Koilia 2 - Moore

H KOIAIA 227

Ap€no vos tAnC ou vdsol-toC

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Koqopo tropo ro06q rot peyo p6pog rou rerponl,eupou tropo0. 0 o-ptorepog tropog droXtopi(eror ono rov repxorpopo ror rov rerpo-ntreupo tropri pe rqv outroro rou orpoyyr.rtrou ouvDrlopou K0r rTlvoutrot<o rou qtrepddoug ouvbeopou, ev6 orrl 6rorppoyporrr1 enLtpo-v6r0 Tou lnorog droXrop((eror ono ouroug pe qv npoorpuol rouorpoyyutrou ouvdrlopou.

To oyyerord rprlporo rou {noroq (Err. 2-49 ru2-72).0 de[tog ror o oprorepoq lopog treuoupyouv Xtrlproro. Ko0rlvog o-nd ouroug 6Xer q drrrl rou opqprorq ror nutro[o oLporoorl, xoOdrgxot q drxl rou qtreprrrl nopoXereuorl. EtroXrorrl otrtrqtroenLxotrur!r1unopXer (ov urp[ororo$ gero[u rov duo rupLov troptirv rou lnorog.lVle nopolroro rpono, o delrog rlnorLrog nopoq onoyeL q Xotrr1 onoro de[ro tropo, ev6 o oprotepog lnolxog ndpog onoyer q Xotrrl o-nd rov oprorepo lopo. Iro be[ro Kor oTov opLorepo tropo erodpXo-vroL o delrog ror o oprorepog rtrodog qg nuioiog rpAEBog Kor Tnq6fuq 4nonxqg apr4ptog, evtir elrlpXovror o delroq Kor o oprore-poc,1narrc6g nopog. Mtoo oe ro0e tropo q Droro[1 rov rupurtvrtroDtov qg nutro[oq qlepoq Kor Trlq rlnoTrKqg oprrlpiog elvor opre-ro oro0epr1, tirore vo efvor 6uvorq q nepryporprl reooopiov nu],ofov11 oyyenxdv tltqltotuv. 'Evo opr(ovrro enrnedo nou dLepXeror onootroug roug tropo0q Xtrrp((er ro rlnop oe orrd rpqpora r1 evveo, e-ov o reproqopoq tropog gerprlOe( Xolprord. 0r lnolxeg rplepeqppforovroL perolu rtrlv rgqporov ror nopoXereuouv ro o[po rovnoporerpevtov oe ourdg rprlpororv.

Koro rr1 droprero unqnxlypoQioq eivot eurotrog o

evronropcig rolv r;norlrtrlv qtrepolv. H Ueon rlnolxn tptrdpo

Xprlorponore(r0r yro v0 drorpLOei o de[rog ono rov 0proTe-

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ptj loprj ror 11 0e[ro r<or oprorepq qnolxl rptrdpo yto rnv o-voyvtirprorl rtov oyyerorotv rpq gdrolv.'0rov Dronrottl0rlreol o 6e[r6q ror o opLorepog xlodog rqg rlnolxrlq opqpL-0q Kor 0r ovr[ororXor 1nolroi nopor, roOtrrg ror ro ruprooretreXrl rou De{ro0 K0r rou 0proTspou rtrodou qq nutrorogqleBog, dev enrrorvo.tvouv pero[u Touq, eyrve 6uvor4 11

erretreoq r1nanxi:v Aopexropritv ylo rrlv otpoipeoq rprlpo-Tov Tou rlnorog. Xopiq

.geyotrr1 orpoppoyio. 0L Xe rpoupyor

eivor unoXpeog6vor oxdpq vo ovtnoledouv Ue Trq rlrr0Tr-req qtreBeq, or ono[eq nopeuovror gero[u rrilv rgrlporovxor onoretrouv nqyq orpoppoyuirv, Xtrlpig opolq vo dqgroup-youv LDro(repo 6uorotro npoBtrrl;roro.

0r neprrovoix6g oldoetq rou rjnorog. Aedopdvou olxotrunreror oXeddv e[otrortr1pou ono nepuovoro, ro votno rlnop d-Xer tre[o ror yuotrroreprl oQ1. 0r nepuovoireg oX6oerg rou ylvovrolefrolo rorovoqreg, eov ovorotr6oer rovelg or4 pv1pr1 TOU Tlv 0-vonrulrorrl ovoroprrrrl rou rlnorog (Moore, 1988).

To ovonruoorjpevo r1nop peyotrtirvet perolu rorv 6uoneratrcov rou xorl,rorou geoevrepiou. Meyotro gepog rou6rn6rotrou ourou ug6vo gerorp6neror oe nepuovoird nepi-ptrr1go rou (onAayvu<6 nepLrlvaLo) (Err. 2-48). To undtroL-no rp4po rou roilrorou peoevrep(ou oXr;pori(er ro iioo-oov mrnAouv ror ro dpenovoetdr1 olvdeolto (Erx. 2-25 roL2-67). 0r 6rorpopeq ovoropgerg rou neprrovo[ou ono ro 11-

nop onoretrouv roug ouvdeogouq Tou. H drodoq Tlq s!-Bpuix7g oprpaAu<r1g rpLeBag ono rov oprpotro oro 4nop oXq-

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Etxtivu 2-68. 0t nepuovolt<ol o0vdeopot rou rlnorog. 0t npoorpuoerg rou 1norog dXouv Droropei, evo ro rlnop dXer orpoqeL np0q r0 de{ro (onoqro tprjtrtro evoq BrBtriou).

228 KAINIKH ANATOMIA

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Agat€pn KontKri KoLtni

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Koro Koinn Qn€Bo

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Etxtivo 2-69. A. 0pt(ovrto roprl r<ottriog nrorporog evrltrtqg yuvoirog oro enlnedo rou 0.1 0 onovdu),0u. lro vo unopXer ovrrororX[o Us Trq oKTlvo-Ypocpieq, 1 noporrlplotl rqg roplg y[verot er rorv roror. 0q er rourou, 1 delto ntreupo rou orrrporog qo[veror oqv oprorepl n],eupo Trlg QoTo-ypoqtoq. XK: Xotr1OoXog ruoq, IT: oropoXog, KA: rorrouoo ooprrq, H: rlnop, I: ontrr1vog,010:1009 0rrlporrrog onovDutrog, B. A[ovrreg ropo-Ypoqieq roiliog. To en[p1reg noyrpeog dtorpfverot eurptvtirg oq peol errovo rrlg rprqg oerpog (Me qv oDero rou Dr Tom White, Departmentof Radiology, The Health Sciences Center, The University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN). Eov dXere 0uor<o),req vo ovoyvoproere ronorov ono rrgnpoovoqep0eloeg 6opeg, d6ore ro oXrldLo nou ouvoOeuouv rtg poyvqrrreg ropoyporpieg.

gor((eL pro 6penovoer04 nruXrl, rov dpenovoeldf orivde-opo, Tr0u ouvddel r0 nnop pe ro np6o0ro roilroxri roiXropoxot ro Drdrppoypo (ErK. 2-25). H ypoUgn npdorpuorlg rou 6i-orrpou dpenovoerDorlg ouv66ogou oro rlnop 0e(Xver nouXopiorrlrov ro ddo n6rotro rou xorLroro[ peoevrep(ou or4dtoprero qg ovonrulrlg rou 4norog. H ypoUUn ourrl de(-

XveL en(oqg nou opX((er ro onl,oXvrro neprrdvoro rou 4no-tog (Err. 2-27). H nAA4 rcu 4narog unoderxvuer en(or1g 14

06o11 dnou onogoKpuvelKov gero[u rouq r0 6rio ndrotrotou r<orl,roro[ peoevrep[ou, tiore vo enup6r[ouv orr]v nu-tro(o qtrepo Kor oTqv rlnorLrrl opTnp(o vo ero6tr0ouv oro q-nop Kor oTouq lroTrKouq ndpouq vo el6tr0ouv ond our6(Eu<.2-67).

0 dpenovoeLd4g ouvdeogoq neprxLe[eL triyeg ;lrpegnopoltrpoAeg qAeBeq (Eu<. 2-83) ro0tirg ror qv optpotrrxrlqlepo oro etre0Oepo Xeilog rou xoro q Droprero rrlq npo-yevvqrtxrlg neptddou rnq (onq. Meprxrig eBdopddeq perarq ydvv4or1, n opqutrrKn qtr6po onoqpdooeror xovrd orovoUQ0I6, otrtro ouvrlooq nopopdveL ovorxrrl oro etreuoepo

Xeftrog rou dpenovoeL6oug ouvdrlopou g5Xpt rov oprorepclxtrodo qg nutroiog tplepoq. To onoqpoyg6vo rprllro TIq oU-qotrLrqg rpl6pog e[vor yvoord ug orpoyyuAog oAvdeopoq(Erx. 2-71 ).

Iq ontroXvrrl entqovero ro n6roLo rou dpenovoeLdouq ouv-b6opou ovoxognrouv oro rlnop r<oro gr;rog rqg outrorog rouorpoyyutrou ouvdeopou pdXpt rrlv nutrq rou finorog (Err. 2-67 xor2-701). Iro ovro orpo rou dpenovoerdo0g ouvb6opou ro duo n6-rotro rou dLoXtopr(ovror pero[u roug orpqvovrog erreOelpevq oqvovo enrqovero pro rprytrlvrrrl neproxrl ueyeoouq notrogr1g, r0u Ovo-po(eror yulrvf enrqovet0 Tou {norog, 6rdrL orepefror nepuovo[ou(Err. 2-67 ror 2-68). Ie ourrqrrl 0eo4 ro drjo nepuovoixo nero),0onor),[vouv npoq r0 n],oyro ror ovor<opnrouv oro drorppoylro yro vooXrlporfoouv rc oreEavLob oAvdeopo (Err. 2-68). Iq 0r1or1 ourqro qnop pploreror oe opeol enoqrl pe ro drorppoypo, ge ouv6neroro delto Kor TO oproTepo n6rotro rou oreqovro[ou ouvdrloprou vo o-noporpuvovror gero[u r0uq Kor vo neprpotrtrouv rr1 yupvrl enupo-velo. H 6elro ovdropqq rou dpenovoerdoug ouvbeopou onore),elro npoo0ro nerotro rou oreqovrofou ouvdeo;-rou. To nero],0 ouronope0eror npoq T0 de[ro ror orrl ouveXeLo ropnreror onoropoorov de{ro rp[yuvo olvdeopo yro vo onoretreoer ro onloOro nero-tro rou oreqovro(ou ouvdeopou. H oproreprl ovoroUrlrl rou dpeno-voeLdoug ouvdeopou oxlUorr(er rcu oprcTepl rp[yuvo olvdeopo,o onolog geronlnrel oro onloOto nsrotro rou oreqovro(ou ouvde-opou (Erx.2-48 ror 2-68).

Ano rrlv n0trq rou rlnorog or neprrovoireg ovoropr{erg nepvouvoro 6troooov 16[o rou oroproXou Kor oTrlv dvtrl polpo rou Drldero-

H KOIAIA 229

Etxtlvo 2-69. B.

Dorrtltrou oq elo0o0v enirtrouv (Etx.2-23,2-27 xot2-67).0 opt-0rcp69 rpryuv1q oAvdeopog (onLooro n6rotro) onoretreI ouveXerorou etroooovog enrntrdou (Err. 2-35 ror 2-68). To rprlpo rou etroo-oovog enrntroou nou erre(veroL pero[u rou qnorog xor rou oro;-ro-Xou ovopo(erotnftoTlyoorpu<og olvdeopoq, evo ro rprlpo nou e-rre(veror gero{u rou 4norog Kor rrlq ovo goipog rou doderoDo-xtutrou ovogd(uat qnoro\udexodartuALxlg oAv\eopoq. To buo

neroio oto eAel1epo ye(Aog rou eAaooovoq enLnA6ou neprrtre(-ouv Trlv 1noux1 oprqpfu, rrlv nuioio EAeBa xurcv yoLqloyo n6-po (Err. 2-23 xot 2-66), pLxprl opL0go treptpod6vov roL tregqoyyei-orv, ro0dlg rcl ro veuprrd ntrriygo rou 4noroq.

0r opr4pieg rou {norog (Erx. 2-33, 2-40,2-66,2-67 xot2-72). Io 4nop dXer dLnA4 atparuo4 ono r4v 4norLrq oprrlp(o(30%) ror ono qv nutro(o qtrripo (70%). H de[ro xor I opLoreprl n-


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Erxdvo 2-70. tvrr-rptoporo rrlg onl,oXvtrrlg enrqoveLog rou rlnorog. A.0r r6ooepLg LoBoI rou: o 6e[roq, o rerpontreupoq (T) o KspK0Q0p0q(K) roL o oprorepoq. llotrororepo o repxorpopog ror o rerpon),eupogtroB69 Oetrlpouvrov rp4poro rou Delrou tropou, olUepo dprrlg o repro-qopoq tropoq ro0drg r<oL peyotro pepoq rou rerponLeupou troBou 0eor-poUvror rpqporo rou opLorepou tropo0. B. 0r oXroprlg ror or o0troregnou oXrlporr(ouv ro ypdprpo H, otpopi(ouv roug troBoug. f. 0r dopeqnou pplorovror p6oo orrg oXropeg Kor orrq outroreg. To Betrog drepXe-ror ono ro enrn),oir<o rprlpo ror erodpXeror orov enrnloiro 0[troro. H

Oroipeoq rou flnorog oe Oe(rd r<or oprorepo ],oBd yrveroL roro plrogrou enrn6dou nou DulpXerot ono rq XotrqboXo ruorq ror qv xoro xo[-trn QtreBo (Ev 2-72 A roL B).

nortrtl oprqpt0 Q6p0uv o{uyovtrrp6vo o(;ro oro rqnop, ev6 q nulofoEtr6po qeper qtreprKo ofpro, ro onofo nepreXer ro npoiovro qg n5-qreoq ilou onoppoqrl0qxov ono q yoorpevreprrrl odd. To oprnpr0-t<o o(go roreuOuveror npoq Tnv revrprrrl qtr6Bo rorv rlnolr6v ),0-p(tr;v. H xotv4 4nanx1 oprnpio errpueror ono rov roppo rrlg roilro-rulg oprqp(oq xor roreu0fveror np0q ro epnpog ror de[ro p6oo oroonioOro ro[Xrrrpo rou enrntroixou 0utrorou. Iopeueror roror ono roenrnloir<o rprlpo ror q0dveL orrlv ovo po(po rou 6odexodoxrulou.Mero q X0plynq qg yoorpodtrrderoborrutrrxlg opqp(og duipXe-rot perolf rtrlv nerdtrtrrv rou e],oooovog enrntroou, og rdra;g 4no-ux4 apt4pio. H rditog rlnolrrl opqpio ovrlpXerol ;16oo oro etreu-0epo Xeiloq rou etroooovog enntrdou pnpoord ono rrlv nuLo(oqtrepo ror 0T0 oproTepd rou XotrldoXou nopou. Kovro orqv nutrr1

rou rlnorog 1 rd(rog lnolrrl opqp(o 6rxo(eror oe 6eqr0 Kor 0proTe-pd retrrro Ktrodo, Tl de{rci ror oprcTepq nnoTLKn oprqpfu.llopotr-troy5g rov qnorLrtiv opqpuirv e[vor ouXv6g (ELr. 2-73).

H rutrois qtrepo, nou npoorop((eL T0 neproodTepo 0(U0 oTo n-nop, oXlgor((eror n[oor ono rov ouX6vo rou noyKpeoToq Ue Tn ou-

vevolol rrlg ovtrr peoevr6prog pe q ontrlvrrn qleFo (Err. 2-40).llopeueror p6oo oro etreu0epo delrd Xeilog rou e),oooovog enr-nLoou, n[oo ono ro XotrldoXo nopo Kor rnv nnoTrKrl opqpio (Err.2-23) ru pnpooro ono ro enrntroiro rpr11ro. H nutro(o tptr6po re-),erdrver oro delro orpo qg nfArlq rou 4narcq, onou brXo(eror oebe[ro roL oproreprl rtrodo, o ro06vog ono roug ono(oug opdeuernep(nou ro proo rlnop (Err. 2-40 ror 2-72E).

0L 9I6Beg rou {norog (Err. 2-40, 2-66 ror2-71). 0rr1no-rrrSq qtr6peg nou onoyouv ro oilro ono ro rlnop oXrlpori(ovror peq ouv6voorl rov revrprr6v qtrep6v rtov troB[tov rou. 0r 4nauxegpleleq expotrtrouv orqv rorto roitrq qtreBo oU6orrlq xoror ono rodtorppoylro. YnopXeL ovol ror rorto opd6o 4nolxtirv qtrepdrv. H ovtrl

opddo pnopei vo onorel,e(ror gdvo ond Uro de|ro ror ;tto optoteplrptrdpo, ouvrlOtrrq oUoq uq(ororor pro p6oq rptr6po npoepxopevq o-no rov reprorpopo tropo. H roro opodo onoretre[ror ono 6-18 pr-

rpeq qtrepeq, or ono(eg onoyouv oipo ono ro de{ro tropo, ougne-pttroppovop6vou rprlporog rou reproq6pou troBou.

H Aep<prxri nopol6reuoq rou rinorog (Err. 2-41,2-44,2-60B xor 2-67, ll(vorog 2-4). Io neproodrepo ono ro ev ru Ba1etAepEoyyefu rou rlnorog ouyrl,ivouv npoq Tnv n0tr1 rou lnorog rorrorotrqyouv oTouq nnoTrKorig trepqo66veq, or oro[or pp(oxovror dLo-

onopro roro plxog rorv 4nonrdrv oyyelorv ror noporv oro e],ooooven(ltrouv, ontrrg o KuortKlg Aeprpodevog nou Bploreror rowo orovouX6vo qg Xotr16oXou ruoqg ror o iegpodivlq rou enmAoixoArpiplroq. Anoytoyo treprpoyyero ono roug qnolro[g trepqo66veqerBotrtrouv oroug rod,rorouq trepqo66veg, or ono(or pp(oxovror ou-yrevrpopevor yupo ono rov roppo rrlg roilror1g opr4p[og ror roeyyuq rplporo rtrlv rtrodtrtv rqg. H trdptpog our6v ttrtv trepqod6vtrlvetodpXerot oro pe[(ova 1uponxo nopo (g]t. Err. 1-39 r<oL 1-70). Me-prro ono r0 rv To 0d0er trepQoyye(o oro),ouOouv lg rlnolr6g qtr6-

Beg eog rc rp4pa r7q xoru ro(Aqg rpAeBaq oro dLorppoylro (Err. 2-98) roL erpotrtrouv oq pdo4 opodo rtrrv Epevtxrirv trepqo66vov. Toonoytr.ryo trepqoyye(o rov trepqodevorv ourtiv erpotrtrouv orouq rIo-poorepwxoAg Aeptpodeveg. To neprooorepo ond ro enLnoA4q Aep-rpoyyeil rou qnorog ouvevdlvovror Ue T0 ev ro po0er treprqoyyeioovlv nAA4 tou qnoroq ror erpotrtrouv oT0uq nroTrKoug lepqodeveg,or ono(or pe rr1 oerpo roug erpdtrtrouv oTOUq roilroroIg trepqod6-veg. To trepqoyye(o qg yupvrlq enrqoveroq rou rlnorog dronepvouvro drorppoylro (n.X. dropdoou rou orepvonl,eupLr<of rprlporoq Kor Tou

rpr;porog qg roro roitrqg gtrepog, ELr. 2-98) ror erBotrtrouv orougdLorppoypolroug ror roug peoonveupovroug trepqoddveq. H treptpogourc0v rtov tregqod6vrrtv droXereueror orov etroooovo ror oro pe((o-vo 0oporrro nopo (BI. Ew.24, Erooyrrryrlg).

H ve0pooq rou rinorog (Ex.2-42,ptr. enronq Err. 1-73).To veupo rou lnorog neprdXouv tooo oupna1qrrreg, ooo Kor rto-paoupno17uxeg ireg. To veupo tpOdvouv oro lnop ;ulotrl rou 4no-uxo1 nAtyparog, ro xupro nopoytrtyo rou xotAnxol nAEyporoq,rcono[o en(or1g 66Xeror lveg ono rc oprorepl ror ro de{rd nveupl-voyaorpx6 velpo xot ro de{rd EpevKo vilpo.Io lnolro veupr-rd ntr6ypo ouvodeuer qv 4nolrrl opqpio Kor rnv nutro(o rptr6Bo,

ro069 ror roug rtrodoug Touq Kor eroepXeror oro rlnop p6oto qgnutr1g rou.

H KOIAIA 231

HnouK€C Qn€0€C@nEBdAnc oiv6€aLtoc

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Etxtivo 2-71. InLoXvtrrl entrpoveto rou rlnorog. Iloporrlpetore roug r<iodouq rrlg nutroioq rptreBog (r<upLvo Xpurpo) n0u ergspxgvTqr oro r1nop, r<o-0tr-tg t<ot Ttq Tpetq peydtreg rot rtg peptr<eg ptxpe g rlnortrdq QtreBeq yotro(ro Xptirpo) nou eyroroleinouv ro rlnop yro vo er<Bd),),ouv orrlv roro ror-tr1 qtrepo K: reprorpopoq tropoq, KA: reproerOflg on6rpuo1, T: rerponLeupoq tropoq

nunn nnoroC

lro Droyvrr.rortrouq oronoug, grnopei vo trnq0e( nnol-rog rorog W Ptjt!fu 4norog. H eloodog rrlg pelovqq yiverorouvrl0tog oro 6e[td ddroro peoontrerjpro drdorrlgo orrl Ue00-pooXotrtoio ypouurl. H prorl.rro trogBoveror evtir o/n oo0evrlgrporoet qv ovonvorl rou oe 06o11 ntrrlpoug ernvorlg, drorevo oprrpuvOef o nAcupodLarppoylJlTrKlq x6Anog (Ev. 2-25rot 2-27) ror vo etrorroOei q nrOovor4ro 0Io0lS rou nve6-povo, ro0og ror 1 pdtruvorl qg une(torolrrlg roLtrorrpog.

To rlnop onoretre( ouvrlOq 0eoq peroorolr6v ropn-vopdrolv diov rtrlv opydvtov nou onoXereuovror ond ro nu-tro(o oriorrllro qtreptirv (Err. 2-40). Kopr<rvrro x0rropo pnope(vo rpOooouv oro 4nop ono ro Otlporo ror rdrolrepo ond ropooro, troytrr rrlq enrKorvoviog rov 0oporLr6v treprpodevovKor Tov trepqoyyeiolv nou onoXereuouv 14 yupvq enrqoverorou rlnorog. 0uototroyLxo, ro rlnop onoretrei;rotrorr; gd(o penqxrti64 ouoroorl ror npoororeueror oXedciv otrortrr1po onorov ooreoXdvdprvo 0opoxrx6 rtropd (Err. 2-36). Ie pepLrouyul dropo, r<up[tog oe ere(vo nou nopouord(ouv supe[o u-noorepvq ytovio, ro r<orol Xeitrog rot ro peoo rprlpo rou qno-rog pnopei vo e[vor rllloqrlr0. 0 6e(roq tropoq pnope( vo ei-vor qrntr0qnT6q 1-2 er. xdro ono ro delro ntreuprro Xefioq,opo, ro UntroQnTo rdrot Xertrog rou lnorog dev o4lrorver ondp6vo rou drdyrotoq rou rlnorog (4naropeyoAfu| Au[40r1 rouoyrou rou qnorog nopoqpe[ror oe ropr(vtrt1_ro, xippuoq rou4norog, neprqeprrq xopdrorrl ovendprero, trrntirdq du10r1or1

rou flnorog ror vdoo rou Hodgkin.

Meropooye1oeLq rou rlnoroq SXouv npoygoronotn-Oei pe olpovlxrl enrruXlo (75%) ond rore nou npoorrl04-re q xuxAoonopfu1 onl Oepone(o onorponrlg rrlg on6ppr-qjlq Tou pooXeuporog (Robinette, 1989). To UeTopooxeu-p6vo 4nop opX((er ouv40rog vo treLroupye( p6oo oe trryo tre-nro. H peropooxeuorl rlnoroq, Ue Trl oupUsroXn 6rjo oUo-dov Xerpoupycirv, 6ropre( ouvl0arq orrot drpeg. l-ro qvneprypoqrl rrlq reXvrrflg rr1g, ptr6ne ro oXelro op0po rouRobinette (1989). To rlnop n0u UeToUooxerleror npodpXe-ror ouvrl0trrg ono r),rvrro verpo dorq, otrtro retreuroionpoyporonoul0rlre geropooXeuorl 4norog (tirwog 0drr1.lVl6pog rou opLorepou tropou rou rlnoroq otporpri04xe onogqr6po Kor UeTopooxeu0lre orrlv evrltrrrq rdp4 14g. Mero-pooXeuoerg qnoroq ond (ovrovouq 6dreq npoyporonorou-vror privo oe ene[youoeg neprnr6oerg.

To qnop unoxeLtaL eixoAa oe pq€,n,6rol eivor oyrdr-6eg, roOqtrulgevo oe ouyrexprp6v4 06o1 xor euOpunro. H

oLl,roppoyio pnope( vo onope( oopopq, 6rdn or rlnolx6gqtrepeq neprrtre(ovror p6oo oe duoroprnro dtrurpo ror devpnopouv vo ouorotrouv. To rlnop oXL(eror ouXvo ono roonooprlvo orpo ntreupog nou eXet unoorel roroygo rordronepvd ro 6rorppoygo. Irrlv xippoorl rou fnorog nopoTrl-pe(ror npoodeunrrl roroorpoqri rtrrv rlnororurropulv Kor 0-vlrorooroof roug ono ouvdetrro Loro. 0 ouvdelxdg Lorogneprpotrler ro evdoqnorrrd orporpopo oyyeio rol rouq Xo-trnqopouq nopouq, nopepnod((ovToq Trlv rurloqopio rou


XoArl60xoC KUatn

IS':J 'otLo

^oidn Qr1€Po

A€€roC napoC

tlIIIIIII

I

II

\Aptor€pac noBoc

1Ap€novostOncoivOsdLioC

onn60xoc K0otu

T€tponn€upocnoPoC

Aptot€pocnoBoc

K€PKo0oPoC noBoC

A€{toC Kno'oc Aptat€poc Kno'octiFOIt^ttL Opt tlptOC nn1Lh ttC OpTnpt1C A€€toc Aptor€poc

tlnoTtKoc nopoc tlnouKoc nopoc

Etxtivo 2-72. Tprlporrr<r1 ovoro;r[o rot oyye[otor1 rou 1norog. A, ALorppoypolrfl enrcpovero rou rlnorog, B, IntroXvrrrl errQqverq. 0r droreroppeveqYp0UUsq oro oXtldto A roL B unodl),tirvouv ro opto pero[u rou ],euoupyrrou de(Lou ror oprorepou troBou. f ror A, H rorovogrl rorv rtrodov qgrlnortrrlg opr|p(og rot rou rotvo0 lnortrou ndpou, ovrlorotXo. llpooe[re 6rL o rerpontreupog troBoq opdeueroL povov ono rov oprorepo rtrodorrlg lnortrrlg opqpiog, evdr o repr<orp6poq tro9oq opdeueroL rot on6 roug drjo rtrodoug. E, To rpr;poro rou lnorog (ll errrq Vll). To np6ro r;u1poDev elvot oporo oe ourrl qv onoqrl. K08s rpulpo rou lnorog qeper evov rtrodo rrlg qnoru<r1g oprrlpiog, rlvov r<trodo rou lnolxou nopou r<or tlvovxhodo qq nu),oroq rpldpoq.

olporog p6oo oro r1nop. H o0orooq rou 4norog yiveroL no-tru ortrr1pr1, trriyo rrlg geyotrrlq noo6qrog rou rvrodoug r-orou. H enrqovero tou flnorog onorro o(drdr1 6Qr1, xor oeourflv orpertreror o opog xoxt<tddeg, r1nop. luyudro rlnop 11-

1er epu0por(rprvrl 4 roorovoxlrprvrl Xporo, ono dnou npo-

dpleror ror orrjpoq:'rcipp,(l)on,{rtpprlq =I un0q0v00q, Krrpr-vonog + -tiorg = rurooroorl).

