Nociones de Mecánica
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Transcript of Nociones de Mecánica
8/3/2019 Nociones de Mecánica
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/nociones-de-mecanica 1/20
ILGÅDCGE>
Iåu|cdew
5$CDPVH@\GGC×D
Kldlveoildpl/ g|ed`h wl befoe `l iåu|cdew lw dlglwevch
beglvoh peifcãd `l ihphvlw/ }|lw ld oe ieshvée `l ohw
gewhw ph`e iåu|cde oolqe cdghv}hve`e |d ihphv u|l
pvedwahvie/ il`cedpl |d ilgedcwih `l pvedwicwc÷d/ oe
ldlvkée vhpephvce `l w| lnl ld pvefenh ilgådcgh$
\dh `l ohw vlphw iåw ci}hvpedplw u|l pcldl lo bhifvl `l
bhs ld `ée lw e}vhqlgbev eo iårcih oe ldlvkée `l u|l
`cw}hdl$ ]|lw fcld/ u|c~åw ld lwl wldpc`h lo ihphv
loãgpvcgh pcldl i|gbh u|l `lgcv/ }|lw `lo icwih ih`h u|l
|d kldlve`hv l÷ocgh pvedwahvie oe ldlvkée gcdãpcge `lo
qcldph ld ldlvkée loãgpvcge e oe weoc`e `lo kldlve`hv/ ghd
lwpe ldlvkée }vh`|gc`e }h`lihw eggchdev e w| qlv hpve
iåu|cde u|l oolql e gefh |de d|lqe a|dgc÷d$
6$ILGEDCWIHW @L PVEDWICWC×D
\d ilgedcwih lw |d `cw}hwcpcqh u|l pvedwahvie loihqcicldph }vh`|gc`h }hv |d lolildph ihpvc~ ld |d
ihqcicldph `lwle`h ld oe weoc`e$ Oe pvewahviegc÷d `l oe
a|lv~e s lo ihqcicldph }vh`|gc`h/ kldlveoildpl }hv |d
ihphv/ wl w|lol vleoc~ev il`cedpl ge`ldew gcdliåpcgew/ u|lwhd wcwpliew `l lolildphw ilgådcghw ghdqldcldplildpl
ghdlgpe`hw ldpvl wé }eve pvedwicpcv }hpldgce ilgådcge `lo
lolildph ihpvc~ e oe gevke }vh}ceildpl `cgbe$
Lwphw lolildphw ilgådcghw/ e w| ql~/ w|lold cv ihdpe`hw
whfvl ohw ooeie`hw lnlw `l pvedwicwc÷d / u|l whd }cl~ewgcoéd`vcgew whfvl oew g|eolw wl ghohged ohw ilgedcwihw `l
pvedwicwc÷d ghvvlw}hd`cldplw s u|l wlvåd ohw ldgevke`hw `l
pvedwicpcv lo ihqcicldph `l |de }evpl e hpve `lo wcwplie$
Ldpvl ohw ilgedcwihw `l pvedwicwc÷d iåw ci}hvpedplw
li}ole`hw ld oe pvedwicwc÷d `l }hpldgce ilgådcge e pveqãw
`l ge`ldew gcdliåpcgew/ }h`lihw `lwpegev> wcwpliew `l
}holew s ghvvlew/ wcwpliew `l v|l`ew `l avcggc÷d/ wcwpliew
`l ldkvedenlw/ wcwpliew `l v|l`ew `ldpe`ew s ge`ldew/
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wcwpliew `l phvdcooh wcdaéd s v|l`e blocghc`eo/ wcwpliew
`l v|l`e `ldpe`e s gvlieoolve/ lpg$
7$WCWPLIE @L ]HOLEW S GHVVLEW
Ilgedcwih i|opc}ocge`hv s vl`|gphv `l qlohgc`e`
Pvedwicwc÷d Wci}ol
Vloegc÷d `l pvedwicwc÷d "c#
Pvedwicwc÷d Ghi}|lwpe
Ohw wcwpliew `l pvedwicwc÷d `l }holew s ghvvlew wl li}oled
}eve pvedwicpcv oe }hpldgce ilgådcge }vh}hvgchde`e }hv lo
lnl `lo ihphv ldpvl `hw lnlw wl}eve`hw ldpvl wé }hv |de
gclvpe `cwpedgce$ Oe pvedwicwc÷d `lo ihqcicldph }hv
ghvvlew wl `lfl eo vh~eicldph ãwpew whfvl oew }holew/ `liedlve u|l looh w÷oh wlvå }hwcfol g|ed`h lo ihqcicldph
vhp÷vcgh s `l phvwc÷d u|l wl be `l pvedwicpcv ldpvl lnlwwle cdalvchv e oe a|lv~e `l vh~eicldph$ Lo qeohv `lo
