Órbitas y Navegación Satelital

8/16/2019 Órbitas y Navegación Satelital

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ORBITAS Y NAVEGACIÓN SATÉLITAL

ESCUELA DE INGENIEROS MILITARESCENTRO DE EDUCACION MILITAR

BOGOTÁ D.C2016


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ORBITAS Y NAVEGACIÓN SATÉLITAL

TRABAJO

INGENIERO JAVIER VALENCIA SIERRA

ESCUELA DE INGENIEROS MILITARESCENTRO DE EDUCACION MILITAR

BOGOTÁ D.C2016

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CONTENIDO

INTRODUCCION ...............................................................................................................

1. OBJETIVOS ................................................................................................................

2. ORBITA .......................................................................................................................

2.1 His!"i# ................................................................................................................ ......

2.2 L#s $"%i#s #&"'('(!" (' Ti'""# .........................................................................

2.3 Ti)!s (' O"%i# .......................................................................................................

2.3.1 Ó"%i# G'!'s#*i!+#"i# .......................................................................................

2.3.2 Ó"%i# %#,# '""'s"' -LEO .................................................................................

2.3.3 Ó"%i# i+'"/'(i# -MEO .....................................................................................

2.3. Ó"%i# !" .........................................................................................................2.3. Ó"%i# E&)i*# -HEO ..........................................................................................

3. SISTEMAS DE NAVEGACIÓN SATELITAL ..............................................................

3.1 A)&i*#*i!+'s (' +#4'5#*i$+ ...............................................................................

3.1.1 Us! /i&i#" ...........................................................................................................

3.1.2 N#4'5#*i$+ #"'# ...............................................................................................

3.1.3 Us!s *i4i&'s .........................................................................................................

. CONCLUSIONES ......................................................................................................

. BIBLIOGRA7IA ..........................................................................................................


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LISTA DE 7IGURAS

85.

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7i59"# < 11

7i59"# : 127i59"# ; 137i59"# 10 17i59"# 11 17i59"# 12 17i59"# 13 167i59"# 1 1<7i59"# 1 1<7i59"# 16 1;7i59"# 1< 217i59"# 1: 21

7i59"# 1; 217i59"# 20 227i59"# 21 227i59"# 22 227i59"# 23 227i59"# 2 237i59"# 2 237i59"# 26 237i59"# 2< 27i59"# 2: 2


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INTRODUCCION

H!= '+ (#> '& #4#+*' '*+!&$5i*! ?# #&*#+@#(! /#5+i9('s i/)"'si!+#+'s)#"# /9*?!s '+"' 's!s #4#+*'s s' '+*9'+"#+ s /89i+#s 9' #*i&i#+ *!/9+i*#*i$+ = '& ('s#""!&&! (' /9*?#s #"'#s> /',!"#+(! 5'si$+ ('+'5!*i!s = 4i(# *!i(i#+# (' s )'"s!+#s 9' s 9s#+> '+"' 's#s /89i+#ss' '+*9'+"#+ &!s s#&i's> 9' ?#+ (#(! 9+ 5i"! i/)!"#+' # i+(9s"i#/9+(i#&.

E& )"i/'" s#&i' 9' *!&!*#(! '+ $"%i# '+ 1; *9#+(! s' +@$ '& S)9+i>'s' #&/#*'+#%# 9+ "#(i!#"! 9' '/i# 9+# s'#& (' 20 # 0 M?@> 's# s'#&)!(# s'" *#)#(# )!" si/)&'s "'*')!"'s> (#+(! )#s! # )"i/'"#*!/9+i*#*i$+ (' )"9'%# ('s(' '& 's)#*i!> *!/! s' )9'(' !%s'"4#" '+ 7i59"#N!.1.

O"! s#&i' #/!s! 9' 9' +@#(! ('s)9s ('& S)9+i> 9' '& C!9"i'" 1B>

+@#(! '& (' !*9%"' (' 1;60> 's' (' i)! /i&i#" )'"/i# 59#"(#" = "'"#+s/ii" ?#s# 6:.000 )#%"#s )!" /i+9!> )#"# "'#&i@#" 's# 9+*i$+ "#%#,#%# '/)&'#+(!*&9s s!"'s.

L# 'F)&!"#*i$+ (' i'""# = s9 's9(i!> &&'4#"!+ #& ?!/%"' # ('s'#" *!+!*'" !(! &! 9' &! "!('# = '& )!"9 (' s9 *!/)!"#/i'+! si*!. D's(' i+4'+*i$+

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(' #'"!+89i*#> '& "'! (' &&'5#" /8s #&&8 (' s "!+'"#s ('& ?!"i@!+'> s'*!/'+@$ # 'F)'"i/'+#" *!+ 4#"i!s '&'/'+!s )"!='*#(!s ?#*i# '& i"/#/'+!>'+ 's!s '&'/'+!s s' (is)9s! #"'#*!s *!/! *8/#"#s> i+s"9/'+!s ('/'(i*i$+ *&i/8i*#> '/)'"#9"#> )"'si$+ ' i+i+i(#( (' (is)!sii4!s 9' )9(i's'+

