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amerikuli literaturis pirveli periodi moicavs dros 1607 wlidan 1765 wlamde. esaa ko-lonizaciis epoqa, puritanuli idealebis, patriarqaluri, maRalzneobrivi Cveulebebis bato-nobis epoqa, amitom adreuli amerikuli literatura ZiriTadad RvTismetyvelebis, saeklesio himnebis, aseve, odnav mogvianebiT, istoriul da politikur naSromebamde daiyvaneba. gamoica

rodesac vambobT „amerikuli literatura“, ZiriTadad vgulisxmobT amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis literaturas, romelic iwereboda aSS-isa da misi yofili koloniebis teritoriaze, metwilad, inglisur enaze. marTalia, misi istoria SesamCnevad ufro moklea, vidre evropuli da aziuri qveynebis literaturebisa, magram XIX saukunis meore naxevridan man mainc SeiZina TviTmyofadi mniSvneloba. amerikam msoflio literaturas aCuqa iseTi klasikosebi, rogore-bic iyvnen mark tveni, edgar po, uiliam folkneri, Tomas vulfi, ernest heminguei da uamravi sxva. XXI saukunis dasawyisSi aSS-Si yovelwliurad gamoicema da iyideba meti wigni, vidre msof-lios romelime sxva qveyanaSi.

literatura

levan berZeniSvili

Am

er

ica

n

lit

er

atu

re

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krebuli „fsalmunTa wigni“ (1640); iwerebo-da leqsebi da poemebi sxvadasxva SemTxvevas-Tan dakavSirebiT, did rols asrulebda patriotul Temaze dawerili leqsebi da po-emebi.

amerikuli literaturis meore perio-di, 1760-1790 wlebi, moicavs revoluciis ep-oqas da gamoirCeva publicistikisa da po-litikuri literaturis ganviTarebiT. po-litikaze mwerali adamianebi amave dros sa-xelmwifo moRvaweebi iyvnen: semuel adamsi, patrik henri, Tomas jefersoni, jon kuinsi adamsi, j. matisoni, aleqsandr hamiltoni, j. strei, Tomas peini.

im epoqis prozauli literatura eZRv-neboda, upirveles yovlisa, mogzaurobebi-sa da kolonialuri cxovrebis aRweras. yve-laze ufro cnobili RvTismetyveli mwer-lebi iyvnen hukeri, kotoni, rojer ui-liamsi, beilsi, j. uaizi, jonaTan edvardsi. XVIII s-is bolos daiwyo agitacia zangebis ga-saTavisufleblad. literaturaSi am ideis-Tvis mebrZolebi iyvnen j. vulmani, avtori Txzulebisa „zogierTi mosazreba zangebis mdgomareobaze“ (1754) da ant. benezeti, av-tori wignisa „didi britaneTisa da misi ko-loniebis gafrTxileba zangebTan dakavSi-rebiT“ (1767). Semdeg epoqaSi gadasvla gana-piroba benjamin franklinis Txzulebebma: „gza siuxvisaken“, „mama abraamis sityva“ da sxva. manve daaarsa „sabralo riCardis alma-naxi“ (1739).

mesame periodi moicavs XIX saukunis mTel amerikul literaturas. momamzadebe-li epoqa iyo saukunis pirveli meoTxedi,

amerikuli literaturis XIX saukune, upirveles yovlisa, esaa didi saxelebi: ud-idesi poetebi – edgar alan po, emili dikin-soni da uolt uitmeni da prozaikosebi – mark tveni, „haklberi finis Tavgadasavlis“ avtori, romelSic monoba sastikad gaakri-tika; jek londoni, realisturi saTavgada-savlo prozis saxelganTqmuli avtori.

ernest heminguei(1899-1961)

Tomas vulfi(1900-1938)

rojer uiliamsi(1603-1683)

amerikuli literatura

ბენჯამინ ფრანკლინი

საბრალო რიჩარდის

ალმანახი

jon vulmani(1720-1772)

გზა სიუხვისკენ

ბენჯამინ

ფრანკლინი

benjamin franklini(1713-1784)

antoni benezeti(1713-1784)

74

literatura

roca Camoyalibda prozauli stili. „amerikuli literaturis mamad“ xSirad gamocxadebuli vaSington irvingis „eskizebis wignma“ (1820) saTave daudo xan iumoristuli, xan Wkuismaswavle-bel-moralisturi narkvevebis naxevradfilosofiur, naxevradpublicistur literaturas. aq gansakuTrebiT mkveTrad aisaxa amerikelebis erovnuli niSnebi – maTi praqtikuloba, gamoyene-biTi morali da gulubryvilo, xalisiani iumori, romelic mkveTrad gansxvavdeba inglisele-bis sarkazmuli, pirquSi iumorisagan.

