MEH-PPVsmartpolymer.korea.ac.kr/members/theses/M_thlee.pdf · 2013. 12. 30. · ylene] (MEH-PPV)...
Transcript of MEH-PPVsmartpolymer.korea.ac.kr/members/theses/M_thlee.pdf · 2013. 12. 30. · ylene] (MEH-PPV)...
![Page 1: MEH-PPVsmartpolymer.korea.ac.kr/members/theses/M_thlee.pdf · 2013. 12. 30. · ylene] (MEH-PPV) and v arious electro des suc h as Au, ITO, Al, and Li:Al. The curren t-v oltage (I](https://reader034.fdocuments.ec/reader034/viewer/2022051804/5fee27c7aec2316ffb514eee/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
MEH-PPV a °¡
; ôê " u
×Í
L²Â¡p ¡Ù
]ý¡Y
July 7, 2000
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Abstract
Hole transport device (HTD) and electron transport device (ETD) have
been fabricated by using light emitting poly[2-methoxy-5(2-ethylhexoxy)-1,4-
phenylene vinylene] (MEH-PPV) and various electrodes such as Au, ITO,
Al, and Li:Al. The current-voltage (IV) characteristics for HTD and ETD
were measured at dierent temperatures. The tunneling, hopping, and space
charge limited conduction (SCLC) models were used for the analysis of the IV
characteristics of HTD and ETD. The trap free SCLC model described as J /
V m+1=d2m+1 (m ' 1) was adopted for hole carrier in low electric eld, where J
is the current density, V is the voltage, and d is the thickness of the material.
From the result, hole mobility was measured to be 107cm2/Vs. However, for
high electric eld, we observed the IV characteristics were in uenced by trap
distribution in the material. The measured electron mobility was 102 103
times lower than hole mobility. This indicates that electron is easily captured
by trap. The current varied with the thickness of the material and the electric
eld. The eect of temperature on the characteristic of the charge carrier in
low and high voltage was discussed. AC impedance and luminescence were
compared to investigate the charge transport of the light emitting diode.
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Abstract
aWZLÛ poly[2-methoxy-5(2-ethylhexoxy)-1,4-phenylene viny-
lene] (MEH-PPV)Y Al, Au, ITO, Li:Al # °j¢ ;]ú Ì A
W(hole); ;µ [hole transport device(HTD)]®;; ;
µ [electron transport device(ETD)]õC °. HTD ITO® Au
õ ;]¿ PÌ L, ETD Al, Óù Li:Alú ;÷¿ PÌ °. HTD
® ETD © £êt IV "ú QA °. QA @Yõ tunneling,
hopping, space charge limited conduction (SCLC) # °j¢ ?Íú :Ì
©u °. AW EÍ 0ù ;$ t ;êê(J), ;S(V ), èÒ
Í(d) [G J / V m+1=d2m+1¿ vÇü SCLC ?Ít, m ' 1 trap
EÍ® X °. æ @Y¿Ùâ ; ;µ ôê 107cm2/Vs
¿ QAü°. mù ;$ t 4Ùt trap Ûj IV "
³ú yX ,ú Ç ½ °. ; ôê AW ôê ü© 102 103
Aê 0ù ôêõ ,÷¿ QAü°. ; trap jèüq
; ;ê Í < 3 :[÷¿ ð. èÒ Í 0ô
;ê ºÜ® ;$ ¢ ³ú NIÃL, 0ù ;SY mù ;St £
ê ; ;µ" yX ³ © f¢°. Ïß® a QAú ©
; ;µ" ºÜõ NIÆ°.
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@ò
1 t Á 1
2 Á 6
2.1 LED (light emitting device) : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 6
2.2 LED® C : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 7
2.2.1 -ê ?¦ : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 7
2.2.2 C : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 10
2.3 LED ô Ùý : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 12
2.3.1 èû : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 12
2.3.2 a ; : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 15
2.3.3 a [ê : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 16
2.4 ; ;µ ?Í : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 16
2.4.1 ôê(mobility) : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 16
2.4.2 SCLC ?Í : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 19
2.4.3 Poole-Frenkel ?Í : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 22
2.4.4 Fowler-Nordheim ?Í : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 22
i
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2.4.5 Sheng ?Í : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 23
2.5 AC Ïß : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 23
3 ì¹ ª 32
3.1 èÒ¦ : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 32
3.2 C ª : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 33
3.2.1 LED C : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 33
3.2.2 HTD® ETD C : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 33
3.3 IV QA : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 34
3.4 Ïß QA : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 34
3.5 a ì¹ : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 35
4 @Y Ûu 39
4.1 IV " ôê : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 39
4.1.1 LED IV " : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 39
4.1.2 HTD IV " : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 41
4.1.3 ETD IV " : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 45
4.2 Í 0ô IV " : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 48
4.3 £ê 0ô IV " : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 48
4.4 Ïß QA : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 50
4.5 a QA : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 50
5 @ Á 57
Bibliography 58
ii
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½Àý
1.1 LED ÿÌ ©æ : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 4
1.2 PPV® îê : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 5
2.1 Alq3, TPD ÛuS : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 8
2.2 -ê ?¦ [ê : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 11
2.3 LED C : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 13
2.4 HTD® ETD uS : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 14
2.5 LED ôÙý : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 17
2.6 a ; : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 18
2.7 SCLC ?Í : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 24
2.8 Poole-Frenkel ?Í : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 25
2.9 Sheng ?Í : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 26
2.10 Û #ç¿ : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 30
2.11 DebyeéY Cole-Coleé üp : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 31
3.1 LED CYA : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 36
3.2 IV " QA $X : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 37
iii
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3.3 Ïß QA $X : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 38
4.1 LED IV QA @Y : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 40
4.2 HTD IV " QA @Y : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 42
4.3 AW ôê GS : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 43
4.4 Poole-Frenkel GS : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 44
4.5 Fowler-Nordheim B GS : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 46
4.6 ETD IV QA @Y : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 47
4.7 Í 0ô IV " : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 49
4.8 £ê 0ô IV " I : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 51
4.9 £ê 0ô IV " II : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 52
4.10 Ïß QA @Y : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 53
4.11 IVL QA @Y I : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 55
4.12 IVL QA @YII : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 56
iv
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Chapter 1
t Á
« %ߪ¿ PÌüÏ CRT(cathode ray tube) ô ;S
mL,Ù¾6,ü;³°. qt TFT-LCD (thin lm transistor-
liquid crystal display) ?¦â fL, \Â:÷¿ ô;S 0ù # >ú
4× ½Å® ú Ý©L Ú, LCDõ ð L Ì À uX®
\z: îÌú ¦L qò vè$X¿Ùü , LED(light emitting
device)°. LED ³ ?¦â °ü ¿t <I¦ 1.1t
¤ 3 °¡t ¾3 ÂÍ ;a:« Í °j¢ Ûb¿ ÿÌþ ½
:[ u ;ù Í °. LED |tê îLÛ, |tê
WZ LÛ(conjugated polymer)õ PÌ¢ LED 0ù CS³, 0ù ô ;
S, W, G: î, ] KA # Í ù ÙÛt °ô vè$XÃ
° ͽ¢ "ú à °[1, 2, 3].
1990[ poly(phenylene vinylene)(PPV)õ Ì¢ LED ü ÃLý
ó[4]°j¢ PPV îê® W|¦(copolymers)ù^ù EL (electrolumines-
1
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cence)"ú à ,÷¿ Ý üL[5, 6, 7, 8], ¢ ]ú Ì¢ LED
%ߪ ÿÌú æ© Å¢ ? _ vè 3 ü°. ù $>ê
Ýu L î LED \ÌÜü G L î ô ½< ¥L, jî
ñ(quantum eciency) 0 :[°. ¢ [C ©@üqb òÂ e
: %ߪ¿tÝì¢õu9£,°. LED úx æ
©t a LÛ# ;] ºÜ[9], °j¢ W Y[10, 11, 12], £
sP # ª uüL °. © Íx:÷¿ aW 4Ùt ;
;µ" SP LED $>ú ÙèÅL ³>ú ð Ú q $ |Å¢
x@YC ,°. :÷¿ PPV 4Ùt AW(hole) ôê(mobility)
107 cm2/Vs ú Ú[13], ,ù ; ôê ü© c 100 A
ê À t¿, PPVt AW s ; ;µ¿ Ì ,÷¿ N²K
°[14]. ; ôêõ u Ú qt $ êË time-of- ight (TOF)
ì¹ù ;$ t èÒ ú SP a süêÀ ¢ °ü, èÒ4
;êõ QA [15, 16, 17, 18]
=d
tE=
d2
tV(1:1)
¿Ùâ ôê õ GS¢°. t d aW Í, E ;$, t ;
ô¢ è°. t @v ;Sú ¢ ó ;-AW &@¦÷¿ #¤ :«
(ý è÷¿ &A£ ½ °. Æ ut a¡: "Y ;
: "ú ôè L² ML, ;: "ú L² IV "ú QA
L, QA @Yõ ; ;µ?Í÷¿ ©u 6, ?Ít Cèü ôêõ u
é :Ì èÒ ôêõ u °[19].
