Namibia: Nama, Haiǁom, Damara

!XuunHimba & Herero

KHOE

Khoekhoe Kalahari Khoe

Nama-Damara Haiǁom

Güldemann 2014: 26

Himba & Herero:

linguistically and culturally closely related Bantu pastoralists

Hai||om (o)

Nama (⊠)

Pickrell et al. 2012

KX’ATUUKHOE“BANTU”

Damara (✹)

mtDNA composition

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Hai||om Nama DamaraL0d/L0k other

Barbieri et al. 2014

Y-chromosome composition

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Hai||om Nama DamaraA/B2b other

Barbieri et al. in prep

Autosomal ancestry composition

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Hai||om Nama Damara"Khoisan" "non-Khoisan"

Pickrell et al. 2012

East African links (Y-chromosome and autosomes)

0

0,05

0,1

0,15

0,2

0,25

0,3

0,35

0,4

Hai||om Nama DamaraY-chrom E1b1b LP -14010C

Barbieri et al. in prep, Macholdt et al. 2014

Nama

• no genetic differences between subgroups (Topnaar or others)

• up to 30% European gene flow in paternal line ~140 years BP

• clear links to East Africa • female-biased intermarriage with indigenous

populations, close relationship to Haiǁom

Damara

• genetically very different from other “Khoisan” populations

• ~75% clearly Bantu-associated Y-chromosome haplogroups, some European admixture in paternal line

• striking relationship with Himba and Herero probably Damara maternal admixture into Himba and Herero

Pickrell et al. 2012

KX’ATUUKHOE“BANTU” DAMARA

HIMBA & HERERO

MDS based on mtDNA sequences

Barbieri et al. 2014stress = 0.08

High frequency of shared mtDNA haplogroup

green = Damarared = Hereroorange = Himba

Barbieri et al. 2014b

MDS based on Y-chromosomal sequences

(stress = 0.08)

KX’A

JU ǂ’Amkoe

North(Angolan !Xuun)

North-Central(N. Namibian !Xuun)

Central(Grootfontein!Xuun)

Ju|’hoan(North, South)

Güldemann 2014: 26

Hai||om (o)

Pickrell et al. 2012

KX’ATUUKHOE“BANTU”

!Xuun (△)

Ju|’hoan

!Xuun

Barbieri et al. 2014, in prep.; Pickrell et al. 2012

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

mtDNA Y-chrom autosomes"Khoisan" "non-Khoisan"

!Xuun

• closely related to linguistically related Ju|’hoan• but some difference due to admixture (mainly

in paternal line)• 24% Y-chromosome lineages of clear Bantu

origin