filip frenom pirvelad Semoitana amerikul literaturaSi bunebis siyvaruli, gamoxata Rrma erovnuli grZnobebi patriotul poemebsa da amerikelebisa da indielebis cxovrebis aR-weraSi. poetebi – Tomas dani, fic-grin haleki, jon pierponi, n.p. uilisi – sainteresoni iyvnen, rogorc winaprebi erT-erTi udidesi amerikeli poetisa, uiliam kalen braiantisa, romelmac aRmoaCina amerikuli peizaJis mSveniereba. misi poezia gvxiblavs harmoniulobiTa da stilis musikalurobiT, SeimCneva iseTi didi ingliseli poetebis gavlena, rogorebic iyvnen uiliam uordsvorTi da semuel kolriji. pirvelxarisxovani amerikeli poetebis pleadas agrZelebs henri uodsvorT longfelo, romelsac axasiaTebda msubuqi melodiuri leqsi, udidesi Txro-

Tomas jefersoni(1743-1826)

semuel adamsi(1722-1803)

patrik henri(1736-1799)

biTi talanti da nazi, humanuri grZnobebis gamowvevis unari. ralf uoldo emersoni – filoso-fosi-moralisti da, amasTan erTad, panTeisturi ganwyobebis poeti. jon grinlif uitieri um-Reroda bunebas, patriarqalur wesebs, religiur ganwyobebs; gamoCenili moRvawe iyo zangebis ganTavisuflebisTvis brZolaSi. jeims rasel louelma ganaviTara namdvili iankis iumori, cxovrebaze jansaRi Sexeduleba da sulis simxneve. Tavis prozaul narkvevebSi didi seriozu-lobiTa da gaazrebiT udgeba cxovrebis movlenebs. oliver uendel holmsi iyo prozaikosi da poeti, keTilganwyobili da Wkuis maswavlebeli. sidnei lanie dRemde Zalian popularulia ame-rikaSi, gansakuTrebiT, mis mSobliur baltimorSi, miuxedavad xelovnurobisa da amaRlebuli tonisa bunebis aRwerebsa da lirikul leqsebSi.

sxvebisgan sruliad gamoirCeva ori udidesi amerikeli poeti – edgar alan po da uolt uit-meni. edgar po aris Rrma mistikosi, ufaqizesi sulieri ganwyobebis poeti, romelsac itacebda yvelaferi saidumlo da gamoucnobi, amave dros iyo amerikuli poeziis umTavresi virtuozi.

mark tveni(1835-1910)

emili dikensoni(1830-1886)

75

amerikuli literatura

balaxis foTlebi

76

uolt uitmeni(1819-1892)

uolt uitmeni aris yvelaze amerikeli poe-ti istoriaSi – amerikuli demokratizmis poe-turi ganxorcieleba. misi genialuri wigni „ba-laxis foTlebi“ umReris Tavisuflebasa da Za-las, sicocxlis sixarulsa da sisavses. misma Tavisufalma leqsma revolucia moaxdina Ta-namedrove leqswyobaSi.

am epoqis amerikel mwerlebs Soris bevri iumoristi da sati-rikosi iyo, romlebic dascinodnen TavianTi Tanamoqalaqeebis

eqscentriulobas. erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani figura XIX saukunis amerikul literaturaSi aris mark tveni, udide-

si satirikosi, rogorc realisturi („tom soieris Tavgada-savali“, „haklberi finis Tavgadasavali“), ise fantastiku-

ri prozis („koneqtikuteli iankebi mefe arturis karze“) didostati. folkneris sityvebiT, mTeli ame-

rikuli literatura „haklbe-ri finidan“ daibada. imdroin-deli amerikis cxovrebaze rea-listur romanebs werdnen ha-riet biCer stou, romelmac Ta-visi saxelganTqmuli romaniT „biZia Tomas qoxi“, xeli Seuwyo zangebis gaTavisuflebas; bret harti, romelmac sabadoebze momuSaveTa zneCveulebani aR-wera; naTaniel hoTorni, rome-lic XVII saukunis amerikelebze werda. am mweralTan eTnografi-uli interesi da pirvelyofili cxovrebis dramatizmi mTavari ar aris, igi, upirveles yovlisa,