H nepnov(rdo (n.1. troyur pn€nq rnq oxtr:trr1xoer0ougqruquosoq)', pnopei ,vo, o64y4beri, sTg ,oxqp.otrictrdi evToru-og6vou onomrlgorog (outrIoyrlq nuou) oe droqopeg nepLo-

H KOIAIA 233

KoLe Koinn en€0o

As€ro nnouKh en€Bo Aptoltpn Kot I,t€on nnouKn en€po

nunoio tpto6o

EE

AptorcpAC Kno6ocnnottKtiC opttloioc

Xonn60xoc Kiortl

Aptor€poC Kno6oCnnouKtic opulpioe

A€€IOCKnO6oC

nnof tKticootnoioc

Aptot€poc Knoaocrl not tKtl (opulpioc

At€toCKno6oc

nnouKticoPrnpioC

A€€roC Kn06oCnnotrKtiC oprnoioc

Hnou^n opuipio HnouKn opttlpto

A€€toC Kno6oCnnouKtic optnpioc

nunoio Qn€Bo

B

A€Aoq Kno6oCnnouKtic optnpioc

nunoio On€Bo

Etxtivo 2-73' llopotrloyeg rolv i<lootlv rlq lnOTLKnq oprlptoq. A. tlopotrtroyeg rou oe{rou r<trooou rrlq lnoTrKng oprrlptog. re getrerrl 165 nro-porov noperrlprl04oov rpetq runot: o deltoq r<trodoq 11g 4norrrrlg opqprog dieplorov gnpooro ono'ro xoirltpopo oyyeio (24"/"), odelr6g rtro-0og rrlg lnorLr<4S opqpioq dtepx6rov nioo ono ro xotrltpdpo oyye(o (64%), evrir 11 erron1 oprrlpro r^,prbrou on6 qv ovrrl peoevr6pr0 'pTrlpi'(12%)' B' o 6e[Log rtrodog qg rlnorrrrlg oprrlprog dteplorov pnpooro ono r4v nu],oio rpleBo oro gi% rov 165 nopooreuooporov, evtir nloto o-no rrlv nutrolo rptr6Bo oro g% rov nepLnrtloeorv.


X6q qq neprrovoiKnq KoildTnroq. Iuprl 06011 rdrorou ono-orqporog onoretrei ro unodLaqpayparLxd x6)nupo (Err. 2-65) nou ppioreror pero[u Tnq dLotppoyportrrlg enrqdverogrou qnotog ror rou drorppoyporos. To uno6rorppoygorrrf u-noor{poro elvor notr6 nro ouXvo orq 0e[Lo ntreupd, trdytrrrqq ouXvdrrltog Us rnv ono(o ouppoivouv pr1[eLg olg oKo-trrlxoetde(g onorp0oerg, ro dtrlderodoxrutrrxo 6trrr1 Kor lq X0-trqd61oug rdorerg. Aedop6vou 6l ro de[ro ror ro oprorepounoDrogpoylronro xotrndrpoTo ouvexovror Ue ro 4[oroys-cpptxo xoAnritltoro (ELr. 2-65), ro nfo unodrorppoygonrou o-

nooqporog pnopei vo nopoXereure[ oe 6vo ontj ourd rorotrntilporo, rlrov o ooOevlq ppLoreror oe unlo 06o11, drorLoe ourrl rr1 0rlor1 T0 rlrroToveqprro xotrntiporo onorel,ouv roneproodrepo on[o0ro rprlporo qg nepuovoirnq rod\drnroq.

Or yoA4g6por ndpor

H 1otrf errpiveror ono to qnorrrd rurropo oto yoA7rpopa rpryoedq, toug grrporepoug rtrodoug rou evdolnorrrof ouorlgorog

trcn€oC ato€nnnoiKo

tptlLro

As€toc Kno6ocnnouKncoptnoioc

Ve€n vtQpxnopmpio Kat

Qn€Bo

NEQpoC

Aptarcpac KnoOaC nnouKtiCoprDpictcHnouKti oOUlpioToarpoOad € K o 6 d Kt u n t Ki0oiltpi0

Xonn60xoc noooc

Qnto0tcr €ntQov€toK€OonnC noVKp€otoC

Onio1to noyKp€oto-606€Ko60KtuntKoto€o

Aa6€KoOaKtuno

TetpoyavoqooouiKoc uuc

M€i<av Aoftnc Ltuc, Ava LEo€vt€ptooptnpio

Ontoetd 6Un

Etxouo 2-74. Avoroprl rou XotrqdoXou nopou r<or rov do;uirv nou oXerl(ovror pe ourdv. To 0rD0eKoDorru],0 eXer ovodrntrulOeI npoq T0 oplorepd,nopooupovroq po(( tou qv rerpotr4 rou noyrpdorog. l'loporrlpeiore rr1 orevrl on[oOro oX6or1 r1g roro r<oitrr1g rltrepoq Ue qv nutroLo tp],rlBo roL roXotrqdoXo ndpo.

:.fii'l:i:l

H KOIAIA 235

Tov Xotrnqopolv ttopov. To neprooorepo 1otr4rpopo rprXoerdrl ex-poltrouv oe prrpoug peooAoBtoug yoArypopouq nopoug, or onoiorevdlvovror perol0 roug yro v0 oxrlUor(oouv ouveXdq peyotrure-pouq nopouq. TetrLrdrg oXlpor((ovroL o be[roq xor o oprorepog 11-

norrxog nopoq, or ono(or ovo6uovror ono u1v n0A4 rou 4norcq,(ELr. 2-49, 2-50, 2-66 roL 2-67). 0 de[roq qnolrog nopoq nopo-XereIer ro de[r6 troBo rou lnorog, evtir o oprorepog lnolrog no-poq ropoxeTe0er rov oprorepo Iopo. 0L neproX6g rou qnorog nounopoXereuovror ono roug lnolrouq nopoug elvor or lDreg pe lgneproXdg nou opdeuovror ono roug delrouq Kor r0uq oprorepoIgrtrddoug qg qnolxlg oprqproq ror rrlg nutroloq qld9oq. Aiyo pe-

ro rqv ovoduol roug ono qv nutr1 rou qnorog, o delroq Kor o 0-prorepog rlnorrrog nopog evtirvovTor Kor oxrlUoT[(ouv rov KoLVo n-nour6 nopo.0 r<orvog lnorrrog nopog, prlxouq 4 er. nep[nou, no-peueror [poq T0 roro ror de[ro peio[u rov nerotrtov rou etroooo-vog enrnl,dou. Irq de[Lo ntreupo rou ouvevtiveror un6 oEe(o yrovi-

0 Ue rov KUorrKo nopo qg XotrqddXou r6oqg roL oXqpor((er rov1otr46riyo ndpo (rorvd Xotrnqopo ndpo). 0 eupey60qq ourog no-pog SXer grlroq B-1 0 er. xor dLoperpo 5-6 Xrtr. (Eu<. 2-49, 2-72E rot2-7 4).

0 yoAq6oyoq n6poq nopelerot pEoo oro eAil?tpo leriogrou eLoooovog enrntroou go(t pe rrlv rlnorrrl oprr;pio Kur rrlv nu-tro(o qtrepo (Etx.2-23,2-66 ror 2-74). 0eperor npog ro roro,rgnpooro ond ro enrntroiro q[po, pnpooro eniolg ono ro de[roXeitrog rrlq nutroiog qleBog K0r oT0 delro rrlq rlnolrflg opqproq(Etx.2-27 roL 2-66). 0 XotrnddXoq nopog nopeueror en[or1g nlotrlono qv ovto polpo rou dolderodorru],ou xor qv reqotrrl Tou n0-yxp6orog, ;leoo oe o0troro rou on(o0rou rprlporog qg reqotrrlgrou noyrpdoroq 11 rtrerogevoq U6oo oro nopdyXul.ro rou (ELr. 2-45xor 3-52). Ko06q nopeuerot n(oo ond ro doderodorrutro, o Xotrr1-doXog nopog ppioreror oro de[ro rrlg yoorpodrodexodoxrutrrrrlgopqprog (Erx.2-44).Irrlv opLorepl ntreupo rqq rorLouooq potpogrou dtrldexodorrutrou, o XotrldoXog nopoq dpXeror oe enorprl pe

Tov r0yKps0Trr6 nopo ror or 6uo roug ntr6ov nopeuovror lold U6-oo oto ro[Xtopo rou drrlderodorrutrou, onou ouvrl0trlg ouvev6vo-vTor Kor oXrlpori(ouv ulu nnorlnoyxpeonx7 A4xu1o (Etr. 2-49 ror2-634). To neptqeprxd orevoprlvo orpo rqq tr4xu0ou erpdtrtreroqv roputprl r4q per(ovoq dorderodoxru).rr1q 01trr19 rrlg rolou-ooq Uo(poq rou dtrldexodorr0trou, oe on6orool B-10 er. ond rovnutrtrlpo (Err. 2-49 roL 2-51).

0 rurtrrrog pug yupo ono ro nepupeprro orpo rou Xotrrl6oXoundpou e(vor noXuop6vog xoL oXrlpor((er rc orpryxr1pa rou XoAn6o-you n6pou, tlvo ;lurro e),urpo ro onoio neprBotrtreL ro XotrldoXo n6-po trryo nprv, ro0drg ror pero q dre(oduo1 Tou or0 ro(Xropo rou0oderoDorrutrou (Err. 2-49). 'Onoq eXer rldq ovoqep0e(, undpXeren(or1g otpryrrqpoq y0ptrr ono qv nrroTonoyKpeorrrq trqruOo nouovopo(eror nnorlnayKpe0ux6g orpryxr4poq. 0 otpLyrrlpoq ourdqetrSyXer q 6LoX6teuorl rdoo rrlg Xotrf1g, ooo Kor Tou noyrpeolxoriuypou oro doderoborrutro. '0rov ouordtrtreror o orpLyrrrlpog rou

XotrldoXou nopou, 11 Xotrrl dev pnope( vo ero6tr0er oq tr1ru0o xo/4oro dordero6orru),0. Eror, notrrvdpopeI ror droprloou rou xuolrofn6pou eroepXeror orrl XotrlDoXo ruoq yro ouprnuxvtool ror ono0r1-xeuol (Err. 2-49).

0r opr4pieg rou yoAr166;1ou n6pou (Ex.2-45,2-66 ror2-74).0 XotrqboXoq nopog deXeror olpo ono lg elrlq opr1p(eq: (1)ro neprqeprro 1 onroOodtoderodorrutrrro rprlpo rou ddXeror orlroono qv on[o9n avu nayt<pearodudexadaxruALx4 opr1pfu, (2) rop6oo rpflpo rou ond rq de{rti 4noux4 opr4ptu ror (3) ro eyy0grprlpo rou ono rrlv xuottx4 aprr1pfu. 0r ovtrt doderodorrutrrxoirtr0dor qg yoorpodudtxodoxruAxqg oprqpiog op6euouv en(or;gro XotrqddXo nopo, xoOrirg our6g nopeUerqr n(oo ono qv ovrrr go[-po rou 6rrl6ero6orrftrou. H droro[4 rjtrotv ourdrv rotv oprrlprdrv no-pouoro(er oqpovlr6g nopotrtroyrig.

0L <pA6Beg rou 1o4466;1ou n6pou (Err. 2-40, 2-66 ror2-77). Or tplepeg rou eyyug rprlporoq rou XotrrldoXou nopou rorrorv rlnorrr6v nopov eLo6pXovror xouu0e(ov oro rtnop. H on[o1Lo

AOtarcpdC KAdoacnnouKtic oputpi(tcN)tat€poC KdoOaC

nn0trxnc oDrnDioc

XonoKUauKh0putpi0

XonoKUauKhoDutoio

6,2e;

11 1"

2.1":

2.6",75.5%

Elxtivo 2-75. llopotrtroydg rrlg 6rquoqq ror rqq nopelog qg Xo],oruolrnq opqpLoq. H Xo],oruorrrq oprrlp(o erqueror ouvrl0urg ono ro de[ro rtro-0o qg lnortrlg opqpiog oq yorvlo nou oXqprori(eror pero[u rou rorvou qnorlrou nopou roL rou ruolrou nopou.'Orov o;rog erqueror oro o-pLorepo rov XoLqtpoprrrv n6pov, ouvrq0org dr6pXeror pnpooro ond ourotig roug nopoug. To de{t6 o16dro derXver 6treg po(i lg nopotrtroyeg rqgXotroruortrlg oprrlpiog nou 6r6pXovror pnpooro ond rov rotvo lnorrro nopo.


A

X0lttrlti ouUponti

ovu noyxpeorodudexodorrOtxtl EAEpo nopoXereuer r0 nrprQe-prrd rpfipo rou Xotrldoyou nopou ror erpotrtrer orrlv nutro(o qtrrlpo11 oe ronorov ono roug xuproug rtrodouq rr1q.

H Aepqrx{ nopo;16reuorl- rou yoAq661ou n6pou(Etx. 2-44, ll(vorog 2-4). H treUqoq nopeueror rpoq Tov xuoux6AepgodEvo rovro orov ouXevo rrlg XotrridoXou ruorqq, rpoq r0trepqoddvo rou enrnl,oiro0 rprlporoq Kor ttpoq rcug qnouxoAgMprpodeveg roro gqrog rotv lnorrrtltv oyye(ov. Anoyctyo treprpoy-ye(o onrl roug treprpoD6veg ouroug erpotrtrouv oroug ror.lrorodgAepqodeveg (Err. 2-60).

H yoAr166yog xtior7 Kot o Kuortx6g n6pog

H Xotrr;d6Xog ruoq (Err. 2-25 eorg 2-27 , 2-33, 2-49, 2-66, 2-67 ,

2-71 ru 2-72). Anoretrei ooxoe1669 opyovo onLoerdoug oXqporoqr0r evronf(eror roro prlxog rou de[rorj Xettrouq rou rerpon],eupoutropo0 rou 1norog oe oBo069 evruntr.r;.ro r4g ontroXvrrrlg enrqovero(rou, ro onolo ovopo(eroL r<uorLxog Bo1pog. H Xotrrlb6Xog xrloq rprl-UeTor flpoq ro roro oov oXtrodL pe rcu xuorLxo nopo vo noproroverro p(oXo. 0 unoorpoyyultog nu1pevoq rqg npopotrtrel ono ro rortrlXeitroq rou rlnorog. Koro q drdprero qq (olq 11 XotrrldoXoq ruorrlonoretre( dvo poltrov trenrorotXrogolrd yotro(onpdolvo ooro. 0u-ototroyLro, 4 on(oOro ror 4 roro enrrpovero rr;g rolUnrovrol ono ne-puovoro. Ie ondvreg neprnr6oerg pnopei otrortrrlpr1 4 Xotrrld6Xogrforq vo enevDueror ono neprrovoro 11 oroprl vo ouvdderor pe ro 11-

nop pe'ppoXu peoevr6plo. H XotrldoXog xuonl oupnurvbvet rr.. yo-Ar7 nou exxp[vtroL and ro rTnop Klt. Tnv ano14xe1u oro peoodro-orrlporo rov evepytirv rpooeorv rqg nerlrlq. H XotrrlDoXoq ruor4 ouvrl-0og nepr6Xer 30-60 x. er. Xotrr1g. [Lo nepLypoqrroug tr6youg I Xotrn-doXog ruoq dLorpetror oe nu0p6vo, orirpo ror ouXevo.

0 nu1ptvag rqg yoAr1doyou x1oqq (Ev. 2-25, 2-27 xot 2-49)onoreie[ro eupu orpo qg, ro ono(o npopotrtret on6 ro rdro Xei

A€Eto VoatptKn Qr)Epo

Xonn6oxoc nopoc

On io9ro ov0 noyKp€ctro-6 a 6 i x o 6 o kt u d r xi Q 11 t B a

Etxout 2-77.0t qtreBeq rotv loLrlrpoputv nopov rot rrlq XotrrlDolou r<u-

oTrlq.

trog rou lnorog. Evron((erot ouvrlOurq orrlv ropurpq rou evorounleuprrou Xovdpou orrl peoortrerbrrrl ypopprl, 6nou 11 p4ruoerdfgyplU1tt unod4trtlver ro 6lo Xeitroq rou opOou roitrror<ou pu69 rorouvovro ro nLeuprrd ro[0. 0 nu0pdvog qg Xotr4doXou ruoqgxoreu0uvetor np0q r0 rorot, pnpooro roL de[ro, dnou 6pXeror oeoUeol ox6orl ;re rrlv on(o0to enrqovelo rou npoo0rou rortrrorou

B

Ylrnnn oup6oni

f

Tevt0)6Dc nop€to

Elrdvo 2-76. A eotq l-. tiopotrtroyeg rou plroug roL rqq nopelog rou ruorrrou nopou. 0 ruortroq nopoq (lpoporrousvoq npoorvog) evronl(erorouvrlOog oro de(to rou roLvou lnortrof nopou rot evtlvarot po(L rou op6otog novo ono ro 6oderodorrutro oXrlpori(ovrog ro yotr1drfio nopo.

KUoTIK€C Ad€B€c

npoc oil-or€00 KnoOa

nunoioc Qn€BoC

KotvoCnnouroqnopoq

npaa0ra KUouKtion€Bo

0nioero KUouKnAnaBo

KuottKOC nopoC

H KOIAIA 237

T0rxoU0T0q, Koe0Jq Kor Ue Trlv K0Tr0uo0 U0ip0 T0u d0JDeKod0KTI_lou.

Io otilto r49 yoAr1dlyou xlorrlq (Erx. 2-49, Z-50, 2_66, 2_67ror 2-76), nou onoretreI ro r[pro rprlpo rr1g, qeperor npog ro no_vor, n(otr,r ror oplorepo rou nu0pr1vo. Bproxeror oe enoqrl pe rqontroXvLxq enLrpoveLo rou 4norog, orqv ono[o ttpooqUeror ge Xolo_po ouvDelro roro. Bp[oreror enroqg oe enoqrl pe ro de[ro rp4porou eyxoporou ro),ou ror rrlv ovtrt gorpo rou doderodorrutrou.

0 ouyevaq r7q yoAr1doyou xAor4y (Err. 2-49, 2-50,.2-66 rotZ_67) e(vor orevtig, rtrlvoer6qg xor xoreu00veror np0q r4v nutrr1 rourlnoroq. Kognterol, ontog ro ypopUo S ror oreveueL roOdrg geron[_nur oTov ruortro nopo. 0 ouX6vog dXer ouorpoqei ge r6roro pd_no, trrole o Btrevvoytlvoq Tou v0 oXqpori(er efuxoedrT nruy4.ftr1.potrBLdo rou Heister). 0 ouX6voq rrlg Xotrrl6oXou ruoqq XprloLpeu-er og odrlyo orlge[o yro rov evronropo rcu enmAoilxo1 rp4parog,ro ono[o pp[oreror o;rdooq oprorepo rou, n[oo ono ro etrerjOepo1eftrog rou etroooovog enrn],oou.

0 xuorrxdq nripog (Erx. 2-49,2-50,2-66, 2-67,2-76 rcat2_77).0 ndpog qq Xotrq66Xou rrjorrlg dXer griroq 2-4 er. ApXLxo nopeu_eror npoq ro novol xor oprore po qg XotrrldoXou ruorrlg, orq ouve_Xero orpdperor npoq T0 nloo xor retrrxo npog ro roro yro v0 ou_vevtrl0eI pe tov rorvo 4nolrd nopo, yro vo oXrlpor[oer rc yoA466_yo nopo.0 ruorrrog ndpog nopeueror pero{f rov nerotrtrtv rouetroooovog enrn),rjou, ouv4Otog nopotrtrr1tro np0q rov rorvo 4norr-xo nopo, nprv evo0e( go(( rou op6oog roro ono vy nAArT rou r7_

ruorog. To prlrog rou ruorlrou nopou norrLtret ollrovlro. 0 ptrev_voyovog rou ruorrro0 nopou orperor oe eLrroetdq nruXrl pe orpdt_p0 onore),oupevo ono treteg ;rurreq Lveg. H nruXq ourq onore),e[ouv6Xero rqg etrrroerdor.tg nruXrlq T0u ouxevo rqg XotrqdoXou ru_orqg. KoO6q nepretriooeror roro prlrog rou ruorrrou nopou, 6Xerrqv oQrl eALroetdo1q poAB(dag. H etrrroerdrlq nruXq 6roqpei rovruortrrj nopo ouveXorg ovorrro otore (1) I Xotrr1 vo pnope( vo er_oetrOer eIrotro orrl XotrrldoXo ruoq, orov o XotrrlddXog nopog rtrei_veror ono ro oqryr<rr1po rou ro/r1 Tov rlnoronoyrpe olro orpryxrrl_p0 roL (2) q Xotrri vo pnopei vo orotrouOfloer rrlv ovrrOerq roreu_0uvo1 rol vo eto6tr0er oro dordexodorrutro, orov ouor6trtreror 1 Xo_trldtiXog ruorq. H ouoroAr1 rr1q yoA466you xloqq, pul1ti(erot anoopl.tovtxo 1t4yovto1t6. H r<orovoltoorl trrnoug eivor rdrorrepolg ono_retreoponrq orrlv np6rtrr1or; ouorotrrlq. Koro qv n6Qq trLnopr;gTpoq4q nopoyeror 11 opg6vrl yoAoxuoroxLvivrT ano ro ptrevvoyovouTou evrepou, 4 ono(o tp0ovovrog or4 XotrldoXo xuor4 nporotre( 11ouorotrq Trlq K0r rrlv onetreuOepotorl Xotr4q.

0L oprqpieg rqg yoAq661ou xrior4g Kor rou KUon_rof n6pou (Err.2-66 xotZ-75). H XotrrldoXog ruorq opde0erorono qv xuouxrl aprqpto, 11 onofo ouvrl0trlg exqueror ono rr1 delrolnorrr4 opqpto, orrl yovfo perolu rou rotvou rlnorrrou ror rou ru_olxou ndpou. H 6r<quoq r<or l nopeio rqg xuonr4g oprqp(oq no_pouoro(er ouXvo nopotrtroyeg.

0r gl6Beq r4q 1oAq661ou xriorqg Kor rou xuorrrofn<ipou (Erx. 2-77). 0r rptreBeg nou nopoXereuouv T0uq Xotrrlqopougnopoug rorrov oulrlvo rqg XotrrldoXou ruorrlg erpoMouv oe qtrrlpeqnou ouvdrlouv lg yoorpLxdg, lg btrlderodorrutrxeg Kur Trq noyKpe_

orrxdg ptrepeq ge ro qnop, ev pepeL roreuOe(ov xor ev p6per dLope-00u Trlq nutrolog qlepog. 0t xuorLxeq pAeBcq erpotrtrouv oro de[rortrodo qg nulo(og rptrepog. 0r ptrepeg rou nuOpevo ror rou orr-r1ro_Toq rrlq XotrqboXou ruorqg qdpovror roreuOe[ov oro qnop.

H Aepgrxri nopo;16reuon rnq 1oAq661ou rrjor4gKor rou ruorrxof n6pou (Etx. Z-44) (ll(vorog 2_4). To ;reyo-trurepo gepog 14g trrl;upou rpOover oroug 4nortxoAg Aeprpodeveg,ouXvo peotrt rcu ruorxo1 AepEod'va, o ono(og evroni(erot rovroorov ouXevo rqg XotrqdoXou ruorrlg. Anoyotyo tre;rtpoyye(o ondrouq tregqoD6veg ourouq erpotrtrouv oroug ror,fuorolq Aeltgo_dereq (Err. 2-60).

H vefptobq r4g 1oA466you xriorqg Kor rou Kuort-xorj n6pou (Etx.2-42 rat2-82). To veupo exquovror ono ro ror_Anxd nAeypa (oupno04rLxd), TO nveuUovoyoorpuo verlpo (nopo_oupno04lrro) ror ro de[ro qpevrro vefpo (oroOrprro) ror nopsu0-vror rord ;rrlxog rrlg xuortrqg opqpiog. En(or1g ro rlnortx| nAey-pa Xopqyer rtrodo or4v ruorLr4 opqpio.

Ko0tlg ro nepLEeprr<o orevopevo orpo r4g ltt0T0n0_yxpeonrqg trr1x60ou efvor ro orevorepo o4ge(o rtov Xotrr1_tpripov odtov onoretre(ro ouvrlOropevo oqge(o evoqqvuo7gyoA6At0ou. H XotrrlddXog x6orr1, nou neprdXer tri0ouq, pno-pef xord rr1 ouorotr4 rrlg perd ond yerjgo vo onopotrer dvovond ouroug. MepLrrig Qopeq n evoq4vtoorl rou tr(0ou yive_T0r 0T0v r<uotrxtj n6po. Aurri ro yeyovrig ouvrlOog np0K0_tre( dtryog, nou evron((erot oro enrydorpLo ror onoxotre[rorqnauxog xuAu<oq. 0rov XotroptrtveL 4 XotrqddXog r[orr1, otr(0og eLvor duvorov vo enrorpd(rer oe ourr;v. Irqv nepL_nroor; ouq ro dtryog elogov((eror. Edv o tri0og nopogei-vrr orov ruonrd ndpo, ro nr0ovdtepo eivor orr 0o npoxtr4_

do,) evri ro dtryoq 0o perorontorer oro de{ui unoXovdpro(Stone, 1989). Eov q Xot4 6ev gnope( vo e{dtr0er ond 14Xotrr;doXo ruoq, ero6pXer0r oro o(go r<or nporotreL ixrepo(xupLvonrl Xpord urtv enrnetpurotulv Kor rou bepgorog). H

XotrqddXog ruorq ror o r<uolxdg nripog riXouv rrlv oKTrvo_drouyero rou vepou ror pdvo tr(yoL Xolotrr0oL (30%) e[vor o_xnvoorrepoI oe ontrdg oxlvoypoqLeg rrlq r<oLtr(og.

0t Ai1oL ulg 1noTonoyKpeoru<4g Aqrllou ouvrl0og0rporpouvror pe roprl nou y(veror oro unep0oidexodorrutrr_rd rpflpo rou XotrrlD6Xou ndpou (Err. 2-49 r<qL 2_66). Mepr_169 qopeg yiveror roprl rou orpLyxrlpo Tnq nrroToroyKp€o_nrrlg tr4rU0ou pe epyolero nou npoor0elror priXptg exe( peevo e0rognro yoorpooxonto onrrrtrlv rvriv ror eLo6pXerororo oropro rqg trqruOou prloo r4q per(ovog dorderodorru_Itxr'1q 0qlrlg (ELx. 2-51). H en6gpoorl ouq, edv orerpOe( peenuuXio, gnopel vo enupdger oro Xotrotrr0o vo 6r6tr0eL o_nd ro Xotr4driXo nopo. Mepu<eg qopdg ro dodexoddr<rutrox0r 4 rerpolrl rou noyxpeorog npdner vo onoporpuv0oriv,ge rov rpdno nou onerxovf(rror ornv Ex.2_74, nporergd_vou v0 onorotrutp0er o XotrrlddXog nripog. H ondqpo{4 rouXotr166Xou ntlpou pnopeL vo npoxotreoeL roXupo qnonxo


Kol,rKd, nou evToTr((eror 0To dsqrd dvo retoprrlg6pto qgroLtr[og. To dtryoq 6ev nporo],e[ror ono ro tri00, otrtro onor4 drdroorl rou 1otr46dXou nopou perolu rou xriporog ou-orotrrlq {or rou orlpeiou rqq onorppoEnq. Eov n ondrlpo[nnopope(ver yro xdnoro Xpovrr6 drdorrlpo, r6re 0o nportrq-let krepog. Andrppo[r1 rou Xotrnddxou nclpou gnopeL voouppe( e[ouloq e{oteptrrrlv (n.X. ropxtvtrtltoToq Tr]q KeQo-

trr1q rou noyrp6orog) 4 eooteptxtrlv outov (n.X. xoprtvdt-

Uoroq rou Xotrqddlou ndpou)'H nopouofu enrcoupLxtiv rlnotrxdsv ndpuv efuat ou-

yvq ru I eniyvoon rqg nrOov4q nopouo[og Touq sxet Xet-poupyxq orlgooio. Ie pepLr6g neptnr6oetg o xuortr6g nd-po( expdtrtrer oe enrrouprxo nopo pdtrtrov, nopo ouvev6ve-T0r Ur rov xotv6 4nolxd nopo yro vo oXrlporioet ro Xotrq-d61o ndpo. Orov 11 Xotrr10o1og ruorr; dreupuv0e( xot uno-orei 6rdroor;, yfveror ouXvo gr1troqr1rr1 oro npoo0to xottrto-xri roLXropo 0T0 0r!0q rou 6vorou ntreupLxou lovdpou (ELr.

