Mtra. Marcela Álvarez PérezPolítica de Estados Unidos 2

Historia de Estados Unidos

• 157 años de “representación” en las asambleas coloniales

• Asamblea de Virginia: Cuerpo Representativo ▫ Gobernarse a sí mismos reunión anual de 2 BURGUESES

de c/plantación para aconsejar al Gobernador▫ Burgueses electos por los habitantes de la plantación =

representantes

• Diferencia con el Parlamento: COMPAÑÍA = intereses comerciales ACCIONISTAS

▫ “…to have power to make and ordaine whatsoever laws and orders should by them be thougth good and proffittable for our subsistence” (p.3)

• Profitable: rentable, lucrativo, redituable, provechoso, útil, beneficioso

Gobierno en la época Colonial

Corte General

Asamblea de todos los

hombres libres

Consejo

Gobernador

• Organismos independiente

s• Decisiones

conjuntas• “democracia”

directa

•Evolución del sistema:•Massachusetts los hombres libres envían

representantes Court of Assistants: consejeros autorizados▫“actuar en su nombre (representación) en

asuntos públicos”

•Necesidad de cuerpo representativo:▫Practicidad: crecimiento poblacional

Grandes números obstaculizan el debate▫Movilidad:

Inseguridad por los indios Perjudicial a asuntos privados: familiares,

negocios

• Sólo en reunión anual apoderados “extravíos”, falta de oportunidad de “consejo” 1 c/10

• Variaciones:▫Opcionalidad de la representación/presencia en

la asamblea▫Número determinado de delegados por condado▫Colonias posteriores: asambleas desde el inicio

• Problemática: título, cualificaciones, ▫Burgueses, Diputados, Delegados1703

Representantes

•Propuestas: hombres de la mayor notoriedad por su virtud, sabiduría y habilidad (Pen); cualquiera que pudiera votar por un representante podía serlo leyes de c/colonia (freemen/freeholders)▫Dependiendo el valor total de su propiedad

límites/características establecidas en cada colonia▫Súbditos británicos nacidos en GB o naturalizados▫Límite de edad, asentamiento, tierras

limpiadas/mejoradas▫Integridad moral, buena conversación▫Prohibición a los alcohólicos, blasfemos,

escandalosos, adúlteros, etc. “pecadores”▫Residencia no tan importante: sólo poseer tierras

en el lugar

•“Pero incluso más importante que las cualificaciones formales una restricción informal era impuesta rutinariamente. Esta era la norma colonial de deferencia, un sentimiento entre las masas de que la ocupación de cargos era mejor dejarla a una élite económica desinteresada” (Squire, p.6)

•“Chuse not Men whose Abilities, Probity and Fortune, are not well known to you; for when you have chosen them, it will be too late to know them” (New York Gazette Revived in the Weekly Post-Boy 1751)

•Sufragio: 80% adultos, hombres, blancos▫% “apropiados” para el puesto?

•Nuevos problemas:▫ voluntad de los miembros de la elite para

“servir” compensación/incentivo financiero

▫Proporcionalidad Costos

•Crecimiento poblacional sin aumento de representantes prohibición británica

▫España, Francia, Gran Bretaña, Holanda

▫Principal diferencia: sociedades inglesas, francesas y holandesas agricultura y asentamientos permanentes vida familiar

▫Reproducción rápida tras primeras dificultades superioridad numérica sobre nativos

LLEGADA DE LOS INGLESES•Primer contacto: John Cabot (Giovani

Caboto), 1497, buscando pasaje por el noroeste (Enrique VII)

• Interés en colonización: ▫Respuesta a los problemas

socioeconómicos de la Inglaterra del S. XVI Guerras frecuentes y costosas Lucha religiosa dentro del país Fuerte transformación económica del campo:

la demanda de lana estaba transformando los campos en pasturas reducción de tierra disponible para agricultura:

cantidad de alimentos en declive frente a una población en crecimiento.

El nuevo mundo era atractivo porque ofrecía tierra

Relación Tierra-Poder•Gran Bretaña

(Europa)•América

• Sir Walter Raleigh explora la costa y llama el territorio “Virginia”

• ELIZABETH, by the Grace of God of England, Fraunce and Ireland Queene, defender of the faith, &c. To all people to whome these presents shall come, greeting. Knowe yee that of our especial grace, certaine science, and meere motion. . . . we give and graunt to our trustie and welbeloved servant Walter Ralegh, Esquire, and to his heires assignes for ever, free libertie and licence from time to time, and at all times for ever hereafter, to discover, search, finde out, and view such remote, heathen and barbarous lands, countries, and territories, not actually possessed of any Christian Prince, nor inhabited by Christian People, as to him. . . . shall seeme good, and the same to have, holde occupie and enjoy to him. . . . for ever, with all prerogatives, . . . thereto or thereabouts both by sea and land, whatsoever we by our letters patent may graunt. . . . and the said Walter Ralegh, his heires and assignes. . . . shall goe or travaile thither to inhabite or remaine, there to build and fortifie, at the discretion of the said Walter Ralegh, . . .

