Libro Líquidos Exóticos

7/21/2019 Libro Líquidos Exóticos

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L Í Q U I D O S E X Ó T I C O S

Autores: LEOPOLDO GARCÍA-COLÍN SCHERER / ROSALÍORODRÍGUEZ ZEPEDA

INTRODUCCIÓN I. EL MISTERIOSO FLUJO DE LOS LÍQUIDOS POLIMÉRICOS II. FLUIDOS MULTIFÁSICOS III. CRISTALES LÍQUIDOS IV. LÍQUIDOS SOBREENFRIADOS Y VIDRIOS V. LOS SUPERCONDUCTORES VI. SUPERFLUIDEZ

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N&0$'2 '$ %9+$ +% #7'!0()&% )& + 4(% &%*(&3$ 6+!4)$ &+ &*&40$ )&*$#4!9' $ *+(8$ %$' 6$6$4!$'+&%2 %!'$ 1(& +&+4!9' &'0& &++% 0#5!' &% !'%0'0;'&. E%0$ %!7'!*!4 1(& +*+(8$ &' &+ !'%0'0& )& $5%&"4!9' %9+$ 4$'0!5(& &+ &%*(&3$6+!4)$ &' &+ #!%#$ !'%0'0& )& 0!&#6$. L$% &%*(&3$% 1(& >'&?!%0!)$ &' &+ *+(!)$ &' 0!&#6$% '0&!$&% '$ 4$'0!5(&'

6$)(4! + )&*$#4!9' &' &+ #$#&'0$ )& + $5%&"4!9'. E' $0% 6+5%2 +$% *+(!)$% '&0$'!'$% '$ 7()' #&#$! )& +%)&*$#4!$'&% 6&"!%.

L &?6&!&'4! > )&#$%0)$ 1(& + 7' "!&)) )& +:1(!)$% 7%&% '&0$'!'$% 0!&'&' (' 440&:%0!4 4$#'2 %5&2 +%#$+4(+% 1(& +$% 4$#6$'&' %$' +!7&%2 &% )&4!2 )& 58$ 6&%$#$+&4(+. C$#$ %( '$#5& +$ !')!42 &+ 6&%$ #$+&4(+ &% ('#&)!) )&+ 6&%$ )& (' #$+4(+ 4$' &%6&40$ (' 609' )&&*&&'4!2 &+ 4(+ 6 0$)$ 6$69%!0$ 6;40!4$ %& &%4$7& 4$#$ &+

6&%$ )& (' ;0$#$ )& >!)97&'$2 1(& 6(&)& 0$#%& 4$#$ +('!)). E' 4$'%&4(&'4!2 &+ 6&%$ #$+&4(+ )& (' %(%0'4! &% (''#&$ 1(& &6&%&'0 &' *$# 6$?!#)2 &+ '#&$ )& "&4&%1(& &+ 6&%$ )& + #$+4(+ &' 4(&%0!9' &?4&)& &+ 6&%$ )& (' ;0$#$)& >!)97&'$. P(&)& )&4!%& &'0$'4&% 1(& + &+4!9' 4$'%0!0(0!" )&

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6$)(40$% )& + !')(%0! #$)&'2 4$#$ &+ 4$'4&0$2 + 6$4&+'2+% *!5% 0&?0!+&%2 &+ "!)!$2 >(+&% 6+;%0!4$%2 %$' 6$+:#&$% 6($% $&%0;' 4$#6(&%0$% &' 7' 60& 6$ 6$+:#&$%. L 6+5 6$+:#&$%& )&!" )& )$% "$45+$% 7!&7$%2 polys 1(& %!7'!*!4 #(4>$% meros2 60& $ ('!)). C$#$ %( '$#5& +$ !')!42 +% #$+4(+% )&

(' 6$+:#&$ &%0;' *$#)% 6$ #(4>% ('!))&% $ #$'9#&$% )& 58$ 6&%$ #$+&4(+ 1(& %& #'0!&'&' ('!)$% &'0& %: 6$ *(&3%!'0&#$+&4(+&% #( !'0&'%% ++#)% enlaces covalentes. E+

6$4&%$ #&)!'0& &+ 4(+ &%0% ('!))&% %& ('&' %(4&%!" &6&0!)#&'0& 6 *$# 4)&'% +7% 6&%)%#4$#$+4(+%2 %& ++# 6$+!#&!34!9' F!7( .

