Mecanica de Rocas I (1)

7/24/2019 Mecanica de Rocas I (1)

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UNIVERDAD NACIONAL DE

MOQUEGUA

Carrera:

Ingeniera de Minas

Materia:

Mecnica de Rocas

Tema:

Introduccin a la Mecnica de Rocas

Autor:

Quispe Fernndez Alberto

Munrriz Mamani Drian

Profesor:

Ing. Marcos Luis Quispe Prez.

Fecha:

! de "unio del #!$%


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Contenido

GENERALIDADES..................................................................4

OBJETIVOS...........................................................................5

JUSTIFICACIN.....................................................................6

HISTORIA DE LA MECNICA DE ROCAS................................7

LA MECNICA DE ROCAS COMO TAL:...............................16

MARCO TEORICO...............................................................1

DETERMINACION DE LAS !RO!IEDADES FISICAS DE LAS

ROCAS............................................................................1$. M&'A(I'A D& R)'A*..............................................1

". ROCAS....................................................................."#

$. !RO!IEDADES FISICAS DE LA MATRI% ROCOSA........"1

CLASIFICACION DE ROCAS CON FINES GEOTECNICOS.""

Fuerzas y tensiones...........................................................""

R&'(')&*+(, - /)0, C/*+&)/' 23'(+/'............................."$

M&+,*('/' & /)0,................................................."4

RELACIONES TENSINDEFORMACIN EN LAS ROCAS...."6

R&'(')&*+(, - ,3&)/' &'(')&*)&'............................."7

D&/,2(8(,..............................................................."7

E*',-/' & 8,2/,)/(/ & &'(')&*+(, - &/,2(8(,...."9

E*',-/ 0*(,(,8 / & +/&'(;* '(8&........................"E*',-/ & +/&'(;* )(,(,8........................................$#

!ROCEDIMIENTO..........................................................$#

ENSA


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D('+/*)(*0(,&'...............................................................$4

I*>0&*+(, &* &8 +//),(&*)/ &8 ,+(?/ /+/'/.......$4

Tipos de discontinuidades............................................$4

MATRI% ROCOSA................................................................$5DISCONTINUIDADES.......................................................$5

!RO!IEDADES DE LAS DISCONTINUIDADES....................$6

CLASIFICACION GEOMECANICA DEL MACI%O ROCOSO....$6

LA DEFORMACIN DE LAS ROCAS.....................................4$

T(/' & &/,+(;*.....................................................4$

!8(&@0&'..........................................................................44T(/' & 8(&@0&'............................................................46

A'/+(,+(/*&' & 8(&@0&'................................................47

E8&&*)/' @&/)(+/' & 8,' ,88,'...............................49

T(/' & ,88,'.................................................................4

D(,+8,','........................................................................4

E')0+)0,' (),'..........................................................5#

A!LICACIN DE LA MECANICA DE ROCAS EN EL DISE=O DETUNELES............................................................................ 51

CONCLUSIONES.................................................................59

REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRAFICAS..........................................59


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GENERALIDADES

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,, 0* &',/88/ &+,? - 0*, /&,+(;* '&@0, & (*,'.


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"#$ETI%"S

Definir la mecnica de rocas segn lo establecido por la sociedad internacional

de Mecnica de Rocas (ISRM).

Enumerar los campos reales de aplicacin prctica de la mecnica de rocas

segn la tendencia de los ltimos cuarenta aos.

Enumerar en orden err!uico las materias tradicionales la mecnica de rocas

deri"a # con las cuales mantiene cone$iones directas # campos comunes de

aplicacin.

Enumerar% describiendo sus peculiaridades principales% los principales m&todos #

metodolog'as de anlisis% estudio # diseo !ue se utilian en la mecnica derocas

omprender la estructura general bsica de rocas # suelos% como tambi&n su

comportamiento frente a diferentes solicitaciones% definido mediante las

diferentes metodolog'as # ensa#os !ue le permitan determinar correctamente

propiedades del suelo necesarias para su identificacin en un pro#ecto de

ingenier'a prctica.


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$&STIFICACI'N

*eniendo presente las inno"aciones en la mecnica de rocas cada "e ms se restringe

con el a"ance de la +E,ME-I-% estas manifestaciones se "en con bastante

claridad en Europa sobre en las in"estigaciones cient'ficas !ue se desarrollan sobre en

S.E.M.R. # si obser"amos estos a"ances en muc/os pa's estos a"ances se consolidan

aun con ma#or &nfasis% este concepto #a totalmente definido es de bastante aplicacin

los cuales inclu#en la aplicacin de la litolog'a estructural regional local% la te$tura del

macio% la resistencia del macio% el comportamiento tenso deformacional del macio

antes # despu&s de las e$ca"aciones% buscar la estabilidad del macio con la aplicacin

de la +E,ME-I-% lo !ue se puede mencionar es de !ue la mecnica de rocas es

una parte de la geomecnica centrndose cada "e ms en el aspecto meramente delaboratorio% lgicamente constitu#e parte fundamental de la geomecnica todos ellos

consolidan a la +E,*EI- referidos al estudios de suelos # rocas


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(IST"RIA DE LA MEC)NICA DE R"CAS

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$"(N SMEAT"N ,./012./30-

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SISM'GRAF" C(IN"IN%ENTAD" P"R 5(ANG (ENG,DINASTA (AN; .70 D;C;-

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13/65

TE"P(RAST&S

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& '0' &'+()/' &' 0* ),2,/ &',,&+(/.

L, ,*)(@0, +((8(?,+(;* @(&@,0)(8(?; ?,,),' ,('8,,' - 0*,+(/*&'

+/*)(*0,'-+/2(*,,' ,, 8, +/*')0++(;* & &')0+)0,'. S&@*S,* I'(// / &&8/ 8/' @(&@/' +/*'(&,2,* , D,8/ &8
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(*&*)/ & 8, +/*')0++(;* & 0/' - )&+/' 0& 8, ,2, ,&*(/

& 8, (/', M(*&,.

PARTEN'NEN ATENAS ,11/ A;C;-

G,+(,' , 8, @&/&), 8/' ,*)(@0/' ,0()&+)/' @(&@/' &',/88,/*

@,* ,2(8(, &* 8, +/*')0++(;* & +((&*)/' ,('8,/' - +((&*)/'

+/*)(*0/' - &* ,88,'. L,' (3@&*&' &(&*+(,* 0& 8, ,*)(@0,

,0()&+)0, @(&@, '& 2,'; &* &8 0'/ & /+,' ),88,,' ,, 8,

+/*')0++(;* & '0' )&8/' &(+(/' )&,)/' - +,(*/'.

C"L&MNAS GRIEGAS

O)/ ,'&+)/' @&/)+*(+/' (/),*)& 0)(8(?,/ &* 8, +/*')0++(;* &

)&8/' &* 8, ,*)(@0, G&+(, &' &8 0'/ & &8&&*)/' '('/

&'(')&*)&', *(&8 &8 E')(8;2,)/ - E')&&;2,)/ +/*'(')&*)& &* 0*
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@,*+/ & (&/ 0& &*8,?, 8/' 28/0&' +/*)(@0/' & (&, ),88,, -

8& ,/), &'(')&*+(, ,8 +/*0*)/ &* &8 '&*)(/ 8,@/ & 8, 2,'&.

GANC("S PARA SISM" RESISTENCIA

E* E@()/ &(')&* ,/(,,&*)& 1#.### (3(&' /*& 8,

,-/ 0& 8, &8 ,,;* &/' +/*/+(, /- , +// 8, G,*

!(3(& & G0(?, 0& /(@(*,8&*)& )&*, "$#.4 & 8,/ &* 0*,

2,'& +0,,, - /(@(*,8&*)& &, 146.$ & ,8)0,. C/*)&*,

0*/' "$##.### 28/0&' & (&, & ,/(,,&*)& 1.1

)/*&8,,' &* /&(/ +,, 0*/. L, &,+)()0 +/* 0& '& /(&*); 8,

2,'& +/* &'&+)/ , 8, ,8(*&,+(;* */)&'0 &')&/&')& 0& &

,/(,,&*)& & 6 (*0)/' & ,+/ & &/ 3(/ &* ),*)/

0& 8, 2,'& ('),2, & '& 0* +0,,/ &&+)/ / &*/' & 17.79

+. T&*(&*/ &* +0&*), &8 +/*/+((&*)/ 8((),/ & 8, @&/&), - 8,

,8), & (*')0&*)/' & &'& )(&/ 0& 0*, /&?, */),28&.
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C"NSTR&CCI'N DE &NA PIR)MIDE C"N &N PLAN" INCLINAD"

C/&*?,*/ ,8&&/ & "75# A.C. 8,' +(*+/ (3(&'3'(/),*)&' '& +/*')0-&/* &* E@()/&* 0* &// & &*/' & 0*

'(@8/S,,, M&(0 D,'0 &8 S0 - &8 N/)& - &/'P.E')/

8,*)&, &)/' /(,28&' &* &8,+(;* , 8,' 0*,+(/*&' &'),2(8(,

& ),80&' - +/*')0++(;* & +3,,' '02)&3*&,'. E*)& 8/'

(*+(,8&' +/*+&)/' &',/88,/' +/* 8, +/*')0++(;* & 8/'

/*0&*)/' '& &*+0&*),* 8, &8&,, +/*+&*),+(;* & +,@,' &*

&/' '& )&*,* 5###.### )/* & /+, (')(20(,' &* "$#.4 "$#.4 ,/(,,&*)& 1### !,P

C"MPARACI'N DEPENDIENTES DE TAL&D EN PIR)MIDES+ PRESA;

PIR)MIDES DE 4E"PS ,EGIPT"- + PIR)MIDE DEL S"L ,M


17/65

L/' +,(*/' /,*/' '0&,/* 8/' 4.1## &* &8 ,/ "## D.C.