s'" 9i&i@#(#s )#"# #+#&i@#" = *!+!*'" s9 *!/)!"#/i'+! '+ s #&9"#s> #s*!/! '& (' i'""# *!/)#"#(# *!+ !"!s *9'")!s *'&'s's. C9#+(! =# 'Fis# '&#4i$+ s' 9is! #4#+@#" /8s #&&8> s' 9' #9/'+#+(! #9!+!/# (' 49'&! ('s #'"!+#4's> s' "'!"@$ &!s /#'"i#&'s (' *!+s"9**i$+ = ('s)9s (' #&*#+@#" 9+ ('s#""!&&! *!+si('"#%&' s' *!+4i"i$ '+ 9+ "'! )#"# s +#*i!+'s (' &!sEs#(!s U+i(!s = R9si# '+"' !"#s '& ?'*?! (' ?#*'" &&'5#" #& ?!/%"' # &9+#>*!s# 9' i+#&/'+' s'5+ +#""# ?is!"i# &!5"$ i+i*i#&/'+' &!s Es#(!sU+i(!s (' A/"i*#. E& ?'*?! (' &!5"#" '+4i#" #'"!+#4's = !%,'!s 9'"# (' #/$s'"# '""'s"' '"/i+$ )!" /!s"#" = )"!%#" *#"#*'"si*#s si*#s 9'

#'*#+ # &!s *9'")!s '+ '& 's)#*i!> 's!s ('s*9%"i/i'+!s ?#+ i/)9&s#(! *i'+*i# = '*+!&!5# (' /#+'"# 'F*')*i!+#&. E+ '& )"'s'+' "#%#,! s' 'F)!+'

9+# (' s *#"#*'"si*#s 9' 'F)'"i/'+#+ &!s *9'")!s '+ '& 's)#*i!> s' "##(' s !"%i#s #&"'('(!" (' i'""# = (' !"!s *9'")!s '""'s"'s.

1. OBJETIVOS

C!+!*'" '& *!+*')! (' !"%i# = s9 "#='*!"i# '+ *i'+*i# = '*+!&!5#.

C!+!*'" *$/! s' 9i&i@# '& *!+*')! (' s !"%i#s '+ +#4'5#*i$+#"'#> '""'s"' = 's)#*i#&.

I('+ii*#" #&59+!s (' &!s (is)!sii4!s 9' 9+*i!+#+ 9i&i@#+(! '& )"i+*i)i!(' $"%i#.


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2. ORBITA

2.1 Historia

D's(' '& (' !*9%"' (' 1; '*?# ('& +@#/i'+! = )9's# '+ $"%i# # 9+##&i9( (' 21 /> ('& )"i/'" s#&i' #"ii*i#&> '& S)9+i 1> "'s9&$ '4i('+' &!9' ?9/#+i(#( ?#%# #)"'+(i(! (' &&'4#" !%,'!s #& 's)#*i! *'"*#+! # Ti'""# = &! 9' #+ #&#%# )!" #)"'+('".

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L# /isi$+ (9"$ /'+!s (' &! 9' s' 's)'"#%#> )!"9' #/$s'"# #%#"*# /8s's)#*i! (' &! 9' '+ 's' /!/'+! s' *"'# #9+9' s 9'"@#s +#9"#&'s 9' s'4#&!"#+ #*9#&/'+' )#"# )#"#/'"i@#" s (i/'+si!+'s (' $"%i# (' 9+ s#&i'

'+ )#"i*9"> 9'"!+ 's9(i#(#s )!" si*!s #+ "'&'4#+'s *!/! G#&i&'!>C!)"+i*!> ')&'" ! N'!+> s'+#+(! *!+ '&&! s %#s's (' #s"!+!/#

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/!('"+#> s!+ &!s '&'/'+!s #"i%9i(!s # ')&'" # &!s 9' /8s s' "'*9""'+ )#"#'s#%&'*'" 9+# $"%i#.

'"! #+'s (' '+"#" '+ #&59+!s ('#&&'s> i+'+#"'/!s 's#%&'*'" 9' 9+# $"%i#

's '& "'*!""i(! 9' !*9)# 9+ *9'")! #& *#'" *!+s#+'/'+' ?#*i# '& *9'")! 9'!"%i#. Es! 's> 9+ s#&i' s' '+*9'+"# '+ 9+# *#(# *!+s#+' ?#*i# i'""#.

U+# ('s*"i)*i$+ /8s (i(8*i*# (' (i*?# *#(# )!('/!s *!+*')9#&i@#" /'(i#+' '& C#$+ (' N'!+.

KS' i/#5i+# 9+ *#$+ si9#(! '+ &! #&! (' 9+# /!+## 9' (is)#"# %!s ('*#$+ (' !"/# ?!"i@!+#&. L# /!+## +'*'si# s'" /9= #&# )#"# '4i#" #/$s'"# '""'s"' ' i5+!"#" &!s ''*!s (' "i**i$+ s!%"' %! (' *#$+.

Si '& *#$+ (is)#"# 9+# %! *!+ 9+# 4'&!*i(#( i+i*i#& %#,#> "#='*!"i# (' %! s' *9"4# ' i/)#*# *!+"# '& s9'&!. A9/'+#+(! 4'&!*i(#( i+i*i#&> %!(' *#$+ i/)#*# '+ '& s9'&! *#(# 4'@ /8s &',!s ('& *#$+> ('%i(! 9' /i'+"#s %! si59' *#='+(!> '& s9'&! #/%i+ s' *9"4#.

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T!(!s 's!s /!4i/i'+!s s!+ "'#&/'+' $"%i#s '+ s9 s'+i(! *+i*!> =# 9'('s*"i%'+ 9+# "#='*!"i# '&)i*# #&"'('(!" (' 9+ *'+"! (' 5"#4'(#( )'"! 9's' i+'""9/)'+ #& *?!*#" *!+"# i'""#.