Fiur! . /!0 Po#i)eri+!%i&$ #i$e!#1 /20 'o#i)eri+!%i&$ r!)i*i%!(!1 /%0

'o#i)eri+!%i&$ (e# estire$o.

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T$)$% 4$'$4&#$% &+ &*&40$ )&+ %!*9'2 +$ 640!4#$% + 5&5& ('+:1(!)$ $)!'!$ 4$' (' 6$6$0& &+ +!1(!)$ *+(& 0"% )& + &'0'0$ 1(& ('$ )& %(% &?0&#$% &%0 )&'0$ )&+ +:1(!)$. P '(&%0%$6&%2 %! &' "&3 )& 7( 0&'&#$% (' *+(!)$ '$ '&0$'!'$ %&$5%&" 1(& &+ &*&40$ )& %!*9' 6(&)& $4(! ('1(& &+ 0(5$ )&%(44!9' '$ &%0 !'#&%$ &' +. D& #$)$ 1(& (' *+(!)$ 6$+!#!4$

6(&)& %(44!$'%& (' 4(')$ &?!%0' "!$% 4&'0:#&0$% )&%&64!9' &'0& + %(6&*!4!& )&+ *+(!)$ &+ &?0&#$ )&+ 0(5$. A&%0& &*&40$ %& +& 4$'$4& 4$#$ sifón sin tubo F!7( .

Fiur! 3. E*e%to (e si*&$.



Fiur! 4. E*e%to 5eisse$2er.

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%& 6$)(4& (' )&6&%!9'. E' &+!)) &+ &*&40$ 6$): >5&%&'0!4!6)$2 6(&% 6$ + 44!9' )&+ 7!0)$ &+ 7( 0#5!' &#6!&3 7! + *(&3 4&'0!*(7 0!&')& )&%6+3+ >4! +% 6&)&%)&+ &4!6!&'0&. E+ &%(+0)$ '&0$ &% 4(#(+ *+(!)$ &' +% 6&)&%

6$)(4! (' )&*!4!&'4! +&)&)$ )&+ 4!+!')$2 + 4(+ %& #'!*!&%0&' + )&6&%!9' 4&'0+. S!' &#57$2 &%0 &?6+!44!9' !'0(!0!" &%!'";+!) %! &+ *+(!)$ &% 6$+!#!4$. E' &%0& 4%$ %(4&)&

6&4!%#&'0& &+ &*&40$ 4$'0!$ &+ *+(!)$ '$ %9+$ %& 4$'4&'0+&)&)$ )&+ 7!0)$ %!'$ 1(& 0#5!' 0&6 6$ +, A &%0&*&'9#&'$ %& +& 4$'$4& 4$#$ &*&40$ W&!%%&'5&7 *(& )&%4(5!&0$

6$ X+ W&!%%&'5&7 &' I'7+0& )('0& + %&7(') G(&

M(')!+.

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

)!*&&'0& &' #5$% 4%$%. E' &+ 7(2 &+ )!%4$ &' $04!9' 0!&')& )&%6+3 + +:1(!)$ >4! +% 6&)&% +(&7$2 4&4 )& &++%2 &+!3(' 7!$ >4! &+ *$')$ )&+ "%$ 6 *!'+#&'0& &#&7& >4! !54&4 )&+ &8& )& $04!9' )&+ )!%4$. E' &+ 4%$ )&+ *+(!)$ 6$+!#!4$2&+ *+(8$ %&4(')!$ &% !)'0!4$ &' '0(+&32 6&$ $4(& &' %&'0!)$4$'0!$ 58 6$ &+ &8& 7! 6 %(5! 6$ +% 6&)&%,. E%0&&*&40$ *(& $5%&")$ 6$ 6!#& "&3 6$ C.T. H!++ &' K F!7(.

Fiur! 6. E*e%to (e (e'resi&$ su'er*i%i!#.



Fiur! 7. 8&rti%es i$teriores.