2-27). H 06oq our[ onoretre( q 06oti rnq peyotrUrepnq

euoLo04o(og, oe neprntooerg o{eiog gAeypov4g r4g yoLrl-66you xlor7g. Orov 11 qtreygov4 r1 q ondqpo{r1 nporotreieroeoqpoop6vn droroon qq 1otrr1d<1Xou rrionlq, gnopei vonoporqp4Oe( peroriv4o4 rnq npoq ro roro xoro rr1 dLdp-

Kero Tnq eronvorlg ro0dlg oOeiror npoq To xdro go(i pe rorlnop on6 ro dLorppoygo. Mero rrlv orpoipeor; rrlg Xotrr1dr1-

Xou rdoqg Ue eyxe(pqq (yotroxuorcxro4i), ot rlnolro(nopor rot o Xotrq6o1oq nopog ouXvo dreupuvovror, yLo voono04xeuoouv q Xotrr1. 0r nopotrtroy6q rnq oprnprornq oy-yeLoonq rou finoroq, irlq Xotrr16ri1ou ruorqq ror rolv elo.rq-norlrrrrv xotrnQoptrrv nopov efvor ouvrl0ropeveg xor elouvrl,tvrxl olliooro (Err. 2-73 ror 2-75).

Ta nepooorepa orpatrparu oTn XeelupyLx4 r4g yo-Ar1doyou xlotqg. oqe(Aovrat oe anoruy[a eruLlt4oeug ruvouv4]uv napoA)toytiv r?q ovoroptaq, rcu ouor4porog ruvyoAqrp6pav nopuv. llprv ond rq droJoprl onoroobrlnore do-pfg xor rrlv otpo(peor1 rqq Xotrq6dXou rUorrlg, or Xgrpoupyo(npdneL vo npopo(vouv oe ooqrl rourono[r1oq rorv rptdtv Xo-trqtpoptrlv noporv, ro0tlg eniorlq Kor rrlq KUoTrKtlq xot rrlg 11-

nolx1g oprrlpioq. 0o npdner vo e[vor Fdporoq rovelg orL

ourri nou qofveror vo e(vor 11 xuolxrl oprqpio, e(voL npoygo-rt q oprrlp(o rrlg XotrqddXou xforrlg ror 6Xr xdnoto nopotrtro-yr1 nou opderjer enlor1g ro rlnop (Erx. 2-75). H orpoppqyiororo Tn OropxeLo lotroxuorenoplg eivor ouvq0rrrg 6uvordvv0 ovlgrTono0e( pe nieoq r4g nnorLrnq oprqpiog oronpoo0ro ro[Xtr:po rou'enrntroirou rprlgorog (Ew. 2-74).

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Erxrivo 2-78. A. l-lpoo0Lonro0ro orlvoyporpto rortrtog pero ono BopLoulo unortruopo. llopoqperore rrg ro),rreg ruQdleq oro rolXopo TOU noxs-og evrepou (Me qv o0ero rou Dr. E.L. Lansdown, Professor of Radiology, University of Toronto, Tor0nto, 0ntario, Canada). T: ruqtro, A, ovrov r<o-

lov, H: lnorrrq (deEro rotrrrn) ropn1, E: eyropoLov r<otrov, I[: ontrlvrrq (oprorepq rotrLrq) ropnrl, K: ronov r<otrov, L orypoeLd6g ro],0v,0: op-Oov, KK: ro),1169 ruQdtreg, B. Mero.lnrolo ;royvqlrrl ropoyporpio roilrog (Me qv oDe Lo rou Dr. W. Kucharzyck, Clinical Director of Tri-HospitalResonance Centre, Toronto, 0ntario, Canada).

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Erxrivo 2-80. H ouXvorrpo rtr.rv Droqoputv rvrorloeolv rrlg orortrlroer_doug ondquorlg. Iroug neplooorepoug ov0ptilnoug r1 orotrlroerdflg o-noquol evron((eror nioot onrj ro ruqtrd (d1lo0r1 eivor onroOoruql,rrrl).

voirrlg roilorrlroq, Rou ovopo(eror onro0oruqtrrxri xdtrnotpo. Toonro0orutpirrd rrltrnolpo pp(oxeror n(oo ono ro ruqtrd ror gnopetv0 erre[verol npoq T0 novo, nfoo ono ro roro orpo rou ovrovrogrdtrou, rrtg onLo)oxoALx6 r6Anupo. To rdlnogo ourd efvor ouXvooprero po0u tiore vo enrrpener qv e(oodo evog dorrutrou rot0T0uq neprooor6poug ovOpdrnoug (64y0) 4 orcotrqxoerdqg ontlpu_o1 pploreror 96oo oe ourd. Ie geprr6g neplnrdloerg, q onlo0ro e_nrqovero rou rurpiou dev rotr0nreror ond neprrrivoro, onore ro ru_qlo npoorpUeror oe norx0,r1 errooq oro on[oOro xor],roxd rolxtrruo.

Erxtivo 2-79. H ed,eoruqtrt-xr1 Xtirpo. floporrlpe(ore ol1 oro),qroerdlg onoquorlpproxeror oTo evo etreuOe-po Xeitrog rou peoevreprOi-ou, evtir 11 opr1pio rnq orooltro. l'lpooe[re rlrr 1 npo-o0Lo roLrrrl rorvLo odrlyeiorq orotrrlroerdl onoquol.H rorvlo ourrl onbietrel o1dqyo ororXero yro Tov rvTo-nropo r4g orol,qroeLdo0gonriquorlg orrg neprnr6-oerg orotrrlroerderrounq.

To noyt Svrepo

To roLtrroro rprlpo rou noX6og evr6pou 6Xer pfrog 1, 5 p. nepi-nou Kor onoreLe(ror ono ro rurptro, rq orol4roeLdrl ondrpuor;, rorotrov (ovu1v, eyroporo, roldv, rol orypoerdeg) ro069 ror ono roop0d (Err. 2-26A ror 2-78 eog 2-81). Tp(o rprlporo rou noX6og e_vrepou oX4lror((ouv ntro(oro yro ro trenrd 6vrepo (Err. 2-26 xot 2_55). To noXu dvrepo pnopei vo 6rorpL0e( euxotro ond ro trenrd d_vrepo Xoprg (1) olg rpeLg noXr6g enrprlrerg purreg rorv[eg rounou ovogo(ovror r<oirrig raubg (2) olg pero[u rov rorvrov ru_(rdieg tou rorXdrporog rou (Err. 2-58) ror (3) olg UrKpsq npooeK_potr6g rou neprrovo(ou nou eivor yegoreg trinog roL trrlyowor enr_nAolxeg anogAoeq.

To ru<pA6 Kqr n oK@Attlxoedrlg orr6guon

To rugtrri (Erx.2-264, 2-36,2-62r,u2-78 dtog 2_80). To oo_roerd6g ruqtrd npdrro rprlpo rou noX6og ewepou, ouv6Xeror ge roovldv rotrov. 0 eLtredg expotrtret oro ov6repo r;u1po rou, evul 11-ortotrqroerdqg ondrpuoq expdtrtrer oro rlorrr ro(Xrolro rou 2,5 rK. ne_p(nou roro onri rrlv eLAeorugALxr1 ou1tpoA7. To ruqtrd onoretreI eu-pu ruqtrd 0rjtroro p4xoug 5-7 er. EvronL(eror oro 6elrd rorol re_roprqpdpro qg rortr(oq, onou rorooxrlvtirver oro troydvro pd0poxorto ond ro ovrdv rritrov. Iuv40oq ro ruqtrd neprpdlleror oXedovei otroxtrrlpou ono nepudvoLo ror pnope( vo ovoonooOe( etrerjOe-po, orepe[ror dprog peoevrep(ou. llopritro ouro, ouXvo npoorp6erororo troyrivro Bo0po ge e[oreprreg ror eooreprxeg nepuovoir6grupAweg nruyeg, or ono(eg oX4pori(ouv prxpd 0utroro Tnq reprro-


0 ertreog erpotrtret oro rurptro tro[o roL ev pdpeL ttotxtt 0t 0u-

ro oXqport(ovrog ro ovto rot to roro Xe(trog rou ettreorurptrlxoti

oropiou (Err. 2-62). To Xeitrn nou oXtlporl(ouu t1u eLAeoruEAxq

BoABi6a, ouvovr6vr0l ilpoq T0 tlool rol d{trl oxlUort(ovToq 0Kp0-

trorpieg, or ono[eg ovopo(ovrot XotrrvoI rrlq eLtreorutptrLrqq polpt-

dog. 'Orov Otorelverot ro ruqtro, ot Xotrtvol relvovrot pe onore].e-

opo 11 ofyrtretorl Tov Xettreov rnq BotrBidoq. Enetbtl olttrlg o ru-rtrorepnq UUq Tov Xeil6otv our6v 6ev efvot rotro ovenruygtivoq, 11

ettreorutptrrrl polpido etroXtoro tre troupye[ olq orptyrrflpoq. Mero

mo Boptolyo unoxtruolto yto orrtvoLoylrq e(6roo1, ro popto ou-

Xvo eLodpXerot orov reLtxo eL\eo (Etr. 2-78). Enog6voq | 0u0T0-

tr1 rou retrLrou ettreou nlOovov drobpoport(et olpovrtrd potro oqvonorponrl undpperprlq notrtvdpoprlorlq ronpovtildoug utrtroI orovertreo.

H oxtotrrlxoerdrig on6guoq (Etr. 2-62 xu 2-79 t'uc, 2-

Bl ). Anoretret ootrrlvdrdeq opyovo pe notrltr0 prlxog ro ono[o ro-ro p5oo opo ovepXerot oe B er. H oxoLqroetdrtq onoQuol expotr-

),er oro ruqtro 2,5 er. neplnou rorot ono rrlv ettreoruqtrtrrl ouppo-

tr1 xoL eivot oXertro orevorepq rot entgq16oreprl oT0 vtlnto rotoro notdto on'ott 0rov evr1trtro. H oxoLrlroetdrlq onoQuol tp6pet

ro Drro rrlg ppoXu rplytrlvtxou oxrlUoroq Ueosvrcpto, nou ovoU0-

(eror peoerrepldto rot pe ro ono[o rp6perot ono ro peoevrepto

rou retrrrou ettreo0. H 06ol rou otirporog 11g ortltrlroetdo0g o-

norpuoqq notritrtrer. IuvrlOoq e[vot onlo0orutptrtrl q nuetrtrq (dq-

trobrl xpeUerot novot ono ro Xeitrog rqq nu6trou peoo oqv etroo-

oovo n0etro, ptr. Etr. 3-25). Ie oouvq0e tg neptnrdroe tg q oro-rtr1-

roet6lg onoquol nopouoLo(et onrc0oxoAtx4 evronLol' (n(otr-l on6

ro ovrov rotrov). '0rov nopouoro(eL ourl rqv evrontol orepeiroL

ouvrl0oq peoevrept6[ou (0lIodrt pp(orerot oe ontoOoneptrovoi-rq 0e01, onog rot ro ovtov rotrov) H Baorl t4q oxaA1xoedouqanlQuonq Bpfuxerot oe oro0eprl poAAov 06oq ru ouvrl0olg e-

vron[(erot ev rar po0et rou olpe[ou ouUBotrnq rou d[to pe ro pd-

oo rpulgopto Tlq Yp0UUlq nou evdtvet rqv npoo0to ovtrt troyovto

oxovOo pe rov o1-Lrpotro (olUe(o rou lVc Burney). 0trpeLg rotrt16qrorvle q rou ruiptrou ouyx).[vouv orr] goor'l 11g oro-rtrqroet6o0g o-

noquoeog rot oXlport(ouv 11 ouveXtl dltil entplrq putrrl ortpo6oTrlq

0t oprqpieg rou rurpAoti Kot rrlq oxoAqxoetdorlq o-n5guoqq (Err.2-58 xot 2-79). To rurptro delerot o[po ono rqveLAeoxoALx4 apr4pfu, r<trodo r1q ovo pteoevreptoq oprqptog, evdr

q orotrlroerDrlg onoquorl d6Xerot oipo ono v1 or<uAqxoedi aprn-pio eniolq r<trodo rrlg ettreorotrtrrlq oprrlpioq. H opqpio ourl xo-

16pXeror n[oo-r ono ro retrtro rprlpo rou eltreou rol etoepXerot orogeoevrepld ro.

H gleBrxri nopo;16reuoq rou rurpAoU rot rnq oKo-14roerdo6g on6guoqg (Etr. 2-40). H eLAeoxoAtx7 rpAtBo'

xtrodoq rqg ovtrt UeoevT€ptog rptrepoq nopoXereuet ro ofpto ono roruqtro rot q orotrrlroetdq onotpuol. H ovtl peoevrdpLo tptr6p0 e-

vtiverol pe rr1 ontrlvtrrt qlepo xot oXlgorl(et rrlv nutroio tptr6p0.

H treptprx{ nopo;15reuo4 rou rugtrof rot rnq oKo-trqxoer6of g on6<puoqg (Etr. 2-60. [l[voxoq 2-4).It treUQoY-

ye[o rou rutptrou K0t rrlq ortltrrlroetdoug onotpuoqg erpotrtrouv oe

treUQoDdveq rou UeoevrepLd[ou ro0dlg Kot 0r0uq eLAeoxoAu<oAq

AepEodeveg, nou pp[orovrot roro glxoq qg ettreorotrtxlq oprn-prog. To onoyoyo trepqoyyeio exBotrtrouv oroug ovto peoevr6pLoug

treUQo66veq.H veripooq rou rurpAori Kot rrlq oxohrlxoet6otig o-

n6quoqq (Etr. 2-61 roL 2-82). To ve0po rou ruqtrou Kot Trlq

oxotrrlroetDoug onoquorlg npo6pXovrot ono ro rotitord rot ro o-

vu peoEvrtpLa yayyAn.

Av rot q orottrlroeLbrlg onorpuorl tou ov0ptirnou Oetl-peirot unotretpportro opyovo, oTlv npoYportrorqto 6XeL o-

vonruX0ei npoobeurtro oro nptlreIovro 01troortxo (Scott,

1980). Iro vrlnto rot oto notbto nopouotd(eL rqv etr6vo ro-tro ovenruyp6uou AepEwoA opyovou rot ntOovtjv 6Xet o1-provrrxeg ovoootroytxeg treLroupy[eg. H 6oUn qq oxottrrlro-

erDoug ondrpuoqg notrfttret ovotroyo pe rrlv qtrLrfo' Iro 1-trrrLopuivo dropo o trepQtrdq Lor6g orporpe[ rot ovrtro0l-oToTot ot ueVotrl 6rroorl ono ouvdertro Loro.

H qtreypovfi rrlg orotrlroeLdorjg onoquolq (oxotrn-xoetdirr6o) onoretreI elotperLro ouXvrl otrio o[eioq roLtr[-

oq. Irq B6peLo ApepLrn oxedov 90.000 notdto utplorovroteyxe(pnol ro0e Xpovo e{otrioq rr1g. H orotrlxoetb(rt0o ou-

v10org oqeitrerol oe ondqpoll r4q oxotr4roet6o0q onoqu-

onq (Filler, 1989) ouvl0doroto ono ronpovtirdeg utrLxd' 0-rov ro quototroytxo errpiporo dev pnopouv vo btoXereu-0o0v oro tutptro, ro opyovo dtoyr6verot, pte ouveneto qvnopegnobtorl rrlg oLpolrqg rou por1g. To otryog rnq o[eioqorotrrlroetdfrtdoq opXi(et ouv4Ooq oTrlv fleptoUQotrtrt1 ltit-p0 Kot oTrl ouv6Xeto evroni(erot oro 6e[Lo rotol reropq-popto. Irtq runtr6g nepLnr6oeLg, q nieoq pe ro ddrrul,ooro oqge(o rou Mc Burney npoxolei q peyotrureprl roLtrLo-

rt1 euotoOrloto. Irtg neptnrt0oetg oporq ontoOoruqtrtrrlq e-vronrorlg rqg oxoLqxoetdoug onoquoqq (ELx. 2-80), n pe-

yLorq euoro0qo(o gnope( vo evronf(erot oq delto ntroyto

Xd.rpo, pero{u rotv ntreuptirv Kot rrlq troyovtog orpotrotpiog.Eov roroorei ovoyxo(0, t1 oxtolqxoetdexropf np0Yp0T0'nore(tor ouvflOolq ge dtoXtrtptortrqq roprlq rolv pu6v orode[ro xottrr reroprrlpopto (Etr. 2-148 xot A), pe rdvrpo rrlgro orlge[o rou McBurney. To ruqtro qeperoL oT0 XetpoupYt-xo ned(o Kot T0 UeoevTep[dto nou nept6XeL ro oyye(o qgot<trltr1 xo eL6o ti q onorpu or1 q onotrtvtilverot roLo rot 16 gverot(ELx. 2-79). H Boo4 rrlg orotrrlroetdouq onoquolq otpotpe[-

ror, evdr ro xotrdpurpo rrlq ouvtlOtrlg rourqpto(erot xot e-yrotreo(eroL p6oo oro ruqtro.

Eov 11 orortrqroetdnq onorpuol 6ev e(vot eptpovrlq ro-ro rqv eyXeiprloq, ot roLLr6g rotvieg XprlotponoLouvTot oqodnyo onUeio, 6tort ouyrtrlvouv rpoq rrl P00n rnq oxotrn-roeLboug ondrpuorlg. Ie oouvrlOtoreg neptnrdtoetg ovtitpo-trlq n oretrouq neptorpoqrlq rou ruqtrou, 1 orotrqxoeL6t.lq

onorpuorl dev evronl(erot oro de[to rorol reroprrlpopto. 0-rov ro ruqtro $p(orerot 0e uqrntrtl lt'on @Ennorxo rutpAo),

11 orortrrlroetdnq onoQuorl evronl(erot orq delLo unoXov-

H KOIAIA 241

Aa6€Ko6oKtuno

Ava ogoLtptjKOntKn Oputpto

Kor0 Lt€o€vt€pnopuipio

Ava op?tKhoptnpio

EVKopoto KAnov

En&€inn aptnpto

KpttrKo onU€to"avootol,toon oahpovtn

h €nn€inouoo

ttvLto€t6t:c Konov

Kortov Ronov

Koro oprottptq xantK€q oputpi€<

Etxtivu 2-81. 0l peoevrepleg 0prnpieq. To geoevrdpto r0u Isrrou svTspou eXer roper 0Tl pr(0 T0u Kqr rixsr gQqrpsgsr Ug(r us Tl.l vrlorro0 K0r T.vsileo n0p0Tlpei0Ts dTt 1 rorot peoevrepto opqpro eKQUeTot nlotrl ono ro doOexodorrutro ror orpou nepooer novo ono rrlv oproreprl K.rvn I0-yovto oprrlpio ;leronlnret oe ovul ot;.toppoidtrl (op0Lrr1) opqpto. lloporqpeLore tg otyltottdLxeq apr4pteq (roro oprore peg rotrrrdq opqpieg)nou erquovror ono rqv oprorep4 n),eupo rrlg roro peoevreproq oprrlprog.


0$a : Xdrpq; Kor oTrq. neprnrdloelq our6q, ro : titryoq evronG(eror oe ourq 14 Xtilpo xor oXr oro de{ui rotor reroprrlpo-pro. H o[e(o q]reygovrl qg orurtr4xoerdo0q onoquonq uro-pei vo odrlyrlo et oe }poltBuon qg oxuAnxoedoug oprr1-ptoq ror nportrlor1 ydyyporvoq (vdxptrlorlq troytr oprnpro-rrlg onoqpo[r1q). H prl€n rr;q qtreygorvouoog ortrl]rlroet-g ori S

l glqq uoq q, np oNO)r g:i.rtpf,ey po,r1 pep li u. $1,4 olo rlqp o u

rou' nepiTovoio u tdn A06n:, y ev l r< e u p6,W nep g,aivlr td al eni.T00n rou rortrrqxou otryoug ror ortrnpio rnq roil(oq.

To ovr6v x6Aov

To ovujv rritrov (noiorz : n0X0 rivrepo) notr[trtret oe glroq on612 eoq 20 ex. (Err. 2-26,2-58,2-60 roL 2-78 6trtg 2-81). AvepXe-ror oq 6elro ntreupo rrlg roLtrLor4g roilorqrog ond ro ruqtro npogro delLo tropo rou qnoroq, onou orp6rper0t flpoq ro optorepo oXrl-pori(ovrog rr1 de{rti xoALx4 (4norLxfl xopnrl. To ovtov xd},ov ou-vrl0trlq orepeiroL geoevrep[ou rot ppforerot oe ontoOoneptrovoirrl06oq xoro gqrog qg de€roq ntreupdg rou onlo0tou xoiltorou rot-Xrirporog. Meprxo( dvOponor (oe nooooro nep[nou 25%) qepouvppoXtr peoevr6pro. To ovL6v rol,ov Xopi(etot ond roug on(o0Loug

UueS (6nlodn rov troyovro Kot Tov rerpoytrtvo ootpuird, Etx. 2-82)npoq r0 ndvor ono ro de[ro veqpo roL npoq T0 rdrtrl ono ro veuporou on(oOrou'roilroxori rorXrirporog (ro troyovopouptovtro rot rotroyovoUnoyoorpro). Ano ro npoo0ro roLLLoxtj to(Xopo Xtrlpi(eroLouvf0orq ono 6trrreg rou'trenrou evrdpou ro0dtg rot ono ro pel(oven(ntrouv (Err. 2-25). H np6o0ro enrqovero ror ro ntrdyro rou ovrd-vrog ro),ou roi,unrovror ono neprrovoro, ro ono[o roOrltrdrvet ro o-vLdv rdtrov novor oro onloOro xortrrord roiXrolro. Iro 5[o ntroyLo

Xe[trog rou ovrovrog r6],0u, ro neprrdvoro oxngori(er rovotrL 11 ou-troxo, nou ovogo(eror 6e\to nopoxoAtx4 o1Aaxa (ELx. 2-24A). TopoOoq ourrlq rqg outrorog eloproror ono qv nooorrlro rou o6ponou nepr6Xeror oro ovrov rotrov.

0r oprqpieg rou ovrtivrog x6trou (Err. 2-58). To ovr6vxdtrov ror 11 de[Lo rotrLrq ropnrl d6Xovror o[po ono rrlv er,leoro.fu-t<ti xor rq de{n xoAtxq oprnpio, rtrodoug r4q dvtrl peoevrdprog op-rq p iog.

H gtreBrx{ nopol6reuon rou ovr6vrog x6trou (Ex.2-40).Io o[po onoyeror ono ro ovrdv rdtrov p6oro rrlg edeoroir-rfq r0r rrlg de{rdg roArc1q gAepog, rtrodrrrv qg ovtrr peoevr6progrpl6pog.

H trepgrr{ nopoldreuoq rou ovr6vrog x<iAou (Err.2-60A ll(vorog 2-4).Io treprpoyyeio rou ovrdvrog r6trou ex$otrtrouvoTouq ftnopor(o.lrrodg ror oroug ezrr<oirxoAg Aeprpodevrg Kor 0Trl

ouv6XeLo orouq dua peoevreprcug Aepqodeveq.H veripooq rou ovr6vrog x6trou (Err. 2-61 ,2-64 xot2-

82). To veupo rou ovrdvrog rotrou npo6pXovror ond ro xotfuoxaror ro dvo peotvrfprc yoyyAto.

, ,,:g1gu'10 dtoilo ppioreror oe unrto 0eol, uyp6 onri ro, 6e(i-drr/EoroiCitpptx1 xdAnargo (Err. 2-65) dtdpXerot ond rr1

De(rd nopoxotru<r1 oUtroro (n.X. n0o poyeiooq orottr4roet-

6oug onoquoqg) orc eu0upnrpx6 rotll orc eu9ut<uottxoxoAnupa (pI. Erx. 3-33 ror 3-34).

llprv ono qv erroprl (Xerpoupyrrn oqo(peoq) otrortrr1-pou r; p6pouq rou ovrovrog rotrou (n.X. Itoyu xopx[vou rounoyeog evrepou), ro rprlpo ouro rou noX6og evrdpou 0onpeneL vo xrvrlronoul0ei. H poorxl opxn Tnq nvlrono[r1or1grou noX6og evrepou eivor o ovooXrlporrogoq rou opXeyo-vou Ueoevrep(ou priXpr ro orodro nou noproroveTot oT1v

Etx. 2-24A. l-(veroL rop1 roro prlrog qg npoorpuoqq rouon),oXvrxou nerol,ou rou neptrovo[ou oq To rotXtrrltottron6rotro r0u, oTn deEro nopor<otrrrf1 outroxo (Err. 2-24A) rotro rotro ovodrntr6veror ttpoq T0 6or,l, pe droXopLopo rovougrpuri;levorv nerol,rrlv rrlg neprrov[oq. Koro rq dtopretoqg rrvlronoLrloroq r0u rotrou dev droropdooovrot oure rooyyelo rou, otlre o ouplrrlpoq Kor 0 veqpoq, drol pp(oxo-vror prnpooro ono ro ndrotro qg nepuovlog nou 6toXop(-(ovror (Err. 2-92).

To eyxdporo x6Aov

l'1opd rrlv ovolroolo rou, T0 rprqpo ourd rou noX6og evrepou6ev e[vor ornv rpoyUoTrxrSqro eyrdporo, dLdrL xp6perot npoq r0rortrl oe norx0,o pdoog oov oyrftrq. To eyrdporo rotrov, plrouq 45er. nep(nou, onoretrel rc poxplrepo xot nAeov eux[v4ro rp1parcu noyEog evrepou (Err. 2-26 6trlg 2-28, 2-36,2-58 rot 2-78).ALooXr(er rqv roLL(o on6 rq de{rd roArc1 xopn4 U6Xpr rnv oprore-prl xotrLxtl rognrl, 6nou ror ropnreror ilpoq T0 roror ylo v0 0n0Te-tr6oer ro rorrov xotrov. H apmep4 xoArx4 xopn4 yerwro(er ge rorortlrepo rprlpo rou oprorepou veqpo0 ror npoorpueror oro 6ro-

Qp0yU0 pe pro opL(ovlo nruXl rou neprrovo[ou, TOV qpevoxoAtx1olv1eopo (Err. 2-35). H opLoreprl xotrrxr; ropnrl pp(oxeror nro n[-o0l Kor oe qjltroTep0 en(nedo ono q de[ro rotrrrl ropnrl. Meroluour6v rov duo xotrrrorv xoprnti,rv, ro eyxdporo rotrov e(vor ntrqptrtgnvrp6 ror oXrlpori(er oyrutr1 nou roreu0uveTor [poq ro rortrl rorepnpoq. To eyropoLo xr1trov rp6per peoevrepro, ro ono(o tr6yeroL e-yxopoto peooxoAo ror ouvbeeror pe ro xdrtrl Xeilog rou noyrp6o-Toq Kot ro ge((ov en(ntrouv nou ro rol,unrer ond egnpog (Err. 2-27 , 2-288 rot 2-48 A). To geooxotro onoreLe[ dLntrq olpoDo nepr-rovo[ou oro ono(o oqpf(eror ro eyxoporo rotrov, ro0drg rp6;lerorono ro onio0ro rod,roro ro(Xtrrlro (Err. 2-28). A6yot rou orL elvolntrnptoq rrvrlro, ro eyroporo rdtrov dev lopouord(eL oroOepq evro-nLor1. MnopeI vo evronf(eror oro uQog rou dtonutrtoprrou enrne-dou n vo exre(veror npoq T0 roro g6Xpr ro Xeitrog rqq nu6trou (ptr.

ELr.3-7).0roprqpieg rou eyx6porou x<ilou (Err. 2-58 ror 2-81).

To eyroporo rdtrov opdeUeror rup[tog ono rq peo4 xoALx4 oprqpia,xtroDo qq ovul peoevrdprog oprrlpiog, d6Xeror opoq o(po ror onorn delrd Kor Tqv oprorsp4 roNr<r1 oprqpfu. H oprorep1 xotrLrrl op-rrlplo e[voL rtrodog 14g roro geoevr6prog opqpiog.

H qleBrx{ nopo;16reuoq rou eyx6porou x<itrou (Err.2-40). To o(po rou eyropoiou xdtrou ondyeror pdotrr rqg ovo geoe-vtepnq, rpAeBoC.