Si s' (is)#"# %! *!+ s9i*i'+' 4'&!*i(#(> '& s9'&! s' *9"4# #& /'+!s #+!*!/! %! #& *#'"> )!" &! 9' %! (' *#$+ +9+*# i/)#*# *!+"# '& s9'&!.

S' (i*' 9' 's8 "'#&i@#+(! 9+# $"%i# si+ i+'""9)*i$+ ! (' *i"*9++#4'5#*i$+.#"# *#(# #&9"# s!%"' '& *'+"! (' 5"#4'(#( ?#= 9+# 4'&!*i(#( 's)'*i*# 9')"!(9*' 9+# $"%i# *i"*9".

L# $"%i# 's "#='*!"i# 9' ('s*"i%' 9+ *9'")! #s"!+$/i*! #& s'" #'*#(!)!" 9'"@# 5"#4i#!"i# (' !"!. L# *9"4# 9' *!""'s)!+(' # 9+# $"%i# 'ssi'/)"' 9+# *$+i*#> ?#%i9#&/'+' 9+# '&i)s'> )'"! #/%i+ )9'(' s'" 9+#

)#"8%! ' i+*&9s! 9+# ?i)"%!.

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E+ '& )"i/'" *#s!> '& *9'")! 5i"# "')'i(#/'+' #&"'('(!" (' !"!> /i'+"#s 9''+ &!s !"!s (!s s$&! s' #*'"*# 9+# 4'@ #& *9'")! 9' &! #"#'.

L!s ''*!s )"i+*i)#&'s 9' #'*#+ # $"%i# (' 9+# +#4' 's)#*i#& 9' s'/9'4' # "'i4#/'+' )!*# (is#+*i# (' Ti'""# s!+ &!s )"!(9*i(!s )!"

5"#4'(#( '""'s"'> (' /!(! 9' s )!si%&'s $"%i#s s!+ *$+i*#s> 's ('*i">'&)i*#s> )#"#%$&i*#s ! ?i)'"%$&i*#s> s'5+ '& 4#&!" (' 4'&!*i(#( *!+ 9'

+#4' '+"' '+ $"%i#.

#"# 9' +#4' si5# $"%i#s '&)i*#s "'i4#/'+' %#,#s ! *i"*9"'s> '&4'?*9&! ('%' &&'4#" 9+# 4'&!*i(#( i+'"i!" # 4'&!*i(#( (' 's*#)' '""'s"' '+*#/%i!> si 4'&!*i(#( (' +#4' 's i59#& ! /#=!" 9' 4'&!*i(#( (' 's*#)'> +#4' si59' 9+# $"%i# )#"#%$&i*# ! ?i)'"%$&i*#> "'s)'*i4#/'+'. !" #+!>

9+# +#4' 9' si59' 9+# $"%i# '&)i*# 5i"# '+ !"+! # Ti'""#> /i'+"#s 9' s9' si59'+ $"%i#s )#"#%$&i*#s ! ?i)'"%$&i*#s> 's*#)#+ ('& *#/)! 5"#4i#!"i!*'&'s'.

C!/! s $"%i#s 's8+ si9#(#s '+ 9+ )+! 9' *!+i'+' '& *'+"! (' Ti'""#>

i+*&i+#*i$+ ('& )+! (' $"%i# "'s)'*! #& ('& '*9#(!" 's #& /'+!s i59#& # i9( (!+(' 's8 )#!"/# (' +@#/i'+! (' +#4'. L# '+"#(# (' 9+#

+#4' 's)#*i#& '+ $"%i# s' )"!(9*' )!" #s's. L# )"i/'"# *!+sis' '+ *!&!*#"'+ 9+# $"%i# i+i*i#&> 9' s9'&' s'" %#,# )#"# s#&i's 's)#*i#&'s. #"# '&&! s'

9i&i@# 9+ *!?'' (' #s's ! %i'+ 9+ "#s%!"(#(!" 's)#*i#&> &! 9' )'"/i' "'(9*i" "'sis'+*i# #'"!(i+8/i*# 9' s' !)!+' #& /!4i/i'+! ('& *!+,9+! *!?''+#4' 's)#*i#& = '& )'&i5"! (' 9+ 'F*'si4! *#&'+#/i'+! *i+i*!. L# s'59+(##s' *!+sis' '+ i+s'"#" +#4' '+ $"%i# i+#& ! (' ('si+!. #"# '&&!> s'

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9i&i@#+ s ('+!/i+#(#s $"%i#s (' "#+s'"'+*i#> 9' )'"/i'+ # +#4' )#s#" (' $"%i# (' s#&i(# # $"%i# (' ('si+!.

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L# '"*'"# #s' *!+sis' '+ (',#" Ó"%i# (' "#+s'"'+*i# ' i+s'"#"s' '+ $"%i# (' ('si+!. E+ '& *#s! (' s#&i's #"ii*i#&'s> $"%i# s'"8 si/i" # $"%i# (' s#&i(#> )'"! # /#=!" (is#+*i# (' Ti'""#. E+ '& *#s! (' +#4's

's)#*i#&'s> $"%i# (' ('si+! s'"8 9+# $"%i# '+ !"+! #& *9'")! *'&'s'. L#s$"%i#s s+*"!+#s s!+ #9'&s '+ s 9' '& )'"!(! ('& s#&i' 's i59#& #&)'"!(! "!#*i!+#& ('& )+'#. Es ('*i"> '& s#&i' i'+' 9+ )'"!(! (' 9+ (#si("'!. E+ '& *#s! (' 9' $"%i# s+*"!+# s'# *i"*9" = 's si9#(# '+ '&)+! '*9#!"i#& '""'s"'> s' ?#% (' 9+# $"%i# 5'!si+*"$+i*#.

