La Geoquímica en la Evaluación de Recursos de Shale-oil y ... · Héctor J. Villar...

Héctor J. Villar [email protected]

La Geoquímica en la Evaluación de Recursos

de Shale-oil y Shale-gas

SPE de Argentina; 30 de abril de 2013

La Geoquímica en la Evaluación de Recursos de Shale-oil y Shale-gas

Los recursos potenciales de Shale en Argentina

Argentina Basins

Geological and Geochemical Keys of the

Potential Shale Resources

AAPG GTW June 26-28, 2011 – Buenos Aires, ArgentinaUnconventional Resources: Basics, Challenges and Opportunities for New Frontier Plays

Leonardo Legarreta (1) and Héctor J. Villar (2)

(1) (2)PatagoniaExploración s.a.

Geological and Geochemical Keys of the Potential Shale ResourcesIntroduction

Six productive petroliferous basins include eleven source rock units with potential for unconventional oil and gas:

• Five marine source rocks

• Six lacustrine source intervals, one of them just mentioned due to reduced areal distribution and limited knowledge.

Other properties such as mineralogy, porosity, permeability, rock mechanics, fluid content, and adsorption capacity are excluded from this presentation since their public knowledge is very limited or inexistent

• Map of regional distribution and thermal maturity• Total Organic Carbon (TOC%) content• Rock-Eval pyrolysis (kerogen type)• Visual Kerogen Analysis (VKA)• Source Quality/Thermal Maturity (Oil – Gas – Mixed)• Thickness range• Depth range

Key features to be presented:

Data obtained from 1990-2010 public domain literature

AAPG GTW June 26-28, 2011Legarreta & Villar

PALEOZOIC CUYO NEUQUENPETROLIFEROUS BASINS OF ARGENTINA

AUSTRAL CRETACEOUSSAN JORGE

2.6

29

25

8

8

8

1

7

9

1

(1) (2

530

520

510

500

490

480

470

460

450

440

430

420

410

400

390

380

370

360

350

340

330

320

310

300

290

280

270

260

250

240

230

220

210

200

190

180

170

160

150

140

130

120

110

100

90

80

70

60

6

4

)

Global Eustatic Curve and Contribution of the Source Rocks to the World (1)and Argentina Reserves (2)

TIME

Tertiary

CR

ETA

CEO

US

EAR

LYLA

TE

JUR

ASS

IC

EAR

LYLA

TEM

IDD

LELA

TEE

M

TRIA

SSIC

PER

MIA

NL

EAR

LY

CA

RB

ON

IFER

OU

S

EAR

LYL

MID

DLE

DEV

ON

IAN

SILU

RIA

NO

RD

OVI

CIA

NC

AMB

RIA

N

ELA

TENEOCOMIANO

KEROGENTYPE: II/III

TOC:0.5-3%

SPI: 4 (?)

YACORAITE

0.5-6%

SPI:1

TOC:II(III)TYPE:

KEROGENL. Cretaceous

D-129

1-3%

SPI:10(?)

TOC:TYPE: I/II (III)

KEROGENE. Cretaceous

LOS MONOS

: II/IIIto III/IV

0.5-1%SPI:1-3

TOC:

TYPE:KEROGEN

L. Devonian

P. AIKE

II/III

0.5-2 %

SPI:1-2

TOC:TYPE:KEROGEN

E. Cretaceous

S. TOBIFERA

SPI:?

TOC:TYPE: I to IIIKEROGEN

M - L. Jurassic

1-3 (10) %

AGRIO

II to II/III

2-5%SPI:4-12

TOC:TYPE:

KEROGENE. Cretaceous

V . MUERTA

I-II/IIS

3-8 %SPI:5-20

TOC:TYPE:KEROGENL. Jurassic

LOS MOLLES

II/III

1-5%SPI:6 (?)

TOC:

TYPE:KEROGENE. Jurassic

CACHEUTA

I

3-10%SPI:8-10

TOC:TYPE:KEROGEN

M. Triassic

BOLIVIA

BRASIL

URUGUAY

PARAGUAYCHILE

Petroliferous Basins of ArgentinaStratigraphy of the Source Rocks

?