Charter to Sir Walter Raleigh March 25 1584

And we do likewise . . . give and graunt full authoritie, libertie and power to the said Walter Ralegh. . . . that he . . . shall . . . have, take, and leade in the saide voyage, and travaile thitherward, or to inhabit there with him, or them, and every or any of them, such and so many of our subjects as shall willingly accompanie him or them. . . .

And further that the said Walter Ralegh, . . . shall have . . . all the soile of all such lands, territories, and Countreis, so to bee discovered and possessed as aforesaide, and of all such Cities, castles, townes, villages, and places in the same, with the right, royalties, franchises, and jurisdictions, as well marine as other within the saide landes, or Countreis, or the seas thereunto adjoining, to be had, or used, with full power to dispose thereof, and of every part in fee-simple or otherwise, according to the order of the lawes of England. . . . : reserving always to us our heires, and successors, for all services, duties, and demaundes, the fift part of all the oare of golde and silver, that from time to time, and at all times shal be there gotten and obtained: . . .

• And moreover, we doe . . . give and graunt licence to the said Walter Ralegh, . . . that he. . . . shall and may . . . for his and their defence, encounter and expulse, repell and resist . . . all . . . as without the especiall liking and licence of the said Walter Ralegh. . . . shall attempt to inhabite within the said Countreis. . . . or within the space of two hundreth leagues neere to the place or places within such Countreis.... where the saide Walter Ralegh, . . . shall within sixe yeeres . . . make their dwellings. . . . And for uniting in more perfect league and amitie, of such Countreis, landes, and territories so to bee possessed and inhabited as aforesaide with our Realmes of Englande, and Ireland, and the better incouragement of men to these enterprises: we do . . . declare that all such Countreis, so hereafter to be possessed and inhabited as is aforesaide, from thencefoorth shall bee of the allegiance of us, our heires and successours. And wee doe graunt to the saide Walter Ralegh, . . . and to all and every of them, . . . that they . . . being either borne within our saide Realmes of Englande. . . . shall and may have all the priviledges of free Denizens, and persons native of England. . . .

And . . . we . . . do give and graunt to the said Walter Ralegh, . . . that hee . . . shall, within the said mentioned remote landes . . . have full and meere power and authoritie to correct, punish, pardon, governe, and rule by their and every or any of their good discretions and pollicies, as well in causes capital, or criminall, as civil. . . . all such our subjects as shall from time to time adventure themselves in the said journies or voyages, or that shall at any time hereafter inhabite any such landes, countreis, or territories as aforesaide. . . . according to such statutes, lawes and ordinances, as shall bee by him the saide Walter Ralegh . . . devised, or established, for the better government of the said people as aforesaid. So always as the said statutes, lawes, and ordinances may be as neere as conveniently may be, agreeable to the forme of the lawes, statutes, governement, or pollicie of England, . . .

Provided alwayes, and our will and pleasure is, and wee do hereby declare to all Christian kings, princes and states, that if the saide Walter Ralegh, his heires or assignes, or any of them, or any other by their licence or appointment, shall at any time or times hereafter, robbe or spoile by sea or by lande, or do any acte of unjust or unlawful hostilitie, to any of the subjects of us, our heires or successors, or to any of the subjects of any the kings, princes, rulers, governors, or estates, being then in perfect league and amitie with us, our heires and successors, and that upon such injury, or upon just complaint of any such prince, ruler, governoir, or estate, or their subjects, wee, our heires and successours, shall make open proclamation within any the portes of our Realme of England, that the saide Walter Ralegh, his heires and assignes, and adherents, or any to whome these our letters patents may extende, shall within the termes to be limitted, by such proclamation, make full restitution, and satisfaction of all such injuries done, so as both we and the said princes, or other so complayning, may holde us and themselves fully contented.