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Es#s $"%i#s 's8+ si9#(#s # 3.;00 / (' #&9"# = )'"/i'+ 9' '& s#&i' s''+*9'+"' si'/)"' s!%"' '& /is/! )9+! (' s9)'"i*i' '""'s"'. E+ #&59+!s*#s!s s' )"'i'"' 9i&i@#" $"%i# )!"> '+ 9' '& s#&i' )"'s'+# 9+#

i+*&i+#*i$+ !"%i#& (' ;0. L# 4'+#,# (' 's# $"%i# 's 9' '& s#&i' )#s# #+'s! ('s)9s )!" '+*i/# (' !(# s9)'"i*i' '""'s"'.

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2.2 @as r)itas a"r!#!#or #! "a Ti!rra

T!(!s &!s !%,'!s '+ !"+! # 9+ )+'# ('s*"i%'+ $"%i#s> 's ('*i" 5i"#+

#&"'('(!" ('& /is/! '+ 9+ ('&i*#(! '9i&i%"i! *!+ 9'"@# (' 5"#4'(#( )#"#

+! *#'" ?#*i# &.

Y !(!s &!s i+5'+i!s 's)#*i#&'s )#"# si9#"&!s '+ $"%i# ('%'+ s!&4'+#" 9+

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/#'/8i*# ?i@! i+/!"#& # N'!+ -'+"' !"#s /9*?#s *!+"i%9*i!+'s.

L# 9'"@# (' 5"#4'(#( (')'+(' (' s /#s#s (' &!s *9'")!s i/)&i*#(!s. #"#'s*#)#" # #"#**i$+ '""'s"' s' "'9i'"' #&*#+@#" 4'&!*i(#( !"%i#& /+i/#

9' 's (' #)"!Fi/#(#/'+' 2:.000 i&$/'"!s )!" ?!"# -2;>#9+9' si+ 's*#)#" # #"#**i$+ '""'s"'. E+ #&59+!s *#s!s 49'&4' # *#'" #

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Ti'""#> )'"! &! ?#%i9#& 's 9' si5# 5i"#+(! i+('i+i(#/'+' #&"'('(!" ('&)+'# *!/! /#=!" )#"' (' &!s s#&i's (' *!/9+i*#*i!+'s.

G"#*i#s # s &'='s (' ')&'" s' ?#+ )!(i(! *#&i%"#" (isi+#s $"%i#s '+ s 9'

si9#" &!s s#&i's = #"i&95i!s 9' s' +@#+ #& 's)#*i!. A *!+i+9#*i$+> &'s)"'s'+#/!s s /8s i/)!"#+'s.

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16

2.3Tipos #! Or)itas

E+ %#s' # #&i9( (' 9+ s#&i' '+ "#='*!"i# !"%i#&> )!('/!s (isi+59i" ssi59i'+'s *s's (' $"%i#s.

2.3.1 r)ita !o!sta$io%aria

L#s $"%i#s /8s i/)!"#+'s s!+ s 5'!s+*"!+#s 9' i'+'+ '& /is/!)'"i!(! !"%i#& 9' Ti'""#. C9#+(! s $"%i#s s!+ '*9#!"i#&'s s' s('+!/i+# 5'!'s#*i!+#"i#s -GEO> (' 'F*'+"i*i(#( +9> =# 9' s!+ s

/8s i&'s )#"# '& )!si*i!+#/i'+! (' s#&i's. T#/%i+ 's *!+!*i(# *!/!$"%i# (' C"'> )!" A"?9" C. C"'> '& 's*"i!" (' *i'+*i# i**i$+ 9' )!)9"i@$ '+ 1; *!/! $"%i# i('#& )#"# &!s s#&i's. A 9+# #&i9( ('3 6/> >;s> (' !"/# 9' '& s#&i')#"'*' /#+'+'"s' '+ '& /is/! )9+! ('& 's)#*i! *!+ "'s)'*! #> )!" ','/)&!> 9+# #+'+# '""'s"' 9' '+*' *!+ '& s#&i'. !" '&&! "'s9&#i('#& )#"# s#&i's /''!"!&$5i*!s = (' *!/9+i*#*i!+'s.


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1<

L! )'!" 's '& '+!"/' "8i*! (' s#&i's 9' !*9)# 's' 's)#*i! = 9's9)!+'+ 9+ )'&i5"! *9#+(! *!+*&9=' s9 4i(# i&. T!(!s &!s )#s's #)&i*#+#*9#&/'+' )"!!*!&!s (' s'59"i(#( )#"# 9' s' "#s('+ # 9+# $"%i#

*'/'+'"i! *9#+(! &'s &&'5# s9 i+#&.@a r)ita $!!%t!rio

L# $"%i# *'/'+'"i! 's '& *#/)!s#+! (' &!s s#&i's i+i&'s. S''+*9'+"# 9+!s 300 i&$/'"!s )!" '+*i/# (' $"%i# 5'!'s#*i!+#"i# =#*!5' s#&i's i+!)'"#i4!s *!+ '& i+ (' 9' )#s'+ # i+*"'/'+#" %#s9"#'s)#*i#&.

