Lovells International LLP, Hogan Lovells US LLP or any of their affiliated entities or any employee or consultant with equivalent standing. Certain individuals, who are designated as partners, but who are not members of Hogan Lovells International LLP, do not hold qualifications equivalent to members.

For more information about Hogan Lovells, the partners and their qualifications, see www.hoganlovells.com.

Where case studies are included, results achieved do not guarantee similar outcomes for other clients. Attorney Advertising.

Hogan Lovells 2012. All rights reserved.

*Associated offices

Orden Público Derecho Internacional y Arbitraje Inversión - Alejandro López Ortiz

Documents

Transcript of Orden Público Derecho Internacional y Arbitraje Inversión - Alejandro López Ortiz