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)$')& %& $5%&" 1(& 6&4& (' &*&40$ )& &0$4&%$2 (' 0&')&'4! &7&% %!0(4!$'&% 6&"!% 7)(+#&'0& 6% + &%0)$ )&&6$%$. C+#&'0&2 &%0$ %!7'!*!4 1(&2 (' )&%6(% )& >5& )&%4$'&40)$ + 5$#52 &+ *+(!)$ 6$+!#!4$ %!7(& )&*$#;')$%&2

6&$ >$ &' %&'0!)$ !'"&%$ )&5!)$ +$% &%*(&3$% 1(& %& 6$)(8&$' &' 0!&#6$% '0&!$&% + )& )&0&'& + 5$#5. E%0 &%(' #'!*&%04!9' )& + #&#$! )&+ *+(!)$ &' &$+$7: %& +&++# efecto de memoria desvaneciente2 6(&% %& $5%&" 1(& &+*+(!)$ '$ &4(6& 0$0+#&'0& %(% 4$'*!7(4!$'&% 6&"!%2 +$ 1(&%!7'!*!4 1(& + #&#$! %& )&%"'&4& &+8 #&)!) 1(& &+0!&#6$ 0'%4(&. A1(: #$%0#$% 7;*!4#&'0& &%0& &*&40$ &' +

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Fiur! 9. E*e%to (e )e)ori!.

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Fiur! . E*e%to (e ;i$%;!)ie$to.

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1(& %0 (#&'0 %( "&+$4!)) + 6% + 0(5$ #;% '7$%0$. E'4#5!$2 4$' &+ *+(!)$ 6$+!#!4$ $5%&"#$% 1(& %& *$#'



6&1(&$% "90!4&% &#$+!'$% &' + "&4!')) )& + 4$'&?!9' &'0&#5$% 0(5$%. L% 60:4(+% )& *+(!)$ 06)% &' &++$% '('4 4&'+ 0(5$ #&'$. Q( #7':*!4$ &%6&40;4(+$ %&: 4$'0&#6+ ('400 6$)(4!) 6$ (' *+(8$ 6$+!#!4$, E%0& &*&40$ %& #(&%0&%1(&#;0!4#&'0& &' + *!7( K.

Fiur! "<. E*e%tos (e =&rti%e ! #! s!#i(! (e u$ re%i'ie$te.

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siempre 6&4&)& + 6!#& 4>$4 4$' &++. I'0'0&+$ &+ +&40$ 4$' )$% &%*&% '$ #( 6&%)%. P&$ %! >$ &6&0!#$% +&?6&!&'4! 4$' (' +:1(!)$ 6$+!#!4$2 $4(& +$ #!%#$ %! +%&7(') &%*& %& $8 !'#&)!0#&'0& )&%6(% )& + 6!#&2

6&$ 6 4) *+(!)$ &?!%0& (' 0!&#6$ 4:0!4$ )&%6(% )&+ 4(+ +%&%*&% 0!&')&' %&6%& #!&'0% 4&', O0 "&32 &+ +:1(!)$

6&4!5& $ 7() #&#$! )&+ &*&40$ 6$)(4!)$ 6$ + 6&0(54!9'!'!4!+ F!7( KK.

Fiur! "". Nue=!)e$te #os e*e%tos (e )e)ori!.



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I 8 . L Í Q U I D O SS O R E E N F R I A D O S

8 I D R I O S



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Aleación Temperatura de transición



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Fiur! 9. /!0 C!so I. L! )uestr! 'ri)ero se e$*r-! 'or (e2!o(e su te)'er!tur! (e tr!$si%i&$ ? #ueo se %o#o%! e$ u$ %!)'o)!$>ti%o. /20 C!so II. L! )uestr! se %o#o%! e$ u$ %!)'o)!$>ti%o1 e$%o$tr$(ose e$ su est!(o $or)!#1 ?

'osterior)e$te se e$*r-! 'or (e2!o (e su te)'er!tur! (etr!$si%i&$. /%0 Si e# %!)'o )!$>ti%o se !'#i%! %u!$(o #!)uestr! est e$ su est!(o $or)!#1 e# %!)'o es e@'e#i(o !#e$*ri!r#!.

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Fiur! 3". E# %o)'ort!)ie$to (e# %!)'o )!$>ti%o %r-ti%o '!r! u$su'er%o$(u%tor (e# ti'o II %o)o *u$%i&$ (e #! te)'er!tur!.

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4$#$ "!#$% &' &+ 46:0(+$ '0&!$2 !#6+!4 + )&%6!4!9' )& +&%!%0&'4! &+40!4 )& (' #&0+. P&$2 )&#;% )& +$% '(&"$%*&'9#&'$% +% #+0!6+&% 6+!44!$'&% 6;40!4% 1(& )!$ +(7 &+4$#6$0#!&'0$ %!'7(+ )&+ >&+!$2 &% !#6$0'0& %&+ 1(&

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+ 6!#& !')!44!9' )& 1(& +% 6$6!&))&% )&+ >&+!$ %9+$ 6$):'&'0&')&%& (0!+!3')$ 4$'4&60$% )!*&&'0&% )& +$% 1(& >%0&'0$'4&% %& >5:' &#6+&)$ 6 &?6+!4 +% 6$6!&))&% )& $0$%+:1(!)$% #&'$% &?90!4$%. P&$2 '0&% )& )!%4(0! &%0$% 4$'4&60$%2)&%4!5#$% +% 6$6!&))&% %$6&')&'0&% & !'%9+!0% 1(& &?>!5& &+>&+!$.