vh~eicldph `l}ld`l/ whfvl ph`h/ `l oe pldwc÷d `l oe ghvvle
s `l oe vlwcwpldgce `l ãwpe e oe pveggc÷d: lw `lgcv/ `lo
pc}h `l ieplvceo ghd lo
u|l lwpå ghdwpv|c`e
"g|lvh/ acfvew/ bcohw
ilpåocghw vlg|fclvphw `l
khie/ lpg$# s `l w|w
`cildwchdlw$
Oew }holew whd v|l`ew
ghd |de h qevcew
bld`c`|vew ld oe ooedpe/
whfvl oew g|eolw wl
e}hsed oew ghvvlew$
Oew ghvvlew whd gcdpew
glvve`ew `l g|lvh s
hpvhw ieplvceolw u|l wl
li}oled }eve pvedwicpcv
ihqcicldph `l vhpegc÷d
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ldpvlw `hw lnlw kldlveoildpl }eveolohw$ ]|l`ld wlv `l
ahvie }oede/ vl`hd`e/ pve}l~hc`eo h `ldpe`e$
Lwpl wcwplie wl li}ole g|ed`h dh wl u|clvl pvedwicpcv
kved`lw }hpldgcew `l |d lnl e hpvh$ W| }vcdgc}eo
cdghdqldcldpl wl `lfl e u|l lo vlwfeoeicldph `l oe ghvvlewhfvl oe }hole }vh`|gl }ãv`c`ew ghdwc`lvefolw `l }hpldgce:
whfvl ph`h ld lo evvedu|l$ ]eve lqcpev lwph }evgceoildpl
wl }|l`l |pcoc~ev |de ghvvle `ldpe`e/ u|l e|ildpe oe
w|nlgc÷d$
]eve lqcpev u|l oew ghvvlew wl weoked `l oew }holew/ wlvå
dlglwevch u|l oew }vcilvew wl iedpldked oh w|acgcldplildpl
pldwew ghih }eve u|l wled ge}eglw `l pvedwicpcv oe iårcie
}hpldgce ldpvl lnlw wcd oolkev e weocvwl dc vhi}lvwl$ ]eve
lqcpev lwpl }vhfolie wl li}oled e qlglw vh`coohw pldwhvlw/
ohw g|eolw lnlvgld whfvl oew ghvvlew oe }vlwc÷d dlglwevce }eve iedpldlvoew ld pldwc÷d$
Ilgedcwih i|opc}ocge`hv s vl`|gphv `lqlohgc`e`
Wl `ldhicde
ilgedcwih i|opc}ocge`hv `l qlohgc`e`
e eu|ão u|l
pvedwahvie oe
qlohgc`e`
vlgcfc`e `l
|d lolildph
ihphv
"qlohgc`e` `l
ldpve`e# ld
hpveqlohgc`e`
ieshv
"qlohgc`e` `l
weoc`e#$
Wl `ldhicde ilgedcwih vl`|gphv `l qlohgc`e` e eu|ão u|lpvedwahvie oe qlohgc`e` `l ldpve`e ld |de qlohgc`e` `l
weoc`e ildhv$
Ld ph`h ilgedcwih `l pvedwicwc÷d lrcwpld ghih iédcih `hw
lnl/ ooeie`hw lnl ihpvc~ s lnl ghd`|gc`h h evvewpve`h$ Lolnl ihpvc~ lw lo u|l kldlve lo ihqcicldph s }|l`l lwpev
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Il`cedpl lwpl wcwplie wl ghdwck|ld pvedwicpcv }hpldgcew
vloepcqeildpl eopew ldpvl `hw lnlw `cwpedplw ldpvl wé/ wcd
u|l lrcwpe e}ldew vlwfeoeicldph h `lw}vld`cicldph ldpvl
oew `hw v|l`ew `l }cõhdlw s oe ge`lde/ u|l lw lo lolildph
`l ldoegl u|l |dl eifew
v|l`ew$
U|c~åw ldpvl oew i|gbew
e}ocgegchdlw u|l |wed lwpl
pc}h `l wcwpliew `l
pvedwicwc÷d/ oew }vcilvew u|l
dhw qcldld e oe ildpl whd oe
`l oe fcgcgolpe s oe `l oe
ihphgcgolpe/ e|du|l peifcãd wl
|pcoc~ed ld hpvhw i|gbhw
gei}hw/ whfvl ph`h ld lo
wlgphv `l oe ieu|cdevceekvéghoe$
Lwpl wcwplie ghdwpe `l `hw
v|l`ew `ldpe`ew "}cõhdlw#
ihdpe`hw whfvl `hw lnlw
}eveolohw s whfvl oew g|eolw
wl e`ldpvew ohw lwoefhdlw
aohneildpl evpcg|oe`hw u|l
ghi}hdld oe ge`lde/ `l iedlve
u|l eo beglv kcvev |de `l
looew "v|l`e ihpvc~# evvewpvee oe hpve "v|l`e ghd`|gc`e#$ Lo ihqcicldph vhpephvch s lo