E'),' ,' &')(*,,' , 8, (*,*)&, &,* @&*&,8&*)& &+),' 8/

3' (&+),' /'(28&'P & /+, (*+8(*,+(;* - +/*),2,* +/* +0*&),'

,, &/, &8 &*,& - '0 &'&'/ ,0&*),2, '/2& '0&8/'

28,*/' 8/ 0& (*(+, 0& 8/' /,*/' +/&*,* 8,' 2,'&' & 8,

&+3*(+, & '0&8/'- /+,'.

PARTES DE LA C"NSTR&CCI'N DE %A R"MANA

D&'0' & 8, +,, &8 I&(/ R/,*/ &8 &',/88/ (*@&*(&(8 '&

),'8,; , I*(, - C(*,. L/' ,*)(@0/' (*&' &,* (&')/' &* &8

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D.C. - / 8/ @&*&,8 '& &*/(*, )scurantismo,8 &(// 0&

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+/*')0++(;* '& (&& &* 8, ,*)(@&,. E* )(*/' & &,&,

(*@&*(&, 8, +/&*'(;* & 8, (*@&*(&, @&/)+*(+, - @&/&+3*(+,

+// /- &' +/*/+(, +/&*?; , +/(&*?/' &8 '(@8/ VIII. D0,*)&

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&&(&*),+(;* '(* *(*@* +,3+)& +(&*)+/ &,8. S/2& 8, 2,'& &
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8/' &&(&*)/' 0+,' &')0+)0,' 0&/* +/*')0(,' ,8@0*,' &

8,' +0,8&' '& ,* &02,/ (&*),' 0& /),' '(@0&* &* (&.

LA MEC)NICA DE R"CAS >C"M" TAL?:

E* 16" 8, M&+3*(+, & R/+,' 2,/ 8, (*'(')&*+(, & 8, E'+0&8, A0')(,+,

+/* S)(*( - M88& ,8 &*)& '& &'(*+08, & 8, S/+(&, I*)&*,+(/*,8 &

M&+3*(+, &8 S0&8/ +/* 8, 28(+, //'(+(;* &8 0*,/ & 8, +(&*+(,

@&/)+*(+, ,8 T&?,@(.

J0')/ &* &'), /+, '& /0+&* /' &+/' &',/)0*,/':

Primero:E* D(+(&2& & 15 ,88, 8, +(&*),+(;* & 8, &', 2;&,

& Ma@passet* &* F,*+(, //+,*/ 45# 0&)/'.E8 (*@&*(&/ /-&+)('),

A. C/-*& &'(&*)& & 8, I*)&*,)(/*,8 C/(''(/* /* L,@& D,' - /&'/

& 8, Q+/8& N,)(/*,8& &' !/*)' &) C,0''&' & !,' &8(+,2, &* '0'

+8,'&' ';8/ 0*/' &'&' ,*)&':

,&s raro 0 probablemente un caso 1nico en ingeniera 2encontrar3 un tipo de

estructura 4ue no 5a0a colapsado nunca. Pero6 a pesar de las apariencias6 a

pesar de su 7orma esbelta 0 lneas elegantes 0 7uertes tensiones6 es un

5ec5o 4ue la presa b+8eda es la ms segura de las estructuras. &sto es

simplemente una con/rmaci+n adicional de lo 4ue se 5a conocido durante

miles de a9os sobre la estabilidad de los arcos. 2...3 nada serio le puede

pasar a una presa b+8eda 2...3 con tal de 4ue sus estribos resistan.-

< ,88; &8 &')(2/ &8 &+/*/+((&*)/ & +,/ /')&(/ /'); 0& 8, &',

,2, ,88,/ / &8 &'8(?,(&*)/ & 0*, +0, '/2& 0*, ,88, */ &)&+),,

,*)&'P &* 8, +(&*),+(;* &8 &')(2/ (?0(&/ &* 0* )&&*/ /,/ /

@*&('&' /8(,/' 0- ,+)0,/' &/ (&&,28&' 2,/ &8 &&+)/ & 8,'

'02&'(/*&'.

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(',(, &*)& 8/' ,)/' &,8&' - 8/' +/*'(&,/' ,, &8
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(&*'(/*,(&*)/ & 8, +(&*),+(;* ,, 8, 0& ,&*,' '& &,8(?,/*

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T,' &')0(, &8 &',')& & V,/*) T&?,@( &'+(2&:


20/65

,2...3 las cur8as de 7recuencia de diaclasas no pueden construirse con

ning1n grado de seguridad si no se realizan cientos de mediciones6 2...3 si

los e;pertos en Mecnica de Rocas no resisten la tentaci+n de 5acer pocos

ensa0os por razones econ+micas6 los riesgos en8ueltos en la construcci+n

de presas de 7abrica cimentadas en roca aumentarn 7uertemente.-

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, +/&'(;* '(8& RBD &'),/ & 8,' 0*),' &+0&*+(, & 8,' 0*),' -

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T,2(* &')0(,* 8, ,(,+(;* & 8,' /(&,&' &8 ,+(?/ +/* 8,

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&* &8 +()&(/ ,+(?/' /+/'/' &'),)(+,/'.

S& ),), & 0* +()&(/ +0,3)(+/ &/ ,, 0* +(&)/ ,*@/ & )&*'(/*&'0&& ,'((8,'& , 8, /08,+(;* 8(*&,8 & M/C/08/2 8/ 0& /08,(?,

'0 0'/ ,8 &()( ,8(+, 8,' ;08,' +83'(+,' & 8, &+3*(+, & '0&8/'.

E*)& 14 - 17 H/& (*)/0+& 0* *0&/ ,3&)/ &8 GSIGeo@oica@

Strenth IndeP ,, /& )&*& &* +0&*), /)/' ,+)/&' +// 8,

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MARC" TE"RIC"

DETERMINACI"N DE LAS PR"PIEDADES FISICAS DE LASR"CAS

1. MECANICA DE ROCAS

L, &+3*(+, & /+,' '& /+0, &8 &')0(/ )&;(+/ - 3+)(+/ & 8,'

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22/65

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L, +,,+)&(?,+(;* & 8,' /+,' - & 8/' ,+(?/' /+/'/' - &8 &')0(/& '0 +//),(&*)/ &+3*(+/ - &/,+(/*,8 '/* +/8&/'&2(/ , 8, @,* ,(,2(8(, & +,,+)&')(+,' - /(&,&' 0&&'&*),* - ,8 &8&,/ *&/ & ,+)/&' 0& 8/' +/*(+(/*,*.

L, *,8(, & 8, &+3*(+, & /+,' &' +/*/+& - &&+( &8+//),(&*)/ & 8/' ,)&(,8&' /+/'/' ,*)& 8, ,+)0,+(;* & 8,'0&?,' (*)&*,' - &)&*,' 0& '& &&+&* '/2& &88/'. C0,*/ '&&+,, 0* ,+(?/ /+/'/ / '& +/*')0-&* &')0+)0,' '/2& 8,' /+,''& /(+,* 8,' +/*(+(/*&' (*(+(,8&' &8 &(/ /+/'/ &8 +0,8&'/*& , &')/' +,2(/' &/3*/'& -[/ /(*/'&.