CRETACEOUS

?

( )

PALEOZOIC

Red Beds andvolcanics.

CondensedaccumulationCUYO

? ?

NEUQUEN

AUSTRAL

SAN JORGE

“Pre-Cuyo Gp”

2-11%

SPI:

TOC:TYPE: I to I/IIIKEROGEN

E. Jurassic

5 - 10


Paleozoic BasinLos Monos Fm (Late Devonian)

Accumulated mainly during Late Devonian under marine conditions within an underfilled foreland system

2.0

1.3

0.6IMMATURE to EARLY MATURE

OIL WINDOW

WET GAS & CONDENSATE

DRY GAS2.0

1.3


OIL WINDOW


DRY GAS

TOC: 0.5-1.0%, rarely over 1.5%

Kerogen Type: II/III to III/IV

VKA: algal-amorphous, with variable terrestrial contribution

Source Quality/Maturity: poor to mediocre, dominantly gas-prone, compensated by its significant thickness and wide areal distribution

Thickness: 500 to 1000 m

-2

-4

-6

-8

0 km

-10

Aguaragüe MadrejonesYacuiba

Sa Baja de Oran Sa de San Antonio

CARBONIFEROUS TERTIARY / CRETACEOUSLOS MONOS FmHUAMAMPAMPA FmICLA FmSANTA ROSA FmKIRUSILLAS Fm

5 km

W E

Vergani et al., 2008

-2

-4

-6

-8

0 km

-10



CARBONIFEROUS TERTIARY / CRETACEOUSLOS MONOS FmHUAMAMPAMPA FmICLA FmSANTA ROSA FmKIRUSILLAS Fm

5 km

W E

-2

-4

-6

-8

0 km

-10



CARBONIFEROUS TERTIARY / CRETACEOUSLOS MONOS FmHUAMAMPAMPA FmICLA FmSANTA ROSA FmKIRUSILLAS Fm CARBONIFEROUS TERTIARY / CRETACEOUSLOS MONOS FmHUAMAMPAMPA FmICLA FmSANTA ROSA FmKIRUSILLAS Fm

5 km

W E

Vergani et al., 2008


Cuyo BasinCacheuta Fm (Triassic)

Deposited in deep lakes, with main depocenters coinciding with the axis of important asymmetric troughs, developed on top of a collapsed Late Paleozoic orogen

TOC: 3-10%

Kerogen Type: IVKA: algal (Botryococcus-rich)-amorphous, with minor terrestrial contribution

Source Quality/Maturity: Overall low thermal maturity of the source rock at a basin scale, balanced by an excellent generating capability of the Tupungato kitchen. Waxy oils; nearly no gas production


69º

33º

Mendoza

Santa Rosa

Tunuyan

San Carlos

25 km

100

200300

400

100200

50

1.0

MARGINAL to EARLY MATURE

MID-OIL WINDOW0.7

0.5

W E

Western Trend Eastern TrendW E

5 km

Zencich et al., 2008 20 km

Western Trend Eastern TrendW E

5 km

Zencich et al., 2008 20 km


Neuquén Basin“Pre-Cuyo Group” (Late Triassic ? - Early Jurassic)

SEKauffmanHigh

LaJarilla

LomaNegra

Ea. ViejaTrend

AguadaSan Roque

El TrapialCh. Sa. Negra

Yeseradel Tromen

NW

30 km 5 km

SEKauffmanHigh

LaJarilla

LomaNegra

Ea. ViejaTrend

AguadaSan Roque


Yeseradel Tromen

KauffmanHigh

LaJarilla

LomaNegra

Ea. ViejaTrend

AguadaSan Roque


Yeseradel Tromen

LaJarilla

LomaNegra

Ea. ViejaTrend

AguadaSan Roque


Yeseradel Tromen

NW

30 km 5 km30 km 5 km

Organic-rich shales were documented within few geographically constrained half-grabens, accumulated within deep lakes with restricted bottom conditions