ihqcicldph `l phvwc÷d wl pvedwicpl ldpvl ohw lnlw }hv oe
pveggc÷d ldpvl oe ge`lde s oew v|l`ew `ldpe`ew$
]eve lqcpev }vhfoliew `l }ãv`c`e `l qlohgc`e` }hv lo
vlwfeoeicldph `l oe ge`lde wlvå dlglwevch u|l ãwpe wl
iedpldke w|acgcldplildpl pldwe/ oh g|eo wl ghdwck|l e fewl
`l v|l`ew pldwhvew `ldpe`ew$ E`liåw/ |d wcwplie `l lwpl
pc}h dlglwcpe `l |d iedpldcicldph ghdpcd|h `l o|fvcgegc÷d
}eve vl`|gcv lo `lplvchvh s lo `lwen|wpl ldpvl oe ge`lde s
ohw }cõhdlw/ ewé ghih lo a|dgchdeicldph v|c`hwh `l ãwpl$
]eve lwpl wcwplie wl g|i}old oew icwiew lr}vlwchdlw u|l ld
|d wcwplie `l }holew `l pvedwicwc÷d wci}ol$
`5 .d5 9 `6 . d6
<$WCWPLIE @L V\L@EW @L AVCGGC×D
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Lwpl wcwplie `l pvedwicwc÷d ghdwcwpl ld beglv vlwfeoev `hw
h iåw v|l`ew u|l wl phged ldpvl wé s ihdpe`ew whfvl lnlw
}eveolohw il`cedpl oe a|lv~e u|l }vh`|gl lo vh~eicldph
ldpvl eifew$ ]eve }h`lv pvedwicpcv ihqcicldph `l |d lnl e
hpvh wlvå dlglwevch u|l eifew v|l`ew lwpãd ld ghdpegph/
lnlvgcld`h|de gclvpe
}vlwc÷d oe
|de whfvl
oe hpve$
Eo
ghdpvevch
`l oh u|l
w|gl`ée ld
lo wcwplie
`l }holew s ld lo `l
ge`ldew/ ld
lwpl pc}h
`l
ilgedcwih
lo wldpc`h
`l kcvh `lo
lnl ihpvc~ wlvå ghdpvevch eo `lo lnl ghd`|gc`h$
Kldlveoildpl lwpl pc}h `l wcwplie whoeildpl wl |we g|ed`h
wl }vlpld`ld pvedwicpcv }lu|lõew }hpldgcew/ se u|l eolwpev ld ghdpegph |de v|l`e ghd hpve wl }vh`|gl/ }hv
vlwfeoeicldph/ |de }ãv`c`e `l qlohgc`e`$ Hpvh
cdghdqldcldpl `lo |wh `l lwpew v|l`ew lw w| ghdpcd|h
`lwkewpl `lfc`h e u|l a|dgchded }hv vh~eicldph s }hv
}vlwc÷d$
W|w }vcdgc}eolw e}ocgegchdlw wl ldg|ldpved ld lo gei}h `l
oe lolgpv÷dcge s ld lo `l oe cdahviåpcge> lu|c}hw `l
whdc`h/ qé`lh/ ci}vlwhvew/ lpg$
Eo ck|eo u|l ghd ohw `hw ilgedcwihw edplvchvlw/ }eve lwplpc}h `l wcwplie peifcãd wl g|i}old oew icwiew lr}vlwchdlw
iepliåpcgew u|l ld lo gewh `l oew }holew / wcld`h oe
`cwpedgce ldpvl lnlw &g& ck|eo e>
d5 . `59 d6 . `6
g 9 "`5 * `6# ( 6
1$WCWPLIE @L LDKVEDENLW
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V\L@EW @LDPE@EW
Ldkvedenlw vlgphw
Ldkvedenlw blocghc`eolw
Ldkvedenlw g÷dcghw
]evåilpvhw s gevegplvéwpcgew `l ohw ldkvedenlw ghd `cldplw
vlgphw
Pvedwicwc÷d wci}ol
Pvedwicwc÷d Ghi}|lwpe
V\L@EW @LDPE@EW
Wl pvepe `l |dh `l ohw ilgedcwihw `l pvedwicwc÷d/
ghdn|dpeildpl ghd oew }holew/ iåw edpck|hw u|l wl ghdhgld$
Ohw ldkvedenlw whd ilgedcwihw |pcoc~e`hw ld oe pvedwicwc÷d
`l ihqcicldph vhpephvch s ihqcicldph `l phvwc÷d ldpvl
lnlw$
Lwpl wcwplie }hwll kved`lw qldpene ghd vlw}lgph e oew
ghvvlew s }holew> vl`|ggc÷d `lo lw}egch hg|}e`h/ vloegc÷d
`l pvedwicwc÷d iåw lwpefol "dh lrcwpl }hwcfcoc`e` `l
vlwfeoeicldph#/ }hwcfcoc`e` `l geifchw `l qlohgc`e`
e|phiåpcghw s/ whfvl ph`h/ ieshv ge}egc`e` `l pvedwicwc÷d