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!%90$6$ >&+!$- %(*& (' 0'%!4!9' )& *%&2 6&$ '$ (' *%&%9+!)2 %!'$ (' '(&" *%& +:1(!). A &%0 0'%!4!9' )& *%& %& +&++# &+ punto lambda 6$1(& 4(')$ %& 7*!4 &+ 4+$ &%6&4:*!4$C%2 )&+ >&+!$2 1(& &6&%&'0 + 4'0!)) )& 4+$ '&4&%!$ 6&+&" %( 0&#6&0( (' 7)$2 4$'0 + 0&#6&0( T2 %&&'4(&'0 1(& + 4(" %& 6&4& + +&0 7!&7 λ2 %&7' %&#(&%0 &' + *!7( .

Fiur! 33. E# 'u$to #!)2(! ! ,., )!r%! #! tr!$si%i&$ (e ;e#io#-ui(o $or)!# ! su'er*#ui(o. E$ este 'u$to e# %!#or es'e%-*i%o(e%re%e !2ru't!)e$te.

A &%0& '(&"$ &%0)$ %& +& ++# >&+!$-II2 6 )!%0!'7(!+$ )&+ >&+!$$)!'!$2 >&+!$-I2 1(& &?!%0& 0&#6&0(% %(6&!$&% .K X.P &"!0 4$'*(%!$'&% &%(##$% + %!0(4!9' &+ >&+!$- 6(&)&>++%& &' &+ &%0)$ +:1(!)$ >&+!$-I 0&#6&0(% &'0& . X.

.K X 0&#6&0(% !'*&!$&% +4'3; &+ '(&"$ &%0)$ +:1(!)$>&+!$-II. T$) &%0 !'*$#4!9' 6(&)& &?6&%%& )& #'& #(



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&'0& )$% 6+4% )& "!)!$ %(#&7!)% &' (' &4!6!&'0& 1(& 4$'0!&'&>&+!$. E+ &%6&%$ )& + &')!8 $ 46!+ &% 6&1(&:%!#$26$?!#)#&'0& )& #&)!$ #!49'2 1(& &% !7(+ + #!0) )& +#!++$'%!# 60& )& (' #&0$.

Fiur! 36. E# e@'eri)e$to (e !'it+!.

X6!03 $5%&"9 1(& &' &+ &%0)$ >&+!$-I &+ >&+!$ '$ *+(: 0"%

)&+ 46!+2 #!&'0% 1(& &+ >&+!$-II 6%5 6$ + ;6!)#&'0&!7(+')$ +$% '!"&+&% )&+ +:1(!)$ &' &+ 0(5$ 46!+ &' &+&4!6!&'0&. M!)!&')$ &%0& 0!6$ )& &*&40$2 X6!03 ++&79 +%$6&')&'0& 4$'4+(%!9' )& 1(& + "!%4$%!)) )&+ >&+!$-II & #(

6&1(&2 #&'$ 1(& (' )!&3#!+%!# )& + "!%4$%!)) )&+>!)97&'$ 7%&$%$. E% )&4!2 1(& 6 0$)$ 6$69%!0$ 6;40!4$ +"!%4$%!)) )&+ >&+!$-II &% '(+ 6$ +$ 0'0$ %& 4$#6$0 4$#$ ('*+(!)$ !)&+. P )&%4!5! &%0 6$6!&)) )&+ >&+!$-II2 X6!034(9 &+ '$#5& )& superfluidez .

E%0 4(+!)) )&+ >&+!$-II )& 6$)& &'4$'0%& &' %!0!$% &' )$')& &+

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0(5$ %& 4$'"&0!; &' >&+!$-I. P&$ 4$#$ &+ >&+!$-II 6(&)& 6&'&0 + 0(5$ +!5&#&'0& %& 4$#6$0 4$#$ %! &+ >&+!$-I '$ &%0("!&



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Fiur! 37. E# e*e%to *ue$te 'ro(u%i(o 'or e# ;e#io su'er*#ui(o.