E8 +/*/+((&*)/ & 8,' )&*'(/*&' - 8,' &/,+(/*&' 0& 0&&88&@, , '//), &8 ,)&(,8 /+/'/ ,*)& 0*,' &)&(*,,'+/*(+(/*&' &()& &,80, '0 +//),(&*)/ &+3*(+/ - ,2/,&8 ('&/ & &')0+)0,' - /2,' & (*@&*(&,. L, &8,+(;* &*)&,2/' ,3&)/' &'+(2& &8 +//),(&*)/ & 8/' (&&*)&' )(/'& /+,' - ,+(?/' /+/'/' 0& &&*& & 8,' /(&,&' & 8/',)&(,8&' - & 8,' +/*(+(/*&' , 0& &')3* '/&)(/' &* 8,*,)0,8&?,.E8 &'),/ - +//),(&*)/ &+3*(+/ & 8/' ,+(?/' /+/'/' '/*&'08),/ & 8, +/2(*,+(;* & ,(/' ,+)/&' +/* (&&*)& @,/ &

(/),*+(, ,, +,, '()0,+(;*. A' &* &(/' '0&+(,8&' 8,'('+/*)(*0(,&' - 8/' /+&'/' & &)&/(?,+(;* 0&@,* 0* ,&8


23/65

0- (/),*)& &* &8 +//),(&*)/ &+3*(+/ & 8/' ,+(?/'(&*),' 0& &* /0*(, '&3 &8 &'),/ )&*'(/*,8 &&(')&*)& &8,-/ +/*(+(/*,*)& & 8, &'0&'), &+3*(+,. E8 &')0(/ & 8,&')0+)0, @&/8;@(+, - 8,' ('+/*)(*0(,&' &' 0* ,'&+)/0*,&*),8 &* &+3*(+, & /+,': 8/' 8,*/' & &2(8(,

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ineniera modican e@ estado tensio na@ , 0&&')3* '/&)(/' 8/' ,+(?/' /+/'/' &* 0* )(&/ 0- +/)/ &*&8,+(;* , 8/' /+&'/' @&/8;@(+/' - 0&&* )&*& 80@, (*)&,++(/*&'0)0,' &*)& 8, 8(2&,+(;* / &(')(20+(;* & 8/' &'0&?/' *,)0,8&'- 8,' &')0+)0,'. !/ &88/ &' (/),*)& +/*/+& &8 &'),/ &)&*'(/*&' &(/ - &,80, '0 (*>0&*+(, '/2& 8,' /2,'.E8 ,@0, &'&*)& &* 8/' ,+(?/' /+/'/' &0+& '0 &'(')&*+(,@&*&, &'(/*&' &* &8 (*)&(/ & 8/' ('/' - ,8)&, '0'

/(&,&' (+08),*/ 8,' &+,,+(/*&' '0&+(,8&' -'02)&3*&,'. !,, &,80, 8, (*>0&*+(, &8 ,@0, &2&* &')0(,'& 8,'+,,+)&')(+,' & 8, &&,2(8(, - &8 >0/ &* 8/' ,+(?/' /+/'/'.L,' /(&,&' &8 &(/ /+/'/ &2&* &,80,'& )&*(&*/ &*+0&*), 8,' +/*(+(/*&' &8 ,@0, '02)&3*&,.

". ROCAS

L,' /+,' '/* ,@&@,/' *,)0,8&' 0/' - +/,+)/' & ,)+08,'(*&,8&' +/* 0&)&' 0*(/*&' +/&'(,' &,*&*)&&*)& 0&,2()0,8&*)& '& +/*'(&,* 0* '(')&, +/*)(*0/. L, //+(;* &(&&*)&' (*&,8&' 8, &')0+)0, @,*08, 8, )&)0, - &8 /(@&* &

8, /+, '(&* ,, '0 +8,'(+,+(;* @&/8;@(+,. L,' /(&,&' '(+,' & 8,' /+,' '/* &8 &'08),/ & '0+//'(+(;* (*&,8;@(+, 32(+, & (')/(, @&/8;@(+, &/,+(/*,8- ,2(&*),8 (*+80-&*/ 8/' /+&'/' & ,8)&,+(;* - &)&/(?,+(;*.L, @,* ,(,2(8(, & &'),' /(&,&' '& &>&, &*+//),(&*)/' &+3*(+/' (&&*)&' &*)& , 8,' 0&?,' 0& '&,8(+,* '/2& 8,' /+,' +//),(&*)/' 0& 0&,* &*(/' / 8,&'(')&*+(, &8 ,)&(,8 - / '0 /&8/ & &/,+(;*. S&3* /),*)/ 8,' /(&,&' '(+,' & 8,' /+,' 8,' 0& &)&(*&* '0+//),(&*)/ &+3*(+/.

$. !RO!IEDADES FISICAS DE LA MATRI% ROCOSA


24/65

E(')&* 0*, '&(& & ,3&)/' 0& '& &8&,* ,, 8,(&*)(+,+(;* - &'+(+(;* +0,*)(),)(, & 8,' /(&,&' 23'(+,'& 8,' /+,' - &()&* ,' ('/ &'),28&+& 0*, (&,+8,'(+,+(;* +/* *&' @&/)+*(+/'. E'),' /(&,&' &*/(*,,'/(&,&' *(+&' '&3* 8,' 0& &)&(*&* &* (&, (*'),*+(,0*)/ +/* 8, composicin minera@ica - 8, fHrica* 8,'

/(&,&' - &8 +//),(&*)/ &+3*(+/ & 8, ,)(? /+/',.

A.- POROCIDAD

L,' /(&,&' '(+,' / propiedades ndices & 8,' /+,' '&&)&(*,* &* 8,2/,)/(/K 8,' 3' (/),*)&' , *(&8 & (*>0&*+(,&* &8 +//),(&*)/ &+3*(+/ '/* 8, porosidad &8 pesoespecfco 8, &&,2(8(, 8, ,8)&,2(8(, 8, &'(')&*+(, - 8,&8/+(, & /,@,+(;* & 8,' /*,' ';*(+,'. A8@0*,' & &'),'

/(&,&' ,&3' & '&( ,, '0 +8,'(+,+(;* &')3*(&+),&*)& &8,+(/*,,' +/* 8,' +,,+)&')(+,' &'(')&*)&' -&/,+(/*,8&' & 8,' /+,'.L,porosidad&' 8, &8,+(;* &*)& &8 /80&* /+0,/ / 8/' 0&+/'/ //' &* 8, /+,


25/65

'.= Resistencia a compresi+n simple

L, &'(')&*+(, , 8, +/&'(;* '(8& / &'(')&*+(, 0*(,(,8 &' &83(/ &'0&?/ 0& '//), 8, /+, '/&)(, , +/&'(;*0*(,(,8 &)(*,, '/2& 0*, /2&), +(8*(+, '(* +/**, &* &88,2/,)/(/ - (&*& ,, /:

c=FcA =

Fuerza compresiva aplicadarea de aplicacin

E8 ,8/ & 8, &'(')&*+(, ,/), (*/,+(;* '/2& 8,' /(&,&'(*@&*(&(8&' & 8,' /+,'.

CLASIFICACI"N DE R"CAS C"N FINES GE"TECNIC"S

L, +8,'(+,+(;* & 8,' /+,' ,, 0'/' (*@&*&*8&' &' 0*, ),&,+/8&, -, 0& &2&* +0,*)(+,'& '0' /(&,&' +/* &8 * &&8&,8,' &* 8/' +38+08/' & ('&/. A' 8/' )(*/' +0,8(),)(/' &/+, 0, / &'(')&*)& 28,*, / 2(8 &2&* ,+/),'& &(,*)&&)&(*,/' ,8/&' & '0 &'(')&*+(, , +/&'(;* '(8&: 5## ,1.### [+" ,, 0*, /+, 0, - 5# , "5# [+" ,, 0*, /+,28,*,. L, (+08), ,, 8, +8,'(+,+(;* @&/)+*(+, &')(2, ),*)/ &*&8 &+/ & 8, ,8), ,(,2(8(, & 8,' /(&,&' /+/',' +// &*8,' 8((),+(/*&' & 8/' )//' - /+&((&*)/' ,, '0

&)&(*,+(;*.

L, &'(')&*+(, , +/&'(;* '(8& &' 8, /(&, 3'&+0&*)&&*)& &(, &* 8,' /+,' - &* 2,'& , '0 ,8/ '&&'),28&+&* +8,'(+,+(/*&' &* &+3*(+, & /+,'. E* &8 C0,/ $.1# '&(*+80-&* (&&*)&' +8,'(+,+(/*&' 2,',,' &* &')& ,3&)/.