Si9#" 's!s s#&i's (' ('s59#*' '+ 's# $"%i# i+#& +! 's #"'# 8*i& =#

9' s' "'9i'"' 9+# *!+si('"#%&' *#+i(#( (' *!/%9si%&' -9' ('%'+ '+'" '+ *9'+# &!s i+5'+i'"!s '+ s9s (is'!s = 9+# )"'*isi$+ !)'"#i4# )#"#

/#+i!%"# (' "#+s'"'+*i# 9' s$&! i'+' Fi! /i#( (' s 4'*'s.

2.3.2 r)ita )a0a t!rr!str! @EO

L# $"%i# %#,# '""'s"' -*!+!*i(# *!/! LEO> si5s (' L! E#"? O"%i 's 9' s' '+*9'+"# '+"' 200 = 2 000 i&$/'"!s (' #&i9(> '+"' #/$s'"# = '& *i+9"$+ V#+ A&&'+. E+ LEO s' &!*#&i@#+ /#=!" )#"' (' &!ss#&i's /i&i#"'s = (' '&'(''**i$+> #s *!/! s 's#*i!+'s = %!"#!"i!s's)#*i#&'s. D' ?'*?!> &!s 49'&!s "i)9(!s *#si +9+*# ?#+ "#s)#s#(! 's#$"%i# -'F*')! s +#4's ('& )"!5"#/# A)!&! )#"# #&*#+@#" L9+#> (!+('#9+9' +! 'Fis' 5"#4'(#( *'"! )!" *'"*#+# *!+ Ti'""#> s s''F)'"i/'+# i+5"#4i('@ )!" s9 (%i& i+&9'+*i#.

L!s !%,'!s '+ 's# $"%i# 5i"#+ #&"'('(!" (' Ti'""# *#(# ;0 /i+9!s. S9/#=!" 4'+#,# 's 9' &!s i+s"9/'+!s #)'+#s s!+ #&'"#(!s )!" "#(i#*i$+ *$s/i*# = ('s4'+#,# 's 9' s9"'+ 9+ 5"#+ ('s5#s' )!" i+&9'+*i# (' #/$s'"#. A('/8s s' "## (' 9+ $"%i# s9)'")!%(#(!+(' si'/)"' #*'*?# '& )'&i5"! (' %#s9"# 's)#*i#& *!/! s' "'&',# '+ )'&*9 (' A&!+s! C9#"$+> G"#4i= -G"#4'(#(

L# Es#*i$+ Es)#*i#& I+'"+#*i!+#& -ISS> )!" ','/)&!> 9' s' '+*9'+"#'+"' 330 = 1; i&$/'"!s (' #&i9( s9"' 9+ *!+s#+' ('s5#s' !"%i#& )!" "i**i$+ *!+ s *#)#s #&#s (' #/$s'"#. #"# *!""'5i" = /#+'+'" $"%i# s' 9i&i@#+ s +#4's S!=9@ 9' *!+s9/'+ '+"' = 12 !+'(#s ('*#"%9"#+' s!&! )#"# /#+'+'" ISS '+ $"%i# )"'4is# -#""#s"' ('*!/)'+s#*i$+.


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1

2.3.3 r)ita i%t!r!#ia 7EO

E+"' $"%i# 5'!'s#*i!+#"i# -GEO = $"%i# %#,# -LEO s' '+*9'+"# $"%i# i+'"/'(i#> #/%i+ &/#(# ICO )!" I+'"/'(i#' Ci"*9" O"%i !

MEO )!" M'(i9/ E#"? O"%i. S' 9s# )#"# s#&i's (' )!si*i!+#/i'+!5'!5"8i*! *!/! &!s *!+!*i(!s GS

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2.3.- r)ita Go"ar

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2.3.* r)ita E"pti$a HEO

EFis' 9+# $"%i# 'F*+"i*# (' !"/# '&)i*# ' i+*&i+#(# )!*! 9s#(#>#/%i+ *!+!*i(# *!/! $"%i# HEO -Hi5? E#"? O"%i. U+# (' s /8s#/!s#s 's &/#(# $"%i# (' M$&+i=# -#s s' &/#%#+ &!s s#&i's ('*!/9+i*#*i$+ /i&i#" "9s!s!4ii*!s 9' 9i&i@#%#+ 's# $"%i# (9"#+' 59'""# "#> *!+ 9+# i+*&i+#*i$+ (' 63> = 9+ )'"i!(! !"%i#& (' 12 ?!"#s.

!" "##"s' (' 9+# $"%i# /9= '&)i*#> &!s i+5'+i!s 9' s' ('s)@#+ )!" '& s' '+*9'+"#+ *#si si'/)"' s!%"' 9+# s9)'"i*i' '""'s"' (''"/i+#(#>&! 9' *!+4i'"' '+ i('#&> )!" ','/)&!> )#"# s#&i's 9' "')i'+ s'#&'s(' '&'4isi$+ )#"# 9+# (''"/i+#(# "'5i$+ s!/'+'.