26000002400000 26000002400000

5800

000

5600

000

6000

000

5800

000

5600

000

6000

000

50 km

NeuquenHuinculZapala

Chos Malal

Malargue

50 km50 km


Chos Malal

Malargue

26000002400000 26000002400000

5800

000

5600

000

6000

000

5800

000

5600

000

6000

000

50 km


Chos Malal

Malargue

50 km50 km


Chos Malal

Malargue

26000002400000 26000002400000

5800

000

5600

000

6000

000

5800

000

5600

000

6000

000

26000002400000 26000002400000 26000002400000 26000002400000

5800

000

5600

000

6000

000

5800

000

5600

000

6000

000

5800

000

5600

000

6000

000

5800

000

5600

000

6000

000

50 km50 km


Chos Malal

Malargue

50 km50 km


Chos Malal

Malargue

RED BEDS, VOLCANIC FLOWS, TUFFS

LACUSTRINE ORGANIC-RICH SHALES

LACUSTRINE CARBONATES/EVAPORITES

MARINE CLASTICS

RED BEDS, VOLCANIC FLOWS, TUFFS

LACUSTRINE ORGANIC-RICH SHALES

LACUSTRINE CARBONATES/EVAPORITES

MARINE CLASTICS

TOC: 2-11%

Kerogen Type: I to mixed I/III

VKA: algal-amorphous, variable contribution of terrestrial plants

Source Quality/Maturity: highly variable in each depocenter, mostly oil-prone; very variable maturities, from marginally mature to late mature

Thickness: 50 to over 1100 m, variable in each depocenter

Legarreta & Villar, 2011


Neuquén BasinLos Molles Fm (Early Jurassic)

ELSAUCE

BORDECOLORADO

LOSBASTOS

SIERRABARROSA

BAJADADEL PALO

LOSALAMOS

PUNTAROSADA

CATRIELNORTE

"HUINCUL DORSAL"

30 km

SW NE

-1-2-3

10

km

ELSAUCE

BORDECOLORADO

LOSBASTOS

SIERRABARROSA

BAJADADEL PALO

LOSALAMOS

PUNTAROSADA

CATRIELNORTE

"HUINCUL DORSAL"

30 km

SW NE

-1-2-3

10

km

Organic-rich shales accumulated during first basinwide marine flooding, locally affected by an irregular sea-bottom topography associated with the initial rifting of the basin

TOC: 1-5%

Kerogen Type: II-IIIVKA: variations from algal-amorphous to terrigenous

Source Quality/Maturity: mixed for oil and gas. Highly expanded gas kitchen

Thickness: 100 to 800 m. In coincidence with the axis of some Pre-Cuyo half-grabens, Los Molles thickness and TOC content could be controlled by localized ponds

26000002400000 26000002400000

5800

000

5600

000

6000

000

5800

000

5600

000

6000

000

50 km


ChosMalal

Malargue

50 km50 km


ChosMalal

Malargue

2.0

1.3


OIL WINDOW


DRY GAS2.0

1.3


OIL WINDOW


DRY GAS

NE

SW


Neuquén BasinVaca Muerta Fm (Late Jurassic)

Organic-rich facies developed in a backarc marine embayment, under anoxic conditions, in tune with the Jurassic-Cretaceous ups and downs of eustasy

ELSAUCE

BORDECOLORADO

LOSBASTOS

SIERRABARROSA

BAJADADEL PALO

LOSALAMOS

PUNTAROSADA

CATRIELNORTE

"HUINCUL DORSAL"

30 km

SW NE

-1-2-3

10

km

ELSAUCE

BORDECOLORADO

LOSBASTOS

SIERRABARROSA

BAJADADEL PALO

LOSALAMOS

PUNTAROSADA

CATRIELNORTE

"HUINCUL DORSAL"

30 km

SW NE

-1-2-3

10

km

TOC: 3-8%

Kerogen Type: I/II; locally restricted type II-S facies in marginal areas

VKA: high-quality amorphous

Source Quality/Maturity: extremely prolific, world-class source rock for liquid hydrocarbons; gas and condensate accumulations related to a well developed hydrocarbon kitchen