H KOIAIA 243

KotntoK0 vovvnto Kot oprtlpto onia,ta nvtur,tovavoorptKa ot€rr€xoc oto orao(,ovtKo tptiLto

@pevtxn optnl:io K0t nnEvLto

Hno-ilK€C Qn€p€C

Op€vtKti opuipio

EntvEQpi6to

N€Apdc

Aoprn

.: JioC KotntoKAC LtuC'-cnn€upto opuipioKOl VAUqO

:;t,oC oo!uiKoC puC:tounoyoatpto xot-:Scu0ovtKo v€ipo

H Aepglx{ nopox6reuon rou eyK6potou K6Aou (ErK.2-60A ll(vorog 2-4). H treprpog T0u syKop0r0u rotrou drepXeroL o-ro roug treprpodeveg nou Bpiorovrot roro prp<og rrlq peorlg rotrL-(f q 0pTl'lpiOq. To onoyoyo trepqoyyero ourdrv ftov ),eprpodevov er-3otrtrouv oT0uq oro pteoevreptouq AepEod|veq.

H veriparoq rou eyx6polou xdAou (ELr. 2-61). To veuporou eyropolou rotrou, ro ono[o ouvobeuouv rr1 de[ro ror rr1 peorlxotrrx1 opqpro, npoepXovror ono ro avu peoevrepLo nAeylto xotgeroqepouv oupnoOlrrxeg Kor ltopoouUno0rlrrreg veuprreg rveg.To ve Ipo nou oro],ou0ouv qv oproreprl rotrLrrl oprrlpLo npoepyo-vror ono ro xaru ptoevrepto nAeypa.

-.,'l

' --;- o)y^t) oorrpto K(tt Etl:ao

To xortSv x6Aov

Auro ro rgripo rou noXeog evrepou, prlroug 22-30 er. (Err. 2-26,2-36, 2-78 xor 2-82), rordpXeror ono qv oproreprl ro),Lr<1 ro-gnq orov oprorepo troyovLo po0po onou peranhreL oTo oLy1lerdEq rolov. Koro rqv ro0o0o rou, ro rorrov ro),ov Drepleror Unpo-oro ono ro e{ot Xe(trog rou oprorepou verppou, rov eyK0poro KOr-trroxo rol rov rerpoyovo oorpuLro pu. To e0poq rou ou),ou TOU K0-rrovrog rotrou elvor oqgovrLro prrporepo ono ro eLipog rou ovro-vrog roLou. Iuv10otq orepelror geoevrep[ou ror Bploxeror oe o-nro0oneprrovorrl 0eor1 roro plxog qg oproreprlq n),e upoq rou o-

'1*

rd:id

t"J.d

i.d:',-j

tnn nvoC

n n € u pa6 to Q povl.t ott K ocKon n oC

10n nrlsupo

En tv€Qptdto

Avtl 1-s oevrepta optnptct

t u l-t n o A n t r K o.dT € rl s x o C

KorrAv Kanov

E€..) na€oc UUC

'Eoo no€oc LtuC

E V Ko pat o{ K a t n t o Koc Lt u C

Ko(0 I,t€a€vr€ptoopulpro Kol Qd€Bo

)pxtKti opulpto KolQn€ao

aupnuipoc

q'ii

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4

Mnptoto vsupo

qatKn n€prTovtoAr6otol-rnflKA wipo

.''t r/::EEe novavrct opfupio Kot QntBo *-**:-:--"/{^*--."-

,nsppoilKoC nopac

Etrdvo 2-82. Avoroprl rou on[o0tou rot],torou rotxtilporog ovdpo, ro ono[o nopouoio(er ro peyo].0 oyyeio, roug vsqp0uq, rouq ouplrrlpes K0r T0:nLveqp[dto To peyo],urepo uepoq qq nepLrovlog dxet oqotpe0eL. tlopornpe(ore orr o ouprlrrlpag DtoorouprrrveTor us Tljv elo ],oyr1vro gpTlpr0lJsoog pero ro dtxoopo rrlg KoLv1g ioyovtog oprrlpLog, xoOtilg xoL ort ro opxrro oyye(o 0repxovror pnpooro ono rov ouplrrlpo Kqr rrgrpxgvTqr-r(i pe ro onepporrxo nrlpo oro BouBovrro nopo,

a

;lr':l:l:i l''


nioerou K0rtrroKou T0rX6U0Toq. H on(o0ro enrqoveto rou npootpu-eror oro onio0ro roilroxrj ro[Xr,r1ro, otrtro ro rorrov rdlov, onorgror ro ovrov, pnope( vo rrvqronoul0e( Ue Xerp0upyrKoug Xerpr-opouq. Ie peprrofg ov0p6noug (oe nooooto 33% nepinou), rororr6v rol,ov rp6per peoevr6pro. To rorLov rotrov 6pXeroL oe oX6-ol Ue To drorppoylro npoq T0 novto rol rov rerpdyrovo oorpuird pu.

Merolu rou rolovrog rdl,ou rot rou rerpoytrlvou ootpuirou guoq

nopegBdtrtrovrol ro troyovotjnoyoorpto rot ro troyovopoupovtroveu po.

H oprqpror{ orpdroorl rou xotl6vrog x6trou (Etr. 2-81 ror 2-82). To rolov rotrov DdXeror o(po ono ry apnreprl xo-ALx4 r.u rqv dva orypoeL64 oprnpfu, xtrodoug rrlg rtiro peoevre-png apr4ptuq.

H gAeBrx{ nopolireuoq rou xort6vrog x6trou (Etr.2-40). H onoytoyn rou olporog rou rortovrog r6trou y(verot onoqv rdrto Ueoevr6pro tptr6po.

H treggrx{ nopo;16reuoq rou xort<ivrog xtilou (Etr.2-60A, ll(voxoq 2-4). To trepqoyye(o rou rolovrog rotrou expdtr-trouv oroug ltfooug roAxo1g Aepqodeveg roro pqxog rnq 0ptoTe-pqg rotrLrrlg oprnpioq. Iq ouv6Xero, q tregqoq dLdpXerot ono rougxaru peoevrepLouq Aeprpodiueg, nou ppiorovrot yrjpo ono rnvrorol peoevr6pro oprrlpio" Evrourorg, treUrpoyyeio qg optorepflqrotrLrrlg ropnrlg expotrtrouv en(oqg xor oroug ovtr: peoevr6ptougtreprpodeveg, orotrou0tlvrog tqv ovu peoevrEprc oprnpfu.

H vefpooq rou xqn6vrog x6trou (Etr. 2-64 rot 2-92).H veuprrlor; rou rorrdvrog rdtrou npo6pXeror ono ro oupno0qrrroKor T0 nopoouprnoOllxo ouorl1ro. H oupnoOrllrfi veupoorl rounpo6pXeror ono ro oorpuir<o rprlpo rou oupno0rllrou oretreXoug,xoOrrrg ror ond ro dva unoyoorpLo nLeypa U6oor ntreyporov ttouneprpotrtrouv roug rtrodoug rrlg roro geoevrdprog oprr;piog. H no-poougnoOrlrrxr1 veupororl npo5pXeror ono ro nueAu<a onAoyvtxove0po.

To orypoedfg x6Aov

To orypoerdeg xotrov oXlpori(er etrrroerdrl oyr0tr1 norritrou prl-rouq (ouvrl0oq 40 er. nep(nou), q ono[o 0upt(e oroug npduouq o-vorogoug ro etrtrr1vtro ypogpo o[ypo retrrro. To orypoerdeg rotrov(nuelrrd rdtrov) elvoL ro rprlgo rou noXdoq evrepou nou nopeU-potrtretor gero[u rou rolovrog ro],ou ror rou op0ou (ELx. 2-26A,2-78 ror 2-81 ). Erreiveror ono ro Xeitrog rqg nu6trou prlXpr rov rp(-ro onovdutro rou repou oorou (ptr. Err. 3-7 ror 3-48) onou peron(-nrtt oro op0o. To r6trog rov enrprlrtrlv rorvrrilv tre(ou puixou rorou(rotrrxtirv rorvuirv) unodqtr6verqv opXl rou op0ou (Erx. 2-60A). ToorygoeLdeg xtltrov rpdper ouvrl0og en(p1req peoevrepro (ro peoo-orypoerd6g) roL yt'ouro ro troyo nopouoro(er orlpovrtul etreuOep[orrvrloecov. Iuvrl0og rorotroppover ro eu0ur<uolr6 rotrnopo orougovdpeg (pI. Etr. 3-33) ror ro euOuprlrprro rotrnto;ro olg yuvo[xeg($tr. Err. 3-34). H pi(o rou peoevrep(ou rou nopouord(er npoorpu-or1 oXlporog V, r; ono(o erre(veror npoq r0 novo roro Unxog rtov6lo troyovulv oyyeiov Kor rpoq ro roro ono ro drXoolrd rtov ror-vrrlv ),oyovlov oyye[oiv prilpr qv npoooro enupovero rou repolj o-

orou. ll(otrr ond rrlv roputpr.l rou ;leoevrep[ou (dqtrodr1 onroOonepr-rovoiro) pp(oxeror o oprorepdg oupqrrlpog roL o dLXoopdg rrlg o-prorepnq rorv4q troydvroq opqp(og (Erx. 2-82).

U enmAolreg anoE1oeq rou orypoerdoug xotrou 6Xouv peyo-tro prlroq. 0r onoq6oerg our6g e(vor yevrro roroqopreg ge tr(nog(Err. 2-58). H op1ooLypoeLdu<4 oultBoAq pploreror oe onoorooll5 er. ond rov nporro. To oXflpo roL 1 06o11 rou orypoeLdorjg xo-trou e[oprdror ono ro nooo ntrrlpeg e[vor. To xonpovo ono0rlreuo-vTor oTo orygoerddg pdXpr tr(yo nprv ono rqv oqodeuorl. Iuvrl0o:gro oLygoe1669 rdtrov Bp(oreroL olelro etreU0epo p6oo oqv etroo-oovo nuel,o, xoro onrj ro l,enro evrepo (Ex. 2-26A).ll[otrl ono rootypoer66q rotrov Bp(oxovTor T0 0proTrpo 6Errr troyovro oyyelo, rooprorepo repo ntrdypo ror o oproreprig onLoerdrlg ;rug.

H opr4proxri orpdroorl rou orypoerdorig x6Aou(ELr. 2-81 ror 2-82). To orygoe1669 xritrov oLpordveror ono 2-3otyltoude$ oprqpbg.0r orypoerdefg opqpieg, rtrodor rrlg rororgeoew6prog oprrlpiog, rorepXovror lo[o npoq ro oprorepo, onoudrXd(ovror oe ovrdvreg ror rorr6vreg rtrodouq. H ovrrr orypoerdrlgopqpio ovooro;.uirveror Ue Tov ronovro rtrodo r1g oproreprlg ro-trrr1g opr4p(oq.

H gleBrxf nopol6reuorl rou orypoerdorig x6trou(Etr. 2-40). To olpo rou orypoerdoug rotrou onoyeror ono rrlv ro-ro peoevr6pro qtrepo.

H trepgrxli nopoldreuon rou orypoerdorig x6trou(ELx. 2-60A, n[v0K0q 2-4). H tregqoq dLoXereueror oroug geoougt<oArco1q AepEadeveg, nou pp(orovror yuprrl ono roug xtrodougrulv oproreptirv rotrrrtlv opqpLdrv, rol ono exel oroug roror peoe-vreptoug trepqoddveg, nou nepLpotrtrouv rnv rorar peoevrdpr0 0p-qp(0.

H vef poro4 rou orypoerdorig x6trou (Etx. 2-64,2-82ror 2-92). H veupoorl rou npodpXeror ono ro oupno14uxo xatrcnopaoupna04ux6 olor1po. H oupno0lrLxn veupororl npo6pXerorono ro ootpuiro rp4go rou oupno0qrrrou oretreXoug ror ro ouo u-noyaorpto nAeypa, Udoo ntreyUorov r0u neprpotrtrouv roug rtro-douq rrlq xoro peoevreptoq opr4pioq. H nopoougno0llrq veupo-o4 npo6pXeror ono ro nueALxo onAayvxa ve1po.

To op05

To opOo (1 oneuOuogrlvo r1 euOu) onoretref ro roOqtrtogevoretrrro rpqpo rou noXdog evrepou (Erx. 2-26, 2-36 xor 2-78, Btr. e-n[or1g Err.3-48 etoq 3-50). KotrunreTor rv g6per povov ond nepr-rdvoro ror orepefror geoevrep[ou. To xor6repo rpqpo rou opOorjouvdXeror Ue Tov npoKTrrd ootrf1vo. Aedopdvou ol ro op06 e[vornuetrrxd dpyovo, neprypoqeror go(i pe ro unotrotno ontroXvo rrlgnuetrrrfg rortrdrrlrog (BI. Keq. 3).

O npuxnx6g ouA4vog

0 npoxlrog ootrrlvog onore),ef ro re],Lrd rgqpo r4g yoorpe-vreprrlg odorj (ELx" 2-26A rot 2-78). Korotrrlyer orov nporrro orrlvnepLveirtl Xtilpo, Ue rrlv ono(o rorneprypoqeror (Btr. Keq. 3).

H KOIAIA

To eootreprxo rou orygoerdoug rdtrou pnopei vo yiverovlre(pevo noporqprlorlq ge rq porlgeto opyovtov onrrrdrvrvrfv, nou e(vor yvrooro ug roAovoox6lzo Kor otypoeLdo-ordnro (Stone, 19Bg). To xotrovooxdnro nou ero6pXeror oronoXf 6vrepo pe otr.r rou nporrou, onoreLei eurognro ototrrl-v0 n0u Unopef vo XpqorponoLrl0ei yLo rqv e{6roo4 otrortrr1-pou rou n0X6og evr6pou. fo orypoedooronro onore),e( d-r0pnro otrrtrr1v0 nou xploruonoreiror yro Trlv e{6roor1 rovxororepotv rprlgdrov rou noX6og evrepou. H nlentprypioruv oyxuv rcu noyfoq evrepou avonruooovrat orc 0p06.llep(nou 12% ono outoug eprpovL(ovroL xovro orrlv opOo-otygoetdrrrl ouppolrl, q'ono[o pnoper vo r]rntroQneei xoro rrld topxeLo dorrutrrrq g e[erdoeo: g. H o Ly po e td o o t< 6n4 o4 Sno -pef vo orotrouOq0e( ono oxtvoypoqLr<r1 getrdq rou noXriogevr6pou (ELr. 2-78). H 6yXuo4 poprouXou 0ro),ugorog oronoXf 6vrepo npoypoTonoreiror orrl 6ropxero rrlg e[eroor;qnou ovopo(erot BapLolyoq unoxAuop6q.

H Xpdvto vooog rou nox6oq evrepou, yvtrtorl tog ez1-xr1649 roAirLda, loporr4pi(erol ono oopoprl rptreypovrl rotel6trrtrlor; rou noX6og evr6pou xor rou op0o0. Ie peprrorlgono ouroug roug ooOeveig np0yil0T0n0ts(roL oAlxti rotre-xrop{, roro rq dLdprero rrlg ono(og orpotpofvror o retrrrogeLledg, ro noX[ dvrepo, to opOo xo0drg xor o npoxlrogootr1vog. It4 ouveXero rorooreud(er ot ttAnoropia, uorcvo ovorX0e( enlrorvtov(o pero{u rou eileou xor rou 66ppo-T0q T0u npooOrou xortrloxou rorXdrgorog. Me ouro rov rp6_no 0qproupyeimt "reyvrlrlq npuKToq". H rotrerrogrl npoy-poronore (rot en[o1g yro rq Xerpoupyrr4 Oeponeio oo0evtirvpe xopxivo rou no16og evrepou (Stone, tggg). Irqv upo-ALx7 xoAemoplj dLor4po0vror ro op0o ror o npolrlrdg otrl-trr1vog, evtir o edeog evtirveror pe ro 0p06, pe retrrroretrrrrl0v0otoprr:04. l-ro ro oxqpologo rorv xolooropuirv xprloruo_noro6vror ro ll,eov rrvqro rpqporo rou noXeog evrdpou.Koro ouvenero, nro ouXv6g e(vot q rugAooropia, 11 eyrap-oLo xoAooropfu xotq orypoeLdootolt[o.0 r0nog rqg xotro-oropfoq ltou npoypoTonole(ror e[oproror ond ro rpflpo rouevrdpou nou dXer oqotpeOei. Orov orporporivror rprlpororou noXdog evr6pou 0o np6neL vo dLorqpeiror enopxrlg or_gorooq rov r;'iqpdro:v nou nopoprlvouv. TuXov onoruX(o0r4v e[ootpdtrroq enapr<oug orpdrooqg 0o odqyrloer oe v6_Kpoorl T0u ouyxerprp6vou rg4porog rou noXdog ew6pou.

H nuA.oio gAEBo Kdr or nu\oroouorq-IJ Or t K6 g ov o or o trt tit o e ry

H nutrolo rptr6Bo onoretreI rov r[pro oyoyd rou nuAobu ouorr1-poroq EAtpritv (Err. 2-40). Iutrtrrlyer orgo ontl ro roLtrroxo rprlgorr1q yooTpevTsprulg o6ou, rq XotrrldoXo ruorrl, ro noyrpeog, roontrrlvo ror ro peropepsr 0T0 r1nop. lVdoo oro rlnop drortrobr(eroryL0 vo r0rolq[er oe dreupuolr6vo rprXoerdrl, rc xoAnoe64. Ano rorotrnoerd4 ro o(po outrtrdyeror oTrq 4non(sq EAepq, or ono(e g

erpotrlouv otqv xoru xoiAr1 rptreBo. H nutroro qtreBo deXeror oipoono rpeLg peyoleg tptrepeg: rrlv ovtrl Kor Tlv rorto peoevreproqtrepo ro0drg rol q ontrqvrrrt qlepo.

H nutrofo Etre po oyl"lpori(eror nioto ond rov oulevo rounoyxpeorog pe q ouppotrq rrlg ontrrlvtrrlq ror qg ovtrr preoevreprogqlepoq (Err. 2-45). H roro peoevrepLo rptr6po rorotrrlyer ouv10togn[oto ono ro noyrpeog, onou ouvevtirveror Ue rr1 ontri1vrr1 qtreBo(Err. 2-40). Mnoperoprrrg vo erpotrtrer oqv nutroLo qtrepo 11 oroprlKor oTrlv ovo peoevrepro qtrepo. H nutroro qtr6po ovepXeror npoq roqnop geoo oro etre0Oepo Xertrog rou etroooovog enrntroou, nloo o-no ro XotrqdoXo nopo xor rqv lnonrrl opqpio (Etx.2-74).Irqv ml-Aq rou rlnorog - qv eyroporo oXLoprl peoo rrlg onoioq o XotrrldoXognopoq, oyyeio rol veupo eroepXovror r1 eyrorotreinouv ro rlnop (Err.2-67 ru 2-71) - 11 nutroro rpleBo drXo(eroL oe delto roL optoreportrodo, oL ono(or dloXereuouv ro olpo roug oru 4natwo roAnoedrl.To oilro qg nutroLog qlegog nepreXer ro nporovro rqq n6rleorg (u-borovOporeg, tr(nr1 ror npu.rreiveg ono ro evrepo), ro0drg roL ronpoiovro qg onodoploqq epu0porurropotv ono ro on),[vo.

To nuAo[o olotr1po rpAeB[v enu<oLvuvt( pe ro olorqpo ruvEAeBdv rng ouoTnUoTu<r1q ruxAorpoploq oe peprro oqpeLo (ELr< 2_83). 0r ovooroptiroerg oureg pero{u rqg nutroiog Kor Trlq 0uoTlU0_rrrqg rurtropoprog eXouv peyotrrT rtrrvrrrl orlpooio. 'Orov onoqpoo_oeror 1nu),o[o rurtrorpoplo (n.X. troyo qnorrrqg vooou), ro orpo rqgyoorpevreprrrlg odou e[orotrou0eI vo rp0over oro be[ro rpqpo rrlgr<opdLog pe qv roro ro(trr1 rptrepo, peoo nopontreupotv odtirv. H nu_troto gtrepo ror or rlo6ol rrlg 6ev qepouv polprdeg.'Eror, ro orpopnopef vo peer ono ro onortrerogrlvo rlnop npoq Tnv roror xo(trr1rptr5Bo p5oo ono oureg rrg evo),trorlre g odoug. Ltqu nu),aia unEp_r0o4 11 nleor1 rou ptre pLr<ou o[porog oro nu],0[o ouoqpo e rvor oull_prlvq. Koro ouveneto pepog rou orporog rou nutro[ou ouorrlporogqtregutv pnope( vo ovoorp6Qer rrlv nope[o T0u K0r vo dretrOer onorrg nutroroouorrlporrreg ovoorop6oerg oro rptreBrro ouorrlpo rqgouoqporLrrlg rurtrorpop(og. Auro ro yeyovog npoxotrer drorool ro-rvqtreptirv olg neproXdg rov nuloroouorq;lorrrov ovoorogotoeorv, peonoretreopo or tptrepeq oureg vo ylvovror xrpotilderg.

0r nepro;ig rov nutroroouor4porrx6v ovooropooeov otterKo_vr(ovror oqv e Lxovo 2-83.

Irrl yoorpooLootpoyrrrl Xtirpo, or otoogayxo[ rcAalot rrlq apL_lrep7g yllTpLKng rpAeBag ovooropdrvovror Ue Trq orclqayKegrpAEBeg, or onofeg erpotrtrouv or4v o(uyr1 qleBo (BI. Err. 1_39rot 1 -76).Irr;v op0onporlxrl Xtirpo, q ovu atpoppoidtxr1 rpAtBo ovooTo-g6veror pe rrg peoeg ror rtg rora otpoppoilLxlq piepeg (Err.2-83), or ono[eg e[vor rtrodor rrlg doo-r troyovrog rot rqg eoot or_dorirqg qlepog, ow(ororXo.Irqv nopoprpotrrrrl Xtirpo ot nopoprpoArcg piepeg rou dpeno_voe6ouq ouvdeopou avooroprivovrot pe unodopeg gLepeqrou npoo0rou rortrroroI roLXrilporog.Iqv onrooonepuovOixrl yapo, xAodoL ulq onAr\vLxrlg Kot Tnqnoyxpeaux4q, rpAepag ovooropurvovror Us rlv opnrep4 ve_EpLxrT rpAeBo. BpoXeieq rplepeg ouvdeouv eniolg q ontrrlvLrrl

1.

2.

4.


;\i-,1

Aauvn Qn€Bo

Etopoxoc

Aptor€pti VoarptKnQn€po

EntvoarptKtc OnaB€c

A

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Ava oruoppoi6tKn QniBo

AtLtoppoi6rKEq QntP$

Koto or Ltooooi6 tKi O n€ Bo

B npcoxroc

Erxrivo 2-83. 0r nutrotoouorqUqTlKdq 0v0oT0Ud)oerq. 0r ovooroporoeiq uureq rp0ogepouv noponlsupn nulolo KUKtr0Q0p[0 oTtq nsptnr6oetg 0n0-

Qpoqlq oT0 rlnop 11 oqv nutroro Qtrspo. Ie ouro T0 droypoppo, or rtrodor Trlq nutro(oq rptrdBoq eXouv XpopoTtoes( Kuovol, ev6 ot Klodot Trlq ouoTl-porLr<r1g rurtroqopioq 6x0uv XpoUoTroeer Ue oXVo yotro(ro Xpdpo T0 yp0UU0T0 A - A D4trtitvouv T0 orlpslo Tov ovooroUooeov.

Kor Trq KotrrK€q AIePeq Ue Ttq ooquiKeg qlepeq T0u on(oetourodrorof TorxdpoToq. 0t qtrepeq rrlq yugvtlq €rtqdvstoq rourlnorog en[or]q enrKorvovorjv ue Ttq Qtr6peq rou dtoQpdYuoToq

K0e6q K0r Ue Tn dsqto 6otrt 0trlportxtl tptr6p0.

H KOIAIA 247

KTlloouv or1r4 otproerD4 xoro ond ro 66p;ro. H xorooroolourrl ovotp6peror og xegotrri,p66ouooq, tr6yo rrlg opororrl-rog rrlg pe ro rpidLo rrlq reqotrrlq rqq Medouoog, rdporogrr1 g Etrtrr'1vrxr1 g pu0otroyLoq.

Iuvq0ropevoq rponog etrorroorlq rrlq nutroioq nre-oqg e(vor q droX6reuor.l rou ofporog on6 ro nutroio gtrepr.xri o6o149o oTn ouorlUoTrxq rptreptxrl ruxtrotpopio, ge rr1brlproupyio enrrorvtoviog gero{U 14g nutrorog gtreBog, xoLr4g rortrl xoitrqg rptreBog. H nuloroxortrloxli ovoordptrto4nou drlproupye(ror pnoper vo entXerp40er oro orlgeio dnouro 600 oyyeio pp(oxovror rovrd ro rlvo oro oMo,.n(oo o- '

no ro 4nop (Ew.2-74). 'Evog otrtrog rpdnog elortrrlolgqg nutro(og n(eor1g eivor 11 ouvevooq rqg onlqviKnq qtre.pog pe rqv oprorep4 veqptr4 gAepa (onAr1voveqpu4 ovo-oroltuo4), pero ono r4v orpoipeo4 rou ontrrlvo (ontr4ve-xroprl).

Ot veEpoi0L veqpoi, 6vog oe ro0e ntreupo r4g onovdutrrrns ornllq, Bp(-

0K0vr0r olq nopoonovdutrrreq outroxeg oro u{rog rorv 012 og 03onovdutrtrrv (Err. 2-23, 2-268,2-BZ, Z-84,2-95,2-g6 ror 2-96). 0enrprlxrlg o[ovoq roug e(vor oXeddv nopotrtrr1trog ;le rov o{ovo rouorirporog. And xoOe veqpd rordpXeror evog ouprlrrlpoq xor 6rdpXe_ror novur ono ro orogro qg nu6trou oro drXoolio rrlq xorvrig tro_yovLoq opqp(oq. 0 oupqrrlpog nopeueror roro prlrog rou n),oytourorXrir;lorog r4g nu6trou ror ero6pXeror or4v oupodoXo ruoq. 0rveqpoi onoporpuvouv ono ro o(go ro ntreovo(ov vep6, otroro ro_Otrrg roL ro npoiovro peropotrropou rov nptoreivrov ror drorqpouvoroOepd ro pH rou. To oXprloro npoiovro nou onoporpuvovTor 0_no ro o(po gerorp6povror oro oupo xor prloo rotv oup4rrlpov oqvoupodtlXo ruoq.

O6oq, IXripo xor M6ye0oq rtov vegpdrv (Err. 2-46,2-82 rot 2-84 eoq 2-90). Ko0e veQpdq pp(oreror pdoo oe po(o ne_ptverppwoA A[noug, n[oor ono ro nepuovoro (Dnlodn oe onro0one_prrovoirrl 0504) novtrt oro onlo0ro xoiljoro rorXrrlpo. 0r verppo( et_voL ronoOeqp6vor roro ;u1rog r4q onovdutrrrrlg orr1tr4g novooroug ge((oveq qroiTeq puq. To ovorepo rprlgoro rov veqp6v npo_ororefovror ono ro Oolporrxo rtropd roL 6Xouv reroro r<tr(oq, trroreoL ovo ndtroL roug ppLoxovror nro rovro oro p6oo en(nedo on'rjrror roro notroL. A6yto rou peyotrou pey60ouq rou de[rou troBou rouflnorog, o delrog verppdg ppioreroL oe etrorpptog Xogrltrorepo eni_ne6o on'ort o oprorepog verppog (Erx. 2-g2).

