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TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS
(Group Presentation)
Presented by :-
Mrinalini KoulSonam Dubey
Jatin Gupta
Shivita BhatPratima
Sharma
Saachi
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TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS
o It refers to a method of analyzing and understanding
interpersonal behavior.
o It was developed by Canadian born US Psychiatrist
Eric Berne during the late 1950s.
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TA OUTLINE
According to International Transactional AnalysisAssociation TAis a theory of personality and a
systematic psychotherapy for personal growth and
personal change.
As a theory of personality, TA describes how peopleare structured psychologically. It uses what is perhaps
its best known model, the ego-state (Parent-Adult-
Child) model to do this. This same model explain how
people function and express their personality and their
behavior.
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LEVELS OF SELF AWARENESS
It describes the self in terms of image, both conscious and
unconscious.
Joseph Luft andHarrington Ingham have developed a
diagram that gives to look at what one is conscious in ones
social exchanges and what one is not.
The diagram looks like this:-
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2
BLIND
4
UNKNOWN
1
open
3
Hidde
n
Information
known toself
Information
not knownto self
Informationknown to
others
Information not
known to
others
JOHARI WINDOW
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1) The Open Self:- The open quadrant refers to states aboutan individual such as behaviors, feelings, and motives.Sometimes an individual is straightforward, open, and
sharing.
2) The Blind Self:- The blind quadrant refers to states aboutan individual known to others but not known to him.
Jongewardand Seyerobserve that subtle bars to our
personal effectiveness are often our blind quadrant(how wetalk and stand that we are not aware of but others are aware ofit).
3) The Hidden Self:- It refers to states about the individualknown to him but not known to others.
4) The Unknown Self:- It refers to states that neither theindividual nor other people know about him.
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EGO STATES
People interact with each other in terms of three psychological
positions, or behavioral patterns, known as eco states. These eco
states are: parent, adult and child. A person of any age may have
these ego states in varying degrees. They are based on real world
behavior.
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PARENT EGO
Parent ego state incorporates the attitudes and behavior of all
emotionally significant people who serve as parent figure. The value
and behavior of these people are recorded in the mind of the
individual and become the basic values of the personality.
Characteristics of a person acting with the parent ego include being
over protected, distant, dogmatic and upright. Physical and verbal
clues that someone interacting with the parent ego includes thewagging finger to show displeasure, reference to laws and rules.
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ADULT EGO
Adult ego state is based upon reasoning, seeking and providing
information. Person interacting with adult ego views people are
equal, worthy and reasonable human being. It is based on rationality.The adult is characterized by logical thinking and reasoning. This
ego state can be indentified by verbal and physical signs which
include thoughtful concentration and factual discussion. An
individual at the later stage of life may block his child and parentego states and use his adult ego only based on his experiences.
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CHILD EGO
Characteristics of child ego include creativity, conformity,dependence fear and hate. Physical and verbal clues that person isacting in the child ego are silent compliance, attention seeking,giggling and coyness. The child ego is characterised by non-logicaland immediate action which resulting in immediate satisfaction.Child ego state reflects early childhood conditions and experiencesperceived by individual in their early years of life. The child has noself- directions, no ability to move out to face life. He takes whatcomes in his way. Child ego has three parts: natural, adaptive andrebellious.
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LIFE POSITIONS
The individuals behaviour towards others are largely based
on specific assumptions that are made early in life.
Very early in the childhood, a person develops from
experience a dominant philosophy. Such philosophy is tied
into his identity, sense of worth, and perceptions of other
people.
Such philosophies remains with the person for lifetime unless
major experiences occur to change it.
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LIFE POSITIONS FALL INTO FOUR
CATEGORIES
1. I am O.K. you are O.K.
2. I am O.K. you are not O.K.
3. I am not O.K. you are O.K.
4. I am not O.K. you are not O.K.
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1. I am O.K. you are O.K. :- This position is
taken by the individual after the individual has a large no. of
O.K. experiences with others.
Based on Adult Ego
Rational
Solve problems constructively
Positive approach towards life Feel that life is worth living
Highly flexible
Have more Confidence
Display higher level of mutual give and take.
They delegate authority
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2. I am O.K. you are not O.K.:- This position is takenby people who feel victimized and blame other for their
miseries.