Æ ut LED PÌü PPV îê( 1.2) |t î Ì
¢ Ì©ê ^It ÌZ \×t ß6ú ¢ èÒ C L, W
2
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|t \Â:÷¿ KA¢ ]¿ N² poly[2-methoxy-5(2-ethylhexoxy)-1,4-
phenylene vinylene] (MEH-PPV)[20]ú PÌ õ C °. C¢
; j³ ;Sú (qsq IV "ú QA L, Í, £ê 0ô ]
4Ùt ; ;µ"ú SP °. Z¢, Ïß QAú © ;S 0ô
Ïß s7½ Uú NIÃL, a(luminescence) QAú © IV "
Y Ïß QA@Y® \[[Gõ Lö °.
3
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úr~¾
W
Y
1.1: LED ÿÌ ©æ.
4
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u
455845584966
1.2: PPV® îê.
5
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Chapter 2
Á
2.1 LED (light emitting device)
LED ¾3 AW s;, aW, ; s; ÙÛ÷¿ uüq
¿;S©Pú: a ;$a$X°. LED aW÷
¿ PÌü ] 0t X ê LED, Û î LED, WZ LÛ LED
¿ uÛþ ½ °.
X ê LED III-VT Ùõ ¦¢ III-VT ܦ] ê LED(:
GaP)[21], uorescent £÷¿ êý ê ö LED(: ZnS:Mn)[22,
23], ê Ûú LÛ 4¿ ÝSèÇ LED(: ZnS:Cu-polymer)[24] #
°. X ê LED ô ;S 0L(1.5V), KA Í ^ W,
ê(100 cd/m2) # Fq ³> L, e_ ð 7$ Ì ¡ Â
ú 7 ½ ÷6 ù 8: %ߪ $X¿ PÌþ ½ °.
6
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Û î LED 2.1 Alq3, TPD # PÌý°. À 8:
%ߪ L, ? _ú ° PÌ£ ½ ÷6 ê(700 cd/m2, /
2300 cd/m2« ³\) X ê LED ü© ^, ô ;S mL
(9V), KA, W Fq6 CS Ä! °.
WZ LÛ LED PPV® îê aW÷¿ PÌüÚ, ô ;
S 0ù `L(5V), ? _ a L, ê ^°(900 cd/m2, /
1500 cd/m2« ³\). Z¢ î ^I W, KA ^L CS Ñ
Í6 À 8: %ߪ PÌþ ½ °. # WZ LÛ LED \Â:
÷¿ 0ù jîñú L °. jîñù sý ;½ © ;ý a
½ ü¿ AüÚ, X ê LED, Û î LED c 1% jîñ
ú L 8 WZ LÛ LED 0.2% \Â:÷¿ 0ù jîñ
ú t¿ jîñú m , WZ LÛ LED x@YC | #°.
LED jîñú m æ¢ u GüL Ú, | # 0ù ¥
½ ](õ q Ca[25])ú ; s ;÷¿ PÌ ,°. Z¢ a
W °Wú PÌ jîñú 4%[11]« mL, Ç& ú Ì¢ u
G ±|°.
2.2 LED® C
2.2.1 -ê ?¦
;: ?¦ [êõ A æ©t -ê ?¦ú L²¢°.
: ê êü Mù \×õ A 6 ?¦ü ê \:L
A¢°. ¥½MùYêõ?¦èÅ8Yê Fermi
7
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N
N
Al
N
N N
CH3CH3
(a) Alq3
(b) TPD
2.1: Alq3® TPD ÛuS.
8
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uæ I :« ?¦Pt ?¦; ;µ(contact charge transfer)
f¢°. ¥½ ò® °ô S&¿ © °j¢ ;: ?¦ f
3 üÚ, ?¦ [ê¿ ¾3 | ?¦(neutral contact), © ?¦(blocking
contact), 9¨ ?¦(ohmic contact) °[26]. 2.2 C
(band diagram)ú vè L °.
| ?¦ù ?¦ ;:÷¿ | \×õ ¢°. ;:÷¿ |
S&ú T æ© W ; (space charge) U&£ Å ÷6, ;ê
(conduction band)® ;(valence band) Ðq ML ee¢ \×
ý°. | ?¦ù ?¦ ] P ¥½ $# 9£t ¥½ °
õ : f¢°[27].
© ?¦ù Schottky $¹÷¿ z<ü ?¦÷¿ ; ôú ©¢°.
¥½ ê ¥½Ã° À EÍ t ê¿ ; ô
©üL, ¿ ¥½ ê ¥½Ã° ù EÍ t
ê¿ AW ô ©3 ý°. ]ú ?¦èÈ : Ù
ÐqKt f Schottky $¹:[°. ; ô © ?¦ EÍ Å
;æmIêÀ ;Sú 8 ;Ö3 êtÅ÷¿ô 3ü
LêÅ?¦Ù;K#þý WW(depletion region)
f3 ý°. ¿ Å ;æ 0IêÀ ;Sú 8 ; Schottky
$¹ ;æòõ Ä£ ½ ú :« êÅ÷¿ Jq ½ 3 ý°. $
¹ú Ä ²8 £(thermionic) Ì Z mù ;$ ¢ tunneling
Ì Å °.
Y ê P 9¨ ?¦ù ê 4Ù ý Ïß® üp©
t Y ê P ?¦ Ïß \Â:÷¿ ú: q&°. EÍ
9
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ê 4Ùtð ?¦t î ; ê ?Û& ¾3 üL ?¦ù ;
9$ûL¿ Ì 3 ý°. 9¨ ?¦ú Í ª Ú, «¿
; sú æ© 0ù ¥½õ ú PÌ $#, AW sú æ© mù
¥½õ ú PÌ L, îY: £ ;ú © ;æ$¹ú 08
,6, «¿ îY: j¡: tunnelingú æ© ê ?¦Å Ù
êú ;æ $¹ú f3 ,°.
2.2.2 C
LED ³& ; ü Y P `æX¤
q aW ü ê® ?¦÷¿ Ç ½ Ú[4, 28], ?¦ù C
÷¿ z<ý°. Y ê ?¦ü ;[ 2.3(a)] ê
; ý× $ mù ê[highest occupied molecular orbit(HOMO)], ;
üq $ 0ù ê[lowest unoccupied molecular orbit(LUMO)] ºÜ
°. © t¿ °ô ¥½õ Y êõ ?¦ 8 Fermiu
æõ 3 8 æ©t C Ðq3 ý°[ 2.3(b)]. : ;$
ú 8 Fermi uæ ò f8t HOMO, LUMO Ðq Ç\
#Í#3 ý°[ 2.3(c)]. ¿ © ;t ê¿ ; s Ì©
L, 2.4t® ù ; ;µ ªú Ç ½ °.
PPV 4Ùt ; ;µ"ú NIÃ æ©t AW sü HTD
(hole transport device)®; sü ETD(electron transport device)õ
C¢°( 2.4). # Wú PÌ¢ î LEDt °ô ?¦ú PÌ
¢ ; s " G: SP Parker ©t ü ÃLü°[9]. HTD
t jÅ ;ú ? ¥½ mù ÷¿ xØ ; sþ ½ 3
10
![Page 18: MEH-PPVsmartpolymer.korea.ac.kr/members/theses/M_thlee.pdf · 2013. 12. 30. · ylene] (MEH-PPV) and v arious electro des suc h as Au, ITO, Al, and Li:Al. The curren t-v oltage (I](https://reader034.fdocuments.ec/reader034/viewer/2022051804/5fee27c7aec2316ffb514eee/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
lm l
m
Φ Φ
χ
lm
Φi
l
l
lm
lm
Φ Φ
χ
l
l
l
lm
Φi
l
l
RRR
lm
lm
Φ
Φ
χ
l
lm
Φi
l
χ
Φi
X
Y
Z
Z
Y
X
2.2: -ê ?¦ [ê.