0 verppog nopouoro(er npoo0ro xor on(o0ro enrqovero, 6oo roreiol Xeitrog, xoOrirg r<or ovot ror rorot notro. To e[o Xertrog e(vorrupro, evtir ro 6oto Xeftog ervor roitro 4 qeper ewop4, onou Bp(_0K0vT0r 11 veqprxri xoltrfo ror q veqprrrl nuetroq. 0 vorndg verppogrou evrllrro eXer Xpopo r<oorov6pu0po ror p4r<og ne pinou 10 er.,ntrorog 5 er. xol noXoq 2,5 er<. 0 oprorepoq verppdq eXer ouXvo e_Aorppo geyotrurepo p1xog ono ro de[ro. 0 verppdg 61er ooerddgnep(ypo1rpo, otrtro 11 evrogr; rou eoo Xeitroug rou npoodiber oq4

Erxrivo 2-84. To ouponorqrrro ouorrlpo rou ovOpo. l-loporrlpe rore rougveqpo[9, onou nopoyovroL ro oupo, roug ouplrrlpeg nou peroqdpouvro oupo orqv oupo06Xo ruorq, rrlv oupodoXo ruoq onou onoOqreuo_vTor npoooprvo ro oupo ror rrlv oup1Opo, grloo.r qg onorog ro o0podtoXere0ovror oro neptBotrtrov. H ugevtirdrlg ouprl0po neprpotrtreror o_nci ro oupoyevvrlrrro OLorppoypo, evdr I olpoVVrirdqq ouprlOpo nopeu_eror pdoo oro ndoq.

nou 0up((er rpoootrr. I'ourd ro roitro rp4po rou verppou undpXeL pLororordpuqq oXrop4, q vegprxri nUtr4, ono rqv ono(o eLoepXeror r1

verpprrrl oprrlpio ror e[dpXovror 11 vetpprrrl qtr6po ror 11 verpptrrl nu_etrog. H nrjtrq odrlyei oe 6vo Xtirpo 96oo oro veqpo nou tr6yeror re_tppLxr1 xotAtu ror 6Xer pdOog 2,5 er. nep(nou (Ex.2_87 ror 2_Bg).H veqprxrl rortr(o rorotro;-rpdveroL onrl q verpprrrl nuetro, T0uq ve-qprroug rotrureg, ro verpprxo oyye[o xor veupo roOdrg ror ond nor_rltrr1 noodr4ro tr(noug. H verppLxrl EAeBo pptortror pnpooro, 11 ve_rppu<4 opqpro pploxeror n(ool ond q rptrepo, evtir 4 verpprxrl nue_trog pp(oxerot nloo ono rrlv opr4pio (Erx. 2-g7A)

flpoBoA{ rou vegpori or4v enrgdvero (Err. 2_46 ror2-86). Ie notr0 ;ruo.rdq xo/n noxuoopr<o drogo or veqpor pnopeivo grlv efvor Qr1troq4ioi. Ie trenroque[g ev4trrreq ge ooOevdrg o_venruy;revoug rortrloroug pueg, o xoro notrog rou 6e{rou veqpoue(vor ouvq0rog rfqtrorprpdg pe oprpiXetp4 e(eroorl orrl deiro ntro_

ttoLilo oupnuipo

OupoAoxoC K0otn

npooLorrKn oupti0po

E t(,.) or oLt t o ou D nqao c


Erxdvo 2-85. A{ovLxeg r0UOyp0Qt0q rqq roL},Loq oro opt(ovrro enLnebq rou ve19po0. Iro rqv ovoyvrLrpr0l roiv dopov p],ene ttq Etr. 3-32B rot 3-90 (Me rlv obero rou Dr. Tom White, Department of Radiology, The Health Sciences Center, The University 0f Tennessee, I\4emphis, TN)

yro Xrirpo oov orepel, ),elo ror unoorpoyyutrq U0(0, n onolo ro-TepxeTor roro q 6ropxeLo 11g etonvolq. O quototroytroq 0ptoTs-poq veqpoq dev e[vot ouvtl0trlq L!1troqqroq. To ut]oq rtlv vetpptitvperopotrtreroL roro rr1 6Lopxe Lo qg ovonvotlg Kot Us Ttq o\troy6q

qg 06oqg rou odrporog. 0r veqpoi peroron[(ovrot nep(nou 3 er.orov xoroxoputpo o[ovo roro rq droprero rnq xivnolq rou 6to-qpoyporog nou oupBolver roro 11 po0ro ovonvorl. H n0trr1 rou o-ptorepo0 veqpo0 pp(orerot oro dronuloprro enlnedo, neplnou 5

H KOIAIA 249

QLtonnornio ypouLili

Hnop

AtoQpoVLto

1 2n nntupo

OuptiuipoC

AoVovto oKponoQto

Evt0noLlo onioOtoCovo noVOVtoC OKov)oC

Etxtivo 2-86' ilpopotrrl rolv ovoroptxtrlv ltoptptrtporov orrlv onlo0Lo enrqovero rou roppou yuvoirog 4trrrrog 21 er[rv. lloporqpeloTe 0rr 0r ve*p'iettonl(ovrot erordpiooev rrlg onovdutrtrnq orrirnq ond rov 01 2 eoq rov 03 onovdutro, xoodrg ror 6n o de[Log veqpdg BpLoreror ],tyo nro rortol-ro rov optorepd llpooe[re drt oL ovtrl no],ot rtlv vetpptirv npoororeuovror ono rrq evddroreg ror rLg 6rrid6roreg n1eup6g ro069 ror rj. o roronrllog rou oe(tou verppou Bpiorerot oe onooroorl doo ro nl,orog evog dorrulou novo ono rr1 Loyovro oxpoAotpio.

er. ono ro 96oo en(nedo, ro ono[o rdpver ro ov6repo rp1po roudelLou veqpou. Me 6e6op6vo orr 11 onioOro npoondtrool Tou ve-qpou onoretrei 14 ouvqO4 Xerpoupyrx4 npoon6troorl rou, eivorXpnorpo vo e(vor yvtoord 6l o x6ro notrog rou 6e[rou veqpou ppi-oKeTor 0e onooroorl evog eyrdporou Doxrutrou novo on6 14 tro_yovro orpotrorpio, evo o ovor ndtrog rou pp[oreror novol onri rrl1 2q nleupd.

Moxpooxontxri ovoro;rrx{ rov vegpt6v (Ex.2-g7 t_tog 2-90). 0r verppor neprpdtrtrovroL ond roXup4 rvo64 xorfo, 1 onoi-o npood(der oro vton6 veqpo yuotrrorepn dW.H veqprrrl roQo o-noondror eurotro ond ro rpuorol,oyLrtl veqpd. Ar6pXeror novo ondro XeLtrr1 r4g nutrqg, enevduer rr1 vetpprxri roil(o ror ouvdXeror ;le10 ro(xou0 rov xolf rov. 0 verpp69 r<or 11 xogo rou neptpotrtrovrorano napoverppLxo A[noq, ro ono(o d;rog e(vor opord oqv npooOroenupoveLo. Aurrj ro l(noq 6Xer Xopqtrdrepq nurvdr4ro ond ere[vr1rou veqprxori nopeyXuporog rol yr'ouro ro troyo ro nepiypopgo rouveqpoU eivor ouvrl0org oporo orrg orrrvoypoqreg, xoOorq Kor oTrqo{ovrrdg Kor oTrq goyv4rLr6q rogoypog(eq.

H yovoer6{g verpprxri nrietrog ouvdXeroL npoq T0 rorol pe rovoup4rrlpo. l-leprBotrleror onti ro trinog, ro oyye(o xor ro veupo rrlgveqprrqg roLtrtog (Eu<. 2-88B). H tre{1 nuetrog e(vor opXoroetrtrqvr_r4 xor o4polver trerdv4. 0g er rourou nueAoypagio e(vqr ro oxn_voyporp4po rqg veqprxrlg nudtrou Kor rou oup4r4po (ELx. 2_gg), e_udt nueAoverppindo e(vor 4 qtreypov4 14g veqprrrlg nu6trou Kor r0uvetppou. Mrloo or4 verppmq xoLAfu,rlveqpLxri nuetrog ouvrlOoq dr-Xo(eror oe dUo eupe(g runetrtroer6e(g ltei(oveg xoAureg. KoOdvogpe((ov xdlur<og unodLoLpeitor oe 7-14 eAooooveg xoAuxeg. Taoupo droXereu0vT0r oe rdnoro etroooovo rotruxo ond ro o0porol_rd ootrrlvdpro, ro ono(o dronepvouv tro[o r4v xoputp4 tqg veqpmrlg04ifg (Err. 2-88). And rov etrdooovo rdtruro, ro oupo drepXoworp6oo rou per(ovo rdtruro, rrlg veqprrrlq nudtrou Kor Tou oup4t4poyLo v0 ero6tr0ouv ornv oupodrlXo rriotrl.

H vegprxri neprrovio Kor ro vegprxri linog (ELr. 2-85,2-88 ror 2-96). 0 veqpog, neprpotrtreror pev ond qv tv6dq veqpL-xq xattto, rorooxrlvulver rlgog p6oo oe oqpovrLxrl 1to(onepuerppL_xo1 A(noug, ro ono[o dqgroupye(trrndrd4 verpprrrl rd{ro. llotru tr(yog


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Erxrivo 2-87. 0 de[r6q veqpoq. A.llpooOro orfl nou deiXver rr1 oerporov doptirv orrlv nutrq: cptrepo, op-qp(o ror vetpprrrl nuslog. B. l-lpo-o0ro tlotrl rir!1 pero qv oqoipeorlrrrlv veqprrtlv oyye(rrlv nporeLpe-vou vo rpovel 4 vetpprrq roLtrl0.

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np6o0ro Xsrtroq rrlq veqprKlqKorl,ioq. B. Enrprlrqg ropr'1 ve-Qpoi. npooeEre 6Tr Kooe vsQpr-Kn nup0urb0 KoToLrlYsr oe ur0veqprKrl 01trr1, or4v onoio sKBoI-trouv dtl6ero 1 neprooorepo pe-yotro o0porortro ootr4vopro. Me-o0 0e Koee etroooovo roLuronpoBotrtrouv lrro 6rrlg rdooepLq0nIeS.

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Oupo6oxac KUauj%Etx6vo 2-89. EvdorptreBto oupoypotpto (nuetroyporpLo). To orrtvoortepo utrtr<o 1opr1yr10r1re evdorpLeBro ev6 ouyrevrptrrolre ror onerrp[0r1re onoroug veqpoug. Aurl 1 npoo0ton[oOLo npoBotrrl 0elXvet rr1 ootpl dtoyporprl Tov neptypopportrlv rrrlv vetpprr<rilv ro],rjr6v, ro.lv veqprrtrtv nu6trrrrv r<orrtov ouplrrlptrlv ono ro Orrlvoortepo ul,tt<o nou yegt(et roug ouLoug roug. llpooa{re rr1 0torpopo oro oXqpo ror oro enlnedo rov duo vtqprKovnudtrtrtv Ko0titg rot rtg neptotpiy(etg KOt Ttq OLeupuvoetg rov ouprlrtlptrrv, or onoleg orper),ovror orrg neprorotrrrrdg ouoroLrlg rou puir<ou Xrr6vorou totXtitporog rov. To Betr1 deiXvouv orevdporo rou ouLou nou oqeltrovror oTrq neproT0trrtxeg ouoroleg (Me rrlv odeto rou Dr. John Cambell,Department of Radiology, Sunnybrook l\4edical Centre University of Toronto, Toronto. 0ntario. Canada).

Etxtivo 2-90' A(ovtreg TouoYpoQtsq roLtrLog oe opL(ovrto enineOo or0 uqroq rov veqptirv. Aureg oL ro;req onetrovl(ovror oov o nqpqTrlplqq v0eBtrene pLo eyropoto roprl qg xotilog ono rorot pe 14 be(ro ntreupo qq ropqg oro oprorepo rou. H: r1nop, E: evrepo, 0: oorpuirog onovduLog,MW: pe((uv q/oiTnq UUq, AN; de{tcig verpprig, A: rotLtorrl aoprrl, BMP; ev ro pdOet Utjeq rrlq poXrlq. (Me rrlv odeLo rou Dr Tom White, Depafimentof Radiology, The Health Sciences Center, The University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN).

H KOIAIA 253

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trtn6dfq torog ppioreror pnpooro ono ro veqpo. H Amddqq verpprKn KaAo neprpotrtreror pe q oeLpo qg ono opoLo rvdrdq roro nouovopo(eror veEpLxq neptovfu. H verpprrrl nepuovlo nepLrtre[er roveqpo, rrlv rvtiDrl roL q trrn6d1 Kor.|l0 nou rov neprpotrtrouv ro0drgK0t r0 eilrveQp(dro. Auro ro neprptrflporo oupBotrtrouv oT0 v0 nop0-pevouv ro dpyovo ouro oq 0eo1 roug. I-lpog ro novu-r 11 verpprrqneprrov(o ouveXeror Us rlv nsprTovro rqg roro enLrpoveroq Toudrorppoyporoq (\LorppayporLx4 neptovio). llpog ro eoo, ro npo-o0lo neroio rqg nepuovlog oq de[ro Kor rrlv 0proTep1 ntreupo ou-vevorvovrol pnpooro ono rrlv rodrorrl ooprrl ror rrlv rdro roltrqqtrepo. To on[o0ro nerotro 14q vetpprrqg neprrovloq evdveror npogro eoo Us T1v neprrov(o nou pp[oreror gnpooro ono ro per(ovoqloiTn UU. To nerotro rqg verpprrrlq nepuovlog evtirvovror 1otroponpoq T0 rorol ror pnopouv e[ro],o vo dLoXtrtprorofv rorot ono roverppo. H eyrtreroq rou veqpou oe trlnoq onore],e( olpovrrro nopo-y0vT0 yro q ouyxpoqorl Tou orn 0e o1 rou. H noooqro rou trfnougqq trrn6douq roQog noLritrtrer ovotroyo pe ro oropo. To elornepr-rovoiro tr(nog 6fo ono q veqprrrl nepuov[o (nopaverppxo Afuog)evron[(eror pero[u rou nepuovolou rou on(o0rou roLtrrororj rorXdr-

u0T0q Kor rqq veqprrlq rsprTovr0q.

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0L oy6oerg rou verppori (Etx.2-23,2-82,2-84 eolg 2-86ror2-89 eog 2-91). l-lpoq ro nfoo, o veqpoq enlro0eror oe pu1169

Ud(eq. H on(oOro enupovero rou ovtrl nolou eqonreror pe ro blo-qpoypo, ro ono[o rq 6roXopi(eL ono qv une(olrorrxfl rod,oqro ror14 1 21 ntreupo. flro roro o vetppog epXeror oe oX6or1 pe rov rerpo-ytr.rvo ootpurro pu ror geprreg qopeg enrrol0nrer etroqpo rc pet(lva rtJO'iTn !u npoq r0 eoo K0t rov eyroporo rorLroro UU npoq T0

e[o. To unon],eupro oyye[o ror veupo ro0tirg ror ro troyovounoyo-0rpr0 Kor ro troyovopoupovrro veupo ror6pXovroL droytrrvro roroptlroq r4g onfoOroq enupoverog rou veqpou. tlpoq, ta e1nplg, otoXdoerg rov veqptitv drorp6pouv olg duo nle uprig, pe elo[peol roorr 1 npoo0ro ror 1 eoo.r o(-r1 rou ovtrl notrou Kor Tov buo veqpotvrotrunrovror ono ro ovr[ororXo enrvetpp[dLo.

l-lprio0reg oleoerg rou de{roti veqpof (Err. 2-48, 2-65 ror 2-67). 0 ovro notrog rou erponreroL pe rrlv xoro enupovero rou qno-rog. Me eloipeol ourov rov notro, o de[rog verppog droXolp((erorono ro rlnop Ue T0 lnoTovtrpprro rotrnopo. ilro roror, q rolouoopolpo rou doderodorrutrou drepXeror pnpooro ono qv nutr1 roube[rou veqpou. H de{ro rotrrr4 ropnq pplorerot gnpooro ono ro e-[o Xeitroq ror ono rov roro notro rou. lloporrlpqore orqv Err. 2-48

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ott q enrverppLbLrrl, 11 droderodorrutrrr4 ror q rotrrrrl neproXrl rouveqpo0 dev rotrunrovror ono nepuovoro. Mepog rou ),enrou evre-pou pp(oreroL pnpooro ond rov rorot ndtro rou de[Lou veqpou rordLoXop((eror ono ourov pe lenrrq orLBodo nepuovoixou uypo0 rorro nepudvoro.

Ilptio0reg oleoerg rou oprorepod veqpori (Err. 2-35 ror 2-48).0 optorepog veqpog eqonrerol rpoq T0 epnpdq pe ro enrverpp[dro,ro orogoXo, ro ontr1vo, ro noyrpeog, q vqorrdo ror ro rolov ro-trov. H yoorptrrl, 1 ontrr;vrr1 ror q vqoldrrq neproXrl ro),unrovrorono neprrovoro. 0 oprorepog veqpdg, po(r pe ro ndyrpeoq ror roontr1vo, pploreroL orlv xo[r4 rou oropoyou, onou rotrunreror onoro on[o0ro rolXrrlpo rou entn],oirou 0utrorou.

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0r tropoi rou veqpof droypogovror oqv enupdvero rtrlvverppolv rorv egBpriotv r<or tlv ppeqtilv. H e{oreprrrl 6Loyporp4

rtrlv tropdrv eqoQovi(eror oro r6trog rou nptlrou rlrouq qq (ol-

4 g. Ie onovreq neprnrtiroerg pnopei vo nopoqprlOei nopouol-o egppuirrlq troptooqq oe verppouq evrltrrrov (Moore, 1988).MepLrrlq rpop6g, o oprorepoq verppoq elvor rdnorg rpryovrxogoe oXflpo nrOovriv trrjyor nieonq rou ono ro ontrr1vo. 0 ovcrr nd-trog rou vegpou elvor orevog, evtil o xoro ndtrog etvor eupugnpoodidovrog rou ruE4 rig4 (ropnouptrlrrl). 0L ovopotrreq rouoXrlporoq rov vegptilv 6ev 6Xouv rtrrvLxrl orlpooro.

0 veqpoq ;lnope[ vo orporpeOer Xulprg vo unoore[pldpr; ro enrveqpldro, enerdrl ourog o o66voq Xolpi(eror

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Etxtivu 2-92. Avoroprl rou on[o0tou roLtrLorou rotXtilporog nou derXver rouq 0elrouq ooqutrouq trepqoOdveq, ro rortrLoro yoyytrro, ro on],uXvrrove0po rot ro ouptno0rlrtro oretreXog. To be[to entveqpl0r0, o veqpog, o ouplrrlpog ror ro noXrj evrepo eXouv ovodrn],oOei npoq r0 oprorspo,pe onoretreopo 1 on[o0Lo entqoveto rou be[tou verppou vo p],ener npog ro epnpog. H rorto r<or],1 rptrepo eXer onoOr1Oei npoq Tn Ueol VpoUprt,ev6 11 rpiq roL 1 r6ropq ooquirn tptreBo eyouv orporpeOel.

H KOIAIA 255

ond r0 vegpd Ue trerro drogpoypo rrlg veqpLr4g neprrovi-og. l-lopopo[trlg, e(voL 6uvorov vo orporpeOei ro enLverppfdro

XtrrpLg vo enrlpeoo0ef o veqp6q. Eov 4 trrntiroqg ro{ro ervortrenr4 1 etrtre[neL, onorg ouppo(ver oe ronolvo tiropo, e(voLduoxolo vo eleroo0orlv oxlvotroyrxo or veqpoi ene164 roneprveqpLro tr(nog dev nopoyeL ooqeg nep(ypopgo rou ve-Qpou. 0r veqpof peroxrvouvror etroqpd flpoq T0 novo rornpoq r0 rdrot roro q dropxero qg ovonvoqg enerdr; pp(-0K0vr0r oe en0qrl pe ro drorppoygo. 'EXer dtonroroOe( orn-votroyrxd dl r; rpuorotroyrxl rrv4lxorrlro rou verppou ovdp-Xeror or 3 ex. nep(nou (oXedrlv 6oo ro 0r{og rou otirporogevdq onovdutrou). To o(go ond rpougoloprlvo vetppo 4 ronuo nepLvecppLxol onootqltorog gnopei vo dreroduoouvnpoq T0 xdtl p6Xpr r4v nfetr0, xoOdrg ror pero{f rou npd-o0rou ror rou onfoOLou nerotrou rr;g nuetrrr4g nepuovlog.

H orevl oX6oq rov veqptirv Ue rouq pe((oveq qoireggueg elqye( yror( 11 errooq rorv g4ptirv pnoper vo enrdervdr-oet ro dtryog nou orpe0,eror oe qtreypovrj Tov nopoveQpr-rtirv nepLoXrllv. H XeLpoupyLxrl npoo6yyrorl rou veqporj yi-veroL ouvrl0trrg pe onLo)onepnovoixrl npooneAooq (ELx. 2-91). H ogoipeorl rou veqpou (verppexrop{) evOe(rvuror d-rov unopXer r[vduvog potruvo4g rrlg neprrovoixqg r<ortr6n1-rog (n.X. 6rov ug(ororor Etreygovdr6rlg vrioog rou veqpou).Kord n1 Ordpxero qg eyXefpqo4g, ro unonLeupLo, ro troyo-voUnoyoorpro ror ro troyovopoupovrxd veupo xLvduveuouvv0 unoorouv ptrop1. ArorortrLorrl npoon6troo4 rou vegporiy(veror oe eyXerprloerg nou orpopouv ro veqpLro oyyeio 11

roug ouplrrlpeg.H peropdoleuo4 vegporj onorel,e( ro0repto96vrl

ntrdov eyXe(pr1on yro Tn OeponeLo enrtreyp6vtov neprnrtl-otav ypdvtog verppLt<4g ovenapxe[aq. To veqprxtl prioXeu-po rono0ere[rot orrlv rdro xor],(o ror q veqprxil oprqpio roL4 qlepo rou ovooropcilvovror Ue r4v 6{to troydvro oprrlp(oxor gtrdBo, ev6 o oup4rrlpog ouppdnreror ornv oupoddXoxuorrl. lro Xerpoupyrrrig trenropepereg xor erx6veg ptr. roreqotroro rou Robinette (1989). H onrlpprgrl onoreiei oo-p0p6 npoptrqgo Tov UeroUooXeuoeov, ouvrl0og optrlg pno-pef vo etreyX0ei ;re qopporo, ro ono(o o d6rrrlg e(vor uno-Xpetog6vog vo trogpoveL eq'dpou (or1q.

Or oupry4peg0r oup4qpeg onorelouv drororoug, Uudrderq ourtr4veg pe no-

Xu ro(Xrrlpo xot pe orevo outrrj, or onoior peroqepouv T0 oupo onoroug veqpoug or4v oupodoXo ruoq (Ev.. Z-82,2-84 ru 2-87 etrlg2-89). Ko0rirg ro oupo dr6pXovror p6oo ono roug ouplrlpeq, roroiXropd roug 6Lorp6Xouv neprorotrlro r<uporo. Ko0e ouplr4pogouveXeror npoq T0 ndvo ge q Xovoer64 veqprrfl nuetro. H xorAn-rq poQo rou ouprlrrlpo rlXer prp<og nepfnou 12,5 ex. ror noXog 5

Xil. To rortlrepo rlprou rrlg nuetrrr4q poLpog rou oupqrrlpo nepL-ypdrperor oro Kerp. 3. H urXprl oe Xpdrpo rortrLorrl porpo rou ouprl-

rflpo npoorpuerol orepeo or0 TorxopoTrro neplrdvoro Kor ttopou-oro(er onroOonepuovoir4 evronrorl oe otrortr1po ro prlrog rr1g. H

xodrorq pofpo ror6pXeror oXedov rororopurpo, pnpooro ono ropet(ovo rlo(Tn UU (Err. 2-82). 0 de{rog oup4r4poq, xo0drg ror6p-Xeror, epXeror oe orevq enoqq ge rrlv roro xoftr1 rptrepo, Touq 0-oquiroug tregqod6veq ror ro ouprnoOrllrd or6treXog (Err. 2-g2). 0ouplrrlpog drooroupriveror Ue Tnv e(oo6o qg nu6trou ror ge rrlv e-(o troyovro oprqp(0, ogdotrrg nepLqeprro rou dLXoolrou qg rorvflqtroyovrog oprqprog (Err. 2-82).

0r opr4pfeg rov vegptilv Kot rov oupqrf ptov (Etx. 2-82, 2-87 ror 2-93 eog 2-95). U verppLxeg aprr1pieg etvor peyotrooyyero, ro ono(o ouvrl0tog erquovror und op0[ yovlo ono Tlv 00p-rq, oro U{.rog rou peooonovdu},rou 6(orou nou nopeppotr},eror ;le-ro[u rou 01 xor 02 onovdu],0u. H 6e{ro verppxrl oprqp(o dr6pXerornloo ono qv roro rortrq rptrepo. Iuvq0trrq, 11 ro0e pro ond lg du-o veqp1169 opqpieq 6rorpe(ror rovrd oqv nrltrq oe n6vre rprlpol-r6q oprqpreg. To neprooorepo ond ourd ro oyyeio drepXovroLpnpooro ono r1v nue),0 rou veqporj, 6vo 6gtr.tg r1 D0o pnopei vodr6tr0ouv n(oo ono ourq. Me Bdon qv oprr;pLorq rorovogrl nepr-yporpovror vegpu<a rUnpoTo. Ko06vo on6 ouro ro rpr;poro, opdeu-eror ono ph rpqparLxt1 aprqpfu. 0r opXrro[ r],ddor ourdlv rovopqprtirv, nou ovopd(ovrot peooAoBrcg aprr1pbq dLortrod((ovroroe peooAoB6rcq opt4pbg.

0r opr4pfeg rou oup4r{po (Err. 2-93). 0L oprrlpieg npo-6pXovror ouvrl0trrg ono rperg n4yeg, otrtro gnope( vo erquovror o-no ro0e 6vo ono ro orolouOo oyye(o (oL rupreg rod,roxeg n4y6q6Xouv runtrlOe( pe nloyro ororXero). tq veqpx4, v1u opytx4 r1 uo-04nxr1, u1v ooprry, qv rorvl Kor T1v 6otrr troydvro, xo0drg ror rrlvovor ro/n qv rortrr xuolxl (orov ovdpo) q rr1 prirpro(o oprrlp(0.

H gleBtxti nopo;15reuon rov veqpdrv Kot rtov ou-pqrf pov (Err. 2-82, 2-87, 2-96 ror 2-103). Aprereg rptrepeg o-noyouv ro o[pro rou verppou ror ouvevcilvovror ;le norrfioug rpd-rouq yro v0 oX4porloouv rr1 veqprr4 qtr6po. 0L verpprxdg qlepeqpplorovror pnpooro ono ng veqprreg oprqpreq, eua 4 opLoreprTverpptx4 gAepa qeperot pnpooru ono r4v aoprrT, olttowg xortrt o-no qv Srrpuorl qg ovto peoevr6prog opr1p(og. 0rveqprxeg qlepeqerpoltrouv orrlv roro rofiq qtrepo. H gAeptxr1 nopoyercuor1 ruvoup4rr1puv y(veror olg opXrx6g f1 olg oo01rrr6g rptrepeq.

Aepgrxrj nopo;16reuorl rov vegpdrv Kor rov oupn-rf pov (Etx.2-22,2-608,2-92 ror 2-93). To treprpoyyeLo rou ve-tppou oxotrouOouv 14 verpptrrt tplepo rot erpotrtrouv oroug oorpui-roug (e[rrr ooplroug) Aeprpol|veg. To trepqoyye(o rou ovorepourp4gorog rou ouprprlpo evdrvovror ge ro treppoyye(o rou vetppou qexpotrtrouv roreu0e(ov oroug lepqod6veg ouroug. To treprpoyyeiorou p6oou rprlporog ouvrlOtrrg erpotrtrouv oroug xotvorig AayovtougAeprpodeveq, evo; ere(vo rou rororrepou rprlporoq expotrtrouvoroug r<otvo0g, orouq 5lo 11 oroug tow Aayovtoug Aeptpadeveg.

H veriptooq rov vegpdrv Kor rov ouprlrf pov (Erx. 2-61 , 2-64, 2-82 xot 2-96, tl(voxog 2-3). To veupo rorv veqpdrv Kor rovouplr4pov npo6pXovror ono rc vegpK1 nAeypa ror onoretrouvroronrl oupnoOrllreg ror nopooupno0rlrLr6g (veg. To verpprxo ntr6y;rodeXeror [veq ono ro e],oooovo ror ror6repo on],oXvrxo veupo.


NtApoc

A€Eto opnKn opmoto

Kavoi novOvtotn€pQodev€C

A€€to Kotvtinovovto ootnoio

AoNti

E n tKoupt Knv€QprKn oprnpio

Erxrivo 2-93. 0r opqpieg rov vr-rpptirv ror rov ouplrrlpov. llopo-qpeiore oTr o ouplr1pog oyyerdr-veror ond enLpfxerg opqpieg, oronoreq npoepXovror on6 rpeLq r0-pteg qyeq: (1) on6 rrlv unep-relpevr1 verpprrrq oprrlpro, (2) onorqv unoxelpevq ovo ruorlrl oprq-pio roL (3) rovro oro p5oo rou o-no qv rorvrl troyovro opqpio 11 o-nd rrlv ooprrl, l'1pood[re ol ouroloL rl,odor npooeyyl(ouv Tov oupl-rqpo ono ro 6orrl Xe0,og rou. Ieourri ro nopooreuoolro unopxsrenroqg prro enlroupLrl v€qprKloprrlp(0.