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3. SISTE7AS DE NAVEACIN SATE@ITA@

S' *!+!*' 9' 9+ sis'/# 5&!%#& (' +#4'5#*i$+ )!" s#&i'> '+ s9 #*"$+i/! 's

9+# *!+s'*i$+ (' s#&i's 9' "#+s/i' "#+5!s (' s'#&'s 9i&i@#(!s )#"# '&)!si*i!+#/i'+! = &!*#&i@#*i$+ '+ *9#&9i'" )#"' ('& 5&!%! '""'s"'> =# s'# '+i'""#> /#" ! #i"'. Es!s )'"/i'+ (''"/i+#" s *!!"('+#(#s 5'!5"8i*#s = #&i9( (' 9+ )9+! (#(! *!/! "'s9&#(! (' "'*')*i$+ (' s'#&'s )"!4'+i'+'s(' *!+s'*i!+'s (' s#&i's #"ii*i#&'s (' Ti'""# )#"# i+'s (' +#4'5#*i$+>"#+s)!"'> 5'!(si*!s> ?i("!5"8i*!s> #5"*!s = !"#s #*i4i(#('s # i+'s.

A('/8s> 9+ sis'/# (' +#4'5#*i$+ %#s#(! '+ s#&i' #"ii*i#&'s> )9'(')"!)!"*i!+#" # &!s 9s9#"i!s i+!"/#*i$+ s!%"' )!si*i$+ = ?!"# -*9#"!(i/'+si!+'s *!+ 9+# 5"#+ 'F#*i9(> '+ *9#&9i'" )#"' ('& /9+(!> s 2 ?!"#s('& (# = '+ !(#s s *!+(i*i!+'s *&i/#!&$5i*#s.

U+ '/)"#+! )"'*9"s!" (' &!s sis'/#s (' +#4'5#*i$+ )!" s#&i' 9'"!+ &!ssis'/#s '""'s"'s LORAN = O/'5#> 9' 9i&i@#"!+ &!s "#(i!"#+s/is!"'s (' %#,#"'*9'+*i# -100 H@ '""'s"'s '+ 4'@ (' &!s s#&i's. Es!s sis'/#s (i9+(#+9+ )9&s! (' "#(i! ('s(' 9+# &!*#&i@#*i$+ /#'s"# *!+!*i(#> s'59i(! )!" )9&s!s"')'i(!s ('s(' 9+ +/'"! (' 's#*i!+'s 's*#s. E& "'"#s! '+"' "'*')*i$+= '& '+4! (' s'#& '+ s 's#*i!+'s #9Fi&i#"'s '"# *!+"!(!> )'"/ii'+(! # &!s"'*')!"'s *!/)#"#" '& "'"#s! '+"' "'*')*i$+ = '& "'"#s! '+"' '+4i#(!s. A"#4s (' 's' /!(! s' )9'(' *!+!*'" (is#+*i# # *#(# 9+# (' s 's#*i!+'s#9Fi&i#"'s.

E& )"i/'" sis'/# (' +#4'5#*i$+ )!" s#&i's 9' '& T"#+si> 9+ sis'/#('s)&'5#(! )!" '& ',"*i! (' Es#(!s U+i(!s '+ &!s #!s 1;60. T"#+si s' %#s#%#'+ '& ''*! D!))&'". L!s s#&i's 4i#,#+ '+ "#='*!"i#s *!+!*i(#s = (i9+('+ s9ss'#&'s '+ 9+# "'*9'+*i# *!+!*i(#. L# "'*9'+*i# "'*i%i(# s' (i'"'+*i#&'4'/'+' (' "'*9'+*i# (i9+(i(# ('%i(! #& /!4i/i'+! ('& s#&i' *!+"'s)'*! #& "'*')!". M!+i!"i@#+(! 's' *#/%i! (' "'*9'+*i# # i+'"4#&!s *!"!s>'& "'*')!" )9'(' (''"/i+#" s9 &!*#&i@#*i$+ # 9+ (! ! #& !"! ('& s#&i' *!/%i+#*i$+ (' 4#"i#s (' 's#s /'(i(#s> 9+i(# # 9+ *!+!*i/i'+! 'F#*! (' $"%i# ('& s#&i' )9'('+ i,#" 9+# )!si*i$+ *!+*"'#.

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E& )"i/'" sis'/# (' +#4'5#*i$+ )!" s#&i' -'+ #('+' SNS +#*i$ (' *!i+*i('+*i# (' 9+# +'*'si(#( 4i#& (' M#"i+# (' Es#(!s U+i(!s = (' #)#"i*i$+ (' 9+ #4#+*' '*+!&$5i*! si+ )"'*'('+'sP *#)#*i(#( (' si9#"

s#&i's #"ii*i#&'s '+ $"%i# #&"'('(!" (' Ti'""#.E+ ''*!> '+ 1;< '+ )&'+# G9'""# 7"#> M#"i+# +!"'#/'"i*#+# i+i*i$ '&)"!5"#/# !"is *9=! !%,'i4! '"# '& ('s)&i'59' (' /isi&'s i+'"*!+i+'+#&'s!*9&!s %#,! '& #59#> '/%#"*8+(!&!s '+ s9%/#"i+!s (is)'"s!s '+ &!s !*#+!s.C#(# /isi& #)9+#%# # 9+ !%,'i4! 's"#5i*! s'&'**i!+#(! = '& Fi! ('& )"!='*!(')'+(# (' *#)#*i(#( (' (''"/i+#" *!+ )"'*isi$+ )!si*i$+ (' &!ss9%/#"i+!s '+ *9#&9i'" )9+! (' Ti'""#> &! 9' "'9'"# 9+ sis'/# ('+#4'5#*i$+ 5&!%#& -9i&i@#%&' '+ !(! /!/'+! = '+ *9#&9i'" )9+!.