amerikis prozaul literaturaSi pirvel flangze dganan romanistebi da eseistebi – va-Sington irvingi, oliver holmsi, ralf emerso-ni, jeims loueli. romanistebi asaxavdnen ro-gorc Zveli kolonistebis energiul, saqmian bu-nebas, romlebic safrTxesa da mudmivi Sromis ga-remoSi cxovrobdnen, ise Tanamedrove, ufro kul-turul iankebs. Zalian swrafad viTardeba saTavga-dasavlo literaturis Janri; amouwurav wyarod moev-lina literaturas amerikis istoria, CrdiloeTi da sam-xreTi Statebis brZola, indielebTan konfliqtebi. am mi-marTulebis udidesi warmomadgenlebi arian: jeims fenimor kuperi, romelmac msoflios gaacno wiTelkanianTa yofa, kolonis-tebis sirTuleebiTa da safrTxiT savse cxovreba; main ridi, meqsikisa da samxreT-dasavleTis cxovrebaze mZafrsiuJetiani moTxrobebis avtori; jek londoni, romelmac umRera bunebasa da kanadisa Tu aliaskis pirvelamTvisebelTa vaJkacobasa da utex suls.

bunebiT absoluturad ar hgavda amerikels, mas sruliad ar axasiaTebda amerikuli sif-xizle da movlenebisadmi saqmiani damokidebu-leba. mis Semoqmedebas mkveTrad individualu-ri xasiaTi aqvs.

edgar alan po(1809-1849)

literatura

4

jeims fenimor kuperi(1789-1851)

hariet biCer stou(1811-1896)

frensis skotficjeraldi

(1896-1940)

mxatvaria, enis ostati, daxvewili fsiqologi, romelic gadmogvcems vnebian religiurobasa da misi gmirebis xasiaTis Zalas uCveulo poeturobiTa da elvarebiT.

1900 wels gamoica Teodor draizeris pirveli romani „da keri“. male gamoCndnen e.w. „dakar-guli Taobis“ mwerlebi (romelTa siymawvile daemTxva msoflio omebs Soris periods – ernest heminguei, frensis skot ficjeraldi, hertruda staini, jon steinbeki), amerikaSi Semovida ev-ropuli modernizmic, romelsac unda mivakuTvnoT Tomas eliotis poeziac (1927 wlidan elio-ti inglisSi wavida emigraciaSi) da uiliam folkneris prozac.

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amerikuli literatura

jek londoni (1876-1916)

msoflio aRiareba moipova sabavSvo li-teraturis klasikosma l. frenk baumma, ro-melicaa avtori wignebis ciklisa jadosnur qveyana ozze. masobrivi literaturis avto-rebs Soris SegviZlia davasaxeloT mZafri deteqtivebis avtorebi: deSil hemeti, rai-mond Candleri, jeims keini.

ociani wlebidan dawyebuli, moTxrobas amerikeli kritikosebi sul ufro metad aRiqvamen, rogorc specifikurad amerikul Janrs; mis ganviTarebaSi gansakuTrebuli roli Seasrules Jurnalebma. Tuki „flei-boi“, romelSic samocian wlebSi ibeWdeboda iseTi ostatebis moTxrobebi, rogorebic iyvnen vladimir nabokovi, jon apdaiki, kurt voneguti, SemdgomSi ufro naklebad inteleqtualuri gaxda, „niu-iorkeri“ dRe-mde yovelkvireulad aqveynebs moTxrobebs, romelTagan bevri xvdeba saukeTeso moTx-robebis anTologiebSi.

XX saukunis udidesi avtori iyo uiliam folkneri. misi urTulesi romanebi, romel-Ta Soris gamoirCeva genialuri „xmauri da mZvinvareba“ da „abesalom, abesalom!“, e.w.

maRali modernizmis Sedevrebadaa miCneuli. aRiarebul avtorebs Soris SegviZlia movixsenioT qeTrin en porteri da udora ueltic.