Fuerzas y tensiones

L, &+3*(+, & ';8(/' ,'0& 0* +//),(&*)/ (&,8 & 8/',)&(,8&': //@*&/ +/*)(*0/ (';)// 8(*&,8 - &83')(+/. L,'/+,' , (&&*+(, & 8/' ,)&(,8&' ,)(+(,8&' +// &8 ,+&/ / &8/(@;* &'&*),* Y&&+)/'Z &')0+)0,8&' &2(/ , 8, ,(,+(;*&* 8, +//'(+(;* (*&,8;@(+, /(&*),+(;* & (*&,8&' //'(, -(+/'0,+(;* @,/ & ,8)&,+(;* &)+. L/' ,+(?/' /+/'/',&3' +/*)(&*&* ('+/*)(*0(,&' & 0- (&'/)(/ - ?/*,'&)&/(?,,' / )&+)/*(?,,'. E* ,2/' +,'/' &'),' +,,+)&')(+,' '&

&>&,* &* 0*,' /(&,&' '(+,' - &+3*(+,' &)&/@*&,'


26/65

('+/*)(*0,' - ,*(';)/,' 0& @/2(&*,* 8, &'0&'), &+3*(+, &8&(/ /+/'/ &*)& , 8, ,+)0,+(;* & 8,' 0&?,'.

L, ,8(+,+(;* & *0&,' 0&?,' / 8, /(+,+(;* & 8, ,@*()0 /(')(20+(;* & 8,' &&(')&*)&' , 80@, , +,2(/' &* &8 &'),/

&+3*(+/ & 8/' '(')&,' /+/'/' /0+(*/'& 0*, '&(& &&&+)/' (*)&*/' c +// &'8,?,(&*)/' &/,+(/*&' -/(+,+(;* &8 &'),/ )&*'(/*,8 / & &'0&?/'. E* 8/' &*',-/' &8,2/,)/(/ '& ,8(+,* 0&?,' ,, /0+( 8, /)0, &8 ,)&(,8 -+/*/+& ,' '0' /(&,&' &'(')&*)&' - &/,+(/*,8&'.

E8 &'),/ &+3*(+/ & 0* '(')&, &')3 +,,+)&(?,/ /:

L, /'(+(;* & +,, 0*, & '0' ,)&' &*(, / '0'

+//&*,,'. L,' 0&?,' 0& ,+),* &*)& - '/2& 8,' ,)&' &8 '(')&,. L, &8/+(, +/* 0& 8,' ,)&' +,2(,* & /'(+(;*.

L, (&&*+(, &*)& /' &'),/' &+3*(+/' / ),*)/ 0&,3&*(, / 8/' &'8,?,(&*)/' 8,' &/,+(/*&' - 8/' +,2(/' &*&8 &'),/ )&*'(/*,8 / & &'0&?/'.E8 &'8,?,(&*)/ 0 &' &8 +,2(/ & /'(+(;* & 0*, ,)+08,6 -0&, &*(/ / 0* &+)/ u > p? @ p. E8 +,/ &&'8,?,(&*)/' &* 0* '(')&, '&3 //@*&/ '( 8/' &+)/&' &&'8,?,(&*)/ & +,, ,)+08, '/* (@0,8&' &* ,@*()0 -

(&++(;*L, &/,+(;* ' (*(+, 8, ,(,+(;* & 8/*@()0 / &',+(/ &*)& /',)+08,' &* /' &'),/' &+3*(+/' (')(*)/' - '& 0&& &&',+// 8, &8,+(;* &*)& 8, ,(,+(;* & 8/*@()0 - 8, 8/*@()0 (*(+(,8 &*)& 8,' ,)+08,': d _ L(LP[L( > LBLi E')& ,3&)/ &' ,(&*'(/*,8 - +/,, '()0,+(/*&' &* /' &'),/' &+3*(+/'(&&*)&'.L,' 0&?,' '/* 8,' &'/*',28&' (&,' &8 &'),/ -+//),(&*)/ &+3*(+/ & 0* '(')&,. S/2& 0* +0&/ /+/'/,+),* /' )(/' & 0&?,' 8, 0&?, @,(),)/(, / /80)(+,.

E8 &'0&?/ '& &*& +// 8, &,++(;* (*)&*, & 0* +0&/ , 8,,8(+,+(;* & 0*, 0&?, / +/*0*)/ & 0&?,' - &' 0*, +,*)(, 0&*/ '& 0&& &( (&+),&*)& -, 0& &8 ,3&)/ '(+/ 0& '&(& &' 8, 0&?, S( 8, 0&?, ,+), 0*(/&&*)& &* 0*, '0&+(&&8 &'0&?/ / )&*'(;* (*(+, 8, (*)&*'(, & 8,' 0&?,' 0& ,+),*'/2& &8 8,*/. !/ ),*)/ , (&&*+(, & 8,' 0&?,' +,&+& &'&*)(/ ,28, & &'0&?/ ,+)0,*/ '/2& 0* 0*)/.E8 &'0&?/ */ ,, &* 0*+(;* &8 3&, +/*'(&,, '(&& 0& 8,'0&?,' '& (')(20-,* 0*(/&&*)& '/2& 8, '0&+(&. S( 8,'0&?,' */ '& (')(20-&* 0*(/&&*)& &8 &'0&?/ ,(,, ,,(&&*)&' 3&,' &8 8,*/.


27/65

Resistencia rotura Conceptos HsicosL,' )&*'(/*&' / &'0&?/' @&*&,/' / 8, ,8(+,+(;* & 8,'0&?,' 0&&* /0+( &/,+(/*&' - /)0,' &* 8,' /+,'&&*(&*/ & 8, &'(')&*+(, & 8,' (',' - & /),' +/*(+(/*&'&)*'&+,' ,8 /(/ ,)&(,8 /+/'/.

L, &/,+(;* (*(+, &8 +,2(/ &* 8, /, / +/*@0,+(;* & 0*+0&/ +/&'/*(*/'& +/* 8/' &'8,?,(&*)/' 0& '0& 8,/+, ,8 '//), 8, +,@,. A*)& 8, (+08), & &(&'8,?,(&*)/' 0- &0&/' 8, &/,+(;* '& &&',+/,,*/ &8 &'),/ &/,/ +/* &'&+)/ ,8 (*(+(,8 - /),*)/ */ )(&*& 0*(,&'. A*)&(/&*)& '& , &*(/ 8,&/,+(;* 8/*@()0(*,8 / &8/*@,+(;* ' +// 8, ,(,+(;* &8/*@()0 &*)& /' ,)+08,' &* /' &'),/' &+3*(+/' (&&*)&'&&',, +//:

= (i-!)"i= L/Li

L, &'(')&*+(, '& &*& +// &8 &'0&?/ 0& 8, /+, 0&&'//), ,, 0*,' +(&),' +/*(+(/*&' & &

!,, 0*, &)&(*,, +,@, / 0&?, 8/' &'0&?/' @&*&,/''0&,* 8, &'(')&*+(, &8 ,)&(,8 /+/'/ '& ,8+,*?,*&/,+(/*&' (*,('(28&' - )(&*& 80@, 8, /)0, &8 ('/.L, /)0, &' 0* &*;&*/ 0& '& /0+& +0,*/ 8, /+, */ 0&&'//), 8,' 0&?,' ,8(+,,' ,8+,*?,*/ &8 &'0&?/ 0* ,8/3(/ +/&'/*(&*)& , 8, &'(')&*+(, & (+/ &8 ,)&(,8.A0*0& @&*&,8&*)& '& '0/*& 0& 8, /)0, /+0& / '& (*(+(, ,8,8+,*?,'& 8, &'(')&*+(, & (+/ &')/ &' 0*, '(8(+,+(;* 0& */'(&& /+0&. T,/+/ 8, /)0, & 8, /+, )(&*& / 0 +/(*+((+/* &8 (*(+(/ & 8, @&*&, cin & 8/' 8,*/' & ,+)0,. L,fractura &' 8, /,+(;* & 8,*/' & '&,,+(;* &* 8, /+,/(*/'& 8/' &*8,+&' & 8,' ,)+08,' ,, +&, *0&,''0&+(&'. S& (&&* 8,' 0&?,' +/&'(,' - &,*&+&*

*(+,&*)& 8,' (++(;*,8&'.E* 0+(;* & 8, &'(')&*+(, & 8, /+, - & 8,' &8,+(/*&' &*)& 8/'&'0&?/' ,8(+,/' - 8,'&/,+(/*&' /0+(,' 8, /)0,0&& &'/*& , (&&*)&' /&8/':rotura fri@(*'),*)3*&,- (/8&*),P /rotura dJcti@/@&'(,P.E8 &*;&*/ & 8, /)0, , ,+/,,/ & 8, @&*&,+(;* &8,*/' & ,+)0, , ),' & 8, /+, +0-, (&++(;* &&*& &:

# L, (&++(;* & ,8(+,+(;* & 8,' 0&?,'.# L,' ,*('/)/,' &'&*)&' &* &8 ,)&(,8 /+/'/ , *(&8

(+/'+;(+/ /(&*),+(;* &&&*)& & (*&,8&' &'&*+(, &(+/'0,' /(&*),,'P / ,+/'+;(+/ '0&+(&' &&'0(')/'( , / 8,(*,+(;*P.