Whatever they do is right
Generally people with rebellion child ego
Always try to find flaws and bad things
Dont trust intelligence, skills and talent of others Dont want decentralization, feel that as a threat
Dont able to delegate the authorities properly
Have slightly negative approach
Have over confident kind of nature
Always try to take credit
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3. I am not O.K. you are O.K. :- This position iscommon to persons who feel powerlessness in comparison to
others.
Based on ones feeling about oneself
Always grumble for one thing or the other
Have confused state of mind
Never satisfied with the ongoing procedures Cant take responsibilities up to a great extent
Cant take risky decisions
Cant delegate the authority
Lack in self confidence
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4. I am not O.K. you are not O.K. :- This position istaken by people who loose interest in living.
Its a desperate life position Feel that life is not worthy living at all
In extreme cases, they often commit suicide
They do not make decisions in time
Make stupid mistakes
Provoke others to give them negative reactions
Lack in self confidence
Look to others for final decisions Delegate authorities inappropriately
Highly negative approach towards life
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CONCLUSION
One of these positions dominates eachpersons life. The desirable
position is one that provides an adult-adult transaction, that is, I
am O.K. you are O.K.
This position can be learned through education, understanding,
positive and mature psychological experiences. The other three
positions are less psychologically mature and less effective.
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TRANSACTION ANALYSIS
Depending on the ego states of the persons involved intransactions, there may be three types of transactions:
Complementary Transactions
Crossed Transactions
Ulterior Transactions
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COMPLEMENTARY TRANSACTIONS
When a transaction gets the expected response from a specific
ego state in the other person.
In these transactions stimulus and response patterns from oneego states to another are parallel.
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NINE COMPLEMENTARY
TRANSACTIONS :
1. Adult-Adult Transactions ( This is an ideal transaction).
2. Adult-Parent Transactions.
3. Adult-child Transactions.
4. Parent-Parent Transactions.5. Parent-Adult Transactions.
6. Parent-Child transactions.
7. Child-Parent Transactions.
8. Child-Adult Transactions.9. Child-Child Transactions.
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ADULT-ADULT TRANSACTION
A
P
A
C
P
C
S
R
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ADULT-PARENT TRANSACTION
P
A
C
P
A
C
S
R
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ADULT-CHILD TRANSACTION
P
A
C
P
A
C
S
R
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PARENT-PARENT TRANSACTION
P
A
C
P
A
C
S
R
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PARENT-ADULT TRANSACTION
P
A
C
P
A
C
S
R
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PARENT-CHILD TRANSACTION
P
A
C
P
A
C
S
R
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CHILD-PARENT TRANSACTION
P
A
C
P
A
C
S
R
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CHILD-ADULT TRANSACTION
P
A
C
P
A
C
S
R
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CHILD-CHILD TRANSACTION
P
A
C
P
A
C
S
R
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NON COMPLIMENTARY
TRANSCATIONS
Non complimentary or crossed transactions may occur when
stimulus response lines are not parallel. This happens when the
person who initiate transaction expecting a certain response does notget it. The position has been shown in fig
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In this case the manager tries to deal with the employee on adult to
adult basis but the employee responds on child to parent basis and
the communication is blocked. Cross transaction is not satisfactoryone because the line of communication is blocked and further
transactions does not take place. In such a case manager might
refused to play parent child game and may try again for an adult
communication.
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ULTERIOR TRANSACTIONS
Ulterior transactions are the most complex because the
communication has double meaning. When ulterior message is send,
it is often disguised in a socially acceptable way. On the surfacelevel, the communication has the clear adult message, where as it
carry a hidden massage and the psychological level.
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PSYCHOLOGICAL GAMES
o When people fail to get enough strokes at work they
may try a variety of things. One the most importantthing is that they play psychological games.
o A Psychological game is a set of transaction with
three characteristics :
o The transactions tends to be repeated.
o They make sense on superficial or social level.
o One or more of the transaction is ulterior.
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PSYCHOLOGICAL GAMES
Psychological roles:-
Persecutor Rescuer
Victim
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BENEFITS OF TRANSACTIONAL
ANALYSIS
Developing positive Thinking.
Interpersonal Effectiveness.
Motivation.
Organisation Development.
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THANK YOU