aSS-Si farTod ganviTarda samecniero fantastika da saSi-nelebaTa literatura, xolo XX saukunis meore naxevridan –

fentezi. amerikuli samecniero fantastikis pirvel talRaSi iyvnen edgar

rais berouzi, miurei le-insteri, edmond hamilto-ni, henri katneri, romelTa Semoqmedeba ZiriTadad ga-sarTob xasiaTs atarebda da warmoSva qveJanri, „kosmo-suri opera“, romelic kos-mosis pionerebis Tavgadasav-lebs aRwerda. msoflio saxe-lis amerikel fantastebs So-ris arian: rei bredberi, ro-bert hainlaini, frenk herber-ti, aizek azimovi, andre nor-toni, kliford saimaki, ro-bert Sekli. es avtorebi mimar-Tavdnen rTul socialur da fsiqologiur sakiTxebs, utopi-ebis mxilebas, alegoriebs. aSS-Si

1950-iani wlebis literaturaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili daikava jerom selinjeris romanma „TamaSi Wvavis yanaSi“. 1951 wels gamocemuli es romani sakulto gaxda, gansakuTrebiT, axalgaz-rdebSi. literatura SeeWida Temebs, romelsac adre ar exeboda. sxva mwerlebs Soris unda aRi-niSnos trumen kapote. dramaturgiaSi gamoirCa artur milerisa da tenesi uiliamsis piesebi. 1960-ian wlebSi cnobili gaxda edvard olbis piesebi („SemTxveva zooparkSi“, „vesi smitis sikv-dili“, „vis eSinia virjinia vulfisa?“, „yvelani baRSi“). 1950-1960-ian wlebSi amerika daipyro bitnikebis moZraobam (jek keruaki, lourens ferlingeti, gregori korso, alen ginzbergi, ken kizi). amis Semdeg yvelaze ufro SesamCnevi tendencia gaxda da dRemde aris postmodernizmi

(pol osteri, Tomas pinConi). bolo xanebSi gansakuTrebiT po-pularuli gaxda postmodernisti avtori don delilo.

უილიამ ფოლკნერი

ხმაური დამძვინვარება

jon apdaiki (1932-2009) da

kurt voneguti (1922-2007) uiliam folkneri (1897-1962)

78

l. frenk baumi(1856-1919)

literatura

trumen kapote(1924-1984)

jerom selinjeri(1919-2010)

Camoyalibda fantastikis iseTi qveJanri, rogoricaa kiberpanki (filip k. diki, uiliam gibsoni, brius sterlingi), sadac aRwerilia maRali teqnologiebis ganviTarebis gamo adamianurobis-gan daclili momavali.

XX saukunis saSinelebaTa Janris avtorebis umravlesoba amerikelebi arian. saukunis pirve-li naxevris saSinelebaTa literaturis klasikosi iyo hovard lavkrafti, „qTulhus miTebis“ Semqmneli, romelmac ganaviTara edgar pos goTikis memkvidreoba. saukunis meore naxevarSi sa-SinelebaTa Janri daxvewes iseTma avtorebma, rogorebic iyvnen stiven kingi, din kunci, jon uin-demi.

amerikuli fentezis ayvaveba daiwyo 1930-ian wlebSi robert hovardma moTxrobebis cikliT „konani“, romelSic agrZelebda amerikuli da inglisuri saTavgadasavlo literaturis tradi-cias. XX saukunis meore naxevarSi fentezis Janris ganviTarebas xeli Seuwyves avtorebma: ro-jer Jeliaznim, pol uiliam andersonma, ursula le guinma. XXI saukuneSi fentezis yvelaze uf-ro popularuli avtoria jorj martini, romelic romanTa ciklis – „yinulisa da cecxlis simReris“ avtoria; esaa kvazirealisturi istoriuli romani gamogonil Sua saukuneebSi.

tenesi uiliamsi (1911-1983) artur mileri (1915-2005)

79

amerikuli literatura

80

jek keruaki(1922-1969)

lourens ferlingetidab.1919

gregori korso(1930-2001)

ken kizi(1935-2001)

alen ginzbergi(1926-1997)

XX saukunis amerikul literaturaSi didi roli Seasrules imigrantebma. upirveles yov-lisa, es iyo rusi da amerikeli mwerali vladimir nabokovi. Zalian xmauriani iyo misi „loli-tas“ skandali. amerikuli literaturis Zalian mniSvnelovani Senakadia amerikuli ebrauli li-teratura, xSirad iumoristuli: zingeri, belou, roTi, malamudi. erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili Savkaniani mwerali iyo bolduini. saxeli moipoves berZenma evgenidisma da Cinelma emi tanma. xu-Ti yvelaze cnobili Cinel-amerikeli mwerali qalia: edit mod itoni, daiana Cangi, maksin hong kingstoni, emi tani da giS jeni. maT ar CamorCnen kacebic, gansakuTrebiT, lui Cu, avtori sati-ruli romanisa „miirTvi finjani Cai“ da dramaturgebi frenk Cini da devid henri hvangi. didi warmatebiT sargebloben italiuri warmoSobis amerikeli avtorebi: mario piuzo, jon fante da don delilo.