A &'+,8, & ,+(?/ /+/'/ ,+)0,/ 8, /)0, 0&& /+0( ,

),' & 8, ,)(? /+/', / , ,/ & ('+/*)(*0(,&'&&(')&*)&' '(&*/ ),2(* /'(28& 8, +&,+(;* & 8,*/' & /)0,()/'.


28/65

Mecanismos de rotura

E8 /+&'/ & /)0, & 8,' /+,' &' 0- ,(,/ - +/8&/&*@8/2,*/ ,(/' )(/' & &*;&*/' & ,*&, +/*0*), &(*)&(*(&*/ 8)(8&' ,+)/&'. E8 ,*38('(' & 8, /)0, &* /+,' &'3' +/8&/ 0& &* '0&8/'. A +/*)(*0,+(;* '& &'+(2&* 8/'(')(*)/' &+,*('/' & /)0, &* &8 &(/ /+/'/ (80')3*/8/' +/*,8@0*/' &&8/' , *(&8 & ,+(?/ /+/'/:

1P Rotura por esfuer!o cortante; S& /0+& +0,*/ 0*,&)&(*,, '0&+(& & 8, /+, &')3 '/&)(, , &'0&?/' &+/)& '0+(&*)&&*)& ,8)/' +// ,, 0& 0*, +,, & 8,'0&+(& &'8(+& +/* &'&+)/ , 8, /),. S/* &&8/' 8,'/)0,' , ,/ & ('+/*)(*0(,&' &* ),80&' & ,+(?/'/+/'/' / &* 8/' )&+/' & @,8&,' '/2& ,')(,8&' @(/' . E'&8 +,'/ 3' ,2()0,8 & /)0, - &8 3' (/),*)&.

"P Rotura por compresin. T(&*& 80@, +0,*/ 8, /+, '0&&'0&?/' , +/&'(;*. M(+/'+;(+,&*)& '& /0+&*@(&),' & ),++(;* - 8,*/' & +/)& 0& /@&',* &* &8(*)&(/ & 8, /+,. L, '()0,+(;* & +/&'(;* '(8& */ &'&+0&*)& &* 8, *,)0,8&?, / &* 8,' /2,' & (*@&*(&,. S/*&&8/' ;(/' 8/' (8,&' & '//)& &* 0*, &+,,+(;*(*&, / 8/' (8,&' & '/')&*((&*)/ & &'/*)&' &*/8,(?/.

$P Rotura por Kein;S& /0+& +0,*/ 0*, '&++(;* & 8, /+,&')3 '/&)(, , /&*)/' >&+)/&'. E* &,8(, 8, '&++(;* &')3'/&)(, , 0*,' )&*'(/*&' */,8&' ,(,28&' /(*/'& /8, ?/*, /*& '& ,+008,* 8,' ),++(/*&'. E'), '()0,+(;* '&/0+& / &&8/ &* 8/' (*)&8&' & 8,' @,8&,' '02)&3*&,' / &* &8 )&+/ & 0*, +,(, +3')(+, F(@0, $.$62PP.

e

4P Rotura por traccin;E')& )(/ & /)0, '& /0+& +0,*/ 8,('/'(+(;* -[/ &')0+)0, &8 ,+(?/ /+/'/ ,+& 0& 0*,+(&), '&++(;* & 8, /+, &') '/&)(, , 0*, ),++(;* 0, /+,'( 0,. E* 8, &,8(, '/* '()0,+(/*&' (+(8&' & /0+('&.U* &&8/ 0&& '& &8 &'),/ ),++(/*,8 0& '& @&*&, &*,8@0*/' ),/' & 8, '0&+(& & /)0, & 0* ),80.

5P Rotura por co@apso; U*, /)0, / +/8,'/ &+3*(+/ '&/0+& 2,/ +/*(+(/*&' & +/&'(;* ('/);(+, &' &+(+0,*/ &8 ,)&(,8 &+(2& +/&'(/*&' &* )/,' 8,'

(&++(/*&' &8 &',+(/. L, &')0+)0, & 8, /+, '& /&),*'/3*/'& &* 0* ,)&(,8 08008&*)/ )(/ '0&8/. E' 0*+,'/ ,)(+08, & 8, /)0, / +/&'(;*. S& /0+& &*/+,' 0- //',' ),8&' +// /+,' /8+3*(+,' & 2,,&*'(, / ,&*('+,' +&&*),,' )(/ +&),. L,' /+,' &*','2,/ +/&'(;* ('/);(+, 0&&* +/8,', ),2(* 2,/+/&'(/*&' 0- &8&,,' / +,2(/' &* '0 &')0+)0,(*)&*,.


29/65

RELACI"NES TENSI'N2DEF"RMACI'N EN LAS R"CAS

E8comportamiento tensin2deformacin*/ &'0&?/&/,+(;* & 0* +0&/ (&*& &*(/ / 8, &8,+(;* &*)& 8/'&'0&?/' ,8(+,/' - 8,' &/,+(/*&' /0+(,' - ,+& &&&*+(,, +;/ '& , &/,*/ - +;/ , ,(,*/ &8 +//),(&*)/ &8,)&(,8 /+/'/ , 8/ 8,@/ & 8, ,8(+,+(;* & 8, +,@, / (+/ & /)/

// +;/ ,, 8, &'(')&*+(, &8 ,)&(,8 ,, &)&(*,/'*(&8&' & &/,+(/*&'

E8 +//),(&*)/ ,*)&' & 88&@, , 8, /)0,. L, /, &* 0& '& /0+& 8, /)0,. E8 +//),(&*)/ &'0' & 8, /)0,.

S0 &')0(/ '& 88&, , +,2/ , ,)( & &*',-/' & ,8(+,+(;* &0&?,' +/&'(,' &* /*& '& &@('),* 8,' +0,' &'0&?/&/,+(;* , 8/ 8,@/ & 8,' (&&*)&' &),,' &8 /+&'/. L,' /+,'&'&*),* &8,+(/*&' */ 8(*&,8&' &*)& 8,' 0&?,' ,8(+,,' - 8,'

&/,+(/*&' /0+(,' , ,)( & 0* &)&(*,/ *(&8 &


30/65

&'0&?/' /2)&*(*/'& (&&*)&' /&8/' & +0,' f d ,, 8/'(')(*)/' )(/' & /+,'.

S( &2(/ , 8, ,8(+,+(;* & 0*, +,@, '/2& 0* +0&/ /+/'/ '&'0&, '0 &'(')&*+(, & (+/ &' &+( '( 8, &/,+(;* ,0&*),

3' ,883 & 8, &/,+(;* & (+/P 0&& /+0(:

(. L, &'(')&*+(, & 8, /+, ('(*0-& 3')(+,&*)& (*+80'/ ,'),,8+,*?, 0* ,8/ ;(/ , +&/. E' &8 +,'/ & 0*comportamiento fri@+// &8 0& &'&*), / &&8/ &8((/. E')& +//),(&*)/ &' )(+/ & /+,' 0,' +/* ,8),&'(')&*+(,. L, ,+)0, 3@(8 (8(+, 0*, (, +,'((*'),*)3*&, & 8, &'(')&*+(, & 8, /+, , ),' & 0* 8,*/ '(**(*@0*, / 0- /+, &/,+(;* 83')(+,.

((. L, &'(')&*+(, & 8, /+, &+&+& ,'), 0* +(&)/ ,8/ &'0'& ,2&'& ,8+,*?,/ &/,+(/*&' (/),*)&'. E' &8 +,'/ &0*comportamiento fri@2dJcti@/ ,+(,8&*)& 3@(8 +//

&8 0& &'&*),* 8,' ('+/*)(*0(,&' /+/',' / ,)&(,8&',+(88/'/' '/2&+/*'/8(,/'.

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R&'(')&*+(, - ,3&)/' &'(')&*)&'

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31/65

/+,' 3@(8&' //+(/*,* ,8/&' & &'(')&*+(, '0&(/&' , 8/'&,8&'.

L,' /+,' /&* , ,/ & '0&+(&' & ,+)0, 0& '& @&*&,* ,8'0&,'& '0 &'(')&*+(, & (+/. A' & 0*, /, (*(&+), 8/'

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'/2& &8 8,*/ +/*'(&,/.