H KOIAIA 257

npooetoC Kote

NtQflKn nu€noc

'Eou otln onioen oqtn

npooeto ova

npOa0n Kota

Etxtivo 2-94' H oprrlptorrl oyyetotoq rotv verpptrlv. A. Ktro0ot rrlg vegprrllg opr4pi.og or4 veqprrrl rodro. To oniooro xertrog rrlg verppLrrlg rodrogdxet ertope[ oro ovdrepo rot oro rotcirrepo rpn1to rou, rovro oro opro rr;g neproxrlg nou opdeueror ono rqv onro0ro rplportrrl oprrlp(0. B. Tonevre rprlporo rou veQpou Aurrl 4 dLo(peo4 Boot(erot orqv rorovolr4 rorv oprrlpuirv nou onerxovl(eror oro oxrlgo A.


Ap€vtKn

Env€QpiAto

OOQUiKIi

Mion Epn

Ev ra Bdesr n€prcndpEvnnoV6wo

Kdto €ntvootpn

0 oupnrnprxdg xohxtig etvot ouvl0trlg o[u, dto[ttpt-olxo otryog, ro ono[o orotrou0e( qv nope(o rou ouprlrqpo(dqtr. ono rrlv oorpu npoq rq FouptrlvLxn Xtitpo) ro06q o trC0og rrl0elror oro6Loro npoq r0 rotot p6oo otov ouplrrlpo.Irouq ovdpeq, ro otryog ouXvo enerre[verot en[or1g oto o-oXeo, ev6 olg yuvo(reg eivot 6uvor6v vo oxrtvoBol'e[ oropei(ovo Xeitrn rou otdo[ou (ELx. 2-18). 0 oupqtrlpoq bto0t1-

Ter npoooyoyrlq (veq rou otryoug, ot onoleg nepLrtre(ovrotoro rortlroro ontroXvrxo veupo (Etx. 2-64) ev6 ot tloetqrouq ero6pXovrot dtop6oou rtrlv 0'1 2 rot 01 rprlportlv. Toyeyovdq ouro, e[1ye( ytor[ ro onoo;-ttrldtro xot oytrlvttidegdtryoq ovrovortrorot oqv ntroyto rot orrl pouptlvtxfl Xtitp0rrlg xortriog (Err. 2-13A). 0r peOodot n0u Xprlotponoto[vroryro Trlv orpoLpeorl trlOov rou oupnrnpo neptypotpovrot po((ge rqv nuetro (FI. Keq. 3).

0r eupey60etq tr(OoL rou veqpof nou dev pnopouv vo

ero6tr0ouv orov ouprlrrlpo nopoptevouv oro verppo 11 orrl ve-rpprrrl nuetro. Erei pnopel vo nporo],6oouv oLgoppoy(o,qtreypovrl, onorppo[n xot 6rnroor; qq verpptxqq ],etroup-yiog. 0r triOor rou veqpof pnope( vo otpotpe0ouv Ue Tpttqpe0d6oug: ge ovotrr1 Xetpoupytrfl en6ppoon, dtodepportrrl

Xerpoupyrrrl en6gpoorl 11 trL0orptqio (Farrow, 1989). Avorytrlyetpoupytx4 ent1Baon onotre(tot ouvrlOoq, orov o triOoq

e(voL eupey60qg q 6ev eivoL 6uvorov vo otpotpeOe[ pe otrtrov

rpono. H Xerpoupytxq roprl y(verot orrlv ootpuirrl X6po rot o

trL0oq oqorpe(ror p6otr: qg veqptrqg nu6trou. Ie Ueptr6qneprnr6oerq 0o np6net unoXpeortro vo y(vet roplrq rou ve-rppou yro vo y(ver orpo(peoq I(0ou (r1 tr[0tov) nou evron[(erotoroug xotruxeq. Iq drodepgarLxq yetpoupyrxi mt1|oon,oL trl0or otporpouvror pe 6vo opyovo nou ovopo(etot veqpo-ortlnro xor erooyeroL U6otrl ULxptlq roprlq. 0 Xetpoupy6qpnope[ vo nepooer prrpo rqtreoronto p6oo ono ro vegpo-oxonto, rlore vo evronrote( rot vo orpotpe0e( o tr(Ooq (t1 ot

tr(Oor). Eov or trrOor e[vor un6pperpo peyotroL Yto v0 oqotpe-000v, pnoporiv v0 K0UpoTtoorouv ge p0tr1 unepr;Xolv rq pe u-dpoqtrerrpLrrl uutrn. 0r neprooorepor ono roug tr(0oug rouveqpou pnopouv enlor1g vo 0eponeutouv peN1orpup[o,rc-Xvrrrl pe rqv ono(o eono(eror 6vo oorrr6 rupo 6top6oourou orir;lorog, tiou K0T0K6pUor((et to tr(00. Irq ouveXeto oooOevlg onopotrtrer ro prrpo 0puuoporo pe ro o0po.

[ro rqv orrrvo],oyrrt1 getr6rq rov veqp6v, Tov ouprl-rrlptrlv xor rrlq oupo06xou ruorr;g y(veror evdorptr6Bro 6YXu-

o4 oxroorrrou geoou (eudopAtpn oupoypoplo) rot trogpo-veror roro droorlgoro oetpo dtodoXtxdrv orrLvoypotptxtitvonerrov[oeov (onu1npoypoqnpa verppdv) (Etr. 2-89).Mnope( en(o1g vo trntpOouv olovtrdq xol l.toyvrlrtxdg ro;-to-ypoq(eq (ELr. 2-90). H o{etu on6rppo€n tou ouprlr4po tyettrlq onor6treogo ovtitl-totro nurvtl rot orooepn or(oor1 rouoUororXou veqpoI rord q 6topreto rotv np6ttrtv triYtrlv tre-

nrdrv pero rnv 6yxuo1 rou ortepoU pEoou (rpa0n veQpo-

opxtKn rt ooenKtKn

Koun pso€wtpto

KonrcKn

Avt'; peoew€pro

N€QpKrt

Kotvn nov,wa

'Eoo noyovto

'Eea novovo

Mnpnio

Erxrivo 2-95. H t<ottrtorr1 o-opr1 ror ot oXdoelg rrlg pte

rr1 onovbutrLt<i1 orqtrr1. H er-QUOr] Tnq ueo|q tepnq 0p-Tl'lproq oro r4v npcio0to e-nrrpovero rqq ooprtlq, onotgorqv nopouoo neplnrotor1,e[vot oouv10r1q. Iuvtl0oqerrp0eror ono rqv onlo0to6qrn Tllq ooprtlq.

H KOIAIA 259

0oQuiK6 tpiYdvo

'EEa no€oc

'Eoa no€oq

EVKoparcCKOtnnKOC

lv(i6nC KdAd v€Qpoj

ArnaOnC KdAo vsQpou Kd v€OpKn n€pTovio

Onio0roC Kota o6ovtotoq

nnotjc paNaioc

op?ottipoC Ltuq tou KoplJoj

T€tpoybvoq oobuiKoc uuC

M€a€VKopotoC LtuC

npoo0roC KAproCv€uprKoc Knd6oc

Msi<av rroitnc ltuc

M€ooonov,AnrcC 6ioKoC(o2 "3)

tuLtno)nuKo oEnEXoq

Aoprn

nooo ilnprlq uilnpqe I droipeon rou oupnrnprKou ptrooi1-poroq. Aretrqg droLpeol rou ptroorrlporoq odqyei oTo oxl-polopri dLoXLdoug ouplr4po xor/n veqprrnq nu6trou.

Iuvrl0trtg or opqpleg nou opdeuouv rov ouplrqpooXr;porr(ouv rooo n),ouoro ovooropotnrri 6(rruo, rrlore 11 o-notr(voor1 lrLog ono ourdg dev enrlpeo(er qv orportrlorl rou(Erx. 2-93). Ev rourorg, oe opxeroug ovOptirnoug, or 0v0-oro;.uloerg elvor ovenopreiq troyrrl qq opoulg droro[qqrov oyye[orv. 0L epppulxo( veEpo( ovanrAooovroL otrlv ni-e.lo ror ovepXovror orLg retrLx6g 06oerq roug oqv roil(oorrlv opXrl rqg oQrprlq eUppuirnq neprodou (Moore, 19BB).Koro q Droprero our1q rqg oXelrrlg ovodou, or veqpoi dri-Xovror opTrlproro oipo ror nopoXere0ouv qtreprro olpo oedrodoXrro dtro roL urfltrdTsp0 oyye(0. Iuv40oq ro xor6re-po oyyero ertputrr(ovror ro0tirg ovtirrepo oyye(o ovotro;rpo-v0uv rrlv orgorooq xor q qtreprul nopoXereuorl. AnoruXiopeprr6v ono ouro ro oyye(o vo exqul,rorouv eXet og ono-t6treopo ro oXqgolopo unepapfipuv verpprctiv apr4pLritvxat pAeBdv. 0r nopotrtroy6g rou opr0pou rtrlv veqprxtirv op-rqprdrv ror rr;g evronLorlg Touq oe oX6or1 pe lq qfuipeg ei-vor ouXv6g (25%).

0r veqpoi orov oXrlporr(ovror, opXrro pplorovror ro-vro o 6vog orov otrtro or4v nuetro. Ie nep(nou 1 oro 600

n€pttovoiKn Kotn6tnrctKota Koinn AntBo

Evt€ptK€c EntKK

Pilo p€o€w€pfou A€uKn vpoLrpn 0p00c KotntoK)c uuc

Etxtlvo 2-96. Eyr<opoLo roprl rqq ovdrreprlq ooqutrqq poipog rrlq rortriog, lloporrlperore rr1 trLnutDq ro(.ro rou vetppou (nepLverpprro trinoq), llpo-oe[re enioqq ro oupno04nrd or6treXog oro npoo0ro Xeltrog rou per(ovog rloiTn UUOq.

ypapparog). H or(oo1 rolv verpprr<rrtv rotrrjrtrlv ror r4g nue-trou e(vor opyn ror nrolXq oe ouyr<pro1 ge rr1 quorotroyLrflntreupo (ELr. 2-90). H ondqpo[r1 rrlg rordrrepqg ouprrrlgodof (n.X. tr6yo uneprpotp(og ro/n xopr(vou Tou npooTo-14) e[voL ouvrl0oq Xpovro. Ie reroreg neprnrtioerg, n 0upo-yporp(o ouvlOog de[Xver droroorl ror nrolXrl or<ioor1 qg o-vdrreplg oupLrr;g odou. H veqprrrl nuetrog ror ol rol,uregXtrtpouv neplnou 8ml uypou. Eov roro rr1 dLoprero notriv-6poUnq oupoyporp(oq eveOe( oe ouroug peyotrureprl nooo-Trlr0 oKrooTrKou p6oou, q uneppotrLxrl nieorl pnopeI v0 ttp0-rol,eoer pnqrl TIS enr0r1trroxr1g ouppotrrlg rotv eloooovtr_rvrol,urov ge lq Oqleg (Err. 2-B8B), enupenovrog oroorroorlro vo eroetrOer orrg nopore(geveq veqpLreg qtre-peg. H enrntrorq our4 e(vol ovenrOuprlrrl, otrtro oXL oopopl.

Arorpopeg ouyyeveig dropuprieg rou veqpoU K0t T0uoupqr{po pnope( vo ovrXveu0ouv orrrvo},oyrxo, n.X. dLntro-otoopog qq ov6repqq ouprrrlq odou (Err. 2-97A roL B). 0dtnAooLaopog ruv oupryr4puv efuot ouyvoq, otrtro o u/ze-popt9ltog veqpoq e(voL onovrog. Aureg or drogoprteg oqeCl,ovror oe droipeol Tou U€ToveQprxou erxoLntlporog (ou-p1rqprxorj Btroorqporog), ro onolo onoretre(qv roropotr1rou ouplrqpo Kor rnq veqprrrlg nu6l,ou (Moore, 1988). H

ertoorl rou drntrooroolrou rou ouprlrrlpo e{oproror ono ro


Ouonmooc

0upnrnpac

tupPonn6tax6ouCoupntipo

Koun Koinn on;Bo

Erxrivo 2-97. Iuyyeve(g dropoprreq rou verppo0 r<or rou oupqqpo. A. AroXtderg veqpLrdq n[e],01, B. Aroxt0ttq roL 0lntrooLoogevoq oupqr1pog, l-.0uplrrlpoq nopeuopevog nloo ono rrlv roro r<o(trq tptrepo, A. llero].oerO1q veqpoq, E.'Erronoq nuetrtroq vecppoq.'Evo oropo oro 2.400 napou-oro(er ntrqpr1 onoruXlo ovonru[qg rou evog veqpou (ouyyevlq etrleLqil rou veqpou).

pioq. 0 neToloer0lg veqpdg ouvrl0og 6ev nporotre( oupt-

nrdrporo, gnopei d;urlg vo urplorovror ouvoddg ovopotrioqTrlq yegprKnq nu6l\ou Kor rOu vEqp0ili 0r o[0isq urope[ v0

euvoofv rq driproupy(o ondEpo[qq xoLin tptreYuov4g. MepL-

rrlq qopdq or epppuirof vtqpo( e(Te orq pio ntreupd efte xot

H KOIAIA 261

olq 6[0 dev xorop0tirvouv vo,ov6tr00w oTqV ('orlio. (Err2-97E) ror evronl(ovror pnpooro oncl ro repo ooro. Av roLoouvr10r1g, 1 en(yvrrlo4 qg nrOovdqroq eKTonou nue[rxouverppou 0o onorpdQer qv nr0ovoqro vo 0eopr10ei lovOo-oprlvo oq oyr<oq rrlg nudtrou Kor v0 oqurpr0et, dncrlg 6Xerougper. Enrntreov o nuetrrrog veqpoq orLg yuvoireg gnopeivo rpoupolo0el 11 vo npoxotrrloer onriqpo[r1 xoro rq drop-Kero Tou rorerou. 0r nue),rro[ verppor dev ddXovror rnv qy-yerororl rouq ond lg ouvq0roprlveg nqyrig, ouventilq, or ve-rpptreg oprrlpieg erquovror onci evo ono ro orcitrouOo oy-ye[o: ro rorot oxpo qq oopulq, rr1 troyovLo opqpLo rt q Ue-oq teprl oprqp[o (Eu<. 2-95 rot 2,97E). , r ,r,i'

To enrvegpfdtd

To (euyog rorv enrveqprdirrlv obevorv, prlrouq 3-5 er., evron(-(eror novor ono roug vetppouq, yeyovoq nou bqtrriverol ror ono roovopo roug. Bpfoxovror oro ntroyro rrlg onovdu],rxr1g orr1tr4q oe e-noql pe qv ovtr.r - eoor enupovero rou ovr(ororxou verppou (ELx. 2-48, 2-52,2-61 ror 2-82). lVlero(u ro:v odrlvrrlv pp(orovror ro ore-tr1 rou drorppoypoToq, rl ooprrl, ro or6treXog qg rodLorr;g oprqp(-0q Kor ro roillor6 ntr6ypo, ro0tirg ror 4 rorot roitrq rptrrlpo. IrrldLoprero Tnq (otnq, ro onon),oruog6vo enrveqp(dro dXouv K0or0v0-rlrprvo Xptir;ro, troyo rrlq nopouo[og ],rnoer6tirv ouourrv. Ko0evo e-nrverpp(6Lo pp(oreror rtrerogevo peoo oe trrntirdl r<otlo ror neprpotr-treror po(i pe ro verppo ono rrt veQpnq nepnovio (ELr. 2-91). Xo-prq oT0 yeyovog orr pLxpq nooorqro trrndrdoug ouvdelxou rorou ro1r,-rpL(er ono rov ovor ndtro rou veqpou, ro enLveqp(dro pnope( vodtoXrrrproreI eurotro ono ourov. To oX1po ror or oXeoerg rov rtir-vepprd[ov droqepouv otrg duo ntreup6q.

To 6e{r6 enrveqpi6ro (Erx. 2-26B, Z-48,2-52,2-61 xat 2-gZ).Eivot nupol-roerdeg oe oxnUo Ue rqv ropurprl T0u rpoq ro novor xorq pool rou vo snrro0eror oTov ovor notro rou verppou. Bp[orerorgero{u rou drotppoyporog np0q T0 nfotrl rol doo ror rqg rortrl xo[-lqg rplepog rpoq T0 epnpog ror eoo-r. To eoo rgq;ro rrig npoo0rogentqoverog rou ppforeror n(otrl ono rrlv roro rofi1 tptrdpo. l-'lpog ronovo ro delrrl enrverpp[dro epXeror oe oXdol ge q yupvrl enupo-vrr0 Tou rlnorog. To rorotrepo orpo rou rotrunrerol ono neprro-v0r0, T0 onolo ovor<ognrel novot rou onrj ro lnop. H nutrr1 rou e-vronf(eroL or4v npoo0ro enrqovero rou.

To oprorepd enrverppfdro (Err. 2-268, 2-35, 2-49,2-SZ, 2-61r,ot 2-82). E[vor rlproetrqvoerd6g oe oXrlpo xor e rrelveror neprooo-Tepo rpoq ro roro oro eoo Xe(trog rou veqpou, on'orl ro de[ro e-nrveqpidro. Bp[oreror oqv ro[q rou orogoXou xoL oXerf(eror npogro egnpog pe ro oropoXo ror ro noyrpeog, evdr ilpoq T0 nloo gero drorppoypo. To ror6repo rpqpo rou dev xotrunreroL ge neprrd-v0r0 oTlv neproXrl <1nou dr6pXerol gnpooro rou q oupo rou n0-yrp6orog ror 1 ontr1vtrr1 opqpio. H nr.ttrr1 rou pproreror en(oqgor4v npoo0ro enrqovero rou.

H 6opri rov enlveepl6irov. KoOevo enrverppidro neprpotr-treror ono xorlo nuxvou ouvderrxori rorou. 0r vonoi oddveg nopou-

oro(ouv duo eudrorpueg nepLoX6g: e{otreprro ro rptroro Kor ror0Tr-prro ro guetro. 0r duo ourdq neproXeg droqepouv enrorlg onrl ep-ppuotroyrxrlq, poptpotroyrrrlq ror treuoupyrrnq onorlnq (Cormack1987, Moore 19BB). 0 rptroroq, nou xorotro;rpover ro peyotrurepop6pog rou oDevo, errplver drorpopeq orepoetdetg opgdrzeq. 0 gue-trdg, npoepXolrevog ono npdrrpo epppuiro rurropo rlq'veuptKnq o-xpoAorp(aq, errplver adpevaA[vry xot vopodpevaAfu4 .

H oprqprox{ orpdroo4 rov entveeprditov (Err. 2-61r0r 2-95). To enrveqp[dro eXouv ntrouolo oprqproxrl orporoorl onorperg nqy6g: (1) qv ooprrl (pro 11 neprooorepeg gioeq enueqpt6rc9 oprqpbq) (2) qv roro rppevrr4 (6-8 ovro enLveEpidrcg oprr1-pieg) ror (3) 11 vepprrq (pro q neprooorepeg xorc enrutEpidrcgopr4pteg).

H gleBlxri nopol6reuorl rov entvegpr6iov (Err. 2-105). Ko05vo enrverpp[dro nopoXereueroL ono pro govo eupeyd0rlenrveqpldlo (revrprxrl) plepo. H de[Lo erpotrtrer oqv roro xo0,r1rptr5po, evtir 11 optoreprl erpotrtrer orqv oproreprl verppu<r1 qlepo. y-nopXouv eniorlq notrtreg prrpeq rptrepeg nou ouvodeuouv Trq rrrve-pp(dreg oprqpreq.

H tregglxli nopoydreuoq rov enlvegplditov (Err. 2-22,2-608 ror 2-92). To trepqoyyeio ovotpuovror ono 6vo ntrdyponou ppiorerol roro ono rnv K0rf0 ror ono 6vo nou pploxeror oropuetrd. Ano ro notrtro treprpoyyeio nou e[dpXovror ono ro enrverppt-dro ro neprooorepo erpollouv oTOUq avu oorpulxoug (ntroyroug o-oprrroug) AepEadeveq.

H veriputoq rov eTlveepl6ialv (Err. 2-61 , 2-64 rat 2-82). To enrverpp(dro riXouv ntrouolo vefpo:or1 ono ro nopoxelpevoxotAnxo nAtylto ror ro gef(ovo 0trlporrro on],oXvLrd veupo. 0r tre-nreg oureg npoyoyytrLor<6q ougno0qlr6g rveg dr6pXovrot ono r4vnUtr1 ror oXlpori(ouv ouvoqlerq pe ro runopo rou guetrou. 0 tptrot-rig rov enlvepp16ltov npoqovtirq d6Xeror povov oyyeroxrvrlrrr<eg t-veq

To 0upcrKrK6 6r6gpoypqTo Oopoxrxo (0opor<oroilLoxo) drorppoypo onoretre[ 0otroro

puorevovlo 6roXrrtprorLro rrlg 0oporrr4g ono qv rortrrorrl xortrd-r4to (Err.2-25,2-29 ror 2-98 eog 2-101, ptr. enioqq rqv Etr. 1-39). 0 r<uprdg Ootrog rou ero6Xer orq Ooporrrrl rorLoqro roro rr;vexnvo4. To drorppoypu onorelei rov xripro ovunveuorrxd UU, oxl-gorf(er ro ddorpog rrlg 0oporu<49 rorlor4rog KoL Tnv oporpri rlqroilror[g roilorqrog ror dronepvoror ono rrg dopeg nou 6repXo-vror ono ro Otlporo orrlv roLtr(o. Koro 14 dropr<e Lo r1g eLonvorlg rodrdrppoylro rorepXeror ro0drg ouoretrtreror, ev6 roro rq droprerorqg ernvorlg ovrlpXeroL roOdrg Xotroptirver. 0r rrvqoerg our6g roudrorppoyporog oulovouv xor perovouv otrtrrllodLodoXo qv roroxo-purpq 6roperpo rrlg 0orporu<r1q rortrrlqrog. O neprcap\nx1q 1AAa-Koq, ttou ne preXer rrlv ropdro enLro0eror oqv xevrpLrrl po(po roudrorppoyporog rrlv onolo rol nre(eL etrorppo (Erx. 2-ZS, ptr. enroqg


Er€pvrKi €KQuttKti ltoipo

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rrlv ErK. 1-73). Av xor ro drotppoypo ror6pXerot xoro q dtopretorqq eronvorlg, rrvelror povov o 0dtrog rou. H neptQeptrt'l po(po roudev pnope( vo xrvrlOe[, dr6rL npooqueTot or0 xoro Xe0,og rou o-oreoXovdprvou 0rrlporrrotj rtropou Kot or0uq ovtirepoug ootpui-roug onovdutroug.

H 6opn rou [email protected] dtcqpdyltorog

To brorppoypo onoretrefror ono dfo poipeg, t1v nepLqepxq pu-tx4 1to@o Kor Tnv Ktvrprx4 anoveupurx4 poipo, rc rev6vtrc xev-Tp0.

H gurx{ pofpo rou dtogp6yForoq (Etr. 2-98 6oq 2-101, PI. en(or1g lg Err. 1-29 xor 1-73).0r purr6g fveg nou 0XnU0-rl(ouv rq purr4 po(po ouyrtr[vouv orrtvord oro revovuo xEvrpo. E-

nerdrl oL [veg our6g 6xouv lexoptor6q erquoetq, 4 guLrrl po(po u-nobrorpelror yro reprypoqrKorlg troyouq 0e rpetq Uo(peq (orepvtrn,ntreuprr4 ror oorpuirn) ovdtroyo pe lg erquoetq rouq.

H orepvrx{ poipo (Err. 2-98). H po(po ourtl onoretre(rot onodr.ro prrpeq purx6g rorv[eg, nou erquovrot onti rr;v onloOto enl-qovero r4q [rqoerdoug onoquolg rou ottlpvou rot ouyrtr(vouv o-rlvtord oro revovrto revrpo. Iro nrtigo 11 orepvtrrl po(po rpo(vetot

M€on oq€nnio oxtoLri

npoo?rcnndwo axouti

AoptrK6 wrtua

,noprt {loitn uu6q

tnovdunonn€uprK6wiyavo

12n nnsupd

ouxvo vo ov6pXeror rorordpurpo ond qv 6xrpuotl rqg, trtiyot qgpero0ovolog Xotropolorlq ror ovrjdou rou DtotppoYUorog. Kot oroduo ntrdyro our6v rov ;luirtiv rotvuitv unopXet 6vo ptrpo npooOlo-ntroyLo Xoolro, yvoord ag orcpvonAeupLxq oyLoprj (rp1po touMorgagni).

H ntreuprxri lroipo (Err. 2-98 xor2-99, pI. en[orlg Etr. 1-20,1-39 roL 1-48 eorq 1-50). Auq n Uo(po onorel,e(rol ond eupe[eg put-

169 rorvieg, or ono(eg erquovror olrqorepontreupo ono rrlv tooTe-prrrl enrqoveLo rov 6lr rororeptrlv ntreupulv Kot rov ntreuptrtivXovdprov rouq Kor drontr6rovror pe guir6g rorv(eg rtrrv eyxdpouovroilror6v pudrv. 0r ntreupLr6g Uo(peq oxnUor((ouv ro de[t6 rot rooprorep6 qgrdrotppoygo n 0olo, or ono(ot rtvouvrot roro 14 dtopretorrlg ovonvorlg ror elvor oporo( olg orlvoypoq(eg rou 0tiporo.

H oorpuixri pofpo (Err. 2-98 xor 2-99. Btr6ne eniolg qv ELr. 1-70). H po(po ourrl erqueror on6 roug oorpuiroug onovdtjtroug pe

6uo puorcvdvrLo oxtA4, ro onoio npoorpuovroL eror6po0ev qg o-oprrlg olq npooOrontroyteg entqoveteg rtrlv ovotr6potv 6uo (orqvoprorep1 ntreupo) 11 rorv ovor6pov rptdrv (oq de[to ntreupo) o-oquirdrv onovdrjtrrov K0t Tov perolf rouq peooonovdtltrLtrtv 6[ortov.fo oreA4 rou \ngpayporog rorotrrlyouv orov npoo0to enLprlrrl

ouvdeopo rqg onovdul,rrrlq oql1g. To delL6 or6trog e(vot eupu-

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Erxrivo 2-98. H roro enupoveto rou Ooportrou DLotppoyltorog. lloporqpelore ro rplporo rou

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H KOIAIA 263

Eo(D T0€0€6nC otv6€ouoc

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Elxtjvo 2-99. Avoro;rr| rou on(oOtou rot),torou rotXoporog. To peyotrurepo Uepoq rnq nepuoviog roL o de{r6g;re((otv rfoirrlq pug rlXouv 'Qorps-0e[ yto vo tpovel to ootpuir6 ntreypo. lloporrlpe(ore orl ro ougnoOrlrrr6 orrltreXog erodpXsror orrlv roil(o pre ro pei(ovo rf6iTn UU, n[oo ono rov

eoo ro[oetdrl ouvdeopo rot ror6pXerot novol oro otitporo rov onovd0],trrv Kor oTouq ;leooonovdutrrouq dioroug, orotrougtovrog orevd ro Xefioqnpdotpuoqg rou pe((ovog tfoiq putiq, yto vo etodtr0et oqv n[e],0. l'loporrlpe(ore orr ro oupnoOrlrrro ore],6X1 ror6pXovror novo orrlv nuetrrrfi e-ntqoveto rou tepou oorou rot ouyrtr(vouv yro vo oXrlpor(oouv ro gtrpd o(uyo yoyytrro pnpooro ono rov rorruyo.

Tepo Kor enrprlr6orepo ond ro oplorepo ordtrog. To drjo ox6trq ou-vevtovovror pnpooro ond ro peooonovdutrLo 6[oro, nou nopegpotr-treroL perolu rou 012 Kor rou 01 onovdutrou, pe pio revovrdr64rorvto 11 orevd ro[0, nou ovopo(erot pEooq ro€,oudnq o1vdeopoq.0 ouvdeopog our6g 6L6pXeror pnpooro ono rrlv np6oer0 enupoveror4q 0oprrlg ror oe ourov npoorprlovrot peprrrlq (veg rou de[rou

ox6troug rou brorppdyporog. To drdqpoypo npoorpueror enloqg rorortg duo ntreup6g rou orirporog orov 6orrl Kor orov e[trl ro[oerdrlouvdeopo.