11
![Page 19: MEH-PPVsmartpolymer.korea.ac.kr/members/theses/M_thlee.pdf · 2013. 12. 30. · ylene] (MEH-PPV) and v arious electro des suc h as Au, ITO, Al, and Li:Al. The curren t-v oltage (I](https://reader034.fdocuments.ec/reader034/viewer/2022051804/5fee27c7aec2316ffb514eee/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
L, 8 ETDt ? ¥½ 0ù ÷¿ ;ú  AW s
ü G 3 ¢°. Xt Á¢ ® :÷¿ PPV Gt AW
s ;µ¿ Ì¢°L N²K °.
2.3 LED ô Ùý
LEDt f 3 ü ô Ùý 2.5t¤ ¾3 P ³G
¿ # ½ Ú, « ; s, « ; ô, « ; @¦[è
û(exciton)Í], V« a ;(èû ãh)°[29]. « ³G ;
j³ ;Sú °ú :, ;ú © ; sü ³G°. ³Gt
sü ; ù aWY ¥½ ò¿ © ;æ$¹ú #3 üÚ ;
S 8t ;æ$¹ú 083 üL õ © ; aW÷¿ s
3 ý°. « ³Gt AW, ;ù HOMO, LUMO t °ô
Å ;÷¿ ô 3 ý°. ô Ï ; ù ôê 0t "A u
t ý8t èûú Í 3 üL, èûù ãh 8t ú 4L ;
AW÷¿ FqKt &@¦ 3 ý°.
2.3.1 èû
î;®îAWù Coulomb*© ¢ ûú Ø3ý°. ,ú
èûL 6 èû £Ü C °üY °.
E =m
rq4
2h221
n2(2:1)
12
![Page 20: MEH-PPVsmartpolymer.korea.ac.kr/members/theses/M_thlee.pdf · 2013. 12. 30. · ylene] (MEH-PPV) and v arious electro des suc h as Au, ITO, Al, and Li:Al. The curren t-v oltage (I](https://reader034.fdocuments.ec/reader034/viewer/2022051804/5fee27c7aec2316ffb514eee/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
(a) (b)
ITO
Al
LUMO
HOMO
ITO Al4.7eV 4.3eV
2.8eV
4.9eV
(c)
ITO
Al
2.3: LED C .
13
![Page 21: MEH-PPVsmartpolymer.korea.ac.kr/members/theses/M_thlee.pdf · 2013. 12. 30. · ylene] (MEH-PPV) and v arious electro des suc h as Au, ITO, Al, and Li:Al. The curren t-v oltage (I](https://reader034.fdocuments.ec/reader034/viewer/2022051804/5fee27c7aec2316ffb514eee/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
(a) HTD (hole transport device)
(b) ETD (electron transport device)
ITOCu
Au
Al
LiAl
Al
4.7 eV4.7 eV
5.2 eV
4.3 eV4.3 eV
2.9 eV
2.8 eV
4.9 eV
2.8 eV
4.9 eV
2.4: HTD® ETD uS.
14
![Page 22: MEH-PPVsmartpolymer.korea.ac.kr/members/theses/M_thlee.pdf · 2013. 12. 30. · ylene] (MEH-PPV) and v arious electro des suc h as Au, ITO, Al, and Li:Al. The curren t-v oltage (I](https://reader034.fdocuments.ec/reader034/viewer/2022051804/5fee27c7aec2316ffb514eee/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
t q ;(AW) ; , h Planck \½, ù î;ñ, nù èû
w \×½(n 1)°. ýL m
rù èû ÞS÷¿
1
m
r
=1
m
e
+1
m
h
(2:2)
¿ sqL, m
e, m
h ;® AW îî°. î;® îAW
# @¦ý èûù î;# îAWY ô¿ ] 4Ùõ îÄ
3 Ïô£ ½ °. ¢ EÍ èûù vÜü Mù \×L £ ½ °.
EÍ ] ¿½¢ EÍ ©¾ L, ] Ý¿] U& EÍ
èû uq ½ °. :÷¿ ;® AWù °ô ê¿ Ó
Ú, èûú Í æ©t Xý ê Ib ¢°. 0tdEc
dk
e
=
dEv
dk
h
(2:3)
õ T©b ¢°. t Ec ;ê C, Ev ; C, k 7
½¯â°. èû C uæ ;ê ¿ I æX 6, ¢ v;
$ Z ¥ù ½<(life time)#÷¿ © èûù î;® îAW÷¿
°[30].
2.3.2 a ;
Íý èû ãh£ :, ; AW Å÷¿ FqK &@¦ 8t a
;üÚ , a°( 2.6). ; ;¿ Fq8t ;
a C
h = Eg Ex (2:4)
ý°. t Eg C <L Ex ;ê® èû C uæ® ò
°. ; AWY &@¦ æ© Fq8t aú ; ML,
15
![Page 23: MEH-PPVsmartpolymer.korea.ac.kr/members/theses/M_thlee.pdf · 2013. 12. 30. · ylene] (MEH-PPV) and v arious electro des suc h as Au, ITO, Al, and Li:Al. The curren t-v oltage (I](https://reader034.fdocuments.ec/reader034/viewer/2022051804/5fee27c7aec2316ffb514eee/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
jf(phonon)ú 4nê Ú EÍ a C
h = Eg Ex mEp (2:5)
ý°. t mù jf ½L Ep jf C°. m v½À a
õ ;£ Ýíù :qL, 0t jîñê 0I3 ý°.
2.3.3 a [ê
a [ê ¾3 aaY ;a ¿ # ½ °. aa
ù a¡: ½ © t ; ãh 8t aú ,L, ;aù
p-n ê ?¦÷¿ sý ½ Ï(minor carrier) © #Í# a¡:
ÄP¿Ùâ uq°. aa PL(photoluminescence) L, ;a
;$ Z ;ê ;õ r3 EL(electroluminescence),; Z ü
x(cathode ray); w Ù ü CL(cathodeluminescence)°.
ELù  ÙÒ ; s @Y¿ #¡ a; Ç\÷¿t LED
aÙý°. 0t ELú QA LED a Aê 0ô "ú N ½
°. Z¢ ELù ;S 0ô a õ uú ½ ÷t¿, IV " QA @
Yõ ^© s ^ù ì¹ ª ý°.
2.4 ; ;µ ?Í
2.4.1 ôê(mobility)
îLÛ at °¹¢ ;ê I¦ LÛ¿ ; sý
EÍt¿ îôôêõ L²©b¢°. ôê ³æ ;$¾ îôê ¾
16
![Page 24: MEH-PPVsmartpolymer.korea.ac.kr/members/theses/M_thlee.pdf · 2013. 12. 30. · ylene] (MEH-PPV) and v arious electro des suc h as Au, ITO, Al, and Li:Al. The curren t-v oltage (I](https://reader034.fdocuments.ec/reader034/viewer/2022051804/5fee27c7aec2316ffb514eee/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
ν
!"#"$%! "&' ("
") *%"+ ")
,!"-.
2.5: LED ô Ùý.
17
![Page 25: MEH-PPVsmartpolymer.korea.ac.kr/members/theses/M_thlee.pdf · 2013. 12. 30. · ylene] (MEH-PPV) and v arious electro des suc h as Au, ITO, Al, and Li:Al. The curren t-v oltage (I](https://reader034.fdocuments.ec/reader034/viewer/2022051804/5fee27c7aec2316ffb514eee/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
νν
2.6: èû ãh¿ ¢ a;.
18
![Page 26: MEH-PPVsmartpolymer.korea.ac.kr/members/theses/M_thlee.pdf · 2013. 12. 30. · ylene] (MEH-PPV) and v arious electro des suc h as Au, ITO, Al, and Li:Al. The curren t-v oltage (I](https://reader034.fdocuments.ec/reader034/viewer/2022051804/5fee27c7aec2316ffb514eee/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
¿ °üY Aý°.
=jvjE
(2:6)
: îôê v = d=t® ;$ E = V=dõ Ì 8 ôê
=d
tE=
d2
tV(2:7)
¿ #Í7 ½ °[31]. t d ; ô$ý, t ; ôè, V ©u
;S°.
2.4.2 SCLC ?Í
; s Z f üñ ü© ôê ?Û& ÷8 ; ÃU S&
ú TèÅ æ© èÒ 4Ù W ; 9:üÚ, õ W ; ¢
°. G sü ; ¿ © èÒ ; õ 9:£ ½ ¢Gõ Jqt3
ü8, W ; Â` ; Å êµ 3 ý°[26]. : ù ;
Ùß 3 Ó3 üL, 0t ;êê <& 3 ý°( 2.7).
