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    TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS

    (Group Presentation)

    Presented by :-

    Mrinalini KoulSonam Dubey

    Jatin Gupta

    Shivita BhatPratima

    Sharma

    Saachi

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    TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS

    o It refers to a method of analyzing and understanding

    interpersonal behavior.

    o It was developed by Canadian born US Psychiatrist

    Eric Berne during the late 1950s.

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    TA OUTLINE

    According to International Transactional AnalysisAssociation TAis a theory of personality and a

    systematic psychotherapy for personal growth and

    personal change.

    As a theory of personality, TA describes how peopleare structured psychologically. It uses what is perhaps

    its best known model, the ego-state (Parent-Adult-

    Child) model to do this. This same model explain how

    people function and express their personality and their

    behavior.

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    LEVELS OF SELF AWARENESS

    It describes the self in terms of image, both conscious and

    unconscious.

    Joseph Luft andHarrington Ingham have developed a

    diagram that gives to look at what one is conscious in ones

    social exchanges and what one is not.

    The diagram looks like this:-

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    2

    BLIND

    4

    UNKNOWN

    1

    open

    3

    Hidde

    n

    Information

    known toself

    Information

    not knownto self

    Informationknown to

    others

    Information not

    known to

    others

    JOHARI WINDOW

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    1) The Open Self:- The open quadrant refers to states aboutan individual such as behaviors, feelings, and motives.Sometimes an individual is straightforward, open, and

    sharing.

    2) The Blind Self:- The blind quadrant refers to states aboutan individual known to others but not known to him.

    Jongewardand Seyerobserve that subtle bars to our

    personal effectiveness are often our blind quadrant(how wetalk and stand that we are not aware of but others are aware ofit).

    3) The Hidden Self:- It refers to states about the individualknown to him but not known to others.

    4) The Unknown Self:- It refers to states that neither theindividual nor other people know about him.

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    EGO STATES

    People interact with each other in terms of three psychological

    positions, or behavioral patterns, known as eco states. These eco

    states are: parent, adult and child. A person of any age may have

    these ego states in varying degrees. They are based on real world

    behavior.

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    PARENT EGO

    Parent ego state incorporates the attitudes and behavior of all

    emotionally significant people who serve as parent figure. The value

    and behavior of these people are recorded in the mind of the

    individual and become the basic values of the personality.

    Characteristics of a person acting with the parent ego include being

    over protected, distant, dogmatic and upright. Physical and verbal

    clues that someone interacting with the parent ego includes thewagging finger to show displeasure, reference to laws and rules.

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    ADULT EGO

    Adult ego state is based upon reasoning, seeking and providing

    information. Person interacting with adult ego views people are

    equal, worthy and reasonable human being. It is based on rationality.The adult is characterized by logical thinking and reasoning. This

    ego state can be indentified by verbal and physical signs which

    include thoughtful concentration and factual discussion. An

    individual at the later stage of life may block his child and parentego states and use his adult ego only based on his experiences.

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    CHILD EGO

    Characteristics of child ego include creativity, conformity,dependence fear and hate. Physical and verbal clues that person isacting in the child ego are silent compliance, attention seeking,giggling and coyness. The child ego is characterised by non-logicaland immediate action which resulting in immediate satisfaction.Child ego state reflects early childhood conditions and experiencesperceived by individual in their early years of life. The child has noself- directions, no ability to move out to face life. He takes whatcomes in his way. Child ego has three parts: natural, adaptive andrebellious.

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    LIFE POSITIONS

    The individuals behaviour towards others are largely based

    on specific assumptions that are made early in life.

    Very early in the childhood, a person develops from

    experience a dominant philosophy. Such philosophy is tied

    into his identity, sense of worth, and perceptions of other

    people.

    Such philosophies remains with the person for lifetime unless

    major experiences occur to change it.

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    LIFE POSITIONS FALL INTO FOUR

    CATEGORIES

    1. I am O.K. you are O.K.

    2. I am O.K. you are not O.K.

    3. I am not O.K. you are O.K.

    4. I am not O.K. you are not O.K.

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    1. I am O.K. you are O.K. :- This position is

    taken by the individual after the individual has a large no. of

    O.K. experiences with others.

    Based on Adult Ego

    Rational

    Solve problems constructively

    Positive approach towards life Feel that life is worth living

    Highly flexible

    Have more Confidence

    Display higher level of mutual give and take.

    They delegate authority

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    2. I am O.K. you are not O.K.:- This position is takenby people who feel victimized and blame other for their

    miseries.