U eou ro{oetde( o1vdeopor (6oro oorpuontreuprxo ro{o) ono-retrouv noXuvosrq rou npdoOrou nerdtrou ttlc,7upot<oorputKnq ne-puovfug, pnpooro on6 ro ov6repo rpqgoro rotv peL(ovrrtv rfoiTdtv

ililirtl!:5!!ll;ii+i.:it:$. ilf i:iir

i1'l:1

rl-


UU6v (EtK. 2-99). Ko0evog ono roug 6uo ouroug ouv66opoug oX1-por[(er rvrideg ro[0, ro ono(o erre[veroL ono ro or6trq rou bro-rppoyporog, enrnotr1g rou gei(ovog LfoiTll UU0q, ror npoorpferororrlv eyroporo onoquoq rou 01 onovdu),0u.

U e{u ro{oetde( o1vdeopor (dlol ootpuontreuprro ro[o) ono-retro0v noXuvoerq T0u npoo0rou nerotrou qg 0toporoorpuir4g ne-ptrov[og pnpooro ono ro ovdrrepo rg1goro rolv rerpoytirvov ooQU-ir6v gutrrv (Err. 2-99). K60e dvoq ond roug dtlo ouroug ouvd6-oUouq oxlUoTr(er rvri6eg ro[0, ro onolo exre(veroL ono qv eyrop-oro onoquoq rou 01 onovdrjlou U6Xpr qv 12q ntreupo. lldvo onorov eltrl ro[oerbrl orivdeopro Kor oTrq DIo ntreup6q rou orirgoroq, 1puirrl poipo rou drorppoyporog e(vor trenr1, rbro[repo novor ono rovoprorepo veqpo, enerdrl o ouvdeopog dev q0over peXpr qv ropu-Arl rnq 12qg ntreupoq. Aurrlq o uprdvog, yvoorog ac, onovduAo-nAeupwo rp$uvo (oorpuontreuprrd rpiyrrrvo) Xtrlpi(er rov oprorepoveqp6 ono Tov TOrxolUoTrKo une(ororo.

H xevrprxri poipo rou 6rorpp6yporog (Err. 2-25 rot2-98, ptr. eniolg Err. 1 -29 ror 1 -42). 0r guir6q lveg rou bLorppoyporogouyrtrfvouv orlvoro oe evov roXupo, ntroru r6vovro 11 onoveApuo4,nou Leyeror revdvrro xevrpo xor ouveXeror ge rrlv roro enupovelorou tvtirdoug neprropdlou. To revovlo xevrpo dev npoorpueroL oe o-oro ror Xopr(eroL oretr6g oe rplo rp0trtro nou poro(ouv pe rpuputrtrr.Auro ro yeyovog npood[der oro revovlo r6vrpo ro oXrlpo rou trorr-vLrou ypolrporog C ror ro rdver vo groLo(er xonotg pe pnoupepovyr.To de[ro tp0ltro elvor ro geyotrurepo, ro npooOro (p6oo) rputrtro e(vorevdropeoo oe peye0oq, ev6 ro oplorepd qftrtr0 elvor ro prr<porepo.

To delro Kor T0 oprorepo qutrtro orpeqovror npoq r0 nioto, xoOdrgoul.trpuovror pe ro ovrlororXo rlprlropro rou drotppoyporog. To npd-o0ro qutrtro rou revdvlou r<6vrpou pp(oreror op6oolg roro ono rrlvt<op6ro. 0 neprropdrorog 0utrorog nou nepr6Xer r4v ropdLo pp(ore-rot nolu rovro oro 6rorppoylro, enerdr; ro rvdrdeg neprropdro rou ou-vev6veror pe ro revovlo r6vrpo. E[ouioq ourrlq r4g npdorpuolg, 11

errovo qq xopdtoyyenxrlq onog peropotrtreror rord q dropreLoqq ovonvorqq (BI. ELr. 1-49 ror 1-50).

PnEn rou drorppoyporog Kor oxnUoTroUoq rntrnq Uno-pei vo ouppei, troyrrl onoroUnq OpoUorLxnq qu[nonq eirerrlq evdo0trlporrulg, eire qg evDorortrrqrnq n[eonq. H ou-vq0rop6v1 onio u1g pIdBnS ourrlg eivor o rpouporLogrigrou 0tirpor<o 11 qg xortriog, rord q dtdpreto rpoXo[ou oru-Xrllrorog. 0r neproorlrepeq prlierq evronf(ovror orqv cpr-orepq ntreupd (95%), ouv400rq oTqv eudvdorrl uUevdrdnneptol4 nou ovopd(eror onovdutrontreuptxri rptyrovo. Irt1vnepinroorl Tqq pqqns rou 6rorppdylr0{oq, 0r dopdq noupnopef vo nopouordoouv npdnrorol oq 0orportrrl KortrdTn-ro eivor o orogoXoq (nto ouXvo), To dvTepo, ro geoeweproror o ontr1voq.

To rp4poro rou 6rogpdyparog

To drdrppoygo nopouoro(er opropevo rprlporo, ro ono[o enup6-rouv ot oprop6vo ovoroprro ororXe[o vo 6repXovror ono ro Odrpo-

K0 oTr1v r<ortrro r1 ovlorpoqog. To geyotrurepo ovo(yporo rou dLo-rppoyUoroq e[vor ro rprlpo rqg roro xoitr1g qleBog, ro oroorpoyrrorp4po ror ro ooplro rpflpo.

To rp{po r4g x6rto xoitr4g 916Bo9 (Err. 2-98 Sarq 2-100, pI. en(or1g Err. 1-29). Bp(oreTor oTrlv on[o0ro ouppotrrl rouDe[tou xot tou npoo0rou rputrtrou pe ro revovno revrpo xoL evron(-(etot oro IQog rou peooonovbu],rou d[orou rov 0B ror 09 onov-dutrov, 2-3 eK. oT0 de[ro rou prioou opetrroiou enrn6dou. To rprlgoqg roro roitr1g qtreBog pp(oreror qrnl6Tep0 ono ro rplo peyotrorpqporo rou drorppoylrorog. H r<ortrt xoil1 qtrepo npootpueror ore-peo oro Xeftrr1 rou, ge onor6treopo 11 ouorotrrl rou drorppoyporogroro rrlv eronvo4 vo 6reupUver ro rpqpo, npoxotrtlvrog 14 bLoroo1ror rr1 dreupuvorl rrlq rorto rortrqg qleBog. Aur6g oL peropotr6qdreurotruvouv rr1 porl rou olporog p6oo oulv roror x0ft1. Anrj rorpqpo rqg roror roillg qlepoq dr6pXovror en[o1g geprro( rtrodorrou de{ror.i Epevxol veApou ror opropevo trepqoyye(o ro ono(ogeroBo[vouv ono ro rlnop 0TOUq QpevrKoug ror oroug peoonveupo-vrouq trepqod6veg. Meprrdg qop6q pSoo ono ouro ro rplpo drep-

Xsror 11 6e{rd qrolxl rptr6po, nprv erpotrtreL oqv rorot rofi1 rpl6-po (Eu<. 2-71).

To oroogoyrr<i rp{po (Err. 2-98 roL 2-100, ptr. enioqqErr. 1 -70). 0 oroorpoyog dL6pXeror lolo geou ourou rou oloerDougrprlp0rog qq guirrlg polpog rou 6rorppoyporoq, o;r6otr.rg n(oo rorelol ono ro rprlgo qg roro ro(tr1q qtr6Bog. To oroorpoyrro rprlpoevron[(eror ouvrlOtog oro delLo or5trog rou drotppoylroroq, oe 0-noorooq 2-3 er., oprorepo rou geoou opetrro[ou enrn6dou, oro u-

Qog ne p(nou rou 010 onovdu),0u. Ie notrtreg ne prnrtloerg, ou1-rpre-

r6Xer roro rdnoro rpono Kor ro oproTepo or6trog oro oXqporLogdrou rprlgorog ouro0. Mrloo Tou 0rooqoyrKou rprlgoroq drepXovrorenlo4g ro npoo0ro xot ro onlo0ro oretreXog Tou rveupovoyooTpr-rotj veupou (Err. 2-82) ro0og roL oroorpoyrroi rtrodor rov optlTt-pdv yaotptxritv ayyefuv (Erx. 2-38). 0r puixeg lveg rou de[Louoretroug oXrlgori(ouv rou oqryKTnpo rou oLoorpayou, o ono[og ne-prorp(yyer ro neprqeprro orpo rou oroorpoyou roro rrlv eronvol, o-

KopLt6q KannniC lDuipioCAvo l.ttotvrtpn opr njto

Etxtivu 2-100. To rpio rupro rpqporo rou drorppoypoToq Kor r0 onov-DuLLxo en(nedo rouq. l-lopoqpelore ort 000 qrltroTspo elvor ro onov-DuLrro eninedo, rooo npoo0rorepo evronl(eror ro rprlpo rou dtotppoy-

u0T0q.

r

H KOIAIA 265

Erxrivs 2-101. H veupotoq rou 0rotppoylroroq. Ipooe[re orr ro0dvo o-ro ro 0[o tppevLro veupo npoorpeper rq povrl xlvqlrrl veupool orocuororXo rllrtpopro rou 0rorppdyporog. llopoqpelore orr ro rspLqspr-{o TUrlUo rou OLorppoyporoq OeXeroL rrlv oto01ur1 veuprrroq rou onoTo (oTt,Jrrpo peoontreupro veupo.

norpenovrog Tlv nohvbpoUnon y00TprKou nepreXopevou 0r0v or-0oQ0Y0.

To ooprrx6 rplipo (Err. 2-98 etrlg 2-100, pI. enrorlg Err.1 -70 roL 1 -75). H ooprq dev Dronepvo ro drorppoypo, ro0tirg ro o-oprrro rprlgo Bp(oreror nfoo ono ouro. Ar6pXeroL nloo_r ono roueoo ro[oerd1 ouvdeopo, o ono[og errelveror perolu rov oretrtrtvgnpooro ono rov 01 2 onovdutro oro oprorepo rou geoou opetrror-ou enrnebou. H ooprrl dev enlpeo(eror ono rr1 ouorotrrl rou dro-Qpqyporoq, drorr bev dr6pXeror p6oo ono ouro. Meoo TOU 0opTr-rof rpqporog drdpXeror en(or1g o Ue((uv 1upaxLrog nlpoq, ou-vri0orq q a(uy4 rpAeBo xo0drg rol duo ltmonAelpn Aeprpxo orc-,1e14 ro ono[o ro16pXovror ono ro 0trtporo or4 Xutrorpopo de(o-uevrl.

To orapvonleuprxri rp{po (Etx. 2-T ror 2-9g). llpo-Kerror yro (e0yoq oXropdrv, ogqorepontreupo, perolu qgorepvu<r1g Kqr rov ntreuprxdrv poLptirv rr;g ;ruutdouq goipogrou drotppoylrotog. Ano ouro ro rprlgoio dL6pXovror ieg-goyysia qq yupv4g enrtpoverog rou rlncrog, yLo vo exBotr-trouv oroug npoo1Louq QpevLKoug Aeltqaleveg. rou €vTo-ni(ovror niool ror erordpo0ev qg lrqoerdoug onoquorlgrou or6pvou. Io uvu enryoorpn oyyero drdpXovroL ouvrl-0rrlg p6oo ond ouro ro dfo rprlporo.

' 'Atrlsq Sopdq nou drep;lovror peoo ri yripll ond rodrdppuy;ro (hr. 2-98 6orq 2,101, ptr. enio4q Erx. 1-29, 1-72 rat 1-7'3).0r neproodlepor rtrddor rlJv qpevrKuv veu-pnrz duipyovror xoreuOe[ov U6oo Tou drorppdypcrog rot roveuptrrvouv ono rrlv xoro enrqoverd rou. To de{to qpevrxovefpo DuipXeror Ud00 onri ro revtivrLo rdvrpo n ro rpnpnrrlg rtirto rortrrlg rptrrlBog . To lLuorppevLxo oyyeta 6ronep-vofv ro dLdgpoyUq gero[0 rtrlv npoorpuoetirv rou orov e-pOopo rar rov oyDoo ntreuprrd X6v6po. To rcorti)repo peoo-n\eipLa veupa xu oyyeio 0rdpXovror ovogeoo orLg puir€g

rorv [eq ro u 0 r qQp cyUoro c fl o u: eKgiory.rtoq oqQ,ro g q i orore -pouq e[r ntreuprro0g Xtivdpouq. Io unonAelpto ayyefu xotreupo 6rdpXovror peoto rou Drorppoygoroq. n(oo ono rov e-{ur ro{oerdrl ouvOeopo, wu to oupnol4ruo oreAey1 6ttp-Xovrot nloo ono roug rlotr: ro[oerde[g ouvdrlopoug. To per-

-' :(0V Kor ro dLoooov onh;ayulko,vitloo dlgubpvo0v ro oxdtrr1rou drorppoyporog, evtir 114pLo(uyr1 pieBo drdpXeror onrj rooproiepd orritroq rou drorppdygorog.

To oyyefo Kat ro veipo rou 6rogpdyltorog

0r oprqpieg rou 6rogpoyporoq (Eu<. 2-60, 2-82 xor 2-95). 0r oprqpreg nou ot;lordtvouv rrlv ovo enrqovero rou drorppoy-porog e(vor otovu rpptvu<Eg apqpieg, ot ono(eg erquovror ono 110olporrrrl ooprq, ro0drg rol duo rtrodor rrlg 6oo 0ropoxrr1q opTrl-ptag, 11 puorppevtKq Kor l nepLt<apdrcqpewr7 apr1pfu. H roro enr-qoveto rou drotppoyporog opdeueror ono rrg xaru EpevLreq oprn-preg, rtrodoug rqg rortrLorrlg ooprflg.

0L qI6Beg rou 6rogp6ypqroq (Err. 2-105, ptr. enionqELr. 1-20 ror 1-76). H ovot enupovrro rou droqpoyporog nopoxe-reueror ono rLg nepLxapdtoEp€ytKrq K0r ltuogpevxeg gAeBeg, otonoreg erpotrtrouv orrq e oor 0oporlre q rllepe q. U xaru qp*txegEAEBeq onoyouv ro olpo ono r1v roror enrqoveto rou drorppoylro-rog. H 6elro roro qpevrrq rptrepo erpotrtret ouvrl0org oqv rorolroitr1 qtrepo, ev6 1 oprorepq rortrt rppevrrrl QIeBo erBotrtrer ouvq-0og oqv optoreprl enrverppi.dro rptrepo. MepLrrig qlepeg rou on[-o0rou ro[ou rou dtorppoyporog erpotrtrouv ottlv o(uy7 K0r oTrlv 4-ULo(uyn EAeBa.

H trepgrx{ nopol6reuor1 rou drogpdyporoq (Err. 2-60, ptr. eniorlg Err. 1-19 ror 1-39). To trepqu<o ntreygoro qq 0o-p0rrrrlq roL qg rorl,lorrlg enupove rog rou 6rotppoylroT0q enrKorvo-vouv eup6rog pero{rj roug. 0r drorppoypolxoi trepqob6veg evronl-(ovror orrl 0olporLrrl enrcpovero rou dLotppoylrorog. Aegqoyyero o-no ouro ro yoyytrro erpotrtrouv oroug QpevLKlAq Aepqodeveq rotono ouro n treUtpoq dLoXereueror oTouq ndpoore pvKoug Kor orouqon[o0roug peoonveupovLoug AepEadtveg. 0pLogevo trepqoyye(oqg rortrror<r1g enrqovelog rou 6roqpoyporog erBotrtrouv oTOUq dy&Joorpuixolg @{u aoprLxoAq) tregqodeveg.

H veripooq rou drogp6ypqroq (Err. 2-101, ptr. en(or1gEw. 1-72 xor 1-73). To ouvotro qg rrvrlrtrqg veuptrlorlg rou dro-qpoyporog npo6pXeror ono n rppewxo velpo, ro ono[o ovoduo-vror ono roug npdo0roug rtrodouq rtov 03 - 05 veuporop(ov rouvolrro[ou puetrou. To ppevLxo veupo Xoprlyouv en(oqg oro0rlrLrdg (-veg (otryouq rol rdroderlreq) oro peyotr0repo pepog rou drorppoy-lrorog. To neprqeprxd tplgoro rou drorppoygorog deXovrot qv oL-oOqrrrrl veupulorl rouq ono ro rortrtrepo e[r 11 enro peoonAelpnveupo roOdrg ror ono rc unonAeApto ve1po gw.. Z-gg).

T0 qpevLro vefpo dLorporivror oe rperg xtraDouq ornOropoxLxrl enrqovero rou drotppdyporog 4 opdootq novol o-nd our4v (Erx. 2-101). H oupBotrrl rou np6o0rou rtrdDourou 05 oro oXrlporLopo rou qpevtro0 veripou pnopei vo o-

@p€vrKo v€ipo


noTetrel K],0d0 T0u veup0u, ilou veupdver rov unoKle(br0

UU. 0 Ktr0doq ouTog ovoUo(efiinopIQpevrKo n enKjuptK}QpevrK1 ve1pl $ . Err. 8-12). T0 uqrntro en[nebo rqq 6x-quonq Tov qpevrrtlv vefptov (03 - 05) oqe[trerot or4vttpoq r0 roro gerovooTeuorl rou ovonruooo;levou bro-rppoyporog oe o16o1 pe q onovbutrrrrl orr1trr1 (Moore,1 eB8).

Ot evtpyer€g rou 6racppdytrtorog

Io dnrppoylto e[vor o xApng ovonveuortxdg gug. '0rov

ouoreLtreror, o deIroq rot o oprorepoq 0otrog rou rrvouvrol npogro roro, pre onoretreopo 1 ruproqro rou vo enrnedtilveror, H ro-roonoorl rov 0dtrrr-rv rou 6rorppoylrorog ou[ovet qv rororoputptldroperpo rrlg 0oporrrrlg rortrorlrog. Koro rr1 droprero B(otqg et-onvolg rt Uurirdlq po[po rou dLorppoyporog ouoretrtrsrot Ue otrl rnbuvolrl TIS (BI Err. 1-50) pe onore),eogo rrlv ro0odo rou revo-vlou r6vrpou rou roro rouLoXrorov 4 er. To drorppoypo roOdrg

rorepXeror nre(er ro rortrloro ontroXvo np0q r0 roro. To yeyovogouro ou(over rov oyro rrlg 0oporrr1g roilorrlrog ror perdtvet rqvevdo0opoxrrrl nieo1, pe onoretreopo rrlv e(oodo o6po orougnveupoveg. Enrntreov, ro pdye 0og rrlg roLtrrorrlg roLtroqrog pero-veror, evdr 11 ev6orortrrorq nieol ou[overot trryo, enerdn ro npo-o0to ror ro ntroyro rorXrirgoro rqq rortrroq rrvouvror npog ro d[o,Koro rrlv rlpep1 eronvo1 ro revovrro KevTp0 UsToKrve(ror etroXr-oTo.

0t xtvqottg rou dtoEpoyporog efuu noAi o4ltovuxeg yn rnvxuxAoEopfu rou o[porog, enerdrl 1 oullpevl evDorortrrorr; nieorlrot 11 petopevrl evbo0rrlporrrfi n(eo1 nou ouvode[ouv q ouorotrrlBoq0o0v qv entorpoqrl rou ofprorog or4v ropdro. 'Orov ouore],],e -

rot ro 6rorppoypo, nL6(ovrog ro ror),roro ontroXvo, ro olpro nou pp(-

oKeTor oTrlv roro rortrq tptr5Bo co0euor npoq T0 novo ror eLodpXe-r0r oTrlv ropbro. Aur1 1 rrvlorl dreuroLuveror ono q dLeupuvorlrou rpflporog qg roro rortr1g qtrepoq xot q brorool rqg roro-rrortr1g ptrepog, nou ouvodeuer r1 ouorotr1 rou drotppoyporoq.

To Drorppoylro e(vor o4povlroq Uuq yro Trlv ou€nonqg evdoroilrorrlg n(eo4g. Boq0o roug npdoOroug rortrro-xoug pueg vo oulrloouv rrlv evDoroil,rorl nLeo4 roro rrldroprero v1c, olpqo4g, qc, aq66euo4q Kor Tou rot<erol.Koro q droprero rolv trerroupyLrrlv ourdlv ro oropo eronve-ouv, yeyovog nou nporotre[ ouyxtrero4 rrlg ytrtrlrr(dog routropuyyo. To yeyovrig ourd noyLdeuet o6po p6oo oTrq 0v0-nveuorrr6g odouq, pe onor6),eopo vo onorpeuyeror 11 ovo-dog tou 6rorppoygoroq. 'Orov Droqe0yet ronoro nooorqroodpo nopoyeror 6vog rlxoq oov poyr4ro To dLorppoylro

Xpqotponore[ror enio4g ror roro rrlv ovut|roorl pop6rov o-vrtretg6vtrlv. To orogo nou nporerror vo o1r<tloer ronoro

Bopu Qoprio eronv6er poOro yro vo ou{r1oer qv evdoxortrro-rq rou nieo4 Kor yro v0 npooqeper npoo0eq orlpLlq orqonovbutrrrl orr1trr1 rou.

To oyq1to Kot n e6on rou irotppdyporog

Elvor notru orlpovrrro ono rtrrvrrrlg onoUlq vo ylver ntrrlpoq o-vltrqnro ro 0oLtrlro oXlgo rou brorppoyporog. Ie ouq q vo1rr1 er-rovo rou orqpr(ogoore orov e{ero(ouUe 0KTrvoypoq(eg 06poro flroLtrfog, H on(o0ro npootpuol rou dLorppoylrorog Bproxeror oe o1-povlro Xoltltrorepo enlnedo on'orr 1 npoo0ro npooquon rou (Err.2-1 00) Iuvenorg, ro peyotrurepo pdpoq rou dev eivor oporo oe o-nLo0onpoo0Leg orlvoyporp(eg (ptr. Err. 1-49 ror 1-50). 0uoLotroyL-

ro, o de[rog Ootrog npodXeL neprooorepo np0q T0 n0v0l Usoo oT0

0oporo ono rov oprorepo 0otro (Err.2-101). To en(ne6o rtrlv 0o-trorv oe oXeoq pe rrq ntreup6g Kor Touq onovdutroug norri),l,er ovo-troyo: 1) pe q qool qg ovonvorlq, 2)q 06oq rou orrrgorog roL 3)ro p6ye0og ror ro Bo0po droroolg rov roLtrrortirv ontroXvov. To

dLorppoylro pproreroL oTrlv urlltroreprl Oeoq rou, orov ro oro;ro e [-

vor oe unrro 0eo1 pe XoprltroU6vo ro ovdrepo pdpog rou oriporog,enerdrl ro ror),roro onLoXvo o0ouv ro drorppoylro npoq Tl Ooporr-11 rortrorqro, '0rov o ooOev1g [on],tirvet oq pLo ntreupo, T0 rlpr-droQpoyUo nou Bploreror npoq r0 p6pog qq rtrrvrlg q Tlq 0KTrvo-ypotprrrlg rpone(oq ovepxeror oe uqJltroTepo enlnedo, troyo rrlgUeyotrfrepr]q n[eo1g nou urp[ororor ono ro ontroXvo rqg ouoroLXqgntreupog rou orirporog. Avn0eratg, ro dLorppoylro npootropBover

Xoprltrorepq 0eo1 orov ro oropo orereror opOro 1 ro0eror. Auro royeyovoq e(1yer yror( oo0evelg p.e \uonvon npolgouv vo r<o0ovrornopo vo [ontr6vouv, ro0oq xor yLorl nporrpotiv vo 6Xouv ovoorj-ropevo ro ovdrepo rplpo rou otilporog roug, orov rorortrlvovror.

H droroprl rou qpevtro[ veupou orov rpoXltro dXerog onor6treopo rqv ntrr1p1 nopotruorl ror retrrro Trlv 0rp0-tg[o tou Uutirdouq rprlgorog rou ouorolXou qpr;rop(ou roudrorppoyporog, ge elo(peoq ro oropo nou 6Xouv eilrKoupr-ro qpevrxti veupo (ptr. Err. 8-12). H nopaAuoq rou 41.tLdto-rppoyUoroq pnope( vo 6ronrorot0e[ orrrvotroylro ond q po-vrpq ovurf-roof1 T0u Kor qv nopo6o[1 r[vqor1 rou. To rlprdro-qpuypo nou eXer unoorei nopoluon, ovr[ vo roroonororroro rrlv eronvorl, ol0e(ror npoq T0 novol ond qv oulqp6-vq evdororLrorrl n(eor;, nou oqe[],eror orqv ro0o6o Tou qu-orotroyu<ou 4prdLorppdyporoq rnq otrtrlq ntreupdg rou otir-

u0T0q.H ovrovoxAao4 rou aAyouq, nou EyeL ug n7yq rou ro

\nqpaypo ylverol oro0lrr1 oe duo drorpoperrreg nepro-Xeq, troytrr qg drorpopog qq oro0rllrrlg veupororlg roudrorppoyporog. 0 epe 0ropoq rou drorppoylrolrou une(oro-ro q rou Drorppoyporrro0 neprrovoiou ovoxtroror oTlv ne-ptoXrl rou drpou, ro d6ppo rr;g ono(oq veupoverol ono ro05 veuporopro rou volo[ou puetrou (pI. Err. 1-24). Ioveuporopro ouro Xopqye( enLoqg npoo0roug x),odoug ororppevrrd veupo. Aro0rlrrro epeO(ogoro ono rrg neprQepr-16g neproX6g rou 6rorgpoylroToq, 0r ono[eg veupdrvovrorono ro ror6repo peoonl,e[pro veupo npopotrtrovror oroddppro rou ntreuprrou Xeilouq rou roilrorou roLXtirporog(Etx. 2-7 roL 2-1 3).

H KOIAIA 267

Aoyo rnq nopouoioq 0v0oToU6oeov UeToqu IeU-qoyyefov rqg roilroxrlg enlqoverog rou dLorppdy;roToq Kor

trepqoyye(tov qg 0oporxrlg enLqoverog rou, T0 roprrvdr-u0T0 TOV opyovrrlv Tou Y0oTprvTeprxori ouorqp0Toq p[0-peI vo enexro0ouv roreu0e(ov oro Otlporo, p6oo trepqoy-ye[orv to ono[o dr6pXovrol ono ro drorppoypo n ro rpnUoroIO U.

To onio|ro xorA crK6 roix@trtdTo on[o0Lo rortrroro ro(Xtrrlro onoretre[ror rup[og ono pueg roL

neprrovleg, nou npoorpuovror or0uq onovdutroug, oro ovcirvulro o-oro xor orrg ntreupeg. lleprdXer eniorlg trLnoq, olpovlro veupo,oyye[o ror trepqoddveg (Etx. 2-82, 2-91, 2-92,2-96 xor 2-99). Toon[o0Lo rot],toro roiXtolro onorelefror ono rperg runoug oortiv (o-oquiroug onovdiAouq, ro rcpl 0oro Kor Trg nrspuysq rav Aoyov[-uv oordv) ror reooeprg drocpoperLroug pueg (ro ontoOLo rpqpo roudLlrppoyporoq,rc pei(ovo AliTn,ro Aoyovto r,ottov rcrpoyuvo o-orpuixo pu). To ooro rou on[o0rou ror],rorou rorXtlporoq nsprypo-Q0vT0r oT0 reqoLoro rnq poxlq (FL Keq. 4).

Ot pteg rau onfolrou KorLtoKori rorytit-trtoro9

To 6rorppoylro eXe r qdq neprypoqe[. YnopXouv rp(o (euy1 lrutirvoro on(oOro rorLroro ro[Xrrrpro ge peyotr1 rtrrvrrrl oqpoo(o, o pe((ovgoiqg, o troyovrog ror o rerpoyrrrvog oorpuirog pug.