axla ki gagacnobT aSS-is dRevandeli literaturis ramdenime saukeTeso warmomadgenels.

pol osteri(dab.1947)

rei bredberi (1920-2012)

aizek azimovi(1920-1992)

literatura

miCneulia Cveni drois erT-erT udides amerikel mwerlad pinConis, roTisa da makartis gverdiT.

don delilo

axalgazrdobaSi gatacebuli iyo folkneriTa da hemingueiT. wera daiw-yo, rom ar emuSava da sabolood gaxda saxelganTqmuli mwerali-postmoder-nisti. didi saxeli moutana romanma „TeTri xmauri“, romelmac nacionaluri wignis premia miiRo 1985 wels.

jonaTan franzeni

am mweralma mkiTxveli tradiciul did romans daubruna, miuxedavad imisa, rom es axla modaSi ar aris. odnav mainc rom gavic-noT franzeni, getyviT, rom mas folkneri urCevnia hemingueis, aRfrTovanebulia to-lstoiT da eamayeba, rom nabokovi amerikeli mweralia. romanisaTvis „Sesworebebi“ fren-zenma miiRo prestiJuli nacionaluri wig-nis premia. jonaTan frenzenis umTavresi romania „ucodveloba“ – axalgazrda qalis, saxelad piuritis, odisea; piuriti ar ic-nobs mamas da daeZebs mas. am saqmeSi mas erT-droulad xelsac uwyobs da uSlis kidec in-ternet-libertarianeli andreas volfi, damoukidebeli Jurnalisti tom aberanti da paranoiduli deda anabeli.

vladimir nabokovi(1899-1977)

mario piuzo(1920-1999)

jeims bolduini(1924-1987)

81

don delilos mTavari romanebia „TeTri xmauri“ da „saswo-ri“. SevCerdeT am ukanasknelze, radgan esaa wigni „Svid wamze, ro-melmac xerxemalSi gadatexa amerika“ – kenedis mkvlelobaze. wignSi moTxrobilia li harvi osvaldze, centraluri sadazver-vo samsaxuris agentebze, romlebic kenedize yalb Tavdasxmas gegmavdnen da arqivist nikolas brenCze, romelic swavlobs am mkvlelobas.

„TeTri xmauri“ satiruli Txrobaa hitlermcodneobis pro-fesorze, romelsac saSinlad eSinia sikvdilisa da imis, rom mas amxelen mis „samecniero“ saganSi. delilos samiznea televizia, religia, supermarketebi da a.S.

amerikuli literatura

kormak makarti (dab.1933)

kormak makarti

upirveles yovlisa, cnobilia, rogorc avtori wignisa „moxucebis adgili aq ar aris“. kacma rom Tqvas, makartis xSirad ganixilaven Tanamedroveobis mTavar amerikel mwerlad da xSirad moixsenieben, rogorc folkneris memkvidres. romanisaTvis „gza“ miiRo puliceris premia. ro-mani „cxenebi, cxenebi“ dajildovda nacionaluri wignis premiiTa da kritikosebis nacionalu-ri wignis premiiT.

misi mTavari wignia „sisxliani meridiani“ – im ymawvili kacis sastiki istoria, romelic aSS-meqsikis sazRvarze moqmedi TavzexelaRebuli borotmoqmedebis bandaSi moxvda. omi yvelas: in-dielebis, meqsikelebis, reinjerebis, erTmaneTis winaaRmdeg. pirquSi romani Zaladobis bune-baze.

`cxenebi, cxenebi“ – romani axalgazrda kovboize, romelic dasavleT texasidan meqsikaSi ga-iqca babuis gardacvalebis Semdeg. wigni dakacebasa da sulis gamocdaze.