O0 4$'%&4(&'4! )& + %(6&*+(!)&3 )&+ >&+!$ &% &+ efecto de

reptación2 1(& 4$'%!%0& &' 1(& (' 6&+:4(+ #( )&+7) )& >&+!$ 6(&)& &%4+ +% 6&)&% )&+ &4!6!&'0& 1(& +$ 4$'0!&'& &' 6&'0&)&%*:$ +% +&&% )& + 7"&)). S! 0$##$% (' 0(5$ )& &'%$"4:$ 6&$ &'*!)$ (' 0&#6&0( !'*&!$ .K X2 +$

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

*+(& #( 6$4$. E' 4#5!$ 4$' &+ >&+!$-II + 6&+:4(+ %& *$# #(;6!)$ 2 4$#$ %( "!%4$%!)) &% '(+2 %& #(&"& ;6!)#&'0&. S&4$#6$0 #;% $ #&'$% 4$#$ (' %!*9' +$ +7$ )&+ 4(+ *+(& &+>&+!$. L "&+$4!)) )& *+(8$ 6(&)& ++&7 %& 4$'%!)&5+&2 )& 4# $ #;% 6$ %&7(')$. C$#$ &% )& !#7!'%&2 &%0& &*&40$ 4(%

6$5+&#% + )!%& &4!6!&'0&% 6 +#4&' >&+!$-II4!$%00$%2 6(&% &+ +:1(!)$ &%4+ +% 6&)&% %& &%46,



Fiur! 39. Pe#-%u#! su'er*#ui(! re't!$te.

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6&1(& "&+&0 4&4 )& + 5&0( )& (' 0(5$ )& &'%$ )& #$)$1(& 4(+1(!& *+(8$ >4! &+ &?0&!$ )&+ 0(5$ %&: *;4!+#&'0&)&0&405+& #&)!5+& &' 0#!'$% )& + )&%"!4!9' &?6&!#&'0)

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6)98!4$ *(& 1(& 6&% )& &?!%0! (' *+(8$ >4! &+ &?0&!$2 &+

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Fiur! 3. 8is%os-)etro (e %i#i$(ros %o$%>$tri%os.



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P 4$'0&%0 &%0% 6&7('0% &% 6&4!%$ &4$) 1(& + #0&! &%4+ #4$%496!42 &% )&4!2 &' 4(+1(!& )& +% *%&% $ '!"&+&%)& 7&74!9' 1(& >&#$% 4$'%!)&)$ &' &%0& +!5$2 6$%&& 0'0$ +%

6$6!&))&% $)!'!% 1(& '$% %$' *#!+!&%2 4$#$ 6$6!&))&%cu%nticas *(')#&'0+&%. E%0% +0!#% %$' #'!*&%04!$'&% )&+%!%0&# 6&4(+! )& +&&% 1(& 7$5!&'' +% 6$6!&))&% )& +#0&! (' &%4+ #!4$%496!42 $ %&2 &' +% &%4+% 6$6!% )&+#(')$ !')!"!)(+ )& +$% ;0$#$% +% #$+4(+%. A>$ 5!&'2 0&#6&0(% $)!'!% &+ #$"!#!&'0$ 490!4$2 !'4&%'0&2 )& +$%

;0$#$% #$+4(+% &'#%4 0$0+#&'0& &+ 4$#6$0#!&'0$4(;'0!4$ )& +% 60:4(+% !')!"!)(+&% 2 4$#$ &%(+0)$2 %9+$"&#$% +% 6$6!&))&% #4$%496!4% $)!'!%2 +% 1(&4+!*!4#$% )& cl%sicas 6 )!%0!'7(!+% )& +% 4(;'0!4%. P&$4(')$ + 0&#6&0( )&+ %!%0&# )&%4!&')& >%0 &+ )$#!'!$ )& +%

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6+&'#&'0& (' &%4+ #4$%496!4. A%: 1(& &+ >&+!$-II %&0'%*$# &' (' lí"uido cu%ntico '0&% )& %$+!)!*!4%& 2 )&4(&)$ 4$' +% +&&% 4(;'0!4%2 6(&)& 6&#'&4& +:1(!)$ (' &' &+