!" !"! (!> &!s i+4'si5#(!"'s (' U+i4'"si(#( J!?+s H!)i+5 ?#%#+

*!/)"!%#(! )!si%i&i(#( (' (''"/i+#" *!+ 5"#+ )"'*isi$+ $"%i# ('& S)9+i 1># )#"i" ('& ('s)@#/i'+! D!))&'" s9"i(! )!" s'#& 9' '/i# -*!/!*!+s'*9'+*i# ('& /!4i/i'+! ('& s#&i' = ('& *!+!*i/i'+! )"'*is! (' )!si*i$+ ('& "'*')!" 9' si+!+i@#%#.

E+ 9+# *!+4'"s#*i$+ *#s9#& '+"' i+4'si5#(!"'s (' #/%!s )"!='*!s '& (!*!" M*C&9"' *!/'+$ )!si%i&i(#( (' i+4'"i" '& )"!%&'/#P si s' *!+!*i's' )!si*i$+(' 9+ s#&i' (' !"/# )"'*is#> s'"# )!si%&' (''"/i+#" (' 9+ "'*')!" si9#(!'+ '& s9%/#"i+! (' )!si*i$+ ('s*!+!*i(#> /i(i'+(! '& ('s)@#/i'+! D!))&'" s9"i(! )!" 9+# s'#& '/ii(# ('s(' '& s#&i'. H#%# +#*i(! '& TRANSIT> '& )"i/'" SNS.E& )"!5"#/# TRANSIT *!/'+@$ '+ 1;: = s' ('*"$ !)'"#*i!+#& '+ 1;6> "#s '&+@#/i'+! (' 10 s#&i's. !s'"i!"/'+'> '+ 1;6 s' )'"/ii$ s9 9i&i@#*i$+*i4i&> 's#+(! '+ s'"4i*i! (9"#+' 33 #!s = ?#%i'+(! si(! 9i&i@#(! )!" 20.0009s9#"i!s> 9+ Fi! si+ )"'*'('+'s. !" s9 )#"'> U+i$+ S!4ii*# ('s#""!&&$ '&CICADA> 9+ sis'/# /9= si/i" #& (' M#"i+# +!"'#/'"i*#+#.

A )'s#" (' s9 s'+*i&&'@ = s9s &i/i#*i!+'s )!" ','/)&! +! s' )!(# 9i&i@#" '++#4'5#*i$+ #"'#> '& sis'/# TRANSIT 's#%&'*i$ !(!s &!s *!+*')!s %8si*!s(' &!s SNSsP 's"9*9"# ('& sis'/#> 9'+'s (' '""!"> *+i*# (' +#4'5#*i$+ =5'!(si*#> '*. D' ?'*?!> '& GS -G&!%#& !sii!+i+5 S=s'/ +! 's /8s 9' s9'4!&9*i$+ &$5i*# (' /#+! (' +9'4!s ('s#""!&&!s '*+!&$5i*!s 9' )'"/ii'"!+ s9)'"#*i$+ (' (i*?#s &i/i#*i!+'s.

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3.1 Ap"i$a$io%!s #! "a %a!ga$i% sat!"ita"

3.1.1 Uso i"itar

E& !"i5'+ (' +#4'5#*i$+ )!" s#&i' 9' /i&i#". L# +#4'5#*i$+ )!" s#&i')'"/i' #&*#+@#" 9+# )"'*isi$+ 9' +! s' ?#%# *!+s'59i(! ?#s# 's'/!/'+!> '+ &!s !%,'i4!s (' s #"/#s> #9/'+#+(! s9 ''*i4i(#(> ="'(9*i'+(! (#!s +! ('s'#(!s /'(i#+' #"/#/'+! 9' s' 4#&' (' s'#& (' &!s GNSS 9' s )"!(9*#+ s #"/#s *!+4'+*i!+#&'s. L#+#4'5#*i$+ )!" s#&i' #/%i+ )'"/i' 9' s "!)#s s'#+ (i"i5i(#s = s'&!*#&i*'+ 8*i&/'+'.

E+ s9/#> s' )9'(' *!+si('"#" 9+ #*!" /9&i)&i*#(!" (' 9'"@#.#"i*9"/'+'> *#)#*i(#( (' "'(9*i" /9'"'s i+4!&9+#"i#s i'+'

4'+#,#s )#"i*9"'s '+ s 59'""#s /#+'+i(#s )!" s ('/!*"#*i#s> (!+(' !)i+i$+ )%&i*# i'+' 9+# 5"#+ i+&9'+*i# '+ 59'""#. !" 's# "#@$+> 9+sis'/# (' +#4'5#*i$+ .

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3.1.2 Na!ga$i% aLr!a

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)!" OCIA '+ '& 's)#*i! #"'! (' s9 *!/)''+*i# = (' +!ii*#" # &!s9s9#"i!s *9#+(! (i*?# #*9#*i$+ +! *9/)&' *!+ 's!s.

!" *!+*')!> '& GNEIS 's 9+ sis'/# /9+(i#& (' (''"/i+#*i$+ (' )!si*i$+ = ?!"#> 9' i+*&9=' *!+s'*i!+'s )"i+*i)#&'s (' s#&i's>"'*')!"'s (' #'"!+#4'> s9)'"4is!" (' i+'5"i(#( ('& sis'/#> =sis'/#s (' #9/'+! 9' /',!"#+ #*9#*i$+ (' s *!+s'*i!+'s*'+"#&'s.