A\\×, 1òÙ: e8 ;ê EÍ¿ ¢A£ :, °üY ù S&ú
T EÍ SCLC (space charge limited conduction) ?Íú PÌ£ ½ °.
«, sý ; Óú °Ø æ© C ?Íú PÌ£ ½ °.
«, sý AW(Z ;)ú L²£ :, sü j(Z ü) Åù °¹
3 9¨ ?$°. «, èÒ4t :÷¿ fý ; ¢ ³ú X
è£ Â ;$ ?Û& ¾°. £ê mI½À ; C¿ Ì Ö
3 ô L Põ ;£ ½ Ú, Åõ Xè£ ½ ú  ;$
¾° A t ?Íú :Ì¢°. V«, îAW(Z ;) ê
Maxwell-Boltzmann Gõ 0ò, ý AW(Z ;) ê Fermi-
19
![Page 27: MEH-PPVsmartpolymer.korea.ac.kr/members/theses/M_thlee.pdf · 2013. 12. 30. · ylene] (MEH-PPV) and v arious electro des suc h as Au, ITO, Al, and Li:Al. The curren t-v oltage (I](https://reader034.fdocuments.ec/reader034/viewer/2022051804/5fee27c7aec2316ffb514eee/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Dirac Gõ 0ô°. °«, îAW(Z ;) ôê ;$ X[ L
trapY &@¦ |î U& 0ô ³ú M°. Trapù Ý¿] #÷¿
© ý C <Íü vÜý\׿ Ý¿] [ê®j, £ê
© ³ú °. vÜý \× trap½ &@¦ |î÷¿ Ì ê
Ú, trapù ; ú C $¹ K ,L, &@¦ |îù ôè
°ô ; õ °. LUMOÅ « vÜý \× ; trap
÷¿, HOMOÅ « ,ù AW trap÷¿ s¿ Ì¢°. 8 ý
C< | Ù æX© vÜ \×ù &@¦ |î÷¿ s¿ Ì
3 ý°. «, Poole-Frenkel îY ù mù ;$ îY Xèý°. U
«, x = 0 e8 AW s ?$L, x = d e8 xØ ?$÷¿t 1òÙ:
÷¿ ?Íú D¢°.
Trap AWú j袰8, èÒ 4Ùt ;$ F (x) °üY ù
Poisson Aéú 0ô°.
dF (x)
dx=
q[p(x) + pt(x)]
=
(2:8)
t p(x) sý AW êL, pt(x) ý AW ê°. Trap
EÍõ f 8, ;êê J = qp(x)F (x)t¿ éY EG S&ú Ì
°ü éú uú ½ °[32].
J =9
8p
V 2
d3(2:9)
éú Mott-Gurney é ¢°.
« ¢ [ê ; sü SCLC ?Íú f© ÃU,
: LEDt AWY ;, [ê ; jY üt sý°.
¢ [ê ; ú L²£ : trapú L² 8 ü, [ê ; E
20
![Page 28: MEH-PPVsmartpolymer.korea.ac.kr/members/theses/M_thlee.pdf · 2013. 12. 30. · ylene] (MEH-PPV) and v arious electro des suc h as Au, ITO, Al, and Li:Al. The curren t-v oltage (I](https://reader034.fdocuments.ec/reader034/viewer/2022051804/5fee27c7aec2316ffb514eee/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Í trapY &@¦ YAú ôè L²©b ¢°. Z¢ æ PÌý A |
t Ù ½Aüqb ¢°. V« Aù îAW(;)Y kù trap
ý AW(;) ê Maxwell-Boltzmann Gõ 0ò, ªù trap
ý AW(;) ê Fermi-Dirac Gõ 0ô°¿ ½Aüqb ¢°. ýL
«, U« A Âê ;$ 0 e8 x = wa, x = wc L,
x = 0Y x = d¿Ùâ Í ²°¿ ôqs3 ü8 [ê ; sü
SCLC ?Í A ý°. : Poisson Aéù
dF (x)
dx=
q
[p(x) + pt n(x) nt] =
(2:10)
üL EGS&ú Ì 8
J =9
8e
V 2
d3(2:11)
õ uú ½ °. t e ?Ít îîôê¿t ; ôê® A
W ôê ¦°.
e = n + p (2:12)
PPV 4Ùt AWù ôê 107 cm2/Vs Aê¿ ;ð 100 Aê À
,÷¿ N²K °. 0t ÂÙÛ ; trap © ü Ùt ü
L, +ù î;êü «ÏVt AWY #3 üq Vt èû
ú Í 3 ý° (e ' p). 0t J ' Jp = pqpE üq, AW sü
SCLC ?Í÷¿ P£ ½ 3 ý°. SCLC ?Íù ] 4Ù ; ;µ "
z<t $ Iù ú ?Í Ú, -ê ?¦ ù Schottky
$¹ú SCLC AW ;ê ©tê ÃLý °[19].
21
![Page 29: MEH-PPVsmartpolymer.korea.ac.kr/members/theses/M_thlee.pdf · 2013. 12. 30. · ylene] (MEH-PPV) and v arious electro des suc h as Au, ITO, Al, and Li:Al. The curren t-v oltage (I](https://reader034.fdocuments.ec/reader034/viewer/2022051804/5fee27c7aec2316ffb514eee/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
2.4.3 Poole-Frenkel ?Í
# trap üq ; ;µù A \ *ú sqb
t ²( ½ Ú, mù ;$ © q Coulomb*÷¿ ©
t ²( ½ °( 2.8). ,ú ý ; ;µ tunneling
L ¢°. ¢ é÷¿ ; ;µú z<£ ½ , Poole-Frenkel ?Í
°[33, 34]. ?Ít ;êê °üY sq6, æt z<¢ ,¤
mù ;$ t L²ý°.
J / E exp ( pE) (2:13)
t E¹\ ½A ÷¿ Gill © ü CKü÷6, ;$ ©
0I trap sæ ;æ$¹ ¢ ê £ ½ °[15]. ?Ít ôê
J = nqEõ Ì u£ ½ °.
2.4.4 Fowler-Nordheim ?Í
LED ; j³ ;Sú (q sú : PPV C Ðq°.
: ü ; ?$8t tunneling ©t PPV 4Ù¿ q ½ 3
üL ;ê ô°. õ Fowler-Nordheim ?ÍL 6 °üY Áý
°[35].
J / E2 exp
E0
E
(2:14)
?Íù Íý PÌ L PPV ê ú L ]t¿Â
ÙÛ EÍ q# Ç\, ,÷¿ ³ PPV v8t ; ;µú
N ½ L, PPV 4Ùt ; ;µ "ù N ½ °.
22
![Page 30: MEH-PPVsmartpolymer.korea.ac.kr/members/theses/M_thlee.pdf · 2013. 12. 30. · ylene] (MEH-PPV) and v arious electro des suc h as Au, ITO, Al, and Li:Al. The curren t-v oltage (I](https://reader034.fdocuments.ec/reader034/viewer/2022051804/5fee27c7aec2316ffb514eee/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
2.4.5 Sheng ?Í
÷¿ L²© Ç ½ ,ù Sheng CK¢ ; ;µ ?Í°(
2.9). ] 4Ùù (metallic island)U&¢°L f 8
ù [ 9; ; £ú ¢°L f£ ½ °. P
t ; ô ²8 9; ?;Cð Ì À Cõ ; W
;$ qb ¢°. ;$ © tunneling q# ; ô£
½ ÷6, °üY Áý°.
log
J
E
/
1
E(2:15)
Shengù Ù êý WZ |¦ ©t ?Íú :Ì ² °. ê
Mù PPV î;¿t æ \áY ML, 4Ù æ® ù
ú L °L Ã q·°. ; sý EÍ \¾¢ j î
êý ; Ü¡: êY îP¢ £ú Ì£ ½ ú
, At Sheng ?Íú L²£ ½ °[36, 37].
2.5 AC Ïß
Debye?ÍùZ¢ ACîYõz< æ©têü°.
?Ít A: î;\½(static dielectric constant) 0s® Ls7 î;\½(high
frequency dielectric constant) 01
ò|` ¢°LÆ°[38].