`l }hpldgce$ W|w e}ocgegchdlw whd i|s d|ilvhwew/ s whd `l
qcpeo ci}hvpedgce ld lo i|d`h `l oe ilgådcge ld kldlveo s
`lo wlgphv `lo e|phi÷qco ld }evpcg|oev$
Wl pvepe `l |d wcwplie vlqlvwcfol ge}e~ `l pvedwicpcv
}hpldgce ld eifhw wldpc`hw/ ld lo u|l dh whd dlglwevchw
lolildphw cdplvil`chw ghih ghvvlew s ge`ldew }eve
pvedwicpcv lo ihqcicldph `l |d lnl e hpvh$
Ld |d wcwplie `l lwpl pc}h wl ol w|lol ooeiev v|l`e eo
ldkvedenl `l ieshv `cåilpvh s }cõ÷d eo iåw }lu|lõh$ G|ed`h
lo }cõ÷d i|lql oe v|l`e wl pcldl |d wcwplie vl`|gphv `l
qlohgc`e`/ icldpvew u|l g|ed`h oe v|l`e i|lql lo }cõ÷d wl
pvepe `l |d wcwplie i|opc}ocge`hv `l qlohgc`e`$
Hfqceildpl/ lo blgbh `l u|l |de v|l`e pldke u|l ld`ldpev
ghd hpve }eve }h`lv pvedwicpcv }hpldgce ldpvl `hw lnlw
begl u|l lo wldpc`h `l kcvh `l ãwphw wle `cwpcdph$
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Ld a|dgc÷d `l oe ahvie `l w|w `cldplw s `l oe `lo }vh}ch
ldkvedenl/ ãwphw }|l`ld wlv>
. Ldkvedenlw vlgphw$
. Ldkvedenlw blocghc`eolw$
. Ldkvedenlw g÷dcghw$
Ldkvedenlw vlgphw
Whd ldkvedenlw gcoéd`vcghw `l `cldplw vlgphw s qed
ghocdleolw ghd lo }vh}ch lnl `l oe v|l`e `ldpe`e$ Wl|pcoc~ed ld pvedwicwchdlw `l lnlw }eveolohw ahvied`h ewé
oh u|l wl ghdhgl ghd lo dhifvl `l pvldlw `l ldkvedenlw$
Lwpl blgbh begl u|l wled |dhw `l ohw iåw |pcoc~e`hw/ }|lw
dh ld qedh wl }|l`ld ldghdpvev ld g|eou|clv pc}h `l
iåu|cde> vlohnlw/ n|k|lplw/ iåu|cdew blvveicldpew/ lpg$
Ldkvedenlw blocghc`eolw
Whd eu|ãoohw g|shw `cldplw lwpåd `cw}|lwphw wck|cld`h oe
pveslgphvce `l bãocglw }eveoloew eovl`l`hv `l |d gcocd`vh$
Lwphw ldkvedenlw }|l`ld pvedwicpcv ihqcicldph "}hpldgce#
ldpvl lnlw }eveolohw h ldpvl lnlw u|l wl gv|~ed ld
g|eou|clv `cvlggc÷d "cdgo|wh }lv}ld`cg|oevlw#$ @lfc`h e w|
ahvie klhiãpvcge/ w| ghdwpv|ggc÷d vlw|ope iåw geve u|l ohw
edplvchvlw s wl |pcoc~e ld e}ocgegchdlw lw}lgéacgew peolw
ghih> genew `l geifchw/ ge`ldew gcdliåpcgew/ iåu|cdew
blvveicldpew/ lpg$
Ld lwpl gewh/ lo wcwplie `l ldkvedl `l w|w `cldplw
}vh}hvgchde |de ievgbe iåw w|eql u|l oe `l ohw ldkvedenlw
vlgphw/ oh g|eo begl u|l wl pvepl `l |d wcwplie iåw
wcoldgchwh/ ghd |de pvedwicwc÷d `l a|lv~e s `l ihqcicldph
iåw |dcahvil s wlk|ve$
Ldkvedenlw g÷dcghw
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Wl |pcoc~ed }eve pvedwicpcv ihqcicldph ldpvl lnlw
}lv}ld`cg|oevlw/ e|du|l peifcãd wl aefvcged ahvied`h
ådk|ohw `calvldplw e 3= kve`hw$
Wl pvepe `l v|l`ew `ldpe`ew ld ahvie `l pvhdghw `l ghdh/
ghd `cldplw peooe`hw ld |de `l w|w w|}lvacgclw oeplveolw$
@cgbhw `cldplw }|l`ld wlv vlgphw h g|vqhw "bc}hc`lw#/wcld`h lwphw þopcihw i|s |pcoc~e`hw ld wcwpliew `l
pvedwicwc÷d }eve e|phi÷qcolw$
V|l`ew `ldpe`ew
]evåilpvhw s gevegplvéwpcgew `l ohw ldkvedenlw ghd `cldplwvlgphw
Hfqceildpl }eve u|l ld |d wcwplie`l ldkvedenlw wl ld`cldpld h wl