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DeformaHi@idad

L, &/,2(8(, &' 8, /(&, 0& )(&*& 8, /+, ,, ,8)&, '0/, +// &'0&'), , 8, ,+)0,+(;* & 0&?,'. S&@* '&, 8,(*)&*'(, & 8, 0&?, &&+(, &8 // &* 0& '& ,8(+, - 8,'+,,+)&')(+,' &+3*(+,' & 8, /+, 8, &/,+(;* '&3 &,*&*)&/ &83')(+,K &* &')& 8)(/ +,'/ &8 +0&/ &+0&, '0 /, /(@(*,8 ,8+&', 8, ,+)0,+(;* & 8, 0&?,. L, &/,2(8(, & 8, /+, '&

&&', / '0' +/*'),*)&' &83')(+,'&- :


32/65

E=

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Unidades de esfuerzo

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Adimencional

E8 ;08/ &


33/65

L/' &*',-/' & 8,2/,)/(/ '& &,8(?,* '/2& /2&),' +(8*(+,' &/+,. !/ 8/ @&*&,8 '& 0)(8(?,* )&')(@/' & '/*&/' / 8/ 0& 8,'(&*'(/*&' & 8,' /2&),' '0&8&* '& '(&& &0&,'. L/'&*',-/' &2&* '& &,8(?,/' & 0*, /, '(')&3)(+, - 8/' &'08),/' &2&* '& &'),')(+,&*)& &&'&*),)(/' & 8, /+, ,(*&')(@,. E' (/),*)& &*( +8,,&*)& 8/ 0& '& &)&*& &(- ,8/,.

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Ensao uniaia@ o de compresin simp@e

E8 &*',-/ &()& &)&(*, &* 8,2/,)/(/ 8, &'(')&*+(, 0*(,(,8 */+/**,, & 8, /+, / &'(')&*+(, , +/&'(;* '(8& + - '0'+/*'),*)&' &83')(+,': &8 ;08/ &


34/65

L,' /2&),' &2&* '& +(8(*/' +/* 0*, &8,+(;*LBD_ "5$ -+/*D 54 . E8 (3&)/D'&3 ,8 &*/' 1# &+&' ,-/0& &8 ,-/ ),,/ & @,*/ & 8, /+,.

L,' 2,'&' & 8, /2&), &2&* '& 8,*,' - ,,8&8,' -&&*(+08,&' ,8 && &8 +(8(*/.

D&2&* '& &,8(?,/' ,8 &*/' 5 &*',-/' ,, 8, +,,+)&(?,+(;* &8, ,)(? /+/',.

Factores que aectan a !a medida de !a compresi"n unia#ia! de !as rocas

E* 8/' &'08),/' & 8/' &*',-/' & 8,2/,)/(/ (*>0-&* ),*)/ 8/',+)/&' &&&*)&' , 8, *,)0,8&?, - +/*(+(;* & 8, /+, +// , 8,'+/*(+(/*&' &8 &*',-/. C/* &'&+)/ , 8/' '&@0*/' 8/' 3'(/),*)&' '/*:

F/, - /80&* & 8, /2&),. !&,,+(;* - ),88,/ & 8, /2&),. D(&++(;* & ,8(+,+(;* & 8, +,@, &* /+,' +/* ,*('/)/,P. V&8/+(, & ,8(+,+(;* & 8, +,@,.

L, (')(20+(;* & &'0&?/' ,, +/* 8,eometra & 8, /2&),. L,+,0', & 8, ,(,+(;* '& &2& (*+(,8&*)& , 8, (++(;* &*)& 8,/2&), - 8, 8,+, & ,8(+,+(;* & 8, +,@,. L, &'(')&*+(, ,+/&'(;* '(8& ('(*0-& ,8 ,0&*), &8o@umen& 8, /2&),.

E8 &&+)/ & +/*+,(, 0& '0&8& ,,&+& ,8 (*(+(/ & 8, ,,&83')(+, & 8, +0, &'0&?/&/,+(;* 0&& '&+/*'(&,28&&*)& &0+(/ '( '& +/*'(@0& &8 ,,8&8('/ & 8,'Hases de @a proHeta;

!,, (*((?, 8, (*>0&*+(, & 8, &8/+(, & ,8(+,+(;* & 8, +,@,8, ISRM 17P &+/(&*, ,*@/' & +,@, & #5 , 1 M!,[' 0&+/&'/*&* ,/(,,&*)& , 0* )(&/ & 51# (*0)/' ,'),,8+,*?,'& 8, &'(')&*+(, & (+/ ,, ,)&(,8&' &'(')&*)&' &*@&*&,8P. U*, ,8(+,+(;* 3(, 0&& /0+( /)0,' (/8&*),' - 0*,

'/2&,8/,+(;* & 8, &'(')&*+(, &8 ,)&(,8.

Ensao de compresin triaia@

E')& &*',-/ &&'&*), 8,' +/*(+(/*&' & 8,' /+,'in situ'/&)(,', &'0&?/' +/**,*)&' &(,*)& 8, ,8(+,+(;* & &'(;* (308(+,0*(/& ,8&&/ & 8, /2&),. !&()& &)&(*, 8, &*/8&*)& /8*&, & &'(')&*+(, &8 ,)&(,8 /+/'/ &*',-,/ , ,)( & 8, 0&'& /2)(&*&* 8/' ,8/&' & '0'parmetros resistentes+/&'(;*'

- (++(;* C. E8 &*',-/ & +/&'(;* )(,(,8 &' &8 3' &)&*(/ &8/' &*',-/' & +/&'(;* 08)(,(,8 &* &+3*(+, & /+,'.


35/65

PR"CEDIMIENT"

E8 &*',-/ '& &,8(?, '/2& /2&),' '&&,*)&' , 8,' &8 &*',-/0*(,(,8 0& '& (*)/0+&* &* +(8(*/' & ,+&/ &* +0-/ (*)&(/ '&

,8(+, 8, &'(;* (308(+, '/2& 8,' ,&&' & 8, /2&),. Q'), '&/&, & 0*, &2,*, (&&,28& >&(28& ,, ,('8,8, &8 80(/, &'(;*.A8 (*(+(/ &8 &*',-/ '& ,8(+,* '(08)3*&,&*)& 8, +,@, ,(,8 - 8,&'(;* +/**,*)& & ),8 /, 0& '&,* ,/(,,&*)& (@0,8&'8/' ,*@/' & ,2/' &'0&?/'. U*, &? ,8+,*?,/ &8 *(&8 & &'(;*+/**,*)& &'&,/ '& ,8(+, +,@, ,(,8 ,'), +/*'&@0( 8, /)0, &8, /2&),. L, &'(;* +/**,*)& &2& ,*)&*&'& +/*'),*)& , 8/8,@/ & )// &8 &*',-/.L/' ,)/' , &@('), 0,*)& &8 &&(&*)/ '/* 8, +,@, / &8&'0&?/ ,(,8 h" 8, &/,+(;* ,(,8 &8 3*@08/ &8 8,*/ &

,+)0, - &* '0 +,'/ &8 3*@08/ ue forman 8/' 8,*/' &,*('/)/, +/* &'&+)/ , 8, direccin & 8, +,@, ,(,8. L,'&/,+(/*&' '& mi&* +/* 2,*,' &)&*'/)(+,' ,,'(&+),&*)& '/2& 8, /+,.

C0,*/ 8, /2&), +/(&*?, , '& +,@,, '& +/(& ,(,8&*)&, +,0', & 8, &'(;* +/**,*)&P ,'), 0* /&*)/ &* 0&+/(&*?, , Y(8,),'&Z +// &'08),/ & 8, ,+)0,+(;* (*)&*, &8,)&(,8. E'), (8,),+(;* 0& +/(&*?, &* 8, &@(;* &83')(+, +/*)(*,&* 8, &@(;* /')(+/ &8 &*',-/. L, (8,),+(;* &+&+& +/* &8

,0&*)/ & 8, &'(;* +/**,*)& 0(&*/ 88&@, , '& (*&(')&*)&&* &*',-/' +/* ,8)/' ,8/&' & $.

L/' &'08),/' &8 &*',-/ & +/&'(;* )(,(,8 &&*&3*0*,&*),8&*)& ,&3' & 8,' +,,+)&')(+,' & 8, /+, & 8,&'(;* +/**,*)& ,8(+,,.