2.0

1.3


OIL WINDOW


DRY GAS2.0

1.3


OIL WINDOW


DRY GAS

NE

SW


Neuquén BasinVaca Muerta Source Rock: Lateral and Vertical Variations

From Mitchum and Uliana, 1985

26000002400000 26000002400000

5800

000

5600

000

6000

000

5800

000

5600

000

6000

000

50 km


Chos Malal

Malargue

50 km50 km


Chos Malal

Malargue

26000002400000 26000002400000

5800

000

5600

000

6000

000

5800

000

5600

000

6000

000

50 km


Chos Malal

Malargue

50 km50 km


Chos Malal

Malargue

26000002400000 26000002400000

5800

000

5600

000

6000

000

5800

000

5600

000

6000

000

26000002400000 26000002400000 26000002400000 26000002400000

5800

000

5600

000

6000

000

5800

000

5600

000

6000

000

5800

000

5600

000

6000

000

5800

000

5600

000

6000

000

50 km50 km


Chos Malal

Malargue

50 km50 km


Chos Malal

Malargue

(Projected)

100 200 GR (API)

3160

3180

3200

3220

3240

3260

3280

3300

3320

3340

3360

3380

3400

3420

3440

Depth (m)1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Untitled10 100 1000 AHO90 (OHMS)

6080100 DT (usec/m)

00000000000000

GR R DTTOC

6-8 %

6-8 %

4 - 6 %

100 200 GR (API)

3160

3180

3200

3220

3240

3260

3280

3300

3320

3340

3360

3380

3400

3420

3440

Depth (m)1 2 3 4 5 6 7


6080100 DT (usec/m)

00000000000000

GR R DTTOC

100 200 GR (API)

3160

3180

3200

3220

3240

3260

3280

3300

3320

3340

3360

3380

3400

3420

3440

Depth (m)1 2 3 4 5 6 7


6080100 DT (usec/m)

00000000000000

GR R DTTOC

6-8 %

6-8 %

4 - 6 %

20m

(Projected)

-120 -80 -40 0 SP_BU (MV)

2920

2940

2960

2980

3000

3020

3040

3060

3080

3100

3120

3140

3160

3180

3200

Depth (m)1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Untitled10 100 1000

SFLA2 (OHMS) 6080100

DT (usec/m)

00

00

00

0

00

00

0

2%

< 6 %

4%

SP R DTTOC

-120 -80 -40 0 SP_BU (MV)

2920

2940

2960

2980

3000

3020

3040

3060

3080

3100

3120

3140

3160

3180

3200

Depth (m)1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Untitled10 100 1000

SFLA2 (OHMS) 6080100

DT (usec/m)

00

00

00

0

00

00

0

2%

< 6 %

4%

SP R DTTOC

20m


Neuquén BasinLower and Upper Agrio Fm (Early Cretaceous)

CHIHUIDODE LA

SIERRA NEGRA

FILOMORADO

AGRIOFOLDS

30 km

5

0

-5

-10km

WNW ESETROMENANTICLINE

CORDILLERADEL

VIENTO

BARDACASTILLOANTICLINE

CHIHUIDODE LA

SIERRA NEGRA

FILOMORADO

AGRIOFOLDS

30 km

5

0

-5

-10km

WNW ESETROMENANTICLINE

CORDILLERADEL

VIENTO

BARDACASTILLOANTICLINE

Organic-rich shales accumulated under anoxic conditions, during two Hauterivian marine flooding events

TOC: 2-5%

Kerogen Type: II to II-III

VKA: amorphous, with minor to occasionally significant terrestrial influence

Source Quality/Maturity: dominantly oil-prone; no defined core within the gas generation phase



Austral BasinLower Inoceramus or Palermo Aike Fm (Early Cretaceous)

Accumulation of the organic-rich shales is related to the anoxic impingement on the sagging fringe of the South America slab during the Neocomian marine floodingAlso, Jurassic source rock accumulated under restricted lacustrine conditions within small-size half-grabens

25 km

1s

4 s

Magallanes Foredeep “Platform”Fold BeltW E

Tertiarty

Cretaceous

Jurassic25 km25 km

1s

4 s

Magallanes Foredeep “Platform”Fold BeltW E

Tertiarty

Cretaceous

Jurassic

Source Quality/Maturity: Fair generation for liquids and gas. High GOR ratios related to the delayed expulsion of generated hydrocarbons