ldkvedld |dhw ghd hpvhw/ lo
peieõh `l ohw `cldplw `lflvå wlv
lo icwih }eve ph`ew oew v|l`ew$
Eo dþilvh `l `cldplw `l |de v|l`e
wl ol `ldhicdevå ghd oe olpve
&^&$ Wl `ldhicdevå }ewh &}& e oe
`cwpedgce ldpvl `hw `cldplw
ghdwlg|pcqhw$
Oe gcvg|dalvldgce }vcicpcqe h
`cåilpvh }vcicpcqh &`}&/ whfvl lu|l wl w|}hdl u|l oew v|l`ew
vleoc~ed oe pvedwicwc÷d/ lwpå
vloegchde`h ghd hpvh }evåilpvh
ci}hvpedpl `ldhicde`h i÷`|oh &i&/u|l lw oe vloegc÷d ldpvl lo
`cåilpvh }vcicpcqh s lo dþilvh `l
`cldplw$ Pedph lo i÷`|oh ghih lo
}ewh wl lr}vlwevåd ld |dc`e`lw `l ohdkcp|` "ii#$
i9`}(^ }9 } . i
Lo qeohv `lo i÷`|oh w|lol wlv |d dþilvh ldplvh h aveggc÷d
wldgcooe$
]hv w| }evpl/ oe eop|ve phpeo `lo `cldpl &b& wl `cqc`l
kldlveoildpl ld `hw }evplw>
. Oe eop|ve `l oe gefl~e `lo `cldpl &bg& u|l dhvieoildpl
phie ghih qeohv> bg9i . Oe eop|ve `l ahd`h h }cl `lo `cldpl u|l dhvieoildpl phie
ghih qeohv> ba95/6<.i
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Ghdhgc`h lo `cåilpvh }vcicpcqh s oe eop|ve phpeo `lo
`cldpl &b&/ wl }|l`l `lplvicdev lo `cåilpvh lrplvchv &`l&s lo `cåilpvh `l ahd`h &`a&>
b9bg*ba96/6<.i
`l9`}*6.bg9`}*6.i `a9`})6.ba9`})6/<.i
Acdeoildpl/ u|l`e }hv ildgchdev oe ohdkcp|` `lo `cldpl
&F&/ u|l w|lol pldlv peifcãd |d qeohv dhvieoc~e`h `lF95=.i
Ph`hw ohw qeohvlw edplvchvlw wl }|l`ld hfwlvqev
kvåacgeildpl ld oe ack|ve$
Pvedwicwc÷d wci}ol
G|ed`h lo ihqcicldph wl
pvedwicpl `cvlgpeildpl ldpvl
`hw lnlw wl pvepe `l |d wcwplie
`l pvedwicwc÷d wci}ol$
i9`}5(^5 i9`}6(^6 ck|eoed`h eifew lr}vlwchdlw
`}5(`}69^5(^6
d5.`}59d6.`}6
d6(d59`}5(`}69^5(^6
d5.^59d6.^6
@hd`l ^5 s ^6 lw lo dþilvh `l`cldplw `l oe v|l`e ghd`|gphve
s ghd`|gc`e vlw}lgpcqeildpl s/
d5 s d6 oe qlohgc`e` `l kcvh ldeifhw lnlw ld v$}$i$
]hv w| }evpl/ oe vloegc÷d `l
pvedwicwc÷d &c& `lo wcwplie ewé ghih oe `cwpedgce &g&ldpvl lnlw/ wlvå ck|eo e>
c9qlohgc`e` `l weoc`e(qlohgc`e` `l ldpve`e9d6(d59^5(^6
g9"`}5*`}6#(6
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Pvedwicwc÷d Ghi}|lwpe
Ld lwpl gewh oe pvedwicwc÷d wl
vleoc~e ldpvl iåw `l `hw lnlw
wci|opådleildpl/ }eve oh g|eo
wlvå dlglwevch u|l ld ge`e |dh`l ohw lnlw cdplvil`chw qesed
ihdpe`ew hfockephvceildpl `hw
v|l`ew `ldpe`ew "^6 s ~6#$ \de
`l looew ldkvede ghd oe v|l`e
ihpvc~/ u|l lw oe u|l
}vh}hvgchde lo ihqcicldph/
icldpvew u|l oe hpve ghdlgpe
ghd lo lnl wck|cldpl eo u|l
evvewpve$
d5 . ~5 9 d6 . ~6
d6 . ^6 9d7 .~7
c 9 c5/6 . c6/7 9 "~5(^6# . "~6(~7# 9 "d6(d5# . "d7(d6#
c 9 d7(d5 9 "~5(^6# . "~6(~7#
;$ ILGEDCWIH @L B\WCOOH S P\LVGE
Pc}hw `l Vhwge
]ewhw `l Vhwge
Lo ilgedcwih `l b|wcooh s p|lvge lwpå
ghdwpcp|c`h }hv |d phvdcooh "b|wcooh #
s |de p|lvge$ W| a|dgchdeicldph lwpeo u|l wc wl iedpcldl acne oe
p|lvge/ lo ihqcicldph kcvephvch `lo
phvdcooh }vh`|gl w| `lw}oe~eicldph
ohdkcp|`cdeoildpl s qcglqlvwe$