AC ;$ 0ô Û ç;ù : ÅôY Û \ÒÌ îY¿
©õ3üL,0tÛ 2.10Y ¿µç¿Í×#ç¿
©¾¢°L Ç ½ °[39]. : 9; C2 ;S V0¿ ?;üq L, R2 C2
23
![Page 31: MEH-PPVsmartpolymer.korea.ac.kr/members/theses/M_thlee.pdf · 2013. 12. 30. · ylene] (MEH-PPV) and v arious electro des suc h as Au, ITO, Al, and Li:Al. The curren t-v oltage (I](https://reader034.fdocuments.ec/reader034/viewer/2022051804/5fee27c7aec2316ffb514eee/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
2.7: SCLC ?Í.
24
![Page 32: MEH-PPVsmartpolymer.korea.ac.kr/members/theses/M_thlee.pdf · 2013. 12. 30. · ylene] (MEH-PPV) and v arious electro des suc h as Au, ITO, Al, and Li:Al. The curren t-v oltage (I](https://reader034.fdocuments.ec/reader034/viewer/2022051804/5fee27c7aec2316ffb514eee/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
E
rrP F
∆ΦP F q 2/4πεix
q F x
E
rrP F
∆ΦP F q 2/4πεix
q F x
t rap
E
t rap
E
2.8: Poole-Frenkel ?Í.
25
![Page 33: MEH-PPVsmartpolymer.korea.ac.kr/members/theses/M_thlee.pdf · 2013. 12. 30. · ylene] (MEH-PPV) and v arious electro des suc h as Au, ITO, Al, and Li:Al. The curren t-v oltage (I](https://reader034.fdocuments.ec/reader034/viewer/2022051804/5fee27c7aec2316ffb514eee/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
2.9: Sheng ?Í.
26
![Page 34: MEH-PPVsmartpolymer.korea.ac.kr/members/theses/M_thlee.pdf · 2013. 12. 30. · ylene] (MEH-PPV) and v arious electro des suc h as Au, ITO, Al, and Li:Al. The curren t-v oltage (I](https://reader034.fdocuments.ec/reader034/viewer/2022051804/5fee27c7aec2316ffb514eee/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
¿ ³èÅ3 ü8, î;\½
=C1
C0
+C2
C0
1
1 + i!0(2:16)
¿ sq°.
: 0 = R2C2L A: î;\½® Ls7 î;\½õ
0s=
C1
C0
+C2
C0
; 01
=C1
C0
(2:17)
Y n÷8, î;\½ °üY 8 ½ °.
= 01
+0s 0
1
1 + i!0(2:18)
©u ;$ E® °ò3 ÙÛ:÷¿v ;$ú ê©ê î;\½Â¢
éù
= 01
+0s 0
1
1 + i!(2:19)
= 00s 0
1
01
+ 2(2:20)
® ô¢ Í× uq°. , v ;$ ]ú ê©ê °ÜßX!¤
?j ºÜ üú N ½ °. éú Debye é Ú
( 01
) + i( 01
)! = 0s 0
1
(2:21)
Y ô8, Ä e8\t 0s, 0
1
ú ö j÷¿ Ùú Ú
° ,ú Ãu°[40]. Xt sq Debye éù °Üè 1 U&£
:õ #Í4 ,°. °Üè Ûj ú : Debye ét Âü °
ÜßX!¤t «q# @Y uq3 ý°. ¢ @Yõ ì¹:÷¿ z
<©s , °ü Cole-Cole é°.
= 01
+0s 0
1
1 + (i! )1(2:22)
27
![Page 35: MEH-PPVsmartpolymer.korea.ac.kr/members/theses/M_thlee.pdf · 2013. 12. 30. · ylene] (MEH-PPV) and v arious electro des suc h as Au, ITO, Al, and Li:Al. The curren t-v oltage (I](https://reader034.fdocuments.ec/reader034/viewer/2022051804/5fee27c7aec2316ffb514eee/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
t 0Y 1 P ú °. éú 0õ : =2 Â ç;ý
Ùú Ø3 ý°. DebyeéY Cole-Cole é @Yõ üp 8 2.11Y °.
« î;: °Ü(dielectric relaxation)õ °Ø°. î;: °Ü
t ÛS u | ç;Y ù -v¦ © f 6 ; ;
µ $ $ý ( ô ,Y [´ °. u |
÷6 $ $ý ( ; ;µ ÝS q# ] EÍ ; ;µ
Jqb $¹ m A Mú EÍ, ; Ï üt fü
` © ÛS q#Ú, õ ;ê: °Ü(conductivity relaxation)
¢°[41]. EÍ #ç¿ µ ç¿ Í׿ Aþ ½ q, qyä
ß(admittance)ð Ïßõ Ì , `ý °. 0t °üY
Aü ;G½(electric modulus) Mõ ê Ûu¢°.
M =1
(2:23)
= 0 i00ú Â Mõ ì½Ù, ´½Ù¿ #qÃ8
M =0
02 + 002+
i00
02 + 002= M 0 + iM 00 (2:24)
ý°. î;\½ 0sY ;êê 0 s7½® X[¢ EÍõ L² 8, Äî;
\½ °üY sq°.
= 0s i
0
!0(2:25)
] Í 8 0sú Xè£ ½ ÷6 î;\½ ´½ ÙÛú
3 üL, @v log00Y log! Ð 1 x ý°. ýL
;G½ EÍ
M =1
= i
!0
0(2:26)
28
![Page 36: MEH-PPVsmartpolymer.korea.ac.kr/members/theses/M_thlee.pdf · 2013. 12. 30. · ylene] (MEH-PPV) and v arious electro des suc h as Au, ITO, Al, and Li:Al. The curren t-v oltage (I](https://reader034.fdocuments.ec/reader034/viewer/2022051804/5fee27c7aec2316ffb514eee/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
üL M 00 / ! [Géú u3 ý°. 8 ] î; Í 8
M 00 ËÍýõ Í 3 ý°. t¿M 00 s7½ U÷¿Ùâ ] ;
: " ¢ AÃõ uú ½ °.
29
![Page 37: MEH-PPVsmartpolymer.korea.ac.kr/members/theses/M_thlee.pdf · 2013. 12. 30. · ylene] (MEH-PPV) and v arious electro des suc h as Au, ITO, Al, and Li:Al. The curren t-v oltage (I](https://reader034.fdocuments.ec/reader034/viewer/2022051804/5fee27c7aec2316ffb514eee/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
2.10: Û #ç¿.
30
![Page 38: MEH-PPVsmartpolymer.korea.ac.kr/members/theses/M_thlee.pdf · 2013. 12. 30. · ylene] (MEH-PPV) and v arious electro des suc h as Au, ITO, Al, and Li:Al. The curren t-v oltage (I](https://reader034.fdocuments.ec/reader034/viewer/2022051804/5fee27c7aec2316ffb514eee/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
κ '
Frequency
κ ''
Frequency
κ ''
x
κ 'απ2
Debye equationCole-Cole equation
31
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Chapter 3
ì¹ ª
3.1 èÒ¦
U ª÷¿[42] ³Gõ $t ¦ý 2,5-bis(chloromethyl)-1-
methoxy-4-(2-ethyl-hexyloxy)benzene ³æ 1 g(3 mmol)ú tetrahydrofuran
(THF) 100 mL eL, potassium tert-butoxide(t-BuO-K+)õ ³æ Cü
6(6 mmol)õ D©t 1èôK п Fqrÿ°. ó 24èôK Ar ß
t Ã[¢°. ÿ ܦ]ú methanol 500 mL Ùqt 9qsL, @Y¿
#£ Þù_ ^;]ú 꽿 L THF/methanol¿Ùâ &^;èÇ ó
W|t &SèÅ8 45% S;ý 0.35 g MEH-PPV uq°.
32
![Page 40: MEH-PPVsmartpolymer.korea.ac.kr/members/theses/M_thlee.pdf · 2013. 12. 30. · ylene] (MEH-PPV) and v arious electro des suc h as Au, ITO, Al, and Li:Al. The curren t-v oltage (I](https://reader034.fdocuments.ec/reader034/viewer/2022051804/5fee27c7aec2316ffb514eee/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
3.2 C ª
3.2.1 LED C
LED AW s ;÷¿ PÌü À ¥½õ Y aW÷¿
PÌü MEH-PPV, ; s ;÷¿ PÌü ù ¥½õ ú ò
»¿ ?¦ C¢°. AW s;÷¿ indium tin oxide(ITO : -su
SÜ])õ PÌ ÷6,; s ;÷¿ Al(NØy)Y Li:Al(ý-NØy
¦)ú PÌ °. Acetone, methanolY Branson 2210 sonicatorõ Ì
ITOõ ¢ ó, HCl:HNO3õ Ùü 4:1¿ vù ÌZ ºq 20Û A
ê EYó Ã48 ÙÛ a ý°. æ MEH-PPVõ Laurell Ws-200-4T2
spincoatorõ Ì Ar ßõ sèÇ ÞE t rpm 2000 Aêt ß
6 L, æ ßÌ(masking)ú ¢ ó Al, Li:Alú Wê 105 Torr
t 1000 2000 A Í¿ ó ;ú °( 3.1). ßÌ÷¿
© üÅ óý ; 8:ù 4 mm2°.