TOC: 0.5-2%Kerogen Type: II-IIIVKA: poorly preserved amorphous

Tobifera: very scattered rock information; lacustrine type I to III kerogen, mixed aquatic-terrestrial TOC: 1-3%; isolated layers over 10% (carbonaceous shales); variable maturity

2.0

1.3


OIL WINDOW


DRY GAS2.0

1.3


OIL WINDOW


DRY GAS

W E


San Jorge Basin“Neocomiano” and D-129 Fm (Early Cretaceous)

Accumulated within a series of stacked lacustrine systems located in asymmetric depocenters, partially associated with the Jurassic-Cretaceous midplate volcanism

D-129TOC: 1-3%Kerogen Type: I/II (III)VKA: amorphous algal, minor terrestrial contribution

Source Quality/Maturity: oil-prone; unknown basinward deep facies likely with a higher oil- proneness. “Ring” maturity pattern: from severe overmaturation in the basin center to moderate maturation in the flanksThickness: 100 to 2000? m, estimated in the basin center

“Neocomiano”: TOC 0.5-3%, kerogen type II/III. Mixed algal-amorphous/structured terrestrial, affected by variable maturation levelsThickness: 500 to 1800? m

“Fold Belt” Basin Center Offshore EW “Fold Belt” Basin Center Offshore EW

Sylwan et al., 2008

Villar et al., 2000


Cretaceous BasinYacoraite Fm (Late Cretaceous)

Source rock consists of thin beds of organic-rich black shales interbedded with limestones deposited in a Late Cretaceous-Paleocene extended shallow lake

TOC: 0.5-6%

Kerogen Type: II (III)VKA: amorphous

Source Quality/Maturity: moderate to good-quality oil-prone kerogen in thin organic-rich layers

Thickness: total value of 5 to 50 m obtained from thick packages consisting of thin beds of organic-rich shales alternating with limestones

0

5

10

Palmar LargoChireteLomas de OlmedoCaimancito

v v v vv v

Sa de CalileguaW E

TERCIARIOPALMAR LARGOvvvPALEOZOICBASEMENT BALBUENAPIRGUA

50 kmVergani et al., 2008

0

5

10


v v v vv v

Sa de CalileguaW E

TERCIARIOPALMAR LARGOvvvPALEOZOICBASEMENT BALBUENAPIRGUA

50 km

0

5

10


v v v vv v

Sa de CalileguaW E

TERCIARIOTERCIARIOPALMAR LARGOvvv

PALMAR LARGOvvvvvvPALEOZOICPALEOZOICBASEMENTBASEMENT BALBUENABALBUENAPIRGUAPIRGUA

50 km50 kmVergani et al., 2008

64º66º 62º

22º

24º

28º

BOLIVIA

ARGENTINA

50 km

64º66º 62º

22º

24º

28º

BOLIVIA

ARGENTINA

50 km2.0

1.3


OIL WINDOW


DRY GAS2.0

1.3


OIL WINDOW


DRY GAS


Geological and Geochemical KeysArgentina Basins

Basins and Source RocksComparison


Source RocksTOC, Thermally Mature Area and Thickness

Depth(m)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

LMo Ca PC Mo VM Ag "Neoc" D129 LI Ya

San Jorge Austral CretaceousNeuquénCuyoPaleozoic

TOC %

Are

a (M

km

2 )

0.5 - 1

~1.3% VRE

3 - 10 2 - 11 1 - 5 3 - 8 2 - 5 0.5 - 2 0.5 - 60.5 - 3 1 - 3

?

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200500 - 1000 50 - 400 50 - 1100 100 - 800 25 - 450 50 - 400 500 - 1800 100 - 2000 50 - 400 5 - 50

Thic

knes

s (m

)

?