Il`cedpl lwpl wcwplie wl ghdwck|l
ghdqlvpcv lo ihqcicldph gcvg|oev `lo
phvdcooh ld ihqcicldph vlgpcoédlh `l
oe p|lvge$
Ld lwpl gewh lo ihqcicldph gcvg|oev dh pcldl }hv u|ã lwpev }vh}hvgchde`h
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}hv |d lolildph ihphv/ wcdh u|l wl }|l`l }vh`|gcv
ied|eoildpl il`cedpl |de iedcqloe ghih w|gl`l ld lo
phvdcooh `l fedgh$
Lo b|wcooh/ eo ck|eo u|l g|eou|clv hpvh phvdcooh/ wl
gevegplvc~e }hv lo dþilvh `l ldpve`ew "l# s }hv lo }ewh `loe vhwge "}#$ Ewé/ }hv lnli}oh/ |d phvdcooh `l 6 ii `l
}ewh s |de ldpve`e/ eo kcvev |de q|lope ghi}olpe whfvl |de
p|lvge }vh`|gl |d eqedgl `l ãwpe `l 6ii$ Wcd lifevkh/ ld
|d phvdcooh ghd lo icwih }ewh s `hw ldpve`ew/ eqed~e oe
p|lvge ld lo icwih pcli}h 0 ii$
Lo eqedgl wlvå> E 9 } . l
Oe qlohgc`e` `l eqedgl wlvå> Qe 9 E . d 9 } . l . d :`hd`l "d# lw oe qlohgc`e` gcvg|oev `l kcvh$
Lo pcli}h u|l pev`e oe p|lvge ld vlghvvlv oe `cwpedgce "o#wlvå> Qe 9 o ( p `hd`l p 9 o ( Qe
Pc}hw `l Vhwge
Lrcwpld `calvldplw pc}hw `l vhge ld
a|dgc÷d `l oe ahvie `lo }lvaco `loacolpl/ `lo dþilvh `l acolplw u|l
pldke/ `lo }ewh `l oe }vh}ce vhwge/ s
`lo wldpc`h `l kcvh `l eqedgl `lo
phvdcooh$
Kldlveoildpl lo }lvaco `l |de vhwge
w|lol wlv `l ahvie pvcedk|oev/ wc
fcld peifcãd lrcwpld vhwgev `l }lvaco
g|e`ve`h/ pve}lgceo/ s ld `cldpl `l
wclvve h vl`hd`h$
Ld g|edph eo wldpc`h `l kcvh `l oe
vhwge/ dhvieoildpl lo eqedgl wl
}vh`|gl kcved`h oe vhwge e oe
`lvlgbe/ icldpvew u|l lo vlphvdh wl
}vh`|gl kcved`h oe vhwge e oe
c~u|clv`e$ Peifcãd lrcwpld phvdcoohw
s p|lvgew u|l a|dgchded ld wldpc`h
cdqlvwh$
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]ewhw `l Vhwge
\de vhwge }|l`l lwpev ghdwpcp|c`e }hv
|dh h iåw acolplw/ ldvhooe`hw
}eveoloeildpl eovl`l`hv `lo dþgolh `lo
phvdcooh$
Eo dþilvh `l acolplw `l |de vhwge wl
ol `ldhicde dþilvh `l ldpve`ew "l#$
Wl `ldhicde }ewh "}# e oe `cwpedgceldpvl `hw acolplw ghdwlg|pcqhw$
]eve oe ghdwpv|ggc÷d `l vhwgew
cdplvchvlw "p|lvgew# wl |pcoc~ed ohw
iegbhw `l vhwgev / u|l whd |dhwphvdcoohw `l eglvh i|s `|vh "pli}oe`h#
}vhqcwphw `l |dew ved|vew
ohdkcp|`cdeolw u|l }lvicpld `lweohnev
oe qcv|pe u|l wl kldlve ld lo peooe`h
`l oe vhwge$ ]eve oe aefvcgegc÷d `l
vhwgew lrplvchvlw "phvdcoohw# wl |pcoc~ed oew plvvenew `lvhwgev u|l lwpåd ahvie`ew }hv |de p|lvge `l eglvh pli}oe`h
}vhqcwpe `l |dew ved|vew h }eolpew ohdkcp|`cdeolw/ u|l
}lvicpld `lweohnev oe qcv|pe u|l wl kldlve ld lo peooe`h
`l oe vhwge$
2$ ]HPLDGCE ILGÅDCGE$ IHILDPH @L KCVH$
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]eve aegcocpev oe ghi}vldwc÷d `l lwphw `hw ghdgl}phw wl
phievå ghih vlalvldgce |d phvdh ghih lo `l oe ack|ve/
eggchde`h }hv |de iedcqloe/ il`cedpl lo g|eo wl }vlpld`l
lolqev |de gevke `l |d `lplvicde`h }lwh$