And that if the saide Walter Ralegh, his heires and assignes, shall -not make or cause to be made satisfaction accordingly, within such time so to be limitted, that then it shall be lawfull to us our heires and successors, to put the saide Walter Ralegh, his heires and assignes and adherents, and all the inhabitants of the said places to be discovered (as is aforesaide) or any of them out of our allegiance and protection, and that from and after such time of putting out of protection the said Walter Ralegh, his heires, assignes and adherents, and others so to be put out, and the said places within their habitation, possession and rule, shal be out of our allegeance and protection, and free for all princes and others, to pursue with hostilitie, as being not our subjects, nor by us any way to be avouched, maintained or defended, nor to be holden as any of ours, nor to our protection or dominion, or allegiance any way belonging, for that expresse mention of the cleer yeerely value of the certaintie of the premisses, or any part thereof, or of any other gift, or grant by us, or any our progenitors, or predecessors to the said Walter Ralegh, before this time made in these presents be not expressed, or any other grant, ordinance, provision, proclamation, or restraint to the contrarye thereof, before this time given, ordained, or provided, or any other thing, cause, or matter wbatsoever, in any wise notwithstanding. In witness whereof, we have caused these our letters to be made patents. Witnesse our selves, at Westminster, the 25. day of March, in the sixe and twentieth yeere of our Raigne.

• Colonización: Compañías Mercantiles▫ Compañía de Virginia: Derechos de ingleses,

participación en auto-gobierno. Julio 30, 1619: delegados de las comunidades se

reúnen en la Casa de Burgueses (House of Burguesses)primera junta de una legislatura electa

Motivos religiosos para la migración: Reforma de Lutero (1517): espíritu de reforma

se esparció por Europa. Calvino: PREDESTINACION: Dios elegía a

algunos para ser salvados y otros no. ▫Lo que hicieras en la vida revelaba tu condición:

santidad, diligencia, éxito signos de la gracia del señor. Incentivo para llevar vidas productivas y virtuosas.

Reforma Inglesa 1529-Enrique VIII▫María, restaura relaciones con Roma y persigue a

los no-católicos▫1558-Elizabeth I, vuelve a la reforma▫Para muchos no suficientemente reformada:

pedían reformas que purificaran la iglesia ▫Puritanos en Inglaterra

Principios del S.XVII comienzan a buscar refugio fuera del reino.

muerte de Elizabeth Jacobo I 1603 Convencido del derecho

divino de gobernar Contra los Puritanos

(hombres de negocio en ascenso)favoritismo para los católicos en cuanto a impuestos, etc.

• Peregrinos/Puritanos• Fuera de la autoridad de la compañía establecen

el convenio del Mayflower para establecer gobierno.

• Desembarcan el 21 de diciembre de 1620.

Mayflower CompactIn the name of God, Amen. We, whose names are underwritten, the loyal subjects of our dread Sovereign Lord King James, by the Grace of God, of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, King, defender of the Faith, etc. Having undertaken, for the Glory of God, and advancements of the Christian faith and honor of our King and Country, a voyage to plant the first colony in the Northern parts of Virginia, do by these presents, solemnly and mutually, in the presence of God, and one another, covenant and combine ourselves together into a civil body politic; for our better ordering, and preservation and furtherance of the ends aforesaid; and by virtue hereof to enact, constitute, and frame, such just and equal laws, ordinances, acts, constitutions, and offices, from time to time, as shall be thought most meet and convenient for the general good of the colony; unto which we promise all due submission and obedience.In witness whereof we have hereunto subscribed our names at Cape Cod the 11th of November, in the year of the reign of our Sovereign Lord King James, of England, France, and Ireland, the eighteenth, and of Scotland the fifty-fourth, 1620

1. Mr. John Carver2. William Bradford3. Mr. Edward Winslow4. Mr. William Brewster5. Mr. Isaac Allerton6. Capt. Myles Standish7. John Alden8. Mr. Samuel Fuller9. Mr. Christopher Martin10. Mr. William Mullins11. Mr. William White12. Mr. Richard Warren13. John Howland14. Mr. Stephen Hopkins15. Edward Tilley

16. John Tilley17. Francis Cooke18. Thomas Rogers19. Thomas Tinker20. John Rigsdale21. Edward Fuller22. John Turner23. Francis Eaton24. James Chilton25. John Crackstone26. John Billington27. Moses Fletcher      28. John Goodman29. Degory Priest30. Thomas Williams

31. Gilbert Winslow32. Edmund Margeson33. Peter Browne34. Richard Britteridge35. George Soule36. Richard Clarke37. Richard Gardiner38. John Allerton39. Thomas English40. Edward Doty41. Edward Lester