In all plots bar width is proportional to TOC content

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

LMo Ca PC Mo VM Ag "Neoc" D129 LI Ya

Org

anic

Car

bon

Mas

s (T

ons

. 101

5 )

Source Rock

Paleozoic Cuyo Neuquén San Jorge Austral Cretaceous

Source RocksOrganic Richness and Oil & Gas EUR

2.0

1.3


OIL WINDOW


DRY GAS2.0

1.3


OIL WINDOW


DRY GAS

50 km

EUR:MMblsTCF

39512.2

Pz

BOLIVIA

ARGENTINA

50 km

22º

24º

64º 62ºBOLIVIA

ARGENTINA

50 km

22º

24º

22º

24º

64º 62º64º 62º

1200.2

K

3,4602.2

SJ

50 km

HuinculZapala

Chos Malal

Malargue

50 km50 km

HuinculZapala

Chos Malal

Malargue

50 km50 km

HuinculZapala

Chos Malal

Malargue

50 km50 km

HuinculZapala

Chos Malal

Malargue

50 km

HuinculZapala

Chos Malal

Malargue

50 km50 km

HuinculZapala

Chos Malal

Malargue

50 km50 km

HuinculZapala

Chos Malal

Malargue

50 km50 km

HuinculZapala

Chos Malal

Malargue

3,30015.9

Nq

57010.2

Au

69º

33º

Mendoza

Santa Rosa

Tunuyan

San Carlos

50 km69º

33º

Mendoza

Santa Rosa

Tunuyan

San Carlos

50 km50 km

1,2400.3

Cu

01000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

Thickness (m)

TOC %

Depth(m)

Petroliferous Basins of ArgentinaDepth to Main Potential Shale Resources

2.0

1.3


OIL WINDOW


DRY GAS2.0

1.3


OIL WINDOW


DRY GAS

LMo

Paleozoic

500 - 1000

0.5 - 1

Pz

Neo D129

San Jorge

?

500 - 1800 100 - 2000

0.5 - 3 1 - 3

SJ

LI

Austral

50 - 400

0.5 - 2

Au

69º

33º

Mendoza

Santa Rosa

Tunuyan

San Carlos

50 km69º

33º

Mendoza

Santa Rosa

Tunuyan

San Carlos

50 km50 km

Ca

Cuyo

50 - 400

3 - 10

Cu

VM

25 - 450

3 - 8

Nq

50 km

HuinculZapala

Chos Malal

Malargue

50 km50 km

HuinculZapala

Chos Malal

Malargue

50 km50 km

HuinculZapala

Chos Malal

Malargue

50 km50 km

HuinculZapala

Chos Malal

Malargue

50 km

HuinculZapala

Chos Malal

Malargue

50 km50 km

HuinculZapala

Chos Malal

Malargue

50 km50 km

HuinculZapala

Chos Malal

Malargue

50 km50 km

HuinculZapala

Chos Malal

Malargue

Ag

?

50 - 400

2 - 5

Nq

PC Mo

Neuquén

50 - 1100 100 - 800

2 - 11 1 - 5

NqNq

~1.3% VRE

50 km

Ya

Cretaceous

5 - 50

0.5 - 6

K

64º66º 62º

22º

24º

28º

BOLIVIA

ARGENTINA

50 km

64º66º 62º

22º

24º

28º

BOLIVIA

ARGENTINA

50 km


Geological and Geochemical Keys of the Potential Shale ResourcesHighlights

Review of the source rocks (1990-2010 published data) is based on the organic type and content, thermal maturity, thickness, area of distribution and present-day depth

Three source rocks seem to have a high potential for unconventional oil and gas resources (Los Molles, Vaca Muerta and Agrio, Neuquén)

The D-129 (San Jorge) source bears a huge thickness within the gas window but localized at a significant depth

Other sources show either significant thickness (Los Monos – Paleozoic) or widespread distribution (Lower Inoceramus - Austral) but limited TOC content

Cacheuta (Cuyo), Pre-Cuyo (Neuquén), Tobifera (Austral) and “Neocomiano” (San Jorge) are mostly oil-prone and display reduce areal distribution

Yacoraite (Cretaceous) contains a reduced thickness of thin source beds alternating with limestones, circumscribed to an internal and deep position in the basin

Finally, in basins such as Cañadón Asfalto, Ñirihuau, Chaco-Paranense, Claromecó, Precordillera (San Juan), Triassic Troughs (San Juan-La Rioja), Curamallin (Neuquén) further studies need to be done


La Geoquímica en la Evaluación de Recursos de Shale-oil y ... · Héctor J. Villar...

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