Wl `lacdl ihildph `l kcvh "}ev# `lo
phvdh "I# eo
}vh`|gph `lo ve`ch
`lo pvhdh "v# }hv
oe a|lv~e lnlvgc`e
`lfc`h eo }lwh `l
oe gevke "A#: lw
`lgcv I 9 A . v :`hd`l oe A|lv~e
qcldl lr}vlwe`e ld
Dl{phd s lo ve`chld ilpvhw$
]eve u|l lo
wcwplie lwpã ld
lu|cocfvch s wl
}|l`e lolqev oe
gevke/ wlvå
dlglwevch u|l lo
ihildph `l kcvh }vh`|gc`h }hv `cgbe gevke wle ck|eo eo
ihildph `l kcvh hvckcde`h }hv oe iedcqloe>
I 9 A . v 9 U . `
]hv w| }evpl/ wl `lacdl }hpldgce ilgådcge "]# `lo phvdh eo
}vh`|gph `lo }ev "I# }hv oe qlohgc`e` edk|oev "{#>
] 9 I . { 9 A . v . {
`hd`l oe }hpldgce ilgådcge "]# qcldl lr}vlwe`e ld Qepchw
"[#/ g|ed`h lo }ev lwpå lr}vlwe`h ld Dl{phd }hv ilpvh
"D.i# s oe qlohgc`e` ld ve`cedlw }hv wlk|d`h "ve` ( wlk#$
Ld lwpl gewh/ lo phvdh wlvå lo lolildph ldgevke`h `l
pvedwahviev lo ihqcicldph gcvg|oev "{# ld ocdleo "q# `l oe
gevke wcld`h>
{ 9 q ( v )))) q 9 { . v )))) ] 9 A . q
Wl }|l`l `lgcv u|l oe }hpldgce ilgådcge peifcãd lw ck|eo
eo }vh`|gph `l oe A|lv~e lnlvgc`e/ `lfc`h eo }lwh `l oe
gevke/ }hv oe qlohgc`e` ocdleo `l w|fc`e `l ãwpe lr}vlwe`e
ld ilpvhw }hv wlk|d`h$
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Oe qlohgc`e` ocdleo ghd oe u|l w|fl h fene oe gevke wlvå>
q 9 o ( p
3$WCWPLIE @L PHVDCOOH WCDAÉD S V\L@E @LDPE@E
Ghd lwpl ilgedcwih/ e`liåw `l }h`lv pvedwicpcv a|lv~e s
ihqcicldph ldpvl `hw lnlw }lv}ld`cg|oevlw ldpvl wé/ wl
}|l`ld ghdwlk|cv
vloegchdlw `l
pvedwicwc÷d eopew$
Wl pvepe `l |d
wcwplie
cvvlqlvwcfol/ ld log|eo þdcgeildpl lw
}hwcfol pvedwicpcv
}hpldgce `lo lnl `lo
wcdaéd "5# eo lnl `l
oe v|l`e "6#/ }lvh
dh ld wldpc`h
ghdpvevch$
Wlkþd wl }|l`l qlv
ld oe ack|ve/ s w|}hdcld`h u|l lo phvdcooh lw `l |de whoe
ldpve`e/ ge`e ql~ u|l ãwpl `e |de q|lope ghi}olpe/ w÷oh |d
`cldpl `l oe v|l`e `ldpe`e }ewe }hv lo }|dph &r&$ @cgbh `l
hpvh ih`h/ }eve u|l oe v|l`e `ldpe`e `ã |de q|lope lo
phvdcooh `lflvå `ev pedpew q|lopew ghih `cldplw pldke oe
v|l`e$ Oe qlohgc`e` `l kcvh `l eifhw lnlw q e `l}ld`lv
pedph `lo dþilvh `l `cldplw `l oe v|l`e "^6# ghih `lo
dþilvh `l ldpve`ew "l5# `lo phvdcooh wcdaéd>
d5 . l5 9 d6 . ~6
Ld g|edph e oe pvedwicwc÷d &c& `lo wcwplie/ wlvå >
c 9 d6 ( d5 9 l5 ( ~6
Ld lwpl gewh &c&
wcli}vl wlvå ildhv
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u|l oe |dc`e` s lo wcwplie egp|evå whoeildpl ghih vl`|gphv
`l qlohgc`e`$
Lo blgbh `l u|l ghd lwpl pc}h `l wcwpliew wl ghdwcked
vloegchdlw `l pvedwicwc÷d eopew/ whfvl ph`h wc wl ghi}eved
ghd ohw wcwpliew edplvchvlw/ begl u|l wl |pcocgl lde}ocgegchdlw i|s `cqlvwew peolw ghih ghdpe`hvlw
loãgpvcghw/ g|ldpevvlqho|gchdlw/ gevvhw `l iåu|cdew
blvveicldpew/ n|k|lplw/ gvlieoolvew `l `cvlggchdlw }eve
e|phi÷qcolw/ lpg$
5=$ WCWPLIE @L ]CÕ×D S GVLIEOOLVE
Ghd lwpl wcwplie wl ghdwck|l pvedwahviev lo ihqcicldph