3.2.2 HTD® ETD C
HTD Cù æ LED CYAY LED ; s;Å æX
AlÂê ¥½ À Cu(uý), Au()õ PÌ ; sü ,ú L,
³ AW sü3 HTD 4Ùt AW "ú NIÇ ½ 3
°. õ ©t AW ôêõ u L °.
ETD LED AW s; æX ITO Âê ¥½ À Alú W
óú © Ùó L, æ MEH-PPVõ ß 6¢ ó °è Al Z Li:Al
ú Wó ;ú s; ¿ õ C °. õ Ì ;
33
![Page 41: MEH-PPVsmartpolymer.korea.ac.kr/members/theses/M_thlee.pdf · 2013. 12. 30. · ylene] (MEH-PPV) and v arious electro des suc h as Au, ITO, Al, and Li:Al. The curren t-v oltage (I](https://reader034.fdocuments.ec/reader034/viewer/2022051804/5fee27c7aec2316ffb514eee/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
"ú UL °.
3.3 IV QA
CTI-Cryogenics Cryodyne refrigerator õ Où ó Keithley 237
high voltage source measurement unitú Ì AW s ;Å (+);S
ú (qsq AWAW s ;Å÷¿, ;; s ;Å÷¿ s
üêÀ °. \£t © IV "ú QA L, -step 500
surface prolerõ Ì Íõ QA °. £ê ì¹ú æ©t WRõ
Ì W\×õL, CTI-Cryogenics 8200 Compressor® DRC-91CA
temperature controllerõ Ì £êõ S< £ê 0ô IV "ú Q
A °. £êõ Íx 40 K÷¿ Fqrÿ ó \£« £êõ ¤²8t QA
°( 3.2). £ê QA <ù 40 KL, £ê KAý \×t QA
°. \£ £ê ì¹ú â¿ Cq æ© Microsoft Visual BASIC for
DOSõ Ì ¿ú L GPIB interface cardõ PÌ °.
3.4 Ïß QA
$9 ½Ù DC ;Sú PÌ æ© DC ;Ù W$Xõ QuadTech 7600
RLC meter@¢ ó, LEDõ RLC meter@ ;$ ©
êÀ °. RLC meter AC ;Sù 1 V¿ LAèÅL, ½Ù DC ;Sú
0 V 20 V« ¤ý8t s7½ 0ô Ïßõ QA °. s7½ Âù
10 Hz 2 MHz P¿ !U°( 3.3). Ïß QA Z¢ Microsoft Visual
BASIC for DOSõ Ì ¿ú L, GPIB interface cardõ
34
![Page 42: MEH-PPVsmartpolymer.korea.ac.kr/members/theses/M_thlee.pdf · 2013. 12. 30. · ylene] (MEH-PPV) and v arious electro des suc h as Au, ITO, Al, and Li:Al. The curren t-v oltage (I](https://reader034.fdocuments.ec/reader034/viewer/2022051804/5fee27c7aec2316ffb514eee/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Ì â¿ QAú Cq °.
3.5 a ì¹
LED Al:LiAlú PÌ¢ ETD õ L aú è ;S
ú N æ© IVL "ú QA °. : aê(luminescence) QAú æ©
Newport 1830-C optical powermeter® photodiodeõ PÌ °.
35
![Page 43: MEH-PPVsmartpolymer.korea.ac.kr/members/theses/M_thlee.pdf · 2013. 12. 30. · ylene] (MEH-PPV) and v arious electro des suc h as Au, ITO, Al, and Li:Al. The curren t-v oltage (I](https://reader034.fdocuments.ec/reader034/viewer/2022051804/5fee27c7aec2316ffb514eee/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
/" 01"
234 0
25~50 µL MEH-PPVrpm 2000
(5($1675"
01"
& 8%
3.1: LED C YA.
36
![Page 44: MEH-PPVsmartpolymer.korea.ac.kr/members/theses/M_thlee.pdf · 2013. 12. 30. · ylene] (MEH-PPV) and v arious electro des suc h as Au, ITO, Al, and Li:Al. The curren t-v oltage (I](https://reader034.fdocuments.ec/reader034/viewer/2022051804/5fee27c7aec2316ffb514eee/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
41333 y 61876µD
*9:
;<
0&)="
C:\
01
9(>
3.2: IV " QA $X.37
![Page 45: MEH-PPVsmartpolymer.korea.ac.kr/members/theses/M_thlee.pdf · 2013. 12. 30. · ylene] (MEH-PPV) and v arious electro des suc h as Au, ITO, Al, and Li:Al. The curren t-v oltage (I](https://reader034.fdocuments.ec/reader034/viewer/2022051804/5fee27c7aec2316ffb514eee/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
;<
,?"&
*%"
?@="%
C:\
&'
0&)="
3.3: Ïß QA $X.
38
![Page 46: MEH-PPVsmartpolymer.korea.ac.kr/members/theses/M_thlee.pdf · 2013. 12. 30. · ylene] (MEH-PPV) and v arious electro des suc h as Au, ITO, Al, and Li:Al. The curren t-v oltage (I](https://reader034.fdocuments.ec/reader034/viewer/2022051804/5fee27c7aec2316ffb514eee/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Chapter 4
@Y Ûu
4.1 IV " ôê
4.1.1 LED IV "
HTD, ETD® üp æ©t LED IV "ú QA °. 4.1
tÃ8 Alú ();÷¿PÌ¢ IVuÛ , Li:Al
ú PÌ¢ IV @Y "A uÛ N °. Al ¥½(4.3 eV)ð
Li:Al ¥½(2.9 eV) Ì 0 :[, Li:Alõ PÌ¢ LED EÍ ; Ì
Ö3 MEH-PPV 4Ù¿ q¤ ½ L, AWY @¦£ ê Ì vKt Al ;
ú PÌ¢ LEDt Ç ½ Ï " vq ,÷¿ à °.
39
![Page 47: MEH-PPVsmartpolymer.korea.ac.kr/members/theses/M_thlee.pdf · 2013. 12. 30. · ylene] (MEH-PPV) and v arious electro des suc h as Au, ITO, Al, and Li:Al. The curren t-v oltage (I](https://reader034.fdocuments.ec/reader034/viewer/2022051804/5fee27c7aec2316ffb514eee/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
"01"A"9(>"A"
V (V)
J (A
/m
)2
'"01"A"9(>"A"?5
1 1010-7
10-5
10-3
10-1
101
103
105
1 10
10-1
100
101
102
103
slope 2.92
slope 18.2
V (V)
J (A
/m
)2
4.1: LED IV QA @Y.40
![Page 48: MEH-PPVsmartpolymer.korea.ac.kr/members/theses/M_thlee.pdf · 2013. 12. 30. · ylene] (MEH-PPV) and v arious electro des suc h as Au, ITO, Al, and Li:Al. The curren t-v oltage (I](https://reader034.fdocuments.ec/reader034/viewer/2022051804/5fee27c7aec2316ffb514eee/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
4.1.2 HTD IV "
MEH-PPV Í 1100 A6 (+); ;]¿ ITOõ, ();
;]¿ Auõ PÌ¢ HTDt IV@Y 4.2t® ;S
0.1 2 Vt Ð 1, 3 6 Vt Ð 2, 9 V \t
4.5 Ðõ ð.
?èÒtA¢úÃMU,ÂÙÛ÷¿uÛ
ú ½ L, Ðê 1, 2 3.5, 4 15Aê ÙÛ÷¿#
½ °. õ ©t ü ; sü 0ù ;S t MEH-PPV
IV " 9¨Y ù "(V=I = R)ú ÃL, ð S mù ;
S t trap SCLC ?ÍY üú N ½ °. Trap
SCLC ?Í @Y
J =9
8p
V 2
d3(4:1)
ú Ì u¢ AW ôê 106 107 cm2/Vs¿ [¶ [43] 1.7107
cm2/Vs® $ X¥ú N ½ °( 4.3). ÷¿ mù ;S t
½:÷¿Ûj trap U& SCLC ?Íú 0ò ,÷¿ à °[44].