ENSA


36/65

A;2 ENSA+" DE TRACCI"N DIRECTA

C/*'(')& &* &( (&+),&*)& 8, &'(')&*+(, , ),++(;* 0*(,(,8 &0* +(8(*/ & /+,. !,, &88/ '& '0&), &&*)& / '0' &)&/' 8,/2&), - '& ,8(+, 0*, 0&?, ),++(/*,8 0*(,(,8 &* 8, (&++(;* & 8,

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A;2 ENSA+" DE TRACCI"N INDIRECTA ' #RASILE"

C/*'(')& &* &( 8, &'(')&*+(, , ),++(;* 0*(,(,8 & 0*, /2&), &/+, (*(&+),&*)& ,'0(&*/ 0& 8, /)0, '& /0+& /),++(;* +0,*/ 8, /+, '& '/&)& , 0* &'),/ & &'0&?/' 2(,(,8+/* 0* &'0&?/ (*+(,8 ),++(/*,8 - /)/ +/&'(/ & ,@*()0*/ '0&(/ , $ &+&' &8 &'0&?/ ),++(/*,8.S& ,8(+, 0*, +,@, &)(+,8 +/&'(, '/2& 0* ('+/ / +(8(*/ &/+, 0& '& +/8/+, &* /(?/*),8 &*)& /' 8,+,' , ),' & 8,'+0,8&' '& ),*'()& 8, 0&?, ,'), +/*'&@0( '0 /)0,. S& 0&&*

&8&, 8,+,' 8,*,' / &'(+,' +;*+,,' ,, ),*'()( 8,'+,@,' 0& &2&3* '& &&+),&*)& ,,8&8,' F(@0, $.64P.L, +,@, '& ,8(+, +/* 0* ,*@/ ),8 0& '& +/*'(@, 8, /)0, & 8, /+,&* 0*/' 15$# 'K 8, ISRM 191P&+/(&*, 0* ,*@/ & "## N['.D&2&* '&@0('& 8,' (',' &+/&*,+(/*&' ,,' &* 8/' ,,),/'&(/' &* +0,*)/ , &,,+(;* - ),88,/ & /2&),'.L, +,@,+/&'(, /0+& 0*, +/8&, (')(20+(;* & &'0&?/' &* 8,/2&),. L, &'(')&*+(, , ),++(;* '& /2)(&*& &(,*)& 8, ;08,:


37/65

%e@ocidad de ondas snicas

E8 &*',-/ & &8/+(, ';*(+, &()& &( 8, &8/+(, & 8,'/*,' &83')(+,' 8/*@()0(*,8&' - ),*'&',8&'


38/65

&*',-/' & +,/ - 0&& &,8(?,'& 0* @,* *&/ & &88/' &*+/*(+(/*&' ,(,28&'. S(* &2,@/ 8/' &*',-/' & 8,2/,)/(/ - 8/'&'08),/' 0& , ,)( & &88/' '& /2)(&*&* &'&*),* 0*, '&(& &8((),+(/*&' , 8, /, & &),/8, 8/' ,)/' , &'+,8, & ,+(?//+/'/ &8,+(/*,,' +/* 8/' '(@0(&*)&' ,'&+)/':

R&&'&*),)((,. L,' 0&'),' 0& '& &*',-,* +/&'/*&*

, 0*)/' ,('8,/' &8 ,+(?/ /+/'/ */ '(&*/ &&'&*),)(,'& )// &8 32()/ & &')0(/ *( & 8, ,(,2(8(, & ,+)/&'&'&*)&' &* 8, *,)0,8&?, - 0& +/*(+(/*,* 8/'+//),(&*)/' & 8/' ,)&(,8&' & , 8, (/),*+(, &&,8(?, 0* *&/ & &*',-/' &'),')(+,&*)&&&'&*),)(/.!/ /)/ 8,/ 8,' +/*(+(/*&' ,2(&*),8&' &* 0& '&&*+0&*),* 8,' /+,' &* &8 +,/ &'(;* +/**,*)&)&&,)0, +//'(+(;* 0(+, &8 ,@0, (*)&')(+(,8 &)+.P'/* (+(8&' & &/0+( &* 8,2/,)/(/.

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&'+,8,' - +//),(&*)/' &,8&' ,+& *&+&',(, 8, 0)(8(?,+(;*& ,+)/&' & +/*&'(;* / +/&++(/*&' ,, &),/8, 8/'&'08),/' , &'+,8, & ,+(?/ /+/'/.

V&8/+(,. L/' /+&'/' & &/,+(;* - /)0, '& &/0+&*&* 8,2/,)/(/ @&*&,8&*)& &* 0*/' /+/' (*0)/' (&*),'0& &* 8, *,)0,8&?, &')/' /+&'/' 0&&* '& &8 &'08),/ &+/*(+(/*&' - ,++(/*&' , 8/ 8,@/ & &(//' 0- (8,),/' &)(&/.

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&&'&*),* 8,*/' &&&*)&' & ,8)&,+(;* &)&/(?,+(;* -


39/65

,+)0, - &()&* &8 >0/ & ,@0,. S0 &+/*/+((&*)/ &'+(+(;* -+,,+)&(?,+(;* &' 0*,&*),8 ,, &8 &')0(/ &8 +//),(&*)/&+3*(+/ & (/@&/8;@(+/ &8 ,+(?/ /+/'/. L, &'),2(8(, & 8,'&+,,+(/*&' - & 8,' +(&*),+(/*&' &* /+,.

L, orientacin &8,)(, & 8,' ('+/*)(*0(,&' +/* &'&+)/ , 0*,(*'),8,+(;* 0/2, & (*@&*(&, &+,,+(;* +(&*),+(;* &)+.P 0&&'0/*& 0& &8 )&&*/ '&, / */ &'),28& L, &'&*+(, & (&',',(8(,' & ('+/*)(*0(,&' +/* (&&*)& /(&*),+(;* &*& &8 @,/& ,+ )0,+(;* &8 ,+(?/ /+/'/ 8, /, - &8 ),,/ & 8/'28/0&' & ,)(? /+/',.

Tipos de discontinuidades

E8 )(*/ ('+/*)(*0(, ,+& &&&*+(, , +0,80(& 8,*/ &'&,,+(;* &* &8 ,+(?/ /+/'/ 0(&*/ )&*& /(@&* '&(&*),(/+// 8,' '0&+(&' & &'),)(+,+(;* / 8,(*,+(;* (,@&*)(+/ /)&+);*(+/ +// 8,' (,+8,',' / 8,' ,88,'.

# D(,+8,',' & /(@&* )&+);*(+/ ,'/+(,,' , 8& @,(&*)/'- , ,88,'. E* &8 (& +,'/ &'&*),* 0*, ('/'(+(;*+,,+)&')(+, F(@0, $.7#P. L,' (,+8,',' ,'/+(,,' , ,88,' '&('/*&* ,,8&8,&*)& , 8, '0&+(& & ,88, - +/* 0*,&+0&*+(, 0& ('(*0-& ,8 ,0&*), 8, ('),*+(, , 8, (',.

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Los p@anos de esuistosidad* & /(@&* )&+);*(+/ ,,&+&* &*/+,' 0& ,* '0(/ 0*, &/,+(;* (/),*)& ('/*(*/'&&&*(+08,&*)& , 8, (&++(;* +/&'(, &8 3(/,+/),(&*)/. E'),' ('+/*)(*0(,&' '(')&3)(+,' '& &',/88,*&/ +0,*)/ 3' &0&/ &' &8 @,*/ & 8, /+, &'&*),* 0*,&+0&*+(, ,8), - &',+(,/' & /&* (8()(+/ F(@0, $.74P.

L,'supercies de contacto @ito@ico'/* 8,*/' '(*@08,&' &

'&,,+(;* &*)& (&&*)&' 8()/8/@,' & 0* ,+(?/ /+/'/.


40/65

MATRI5 R"C"SA

E' &8 ,)&(,8 /+/'/ &&*)/ & ('+/*)(*0(,&' / 28/0&' & /+,

(*),+), 0& 0&,* &*)& &88,'. L, ,)(? /+/', , &', &+/*'(&,'& +/*)(*0, &'&*), 0* +//),(&*)/ &)&/@*&/ -,*(';)// 8(@,/ , '0 32(+, - , '0 (+/&')0+)0, (*&,8.M&+3*(+,&*)& 0&, +,,+)&(?,, / '0 &'/ &'&++/&'(')&*+(, - &/,2(8(,.

DISC"NTIN&IDADES

S/* +0,80(&, & 8/' 8,*/' & /(@&* &+3*(+/ / '&(&*),(/0& (*&&*(?, / '&,, 8/' 28/0&' & ,)(? /+/', & 0*,+(?/ /+/'/. G&*&,8&*)& 8, &'(')&*+(, , 8, ),++(;* & 8/'

8,*/' & ('+/*)(*0(, &' 0- 2,, / *08,. S0 +//),(&*)/&+3*(+/ 0&, +,,+)&(?,/ / '0 &'(')&*+(, ,8 +/)& / &* '0+,'/ / 8, &8 ,)&(,8 & &88&*/.

DISC"NTIN&IDADES DE LA MASA R"C"SA L/' (*+(,8&')(/' & ('+/*)(*0(,&' &'&*)&' &* 8, ,', /+/', '/*:

PLAN"S DE ESTRATIFICACI'ND((&* &* +,,' / &'),)/' ,8,' /+,' '&(&*),(,'.

FALLASS/* ,+)0,' 0& ,* )&*(/ &'8,?,(&*)/. Q'),' '/*&')0+)0,' &*/&' 0& '& &'&*),* &* 3&,' 8/+,8&' & 8,(*, / &')0+)0,' 0- (/),*)&' 0& 0&&* ,),&', )/,8, (*,.