4&$ 5%$+(0$. E' &*&40$2 ('$ )& +$% 6!'4!6!$% )& + *:%!4 4(;'0!4&% 1(& &+ #$"!#!&'0$ )& +$% ;0$#$% '$ 0!&'& 1(& 4&% 4$#6+&0#&'0& &' &+ 4&$ 5%$+(0$. P$ %(6(&%0$2 &%0$ &% 0$0+#&'0&$6(&%0$ '(&%0 !'0(!4!9' 4+;%!4 %&7' + 4(+2 )) + &+4!9'&'0& 0&#6&0( #$"!#!&'0$ #$+&4(+ #&'4!$')'0&!$#&'0&2 &%0& #$"!#!&'0$ )&5&: )&%6&4& 6$ 4$#6+&0$&' &+ 4&$ 5%$+(0$. P$ 0'0$2 &' &%0% &7!$'&% )& 0&#6&0(&%6&:#$% 1(& + #$"&%& 6$4$ +$% ;0$#$% +% *(&3% 040!"%&'0& &++$% &'0' &' 44!9' 6$)(8&' + %$+!)!*!44!9' )&++:1(!)$.

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6$6(%$ (' 0&$: 6 &?6+!4 + %(6&*+(!)&3. L !)& 5;%!4 )&&%0 0&$: 4$'%0!0(& (' "&))&$ )&%*:$ '(&%0$ %&'0!)$4$#'2 6(&% 6$6$'& 1(& &+ >&+!$-II &+!3 )$% #$"!#!&'0$%)!*&&'0&% %!#(+0;'&#&'0&, E' $0% 6+5%2 1(& 6 6$)& )&%4!5! 4$#6+&0#&'0& &+ *+(8$ )&+ >&+!$-II &% '&4&%!$

&%6&4!*!4 )$% "&+$4!))&% &' 4) 6('0$ + #!%#$ 0!&#6$. P$ %(6(&%0$ 1(& &%0$ &% #( )!%0!'0$ +$ 1(& $4(& 4$' (' +:1(!)$#&'$% &?90!4$ 6 &+ 1(& &% %(*!4!&'0& 4$'$4& (' "&+$4!)) &'4) 6('0$ 6 440&!3 %( *+(8$. P&$ &4$)&#$% '(&"#&'0&1(& &+ >&+!$-II &% (' +:1(!)$ 4(;'0!4$ 1(& '(&%0 !'0(!4!9' &%4+;%!4 +(&7$2 %(6$%!4!$'&% 4$#$ + '0&!$2 1(& 4>$4' 4$''(&%0$ %&'0!)$ 4$#'2 6(&)&' %& 6&*&40#&'0& ";+!)%.

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de dos fluidos. I#7!'&#$% 1(& &+ >&+!$-II &%0; 4$#6(&%0$ 6$ )$%+:1(!)$% 1(& %& #(&"&' !')&6&')!&'0&#&'0& ('$ )&+ $0$2 &% )&4! 1(& '$ &8&4&' *(&3% )& *!44!9' &'0& %: + #$"&%&. C) *+(!)$0!&'& 6$6!&))&% )!*&&'0&% 6$ &8&#6+$2 (' )& +% 4$#6$'&'0&%%& #(&"& %!' "!%4$%!))2 #!&'0% 1(& + $0 &% (' +:1(!)$ "!%4$%$$)!'!$. A + 6!#& L')( + ++#9 superfluida + %&7(')normal . A+ *+(! %9+$ + 4$#6$'&'0& '$#+ 0'%6$0 4+$ &'4!&0$ %&'0!)$ 6(&)& )&4!%& 1(& &%0 4$#6$'&'0& &% &+ 4+$ #!%#$ 1(& %& > %&6)$ )& + #% )&+ +:1(!)$ 1(& %& #(&"&&%6&40$ + 4$#6$'&'0& %(6&*+(!). D&%)& +(&7$2 &%0& #&4'!%#$)& 4$')(44!9' )& 4+$ )!*!&& 4$#6+&0#&'0& )& '(&%0 !)&

(%(+ )& &%0& 6$4&%$2 1(& &%0; %$4!) + #$"!#!&'0$ 0#!4$)&%$)&')$ )& +% #$+4(+% )& (' %!%0&#. P&$ '$ )&5&#$%$+"!) &' '!'7' #$#&'0$ 1(& &%0#$% >4!&')$ (' '+$7:. E'+ &+!)) %9+$ &?!%0& (' +:1(!)$2 &+ >&+!$-II. E%0& #$)&+$ %(%440&:%0!4% %$' %9+$ (' >&#!&'0 1(& '$% *4!+!0 &+ ';+!%!% + )&%4!64!9' )&+ %!%0&# &+.

Fiur! 4<. Piotr L. !'it+!.



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