„gza“ – sasowarkveTili wignia. mama-Svili cdilobs zRvamde misaRwevad gadakveTos yofili amerika, romelic romeliRac, mkiTxvelisTvis ucnobma, katastrofam gaacamtvera.

filip roTi

am mweralma sayovelTao aRiareba moipova 1959 wels dabeWdili „mSvidobiT, kolumbusiT“. es iyo ebrael amerikelTa cxovrebis iumoristuli aRwera, romelmac mas nacionaluri wignis jildo moutana.

roTis mTavari wignia „portnois sindromi“. mTavari Temebia gaucxoeba da martooba. romanSi axalgazrda ebraeli mamakacis iumoristuli da seqsualurad Ria fsiqoanalitikuri

82

stiven kingi

mTavari wigni „guli atlantidaSi“ gasaocari wignia, ganzraxaa ak-inZuli moTxroba-fragmentebisgan. gogona, romelic gmirma pirvel moTxrobaSi xulignebisgan ixsna, Camoyalibdeba dau-

morCilebel studentad. igi Cndeba romanis me-ore moTxrobaSi, yvelaze ufro „amerikulSi“, sadac kingma aRwera 1970-iani wlebis studen-turi kampusi, axalgazrda amerikelebis cxov-reba da protesti vietnamis omis gamo. istori-as avtori ciklis xasiaTs miscems da isev Seax-vedrebs gmirebs finalSi...

Tavis wignebSi stiven kingi Cveulebrivi adamianis, xandaxan arc ise mimzidveli personis, bu-nebas Rrmad Seiswavlis. SegiZliaT igi saSinelebaTa Janris mwerlad miiCnioT, mag-

ram es arc ise gonivruli stereotipis msxverplad gagxdiT.

monologia mocemuli. siuJeti erTi fsiqoTerapiis seansia, sadac mTavari gmiri, aleqs port-noi, monologs warmoTqvams, romelic bavSvobis mogonebebiT iwyeba. wignma amerikaSi iseTive vnebaTaRelva gamoiwvia, rogoric Tavis droze vladimir nabokovis „lolitam“ da henri mile-ris „kirCxibis tropikma“.

filip roTi (1933-2018)

literatura

Tanamedrove amerikis erT-erT yvelaze saintereso mwerlad iTvleba. sadebiuto romani iyo „uxilavi cirki“.

kidev erTi mniSvnelovani wigni – „cita-deli“ – biZaSvilebis ambavi, romlebic erT-maneTs xvdebian oci wlis Semdeg. erT-erTi maTgani Zalian Seicvala da axla meore moiw-via nayidi da misaxedi saxlis restavraciis-Tvis. Zveli cixesimagre biZaSvilebs mraval siurprizs hpirdeba.

jenifer igani

misi mTavari romania „daundobeli ava-zakebis stumroba“ – gmirebis siymawvile da-emTxva pank-rokis dabadebas, dRes ki isini ormocze metisa arian. warmatebuli prodi-useri da Seumdgari pank-rokeri beni sala-zari Tavis srbolas agrZelebs rok-musikis wreze, magram dro gmirebs arc erTi nabijiT ar CamorCeba. daiwyeb am saocar wigns da ver mowydebi, mixvdebi, rom cxovreba yvelas erTnairad ar eqceva, magram yvelani vcdi-lobT, gavuZloT dros da SevinarCunoT sa-kuTari Tavis imedi. imasac Cawvdebi, rom cxovreba raRac ufro metia, vidre keTild-Reoba, msoflio saxeli an amerikuli ocne-ba.

pinConis mTavari romania „Tandayolili manki“: amerika adrian 1970-ianebSi, hipis warsulis mqone deteqtivi dok sportelo eZebs yofil sayvarelsa da mis mdidar Tay-vanismcemels. klasikuri dapirispireba autsaiderisa sistemasTan.

tomas pinConi

pinConis sayvareli Temebia entropia, pa-ranoia, SeTqmulebis Teoria, sistemasTan dapirispireba. Zlierad imoqmeda postmo-dernizmsa da kiberpankur romanze. sxvaTa Soris, puliceris premia ar misces, „cisar-tyela“ kiTxvisTvis gamousadegar da uxams wignad miiCnies. rac Seexeba nacionalur wignis premias, pinConi gadacemas ar daswre-bia da Tavis nacvlad estradis komikosi gagzavna.

esaa kaci, romelmac dawera „mizidulo-bis cisartyela“. es wigni sakmarisia, rom misma avtorma Tavi daimkvidros maradiso-baSi.

„mizidulobis cisartyela“ – misi rTu-li siuJeti raketa fau-2-is nomer 00000-is „Savi yuTis“ Ziebazea agebuli. „cisartyela“ XX saukunis yvelaze rTul postmodernis-tul romanad iTvleba.

stiven kingi (dab. 1947)

tomas pinConi (dab. 1937)

amerikuli literatura

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jenifer igani(dab. 1962)