5"NAS DE C"RTES/* 2,*,' & ,)&(,8 0& 0&& '& &,(/' &)/' & &'&'/ &* /*& , /+0(/ ,88,(&*)/ & 8,/+,.

DIACLASAST,2(* &*/(*,,' 0*),' '/* ,+)0,' 0& */,* )&*(/ &'8,?,(&*)/ - 8,' 0& 3' +/*&*)& '&&'&*),* &* 8, ,', /+/',

PLAN"S DE E=F"LIACI"N " ESB&IST"CIDAD S& /,*&*)& 8,' +,,' & 8,' /+,' &),;+,' ,*/ 8, ,,(&*+(, &/,' / 83(*,'.

C"NTACT"S LIT"L"GIC"S C0,*/ +/*&*)& /,* /&&8/ 8, +,, )&+/ - +,, ('/ & 0*, &),.

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%ENILLASS/* &88&*/' & 8,' ,+)0,' +/* /)/' ,)&(,8&'

PLIEG&ES S/* &')0+)0,' &* 8,' +0,8&' 8/' &'),)/' '&&'&*),* +0,/'

DIB&ESS/* (*)0'(/*&' & /+, @*&, & /, ),208, 0& '&&'&*),* @&*&,8&*)& &(*,,' / &)(+,8&'.

PR"PIEDADES DE LAS DISC"NTIN&IDADES

"RIENTACI'N E' 8, /'(+(;* & 8, ('+/*)(*0(, &* &8 &',+(/ -+/*&*)& &' &'+()/ / '0 02/ - 20?,(&*)/. C0,*/ 0*@0/ & ('+/*)(*0(,&' '& &'&*),* +/* '((8, /(&*),+(;* /&* /),' ,8,2,' '/* ,/(,,&*)& ,,8&8,' '& (+& 0&'),' /,* 0* '(')&, / 0*, ,(8(, & ('+/*)(*0(,&'.

ESPACIAD"E' 8, ('),*+(, &&*(+08, &*)& ('+/*)(*0(,&',-,+&*)&'. Q')& &)&(*, &8 ),,/ & 8/' 28/0&' & /+,(*),+),. C0,*)/ &*/' &',+(,/ )&*@,* 8/' 28/0&' '&3* 3'&0&/' - +0,*)/ 3' &',+(,/ )&*@,* 8/' 28/0&' '&3* 3'@,*&'.

PERSISTENCIA E' 8, &)&*'(;* &* 3&, / ),,/ & 0*,('+/*)(*0(,. C0,*)/ &*/ '&, 8, &'(')&*+(, 8, ,', /+/','&3 3' &'),28& - +0,*)/ ,-/ '&, '), '&3 &*/' &'),28&.

R&G"SIDADE' 8, ,'&&?, / (&@08,(, & 8, '0&+(& & 8,

('+/*)(*0(,. C0,*), &*/ 0@/'(, )&*@, 0*,('+/*)(*0(, 8, ,', /+/', '&3 &*/' +/&)&*)& - +0,*)/,-/ '&, '), 8, ,', /+/', '&3 3' +/&)&*)&

APERT&RA E' 8, '&,,+(;* &*)& 8,' ,&&' /+/',' & 0*,('+/*)(*0(, / &8 @,/ & ,2(&)/ 0& '), &'&*),. A &*/,&)0, 8,' +/*(+(/*&' & 8, ,', /+/', '&3* &/&' - ,,-/ ,&)0, 8,' +/*(+(/*&' '&3* 3' &',/,28&'.

RELLEN" S/* 8/' ,)&(,8&' 0& '& &*+0&*),* &*)/ & 8,('+/*)(*0(,. C0,*/ 8/' ,)&(,8&' '/* '0,&' 8, ,', /+/',

&' &*/' +/&)&*)& - +0,*/ ')/' '/* 3' 0/' '), &' 3'+/&)&*)&.

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CLASIFICACI"N GE"MECANICA DEL MACI5" R"C"S"

!,, &*( 8,' +/*(+(/*&' &8 ,+(?/ /+/'/ &(')&* +()&(/' &+8,'(+,+(;* @&/&+3*(+, ,8(,&*)& (0*(/' &* )// &80*/ +// 8/' &',/88,/' / B,)/* - +/8,2/,/&' 174P

L,02'+& 177P B(&*(,X'( 19P H/& - M,(*/' "###P -/)/'. !/ '0 '(8(+(, - 0)(8(, &')3* 8/' +()&(/' RMRV,8/,+(;* & 8, M,', R/+/',P & B(&*(,X'( 19P - GSI i*(+&& R&'(')&*+(, G&/8;@(+,P & H/& - M,(*/' "###P 8/' ('/'0& '& &)&(*,* 0)(8(?,*/ 8/' ,)/' & 8/' ,&/'@&/&+3*(+/' &&+)0,/' &* 8,' ,&&' & 8,' 8,2/&' (*&,'.

ndice de ca@idad de @as rocas* RBD

E8 RjD R/+ 0,8()-&'(@*,)(/*(*&P 0& &',/88,/ / D&&&&) ,8. 167P ,, &')(, +0,*)(),)(,&*)& 8, +0,8(, &8,+(?/ /+/'/ 2,'3*/'& &* 8, &+0&,+(;* & 0* )&')(@/.

D&&*& (*(&+),&*)& &8 *&/ & ,+)0,' - &8 @,/ &,8)&,+(;* &8 ,+(?/.

E8 (3&)/ &8 )&')(@/ )(&*& 0& '& (@0,8 / '0&(/ , 57.4 -)(&*& 0& '& &/,/ +/* 0* /28& )02/ & &),++(;* &

)&')(@/.

E8 RjD &' &8 /+&*),& & ,@&*)/' & 8/*@()0 '0&(/ , 1#+ '/2& 8, 8/*@()0 )/),8 &8 )&')(@/. S0 &&'(;* &':

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Roc$ Mass Ratin% &RMR'

E8 RMR (*)/0+(/ / B(&*(,X'( 176 &' /'(28&&*)& 8, +8,'(+,+(;*@&/&+3*(+, 3' 0',, (*(+(,8&*)& &*',/ ,, ,8/, 8,&'),2(8(, - 8/' '//)&' &0&(/' &* )*&8&' , &'08),/ '& ,)/),2(* ,, 8, ,8/,+(;* & 8, &'),2(8(, &* ),80&'.

E8 RMR &' 0*, +8,'(+,+(;* @&/&+3*(+, &* 8, 0& '& )(&*&* &* +0&*),8/' '(@0(&*)&' ,3&)/' &8 ,+(?/ /+/'/:

1PR&'(')&*+(, &8 ,)&(,8 (*),+)/ 0& '& /2)(&*& &(,*)& &*',-/& +,@,0*)0,8 / +/&'(;* '(8&. V,8/ M3(/_ 15

"PRjD &),88,/ 3' ,&8,*)& &* &')& ('/ ,,),/P.V,8/M3(/_ "#

$PE',+(,/ & 8, ('+/*)(*0(,&' ,+& &&&*+(, , 8, 8/*@()0&*)&('+/*)(*0(,&' &*)/ & 8, ?/*, , &')0(/.V,8/ M3(/_"#

4PC/*(+(;* & 8,' ('+/*)(*0(,&' 0& (*+80-&:V,8/ M3(/_ $#(. L/*@()0 & 8, ('+/*)(*0(,.((. A2&)0,(((. R0@/'(,(. R&88&*/. A8)&,+(;*

5P!&'&*+(, & ,@0, '02)&3*&,.V,8/ M3(/_ 15

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6PO(&*),+(;* & 8,' ('+/*)(*0(,&'.

A +,, 0*/ & 8/' ,3&)/' ,*)&(/&' '& 8& ,'(@*, 0* ,8/ &8 RMR '&/2)(&*& +// 8, '0, & )//' &88/'.

RMR _ 1P \ "P \ $P \ 4P \ 5P

ndice B de #arton ,roc mass ua@it-

B,'3*/'& &* 0*, @,* +,*)(, & +,'/' )(/ & &'),2(8(, &*&+,,+(/*&' '02)&3*&,' &8 N/@&(,*G&/)&+*(+,8I*')()0)& N.G.I.P/0'/ 0* *(+& ,, &)&(*, 8, +,8(, &8 ,+(?/ /+/'/ &*)*&8&' - ),80&'.

Esta c@asicacin uti@i!a seis parmetros para denir @a c@ase demaci!o:

1. RjD *(+& & +,8(, & 8, /+,.

". J* *(+& &8 *&/ & ,(8(,' & ,+)0,'.

$. J *(+& & 0@/'(,&' &* 8,' ,+)0,'.

4. J, *(+& & ,8)&,+(;* & 8,' ,&&' & 8,' ,+)0,'.

5. JX *(+& &8 +,0,8 ,>0&am

Mecanica de Rocas I (1)

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