E+ s+'sis> '& GNEIS 's 9+ "/i+! 5'+'"#& 9' *!/)"'+(' # !(!s &!s

sis'/#s (' +#4'5#*i$+ )!" s#&i's> &!s 9' =# ?#+ si(! i/)&'/'+#(!s-GS> GLONASS = &!s 9' 's8+ '+ ('s#""!&&! -G#&i&'!> )"!)!+i'+(! 9i&i@#*i$+ (' s#&i's *!/! s!)!"' # +#4'5#*i$+> !"'*i'+(!&!*#&i@#*i$+ )"'*is# (' s #'"!+#4's = *!%'"9"# '+ !(! '& 5&!%!'""'s"'. S' 's8 i/)+#+(! '& GNEIS (' 9+# /#+'"# '4!&9i4# #/'(i(# 9' 's )"')#"#(! )#"# #*!5'" '& 5"#+ 4!&9/'+ ('& "8i*! #"'!*i4i& 'Fis'+' '+ #*9#&i(#(> = )9'(# "'s)!+('" # s +'*'si(#('s ('s'59"i(#( 9' "'9i'"' '& s'*!"> 9+! (' &!s /8s 'Fi5'+'s ('& /9+(!.

C9#+(! '& sis'/# GNEIS 's *!/)&'#/'+' ('s#""!&(!> s' )"'4 9'

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3.1.3 Usos $ii"!s

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A=9(#s # +#4'5#*i$+ = !"i'+#*i$+ '+ (is)!sii4!s (' /#+! )#"#

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-. CONC@USIONES

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si5+ii*#i4#/'+'> )'"*')*i$+ = /#+'"# (' ?#*'" /9*?#s #*i4i(#('s*!/'"*i#&'s = *i4i&'s &! 9' ?# )"!(9*i(! ('s(' /9*?!s )9+!s (' 4is#

9+# /',!"# = s' /#+ii's# *!/! 9+# #/'+#@# )#"# !"!s. Si+ '/%#"5!>'s#s !)i+i!+'s +! ('i'+'+ '& #4#+*' 9'> (' 9+# 9 !"# /#+'"#> 's+'*'s#"i! )#"# /',!"#" /&i)&'s )"!*'s!s (' *!+"!& = 's9(i!.

En muchos países, estos productos, tienen demandas sumamenteelevadas, en el caso de los medios de transporte ha despertadouna necesidad en las empresas y civiles, que ha revolucionado elmercado del transporte y diseño de vehículos. Esto dado que estastecnologías han sugerido nuevos alcances en el rastreo yubicación; como, por ejemplo; ubicación vía satélite de lugares ydirecciones exactas, anuncios sobre posibles atascamientos oaccidentes automovilísticos, entre otras ventajas que orecen losvehículos de !ltima generación de abricantes como "ord,#hevrolet, #rysler, $ercedes, %$&, 'oyota, entre otros.

S' )9'(' *!+*&9i" 9' 's# '*+!&!5#> 9' *9'+# *!+ 4'+#,#s = ('s4'+#,#s>9' (')'+('+ /8s 9' !(! (' )'"*')*i$+ 9' &!s )!si%&'s 9s9#"i!s '+5#+ (''&> = +! (' s9 *#)#*i(#( ! s'59"i(#( )!("# &&'5#" # '+'" 9+ i/)!"#+' #95' '+&!s )"$Fi/!s #!s '+ 9+# 5"#+ *#+i(#( (' )#s's> 9' *9'+#+ *!+ +i4'&'s ('s'59"i(#( *i4i& /9= %#,!s.

1. BIB@IORAFIA DOCU7ENTOS E I7MENES

• INSTITUTO COLOMBIANO DE NORMAS TÉCNICAS. N!"/#s

*!&!/%i#+#s )#"# )"'s'+#*i$+ (' T'sis = T"#%#,!s ('G"#(!s = !"!s "#%#,!s (' i+4'si5#*i$+> s'F# #*9#&i@#*i$+.S#+# ' (' B!5!8 D.C. 200:.NTC 1:6.

•O"%i#> i)!s (' !"%i#s EF"#(! (' I+'"+' '& 2('s('P ?)PQQ9+i4'"s!.#%!9.*!/Q!(QAs"!+#9i*#Q)QL#sM

http://universo.about.com/od/Astronautica/tp/Las-oacuterbitas-en-torno-a-la-Tierra-para-el-posicionamiento-de-sateacuteliteshttp://universo.about.com/od/Astronautica/tp/Las-oacuterbitas-en-torno-a-la-Tierra-para-el-posicionamiento-de-sateacutelites


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http://universo.about.com/od/Astronautica/tp/Las-oacuterbitas-en-torno-a-la-Tierra-para-el-posicionamiento-de-sateacuteliteshttp://universo.about.com/od/Astronautica/tp/Las-oacuterbitas-en-torno-a-la-Tierra-para-el-posicionamiento-de-sateacuteliteshttp://bb9.ulacit.ac.cr/tesinas/publicaciones/033134.pdfhttp://universo.about.com/od/Astronautica/tp/Las-oacuterbitas-en-torno-a-la-Tierra-para-el-posicionamiento-de-sateacuteliteshttp://universo.about.com/od/Astronautica/tp/Las-oacuterbitas-en-torno-a-la-Tierra-para-el-posicionamiento-de-sateacuteliteshttp://bb9.ulacit.ac.cr/tesinas/publicaciones/033134.pdf

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