Z¢, À ;$ t Poole-Frenkel ?Í÷¿ :Ì© Æ @Y 4.4
t Ç ½ " = 8:3 104 (m/V)1=2ú uú ½ L, [¶[19] =
5:4 104 (m/V)1=2® ù ò½õ °. õ © trap SCLC ?ÍY
tunnelingú #¿ Poole-Frenkel?ÍY \[ [G ú ,Lî8
£ ½ °. ìC 1970[ Murgatroyd kù ³ trap îî ªõ k3
,ú À ;$ ³÷¿ ÃL, 0ù ;$ t Mott-Gurney SCLC
?Íú :Ì 8, mù ;$ t SCLC ?Í÷¿ Qü ,ð
Ì À ;ê #¡ ,ú © Poole-Frenkel îYõ s$¢ °[45]. ýL
41
![Page 49: MEH-PPVsmartpolymer.korea.ac.kr/members/theses/M_thlee.pdf · 2013. 12. 30. · ylene] (MEH-PPV) and v arious electro des suc h as Au, ITO, Al, and Li:Al. The curren t-v oltage (I](https://reader034.fdocuments.ec/reader034/viewer/2022051804/5fee27c7aec2316ffb514eee/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
0.1 1 10
100
101
102
103
slope 4.5
slope 2
slope 0.97
'"(0-"01"A"9(>"A"=
"?-"01"A"9(>"A"
V (V)
J (A
/m
)2
1 10
10-1
100
101
102
103
slope 2.92
slope 18.2
V (V)
J (A
/m
)2
4.2: LED® HTD IV " QA @Y.42
![Page 50: MEH-PPVsmartpolymer.korea.ac.kr/members/theses/M_thlee.pdf · 2013. 12. 30. · ylene] (MEH-PPV) and v arious electro des suc h as Au, ITO, Al, and Li:Al. The curren t-v oltage (I](https://reader034.fdocuments.ec/reader034/viewer/2022051804/5fee27c7aec2316ffb514eee/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
0 5 10 15 20
0.0
1.0x10-10
2.0x10-10
3.0x10-10
4.0x10-10
5.0x10-10
6.0x10-10
7.0x10-10
8.0x10-10
SCLC (4V ~ 8V)
µ ~ 410-6cm2/Vs
ITO | MEH-PPV | Au
V (V)
µ(c
m /
V s
)
4.3: trap SCLC ?Íú Ì¢ AW ôê GS.
43
![Page 51: MEH-PPVsmartpolymer.korea.ac.kr/members/theses/M_thlee.pdf · 2013. 12. 30. · ylene] (MEH-PPV) and v arious electro des suc h as Au, ITO, Al, and Li:Al. The curren t-v oltage (I](https://reader034.fdocuments.ec/reader034/viewer/2022051804/5fee27c7aec2316ffb514eee/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000
-18
-17
-16
-15
-14
-13
-12
-11
-10
γ = 4.5599E-4
γ = 8.27824E-4
ln( J
/ E
)
E 1 / 2
ITO| MEH-PPV| Au
4.4: Poole-Frenkel ?Íú Ì¢ GS.
44
![Page 52: MEH-PPVsmartpolymer.korea.ac.kr/members/theses/M_thlee.pdf · 2013. 12. 30. · ylene] (MEH-PPV) and v arious electro des suc h as Au, ITO, Al, and Li:Al. The curren t-v oltage (I](https://reader034.fdocuments.ec/reader034/viewer/2022051804/5fee27c7aec2316ffb514eee/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
1997[ Blomê AW ôê ;$Y £ê U¢°L z< °[19].
°ü÷¿ IV @Yõ ?¦t Fowler-Nordheim ?Í Â©t 8q
ÃU°[9]. LED EÍ 4.5t¤ mù ;$ Ùt Ð
, ò½ òõ Ã6 ÂÙÛ t ò Ì ,÷
¿ ÃI Fowler-Nordheim ?Íù LED M ,÷¿ Ç ½ °[46].
Ð ù ,ú Ì© u¢ ?¦t ;æ$¹ B m 0.18
eV ITO ¥½ 4.7 eV® MEH-PPV ; ¥½ 4.9 eV ò
0.2 eV Í ?¢ ú N ½ °. ýL HTD ©t :Ì© ÃU
, mù ;$ t Ð A ML ºÜ E³ú Ãt HTD
t Fowler-Nordheim?Íú Ì£ ½ °.
4.1.3 ETD IV "
ETDt 4.6t à ,¤ 0ô uÛ , èÒ
° `ò Í vt "A ?Íú 0ô°L @Áú ½ °. ° ù è
Òt °" èÒtê 0ù ;S t IV " Ð 3A
êÙâ ° | t Ð °©L °è mù ;St
Ð < 3 E³ú ð. 0ù ;$ t ;
ôê Í ý:[ ù ; trap Ö3 ¾ 8, mù ;
$ t ;$ *÷¿ trap ;æ$¹ Í ÐqKt õ ©
trap÷¿Ùâ«q& î;¿ © IV"Ð< 3
,÷¿ fý°. æ HTDt¤ AÝ¢ ú u£ ½ ,  trap
SCLC ?Í :Ì ¢ ,÷¿ à ÙÛ Â©t ôêõ GS¢ @
Y 109 cm2/Vs Aê¿ 8A£ ½ °. ù ÙÛ:÷¿ SCLC
45
![Page 53: MEH-PPVsmartpolymer.korea.ac.kr/members/theses/M_thlee.pdf · 2013. 12. 30. · ylene] (MEH-PPV) and v arious electro des suc h as Au, ITO, Al, and Li:Al. The curren t-v oltage (I](https://reader034.fdocuments.ec/reader034/viewer/2022051804/5fee27c7aec2316ffb514eee/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
0 .0 2 .0x1 0 -8 4 .0x1 0 -8 6 .0x1 0 -8 8 .0x1 0 -8
1 .0x10 -8 2 .0x10 -8 3 .0x10 -8
-33
-32
-31
-30
-29
-28
-27
ITO| MEH-PPV| Al
"A
A
"A
A
'"%3B4 >
7
7
77
47
4.5: Fowler-Nordheim ?Íú Ì¢ ;æ$¹ m B GS.
46
![Page 54: MEH-PPVsmartpolymer.korea.ac.kr/members/theses/M_thlee.pdf · 2013. 12. 30. · ylene] (MEH-PPV) and v arious electro des suc h as Au, ITO, Al, and Li:Al. The curren t-v oltage (I](https://reader034.fdocuments.ec/reader034/viewer/2022051804/5fee27c7aec2316ffb514eee/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
"01A9(>A
1 1 0
1 0-1
1 00
1 0 1
1 0 2
1 0 3
s lo p e 2 .9 2
s lo p e 1 8 .2
V (V)
J (A
/m
)2
'"A9(>A
1010 -4
10 -2
10 0
10 2
10 4
s lope 10 .7
s lope 24 .58
s lope 3 .45
V (V)
J (A
/m
)2
4.6: LED, ETD IV QA @Y.47
![Page 55: MEH-PPVsmartpolymer.korea.ac.kr/members/theses/M_thlee.pdf · 2013. 12. 30. · ylene] (MEH-PPV) and v arious electro des suc h as Au, ITO, Al, and Li:Al. The curren t-v oltage (I](https://reader034.fdocuments.ec/reader034/viewer/2022051804/5fee27c7aec2316ffb514eee/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
?Íú :Ì¢ 8A ÝY L, ETD IV " `òõ v :, AÝ¢ ;
ôêõ GS£ ½ ú ,°.
4.2 Í 0ô IV "
MEH-PPV Íõ ºÜè 8t Í 0ô IV "ú QA© Æ
@YèÒÍÃнÀ;êºÜ°¢,úǽ°[ 4.7(a)].
ýL ;$Y ;ê ©t õ ²Æ @Y 4.7(b) °.
t N ½ " IE Mxù Í® X[ 3 $ üæ¢ ú Ãú N ½
°. õ ©t MEH-PPV IV "t ;ê èÒ Íð ;$
U ú N ½ °.