    Whatever they do is right

    Generally people with rebellion child ego

    Always try to find flaws and bad things

    Dont trust intelligence, skills and talent of others Dont want decentralization, feel that as a threat

    Dont able to delegate the authorities properly

    Have slightly negative approach

    Have over confident kind of nature

    Always try to take credit

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    3. I am not O.K. you are O.K. :- This position iscommon to persons who feel powerlessness in comparison to

    others.

    Based on ones feeling about oneself

    Always grumble for one thing or the other

    Have confused state of mind

    Never satisfied with the ongoing procedures Cant take responsibilities up to a great extent

    Cant take risky decisions

    Cant delegate the authority

    Lack in self confidence

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    4. I am not O.K. you are not O.K. :- This position istaken by people who loose interest in living.

    Its a desperate life position Feel that life is not worthy living at all

    In extreme cases, they often commit suicide

    They do not make decisions in time

    Make stupid mistakes

    Provoke others to give them negative reactions

    Lack in self confidence

    Look to others for final decisions Delegate authorities inappropriately

    Highly negative approach towards life

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    CONCLUSION

    One of these positions dominates eachpersons life. The desirable

    position is one that provides an adult-adult transaction, that is, I

    am O.K. you are O.K.

    This position can be learned through education, understanding,

    positive and mature psychological experiences. The other three

    positions are less psychologically mature and less effective.

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    TRANSACTION ANALYSIS

    Depending on the ego states of the persons involved intransactions, there may be three types of transactions:

    Complementary Transactions

    Crossed Transactions

    Ulterior Transactions

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    COMPLEMENTARY TRANSACTIONS

    When a transaction gets the expected response from a specific

    ego state in the other person.

    In these transactions stimulus and response patterns from oneego states to another are parallel.

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    NINE COMPLEMENTARY

    TRANSACTIONS :

    1. Adult-Adult Transactions ( This is an ideal transaction).

    2. Adult-Parent Transactions.

    3. Adult-child Transactions.

    4. Parent-Parent Transactions.5. Parent-Adult Transactions.

    6. Parent-Child transactions.

    7. Child-Parent Transactions.

    8. Child-Adult Transactions.9. Child-Child Transactions.

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    ADULT-ADULT TRANSACTION

    A

    P

    A

    C

    P

    C

    S

    R

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    ADULT-PARENT TRANSACTION

    P

    A

    C

    P

    A

    C

    S

    R

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    ADULT-CHILD TRANSACTION

    P

    A

    C

    P

    A

    C

    S

    R

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    PARENT-PARENT TRANSACTION

    P

    A

    C

    P

    A

    C

    S

    R

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    PARENT-ADULT TRANSACTION

    P

    A

    C

    P

    A

    C

    S

    R

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    PARENT-CHILD TRANSACTION

    P

    A

    C

    P

    A

    C

    S

    R

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    CHILD-PARENT TRANSACTION

    P

    A

    C

    P

    A

    C

    S

    R

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    CHILD-ADULT TRANSACTION

    P

    A

    C

    P

    A

    C

    S

    R

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    CHILD-CHILD TRANSACTION

    P

    A

    C

    P

    A

    C

    S

    R

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    NON COMPLIMENTARY

    TRANSCATIONS

    Non complimentary or crossed transactions may occur when

    stimulus response lines are not parallel. This happens when the

    person who initiate transaction expecting a certain response does notget it. The position has been shown in fig

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    In this case the manager tries to deal with the employee on adult to

    adult basis but the employee responds on child to parent basis and

    the communication is blocked. Cross transaction is not satisfactoryone because the line of communication is blocked and further

    transactions does not take place. In such a case manager might

    refused to play parent child game and may try again for an adult

    communication.

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    ULTERIOR TRANSACTIONS

    Ulterior transactions are the most complex because the

    communication has double meaning. When ulterior message is send,

    it is often disguised in a socially acceptable way. On the surfacelevel, the communication has the clear adult message, where as it

    carry a hidden massage and the psychological level.

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    PSYCHOLOGICAL GAMES

    o When people fail to get enough strokes at work they

    may try a variety of things. One the most importantthing is that they play psychological games.

    o A Psychological game is a set of transaction with

    three characteristics :

    o The transactions tends to be repeated.

    o They make sense on superficial or social level.

    o One or more of the transaction is ulterior.

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    PSYCHOLOGICAL GAMES

    Psychological roles:-

    Persecutor Rescuer

    Victim

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    BENEFITS OF TRANSACTIONAL

    ANALYSIS

    Developing positive Thinking.

    Interpersonal Effectiveness.

    Motivation.

    Organisation Development.

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    THANK YOU