gcvg|oev u|l oolke e oe v|l`e `ldpe`e "}cõ÷d# ld
vlgpcoédlh eo ldkvedev ohw `cldplw `l oe gcpe`e v|l`e ghd
ohw `cldplw `l |de fevve }vcwiåpcge "gvlieoolve# u|l wl
`lw}oe~e ohdkcp|`cdeoildpl "ihqcicldph vlgpcoédlh#$ Wl
pvepe `l |d wcwplie vlqlvwcfol ld lo u|l ohw `cldplw `l oe
v|l`e `ldpe`e s `l oe gvlieoolve `lfld pldlv lo icwih }ewh
ghd lo acd `l u|l lo }cõ÷d }|l`e `lwoc~evwl whfvl oe
gvlieoolve$
Lo eqedgl "E# `l oe
v|l`e h/ `cgbh `l
hpve ahvie/ ohw
icoéilpvhw u|l ãwpe
eqed~e ge`e ql~ u|l
`e |de q|lope
ghi}olpe wlvå ck|eo
e>
E 9 } . `} 9 } . ~
`hd`l>
`} vl}vlwldpe lo `cåilpvh }vcicpcqh `l oe v|l`e ld ii$
} vl}vlwldpe lo }ewh `l ohw `cldplw `l oe v|l`e ld ii$
~ vl}vlwldpe lo dþilvh `l `cldplw `l oe v|l`e$
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Oe qlohgc`e` `l eqedgl "Qe# `l oe gvlieoolve lr}vlwe`e ld
ii(icd$ qcldl `e`e }hv>
Q~ 9 E . d 9 } . ~. d
`hd`l d vl}vlwldpe oeqlohgc`e` gcvg|oev `loe v|l`e ld v$}$i$
Pldcld`h ld g|ldpe u|l
lo dþilvh `l `cldplw
}hv icoéilpvh `l oe
gvlieoolve "D# lw ck|eo
e >
D 9 ~ ( E 9 5 ( }
} 9 5 ( D
Oe qlohgc`e` `l eqedgl }|l`l lr}vlwevwl `l oe ahvie>
Qe 9 } . ~ . d 9 "~ . d# ( D
55$ WCWPLIE @L FCLOE S IEDCQLOE
Wl pvepe `l |dilgedcwih ge}e~ `l
pvedwahviev lo
ihqcicldph
gcvg|oev ld
ihqcicldph
eoplvdepcqh$ @cgbh
wcwplie lwpå
ahvie`h }hv |d
lolildph kcvephvch
`ldhicde`h
iedcqloe u|l qe ghdlgpe`h ghd |de fevve vékc`e ooeie`e fcloe/ `l peo ahvie u|l eo kcvev oe iedcqloe oe fcloe wl
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ql hfocke`e e vlpvhgl`lv s eqed~ev/ }vh`|gcld`h |d
ihqcicldph eoplvdepcqh$
Lw |d wcwplie vlqlvwcfol il`cedpl lo g|eo kcved`h oe
iedcqloe wl }|l`l beglv `lw}oe~ev oe fcloe/ s qcglqlvwe$
Wc oe fcloe }vh`|gl lo ihqcicldph `l ldpve`e "ghih ld lo
gewh `l |d &}cwp÷d& ld lo ihphv `l |d e|phi÷qco#/ oe
iedcqloe wl ql hfocke`e
e kcvev$
Lo vlghvvc`h `l
`lw}oe~eicldph `l oe
fcloe "gevvlve# `l}ld`l`l oe ohdkcp|` `l oe
iedcqloe/ `l peo ahvie
u|l ge`e ql~ u|l ãwpe `e
|de q|lope ghi}olpe oe
fcloe wl `lw}oe~e |de
`cwpedgce ck|eo eo `hfol
`l oe ohdkcp|` `l oe
iedcqloe: lw `lgcv>
o "gevvlve# 9 6 . v
`hd`l &o& lw oe ohdkcp|`
`l `lw}oe~eicldph `l oe
fcloe s &v& lw oe ohdkcp|` `l oe iedcqloe$
Ldpvl w|w d|ilvhwew e}ocgegchdlw `lwpeged whfvl ph`h oew
|pcoc~e`ew ld lo i|d`h `lo e|phi÷qco$
56$ WCWPLIE @L LRGÃDPVCGE
Wl pvepe `l |d ilgedcwih dh vlqlvwcfol il`cedpl lo g|eo lw
}hwcfol
pvedwahviev lo
ihqcicldph
gcvg|oev ld
eoplvdepcqh/ }lvhdh cdqlvweildpl$
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Ld lwpl gewh/ begcld`h kcvev |de }cl~e gcvg|oev `ldhicde`e
lrgãdpvcge eovl`l`hv `l |d }|dph `l kcvh dh wcp|e`h ld lo
gldpvh `l ãwpe/ wl }vh`|gl |d `lw}oe~eicldph eoplvdepcqh
whfvl g|eou|clv lolildph u|l wl ldg|ldpvl ld ghdpegph ghd
looe$
A|ldpl