4.3 £ê 0ô IV "
4.8, 4.9t® 1500 A, 1600 A Í Â©, 40 Kt
297 K« £êõ ºÜè8t A £êt IV "ú QA¢ @Y 0ù
;St £ê mú½À ;ê ¾3 ò #, mù ;St £ê
0IKê ;ê ¾ ºÜ Müú Ç ½ °[44]. õ ©t 0ù
;S t £ê ; ;µ ¾3 Ì £ ;êÇ\(thermionic
conduction)[47]ú Ã, mù ;S t £ê ³Ã° ;$
³Í¾3 Ì £ê0ôºÜ:ù,÷¿ fý°. £;
Y tunnelingù ? ;$ U¢°L N²KL, ;$ ¥
0 tunnelingù £; ü© Ì ò3 ¥½¿#Í&°[43]. ;
Í: LÛ LED ©t;$ 2106 V/cmðúEÍ£
48
![Page 56: MEH-PPVsmartpolymer.korea.ac.kr/members/theses/M_thlee.pdf · 2013. 12. 30. · ylene] (MEH-PPV) and v arious electro des suc h as Au, ITO, Al, and Li:Al. The curren t-v oltage (I](https://reader034.fdocuments.ec/reader034/viewer/2022051804/5fee27c7aec2316ffb514eee/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
0 .000
0 .005
0 .010
0 .015
0 .020
0 .025
100 0 110 0 200 0
I (
A )
V ( V )
0.0 5.0x10 -7 1 .0x10 -6 1 .5x10 -6 2 .0x10 -6
0 .000
0.005
0.010
0.015
0.020
0.025
1000 1100 2000
I (
A )
E ( V / m )
ÅÅÅ
ÅÅÅ
4.7: Í 0ô IV ".49
![Page 57: MEH-PPVsmartpolymer.korea.ac.kr/members/theses/M_thlee.pdf · 2013. 12. 30. · ylene] (MEH-PPV) and v arious electro des suc h as Au, ITO, Al, and Li:Al. The curren t-v oltage (I](https://reader034.fdocuments.ec/reader034/viewer/2022051804/5fee27c7aec2316ffb514eee/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
; ;ê tunneling;êð¾3#Í#LÌÀ;$t tunneling
Ì Í 3 ý°[43].
4.4 Ïß QA
4.10(a)t ;G½-s7½ Mxú Ã8, 0ù ;St M 00ù Ë
Íýõ Í L, ;S £½À ËÍý ¡ôÅ÷¿ ô E³ú Ã
°. Z¢ 4 5 V Pt ËÍý m 8t s7½ ¥
0 G ;G½ ,ú Ã ËÍý Íüõ N ½
°. ,ù Í¢ ]t \ü M 00 / ! E³ú 0ò ,
÷¿ Ç ½ °. 0t èÒ 4 V t î; " Í 9;
£ú ° 5 V AêÙâ <& Í©8t 9¨ £
ú ,÷¿ fý°. Ïß Z = Z 0+ iZ 00 :, Z 0Z 00 Mxt
;S £½À Ù ö I ,ú Ç ½ °[ 4.10(b)].
t Ù Ù>÷¿ ? ,ù Át Cè¢ #ç¿ 9¨ ù ú
,Y [ú ½ ÷6, AW sü ITO® MEH-PPV ?¦ 9¨
?¦ £ú ,÷¿ fý°[44]. ¢ @Yú ©t 4 5 V P
aú è ;S(turn-on voltage) ú ,L f L, A t
IVL "ú QA© ÃU°.
4.5 a QA
Ïß QA @YõÖ÷¿ aú è ;Sú NIÃæ© ôè
Ïß QAY a QAú °. Ïßõ QA°Ï MEH-PPV
50
![Page 58: MEH-PPVsmartpolymer.korea.ac.kr/members/theses/M_thlee.pdf · 2013. 12. 30. · ylene] (MEH-PPV) and v arious electro des suc h as Au, ITO, Al, and Li:Al. The curren t-v oltage (I](https://reader034.fdocuments.ec/reader034/viewer/2022051804/5fee27c7aec2316ffb514eee/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
1 1010-10
10-8
10-6
10-4
10-2
V ( V )
I (
A )
290K 240K 180K 120K 60K
0 5 10 15 20 25-5.0x10-5
0.0
5.0x10-5
1.0x10-4
1.5x10-4
2.0x10-4
2.5x10-4
3.0x10-4
3.5x10-4
V ( V )
I (
A )
290K 240K 180K 120K 60K
4.8: £ê 0ô IV " I.
51
![Page 59: MEH-PPVsmartpolymer.korea.ac.kr/members/theses/M_thlee.pdf · 2013. 12. 30. · ylene] (MEH-PPV) and v arious electro des suc h as Au, ITO, Al, and Li:Al. The curren t-v oltage (I](https://reader034.fdocuments.ec/reader034/viewer/2022051804/5fee27c7aec2316ffb514eee/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
1 1010
-9
10-7
10-5
10-3
10-1
296K 240K 200K 160K 120K
I (
A )
V ( V )
0 5 10 15 20
0.0
5.0x10-3
1.0x10-2
V ( V )
I (
A )
296K 240K 200K 160K 120K
4.9: £ê 0ô IV " II.
52
![Page 60: MEH-PPVsmartpolymer.korea.ac.kr/members/theses/M_thlee.pdf · 2013. 12. 30. · ylene] (MEH-PPV) and v arious electro des suc h as Au, ITO, Al, and Li:Al. The curren t-v oltage (I](https://reader034.fdocuments.ec/reader034/viewer/2022051804/5fee27c7aec2316ffb514eee/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
0.0 5.0x103
1.0x104
1.5x104
2.0x104
0.0
5.0x103
1.0x104
1.5x104
2.0x104
2.5x104
-Z"
( Ω)
Z' (Ω )
0V 5V 1V 6V 2V 7V 3V 8V 4V
100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107
0.0
2.0x10-5
4.0x10-5
6.0x10-5
8.0x10-5
M"
f (Hz)
0V 5V 1V 6V 2V 7V 3V 8V 4V
4.10: Ïß QA @Y.
53
![Page 61: MEH-PPVsmartpolymer.korea.ac.kr/members/theses/M_thlee.pdf · 2013. 12. 30. · ylene] (MEH-PPV) and v arious electro des suc h as Au, ITO, Al, and Li:Al. The curren t-v oltage (I](https://reader034.fdocuments.ec/reader034/viewer/2022051804/5fee27c7aec2316ffb514eee/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Í 1500 AL , a ì¹è PÌ¢ EÍ 1300 A°.
4.11t @Y Ïß QA @Y ©u÷¿ Cè°Ï AY ò
°. èÒ Â©t a è ;Sù 5.5 6.5 V P¿ #Í.°. a;êõQ
A $ü QA ¢ / í ¢G 107W«¿ ìC QA S
Ì 09  Q ¢ ;Sù c 6V Aê°. Ïß ì¹÷¿ Qý
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¢ \ú sqt Xt® ù Ïß "ú Ãú ê C£ ½
°.
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Aú ¢ @Y 4.12t¤ #¡ ,ú Ç ½ °. Alù ITO ü©
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¾ :[ AW MEH-PPV sü q·, mù ;Sú (qs
ú EÍ ;æ$¹ ÐqKt tunneling ©K AW sü ,÷¿
à °.
54
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µ
0 5 10 15 20 25
0
5
10
15
20
25
V ( V )
I
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30 Po
0 5 10 15 20 2510-6
10-5
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V ( V )
I
10-7
10-6
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10-4
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Po
µ
4.11: LED IVL QA @Y.55
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0 10 20 30 40 50
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V ( V )
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0.004
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Po
µ
µ
0 10 20 30 40 5010
-6
10-5
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10-7
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10-5
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10-3
10-2
Po
4.12: Al/MEH-PPV/Li:Alú Ì¢ HTD IVL QA @Y.56
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Chapter 5
@ Á
HTDèÒ OhmªYú0ò9¨, trap SCLC ?Íú0
ò , ýL ½:÷¿ Ûj trap U& SCLC ?Í Z Poole-
Frenkel ?Í #¢ âGú 0ò ÷¿ uÛ£ ½ °. Trap
SCLC t AW ôê 106 107 cm2/Vs ú ,÷¿ Q
AüL, ù t 8Aü ; ôê 109 cm2/Vs¿ c 100
1000 Aê 0ù uqP°. ETD ; 0ù ôê¿ © ; Ö3
trap üq " 7J q·°. õ © MEH-PPVt AW s ;
;µ¿ Ì¥ú N ½ °. Z¢ èÒõ Ì¢ t ;ê ;$, £
ê U Ú,0ù ;$t £ê¢ mL, mù ;$
t £ê ¢ \Â:÷¿ 0üú N ½ °. Ïß ì¹@Y "
A ;St " < 3 Ç\ú Ç ½ , a ì¹ @
Y¿Ùâ uù a è ;SY AÝ& X MU°.
57
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62
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Appendix
Program Source
( IV Characteristics Measurement )
63