0 yei(orv rf olrqq pug (Err. 2-82,2-92,2-96,2-99 xot2-102). 0 enrp111q, noXug ror orpoxroerdlg ourog ;rug pp(orerororo ntroyro rov oorpuirdv onovdutrov. 0 opog "r!oiqq" olpo[ve r

"UUq qq ooq0og" (oL rpeontltreg rov ovopo(ouv rprtr6ro). 0L (;o-ireq pueg rorepXovrot rpoq r0 r0ro ror 6[o ror or rdvovregroug d16pXovror nlorrl ono ro poupovrro ouvdeoplo ror plnpooroono rqv op0ptooq rou roXlou rot roroquovTor oTOV etroooovorpoXovrrlpo rou pqpto(ou oorou. 0L npoorpuoerg, n veupoorl K0r

ot rupteg evdpyeLeg rov goirrlv putirv ovoqepovror orov il(voro.E

0 elooorov rlroiTqg pug (Err. 2-92). llporeuor yLo

prrpo ooOevrl pu pe ppoXe(o yoor6po xor porpu rdvovro. 0etrooorrrv qroiTlq UUq unopXer oro 50 og 60% rcov ovOprir-ntr.rv, otrtro gnopef vo urplororor povo oq p(o ntreupo rouotirporog. llpog ro novo npoorpueTor oT0 ntroyro rtrlv 012

qoitnC LtuC

MnKroroc Ltuqi€Tpdyavoq oobuiKoC IJUC

J'/avonnEUprKOq UUC

EyKdporo onov€ip@on

nonuoxr6fiq LruC

qroiKn nsprrovio

EyKopon onoveupoonII

ia,

.--"!i'j@=::i:;r+-!1

,oo"u,olOnioero

n€mnoooQuiKncn€pttovioC

nnot'c poxtoioc uuc

M€ooKov?rcq Lruq Axpo eyxdponq onoOuoncM€o€yKoporoC uuC EKQuuKh onov€Apoon

ope(nrripo uuoc mc pqxnc

Etxous2-102. Eyropoto roprl oro uqloq Trlq ovo-r oorpuir<r1g X6poq. H oproreprl ntreupo eXer drorope[ yto vo rpove( q nepuovlo nou rotrunrer rougpfeg qg poXrlq. llopoqpelore rirt oqv optorep1 ntreupo I eyKoporo onovsupool 11 onoveuptr.rol rou eyroporou roLtrrorou puoq drolrrlpL(eroLyr0 vo oXrlpror(oer ro duo neroLo 14g Ooporoootpuirqg nepuoviog.


Kor 01 orovdutrov ror rouq pero[f Touq Ueooonovb0trtoubiorou, ev6 npog ro rortr.r xororpueror oro troyovorrevrrooyxtrllro oro or6pro rqg nuetrou (ptr. ELr<. 5-2). 0 etrooorovqroiTnq UUq pp(orerot pnpooro ond rov peL(ovo rloiTn UU,

rov ono[ov unoBol0o oqv ropql qg nu6trou Kor rrlq 0-oquirrlg grotpoq qg onovdutru<fl9 or4trqq. Neup6verol onorov rorLroro rupro rlodo rou 01 veupou.

0 troy6vrog puq (Eu<. 2-82 xot 2-99). Anoretrei eupeyd0rlrpryovrro pu, o onolog nope0eror roro p[rog rou dlro 1e[],oug rouror6repou rpqporoq rou per(ovog r|loir1 UUdq ErqueroL ono ro o-vtrlrepo duo rprqpopro rou troyovLou po0pou K0r Trlv repotroyovLoopOpoo1. 0r neprooorepeg rveg rou rororpuovror oTOV TrvovTo TOU

pteL(ovoq qJOiTl UUOq. 0r npoorpuoerg, 11 veupool ror or rupreg evep-yetsq rou troyovrou lLuog nopori0evTor 0T0v tlrvoro 2-5. 0 tloiqgrot o ),oyovrog UUq ovoqspovrot po(r oq troyovorpoirqq pug, o onoiog onoretrel rcv x1pLo r<opnr4po pu rou p4po0.Iro0eponote[ en(-olq rrlv opOpoo1 rou loXfou r<or ougpotrtrer oq dtorrlprloq qq 0p-0roq 0eo1g evepydrvrog orrlv op0prooq ouirl (gtrene Keq 5).

0 tr0y0v0r!0iTlq UUq nopouoro(et exreropeveg roro1povlKeq ono rtrLvrrrlq onoqqg oXeoeLg Ue T0uq vs-rppoug, rouq oupqrqpeq, ro rurptro, rr1 orol),qroeldq onorpu-orl, r0 oryU0erd6g rotrov, ro noyxpeog, roug troyovrougtregqodeveg rol ro veupo rou on[o0tou roillorou rorXritpo-roq (Etr. 2-82, 2-92 ror 2-99). '0rov ronoro ono ouro roopyovo nooXer, or rrvrloerg TOU ),0y0voqJ0irr1 puoq gnope(vo npoxotroriv otryog. Ko0rrlg nopeueror roro prlxog qgonovbutrrrflg orfltr1g ror dtooroupriveTor Us rrlv Lepotroyo-vro op0pooq, vooor rotv ;leooonovdu),rolv Kor Tov repoLo-

llfvoxog 2-5. Kupror pueg rou onroO[ou r<or],roro0 T0tXoUoTOq,

yovLtrrv op0ptrroeov elvol nroovo vo nporotrdoouv 'nooloTlu lJulq,, nou onoretrel npoororeulro ovrovortroonro.

Aoyo qg orevlq oXdo4g rou noyrp60roq Us ro onfoOrororLror<o roiXtrlgo (Etr. 2-48, 2-52 rcu 2-7 4), to roprfvorlroTou rroyKpeoToq oT0 npoxoiplpdvo oroblo rou dLq0ei rougpueg ror ro veupo rou on[o0rou rot],roxo0 rorXdrporog npo-r<otrrrrvrog orpoplro otryq.

Av ror eXer pero0ei dpoporrro 1 ouXvorrlro qq pu-pariuorlg orq B, Ageprxrl, q Iorpoiq ouul e [orotrouOeL vouqiororor, rdroirepo orov ouroX0ovo ntrr10uopo K0r Uilo-pel vo e[ontrtrlOef pe ro o[po (oLporoyevrlg dnonopo)oroug onovdutroug, xup[trrg roro rr1 6Loprero rqq norbrrrlgqtrrriog. To onoorrlpo qq ooquirqg Xdrpog nou oqe[trerororq quporftrlor; SXet r4v rooq vo rntKTe[vrTor ono rougonovdutrouq pl6oo oro eAurpo Tlu rlJl[Tn gurlg (rr1v ne-prrovlo nou neprBotrtrer Tov rf0[Tn gu), ror vo nporo],eIon6or4pa rlu qJ0[Tn. Aurci eXeL otg onoretreopo rr;v no-XUVon Tnq rcptrov[oq, rcu puog, q ono[o no[pver ro oXrl-po ovOerrrrou ootrqvo nou poLo(eL pe rdtrroo (Err.2-102). To nuo, nou npoepXeroL ond ro onoorlpo, xorep-xeror xoro pqxog rou qoiil puoq peoo orqv oo.rtr1vdr6qneprrov[o novtrl ono ro ovtr.r oropLo rqg nuetrou ror n[otrtono ro poupovrxo ouvdeo;.r0. To n0o ouvrlOtoq ovoduerorno prlpn[o rpguvo 0T0 ovoTepo rpqpo rou Unpo0 (FLELx. 5-21), otrtro pnope( en[or1g vo Qeoosr oro etrurpo rouqroiTn UUOq xorepXogevo ono ro on[o0Lo geoo0oporro,orov nooXouv or 0rr.lpoxrroI onovdu],or (ptr. Err. 1-66 rot1 -7 4).

To rortlrepo rpripo qg Aayovtog neprcovioq e(vatouXvo reropevo ror nporol,ei ro oXlporropo nruXqg nou

Mug Avu npooguoery Karu npoorp|oetq, NeApuo4 EvipyueglVl ei(o-tv Lf oi.rnc uuc EyxopoLeg onorpuoerq

oogu irotv onovD utrrr:v,

ntroyreg enLtpoveLeg ro-rv

oir)porov rov 012-05onovdutrolv Kot TovnopegBo),tropevirtvpeooonovdutrtov dlor<ov

AvoTspo duo rpLrrlgopto rouloyovLou Bo0pou, ro Lepo

nrepuyLo r<oL rouqnpoo0Louq Lepotroyovrouqouv0riopouq

Foo rlpLou rou rorot 1e[troug Aoyovoorpuixoq xor rlorr:

Me rolupo tevovto orovoloooovo rpoXovrrlporou ;rrlpLo[ou oorou

Etroootr.rv rpoXovrflpog r<or

unoxelpevo rpl;rodLorpuorlg prlpro[ou

oorou

Xer),oq troyovLoq

or<potrorp[oq

O orpu ixo n),6y;ro ;rdotrtnpoo0rr'_rv r<),odotv rcov

02, 03 ror 04

IVlrlproLo veupo (02-04)

[lpoo0ior x],obor 012 xor 01.04

'Etrr<ovroq npog ro ovo po([ pe ro troyovro

1,ru xopnreL ro plpo[tr{OVtoc npoc t0 K0T0 UoVOq ToU (0UI]CI

ntro\ Loq rn orov0utrtxrl oTltrrl, Iero0ror.xrl oloon loopoontr Tov Kop.o

'Etrr<ovrog npoq ro xoro Uo([ Ue rovopro),oyo rou rnq d,trnq ntreupog xoL rouqtro\ ovrouq U-cq KoUnTe. rov Koppo

Kounret ro ;r1po r<or oro0epoloLct rrlvopOpool rou roXlou, Evepyelouvbloo-evo Ue To Uer(ovo qro.rrl U-

Exrelvet xor r<opnreL ntroylt_rg rr1 onovbutrrxrlorftrr1, AxLvrlronorel rr1 1 2r1 ntreupo xoro11v eLonvorl,

Aoyovtoq guq

Terpoyrrtvog

oorpuixog puq Tfq 1 2lq ntreupoq rorr<opuqdq eyxopou.ov00QUrKrdv 0n0QUoe0lv

0) AUei(uvtlrlirnq roL o ).ayovLoqpuqouyvonq)typlQawatpo(i uq),oyovoLlLoit1gltugrotar1vnepLypoE4qqxapqL4grouprlpol(Keep.S).0 ;royovo-tlo[tng €fuoL o xApLoq xopnr\paq ltugtou p4po1, evu orav o pr\pog t[voL ot<w4ronoqpevog onottAei Loyupo xolLm4porou xoppoA @.X. xara uvtyepoil.

H KOIAIA 269

nopeier0t npoq Tnv eoorsptKrl orll rnq troyoVrog orpotro;,,1 I H oropoxoooguix{ neplrovio (Err. 2-g1 ror 2-102, Btr.tpiog (Eil<' 2-82 xat 2-99). To ovorepo rpr'1po qq neptro- enrorlg ELr.4-44). llpor<erT0ryro eKTerouevrlnepuovto,4 ono[o ro-vroq ournq eivor X0tr0p6 xor pnope( vo olqgar((gL Ko.trno: t:r,, trunrer roug ev ro po0eL pueg rrlq poxlq. H oorpuirq poLpo rqq Oot_

r6Anupo' nioo ond Trlv Tlpo0voQsp0e(oo nr.upl geoo oro qv troyovro orpotrorpLo. llpog ro ntroyto npoorpueror orov eour tro-onoio e[vor 0uvqrdv vo noyLdeuref xonorolr-p41ro,Iq,U,rt-ro::,,,,,,: lo ror orov eyroporo rod,roro 1tu. Itpog ru eou 4 \upaxoooEulx\xeog evr6pou (n.x. ro rugtro xo/r14 orcotrrlroetdftg onogut nepnov[o yupi(erut oe rpfu nlraAo.0 rerpoyrrrvog oorpuir6g gugo4 oq de{rd ntreupo rou origoro-g 4 ro or.ypoeLd€g oTQV,,,:.,,. Bproreror pero[u rou npooOrou Kor Tou prloou nerotrou, evdr or evoptotepf ntreupo). 0r roroorooetg ourdq qu.vqdet]oyrqt rrrr poOer pueg qg poxrlg BpLorovror perolu rou peoou K0r r0u o-ond toxupti otryoq. n[oOtou nero],0u. To trenro npoooro n6rotro rqg 0opoxooorpuirrlg

neprrovlog (ro onofo olqgori(e r rr;v nepuov(o rou rerpoytr.tvou o-0 rerpdyovog ooguix6q puq (Etr<. 2-91 , 2-96, 2-gg otpuirou puog)npoorpueror po(r ue Tnv qroiTrKllnepuov(o o1g npo-

rot 2-102). Terpoytrlvog oe oxrlpo, o ltug ourog oxrlporr(et noxu o0reg enrqovereq Tov eyropoulv oorpuirtlv onoquoetrlv. To nolupuiro orpdrpo oro on(o0to roLtrtoro roixtlpo. l-etrvto(et pe rrg peoo nerotro rqg otrlporooorpuirrlg neptrov(og npooquer'r oTrq KO-eyxopoteg onorpuoetg rov ootpuit<titv onovdutrtr-lv ror elvor eupu- purpdg rtov eyropoictv onorpuoeov. To nurvo onlogro nerotro ou-rep0q 0T0 rotilrepo rprlpo rou. 0t npootpuoeLq T0u, n veupororl Tnq Tnq nepuovlog npooqueror orrg orov6drDerg onoquoerg rarv o-r0u Kot ot rupteg ev6pyeteg rou puog ovoypotpovrot orov lllvoro orpuixdrv Kor Tov Lep6v onovdutrov rootilg Kor 0T0v enarcovlto o^v-2-5 deogo (ptr. Erx. 4_28).

H nepnovfa rou onio!tou xorhoro6 roryfporogTo vetpo rou oniolrou Kot\rcrKotrotx@trtcrrog

Iro on[oOro rortrroro roiXrrryLo unopXouv duo eidrl veUptrrv: oa;_1totrca ve1po rou oorpuirou ntreyporog Kor rotv rtrndotv Tou KoronAoywt<a ve1pa rcu ourovopou veuplrou ouorrlporog (Ew,. 2_64,2-92 ru 2-99). To ntvrc oorpuixo uedpo eyrorotre[nouv ro votrro[_o puetro nepvdrvrog p6oo ono ro preooonovdutrro rprlporo, roror o_no rov ovr[orolXo onovdu],0, onou drorpouvror oe on(o0ro xor npo_o0lo rupro rtrobo. Ko0Svog ono ouroug roug r<trodoug nepreXet or-oOllxdg xor rrvlrlreg fveg. 0L onfoOror r0proL rtrodor nopeuovrornpoq T0 nloul r<or veupdrvouv roug pueg ror ro d6ppo Tlq poxlq(Err. 2-91), evtl or npoo0rol rupror xtrodor ero6pXovrot oroug pe[-(oveg qoiteg pueg. Ere( deXovrot ovooroUonKoug xtrodoug ono rooupno04rLx6 ortAtyog (Ev. 2-gZ roL 2-g9). 0r npoo0ror r<uprorrtrodor Xoprlyouv rtrodoug oro pe((ovo rl0iTl UU, orov rerpoyrrtvoooquird K0r 0rouq ev ror poOer gueg rrlg poX4g (llLvorog 2_5).

0r npoo0ror r0proL rtrodoL rov 01-03 veupov ror o ovtirepogrtrobog rou 04 oXlgrol(ouv ro oogulxo nAeypo (Etr. 2_gg). 0 ro_r6repog rtrodoq rou 04 ror otroxtrr1po ro 05 veupo oXqgori(er rooorpuoiepo oreleyoq, ro ono(o rorepXerot om rcp6nieypo ((BLErr. 3-1 6). To unontreupro veupo onoretre( rov npooOro rupro rtro_do rou 0.12 ror nopeueror n[oto ono rov elo roloeLdrl o0vdeoporou drorppoylrorog oe onoorool neplnou 1 ex. xoro ono rrlv 124ntreupo (Ew.2-82 ror2-99). Io unonAeApto vcApo Xoprlye(ouvr1_0og rtrov[o orov npoo0to xtrodo rou 01 veupou Kor oTn ouveXeronopeueror npoq r0 rortrl r<or e{o pnpooro ono rov rerpoyrovo o_orpuixo 1ru, brooX((er rov eyroporo roLlLoro pu ror qeperoL oronpoo0ro rod,roxo ro(Xopo pero[u ourou Kor T0u rloo trolou puog.To unontreupLo veupo veup6ver ro rprlpo rou npoo0rou rortrrorourorXriporog nou pp(orerol ovogeoo orov oprpotro rot or4v 1Brxr1oulupuoq (Err.2-13 A).

Ko0e pug rou onio0lou rolLrorou roLXrirporog neprpotrtrerorono nepuov[0, 4 ono[o rpeper ro ovopo rou puog nou neprpotrtrer.

H Aoy6vro neprrovio (Etx. 2-92, 2-gg, 2-99 ror 2-102). H

Aayovorlto'ftLrq nepLrov[o, nou e ntxotrunter rov {.roitr1 ror rov },oyo_vro gu, ouvrl0trlg ovopo(eror troyovro neprrovlo. Av ror ro ov6reporpqpo rrlq e(vor ),enro, ro roro rprlpo qg noXuveror xoOrrtg npo-oeyyi(eL ro pouprrlvrro ofvdeogo. To rprlpo 14g nepuov(og ilou K0_trunrer ro ger(ovo rloiq pu, n qloiTrKl neprrovlo, npoorpueror npogro eoo oroug oorpuir<o0g onovdritrouq Kor oT0 Xeitrog rrlg nuetrou.llpog ro novor, 4 qrlirKn nepLrov[o noXuveror rot oXrlpor((er roveou ro{oeL64 ouvdeopo rou droqpoypoToq Kor tipoq r0 rllot ouve_XeTor Ue ro npoo0ro n6roLo tt1c, 7upoxooorputx4q ntpnorziag. Ko_rot ono rq troyovLo or<potrorp(0, n r!oiTrKn nepuov[o ouv6Xeror ge rorplpo qg troyovrog nepuov[og, nou rolunrer ro ],oyi1vro pu. H {_ro_itrrrl neprrovfo ouveXeror enro4g pe qv neprrov(o nou enrrotru_frrrr Tov rerpoyrrtvo oorpuiro pu. H AayovLo nepnovfu ouv6xerot gerr;v eyroporo neprrovfo (Err.2-1j xoL 2-12), evdr npog ro rororperon(nrer orrl prlpro[o nepuovlo. To onfo0ro Xeilog rqg eyr<op_otog neplrovfog npoorpuerot oro Boupovrro ouv6eopo Kor rvovr_ror oq 0eoq ouq ge rr1 troyovLo nepLrovio, xo0trtg ourrl peroninrerorrl pqproio nepuovlo.

H neplrovio rou rerpdyovou ooguixori pudrg (Etr.2-91, 2-96,2-99 ror 2-102). H nepuov[o nou ro],unrer rov rerpo_yrrrvo oorpuiro pu onorei,eI nurvo upevtir6eg n6rotro, ro ono(onp0q T0 e [ol peronlnret oro npoo0ro nero],0 rr;g 0oporooorpuirrlgneprrov(og. H nepuovlo rou rerpoyrrtvou oorpuirou puog npootpue _

r0r oTrq npoo0Leg enrqoveLeg rov eyroportrtv onoquoeov rovooquirov onovdri),trrv, orrl troyovro orpotroqro, orrl 12q ntreupo roroqv eyroporo nepuovl0. llpog ro novol noXfveror ror oX4por((errov e{o ro{oedr1 oAvdeopo, evtl npog ro rorto npoopueror orovAay ovo og ulxo o 0v d e o po.


To ootpuix6 nAiypa

To oorpuiro ntrdypo onore),ef d(xruo veuptrlv, ro onob oxt]po-r(eruL peoo orov pe(ovo qroiTn UU ond roug np6o0rouq rtrddougttrlv 01 - 04 veuporv (ELr. 2-99). Iuven6g, 11 erquoq rov veupovnou onoretrofv ro oorpuixo ntr6ypo pnopei vo petreq0ei povov pe-ro qv npooerlrrl oqo(peol rou pe((ovoq qroiTn puog. To veuponou oXlpori(ouv ro oorpuiro ntr6ypo drepXovror p6oo ono rov qJO-

irq pu oe drorpoperrxo en(ne6o. Ie notrtrouq ov0ponoug (neprnou50%) oro oXrlpolopri rou oorpuirou ntr6yporog ougpotrtrer roL rtro-dog rou unonAelprcu velpou (rou npdo0rou rtrddou rou 01 2 veu-pou). KoL or nevre npdo0ror oorpuiro( rtrodor d6Xovror rporoug ovo-oropolrrrof g xtrodoug ono ro ouprno0llxtl or5treXoq, evtir or ovtir-repor duo Xopnyouv treurotlg 0v0oT0UolKoug rtrddouq or0 0uUro-04rrro or6treXog (Err. 2-92 xot 2-99). 0L peyotrurepoL Kor mo on-;lovrrro( rtrodot rou oorpuixori ntr6ygorog eivor ro 0upoer66g ror roU1pro(o veupo, ro ono(o ertpuovror ond ro [dro veuporolrro (02, 03ror 04).

To 0upoer669 vef po (Err. 2-99, ptr. en(oqg Err. 3-10). Au-rt1 to veupo nopeueror ttpoq ro xoror p6oo oro pel(ovo rfoiTl UU

rot ovodUeror ono ro 6orrl Xeilog rou or0 urloq rou Xe[troug qgnu6trou. Arporj dretrOeL rrlv nepuovfo rou r!0[Tn puog, droorouprlve-T0r Ue Tnv repotroytivro opOpool, tpdperor npoq r0 6ltrl rolv 6oroloyov(rov oyye[ov ror rou oupqr4po ror ero6pXer0r orrlv etroooovonuetro. To 0upoerd6g veupo eyrorol,e[ner rrlv nuetro p6oo rou 0u-poetdoug ndpou ror qOover oro p4pr1. Ie geprroug ovOptlnoug(nep(nou 30%), or onlo0ror xtroDorrulv 03 ror 04 ve0pov Xoprlyouvrtrodouq, nou ouvevdvovTor Kor oxnUori(ouv rc enwoupLr6 1upo-eLdeg ve1po. To veupo ouro nopeueror roro prlrog rou 5oo Xe(-troug rou pei(ovog rloiTl1 UUdq. To 1upoeLdEg ve1po e[vor ro veA-p0 Tuv npoooyuytitv putitv rou 1t4poA (ptene llivoro 5-2).

To pqproio veripo (Ew.2-82 ror 2-99). Kor ouro ro veupodrooxi(et ro pe((ovo CIoiTn uu, nopeueror prloo oe ourdv npog rororo rot 6{o ror ovodueror pero[u rou gei(ovoq r.].roirq ;rudg rortou l,oyrivrou Uudq, op6ooq novo ond rov poupovrro ouvdeopo.Iqv roil(o ro grlproro veupo veupdrvsr rov r!o[rr1 ror ro ],oyovlo pu(tr0yovorfoiTn pu). Iro gqpo eivor rc ve1po ruv erutu6vruv putiv(ptr. l-livoro 5-1).

To troyovoBouBrovrx<5 ror ro troyovoiinoydorprovef po (Ev. 2-7, 2-13, 2-82 ror 2-99). Auro ro veupo exrpuovrorono ro 01 veuporopro, ouXvo ge rorvti oretreXog. Irrlv rortrlo er-odpXovror nfoo ono rcv eou ro{oedr1 oivdeopo ror nopeuovrornpoq T0 rortrl ror 6{or, pnpooro ono rov rerpoyovo oorpuiro pu.IuXvo, to veupo ouro dev droXopr(ovror, nopo povo rirov ntr6ovpp(orovror xoro ono rov eyroporo rod,roro pu. To troyovoBoupor-vtrti rot ro loyovorinoyoorpLo veUpo dronepvouv rov eyroporo ror-trtoxd pu rovro oqv npdo0ro dvto troyrlvro orovOo ror drepXovrorpeoo ono rov rloto ror rov 6lo tro[r1 pu, yLo vo veuptiroouv ro d6p-U0 Tnq unepnBrxlg roL qg pouprrlvrrrlq X6p0q. KoL ro Duo veupoXop4youv en(or1g xtrodouq oTouq roilrorouq pueg" To Aoyovll-noyoorpto veApo (01) Xop4yet ntrdyLo rtrddo oro d6pgo qg ytrou-lorog Xrirpog, ro0tlg ror npooOro rtrodo oro d6pUo rnq unoyo-

orprog Xtopoq. Io AayovoBouBuvLx6 ve1po (01) dLdpXeror p6orrl

rou enrnotrqg pouptovrxou dorrutr(ou ror veup6ver ro Deppo r;gpoupovrrrlg Xropoq roL rou ooXeou 11 rtrlv peyotrrov Xertr6ov rouo16o(ou (Err.2-13A ror 2-18).

To o16oro1r4prx6 vef po (ELr. 2-1 1, 2-BZ roL 2-99). Aurriro veupo erqueror ond roug npoo0Loug rtrodoug rotv 0l xor 02veuporop(ov. Arpou Dronepoosr rnv npoo0Lo enrqovero rou pe[(o-voq qroiTn gu6g ror rrlv troyovro orpotrorpio, nopeueror npog ro xo-rol ror dtotpelror npoq ro 6lor qg rorvrlg ror rng elo troyovroq op-rrlp(og oe pr;pro(o ror yevvrllxo r),odo.

To 5{to p4po6epporrx6 veripo (Etx. 2-82 ror 2-99, ptr.

eniolg Err. 5-10). Anoretre( ro DepporLrd veupo rou pqpoU, erqu-eror ond roug on(o0rouq rtroDoug rou 02 ror rou 03 veuporop(ou,dt6pXeror grioor rou pe((ovoq qroiTrl UUdq ror ovodtjeror ndvo onorr1 troyovro orpotrorp(o. To e[trr UnpodepUorrro veupo nopeuerornovol oro troytlvro UU npoq ro roro roL 6[ul ror ero6pXerol oT0 Ur]-po nrotrl on6 ro pouprrrvrro ouvdeopo, ou6otoq 5oo 14q npdo0rogdvro troytlvrog orovOog. To veupo ouro veup6veL ro d6ppo qgnpooOrog e{o enrqoveLog rou prlpou.

To ooguoiep6 oriAeyog

To oorpuoiepd or6treXog e(vor peyotro, ononl,oruopevo veupo,nou oXrlpor((eror ono q ouvrlvoorl rou rororepou rp1porog rounpooOrou rtrodou rou 04 pe rov npoo0Lo rtrodo rou 05 vefpou(Err. 2-99). To rglpo Tou rou npo6pXeror ond ro 04 veupo ror6p-Xeror dLopuloou rou pei(ovog rloirq pudg oro eooreprro rprlpo qgeyroporog on6tpuorlg rou 05 onovdrjtrou ror oq ouv6Xero drepXe-ror novo.r ono ro nrepfyro rou lepou oorou. To ootpuoiepo or6tre-Xog rordpXeror orqv nuetro xor oupgereler oT0 oxlUoTropo rou re-pou ntrdyporog. Aev onorel,et rtrodo rou oorpuirou ntrdyporoq.

To aur6vollo veipq

To ourovogo veupo rou onfoOrou r<ortrroroI rorXtirgorog onore -Louvror onri oupnoOllrd ror nopooupnoOllro rp4po (pl. Etr. 2614g Erooytoyrlg). To rpuy6revrpo veupo rtrlv onl,oXvrrtv, n0u 0rroTr-trouv luipoq rou ourovdgou veuprrou ouorqporog, exquovror onoro vollofo puetro ror ro or6treXog rou eyreqotrou og iveg ouyre-rprptlvtrlv vololrrlv veuporv (Etx. 2-82, 2-92 r,u 2-99). H roLtrLorrlgo[po rou oupno0rllxou oretrSXoug ero6pXeror oqv rortr[o Kor oTrqduo ntreupeq rou otlporog, orpou nepooer nioto ond rov 6oot ro[o-erdq ofvdeopo. H roiltorl ;.ro[po onore],e(ror ouv4Otog ono r6ooe-po oorpu[xa yoyyAto rou oupno1qtxol ouor4porog, ro onoio ouv-d6ovror gero[u roug. To oupnoO4lxd oretreXl roroorrlvdrvouv pe-o0 oe Uto o0troro roro pqrog rou 6orrt Xefioug r0u Uei(0v0q q;olTn

Uuoq (Erx. 2-64,2-92,2-96 xoL 2-99). l-lpoq ro eoul ro oupno0rll-16 ordtreXog Xopr;ye( ooqulKo oupna14rLxo ve1po oro ooplxontreypo.

To ougno04rrxd oreA61r1 ror veripo (ELr. 2-61 ,2-64,2-82,2-92,2-96 ror 2-99, l-lrvorog 2-3). To deflo oupna17uxo orE-ieloq ppLoreroL n[oto onri qv xoro roftq Qtrdpo, rouq ooquiKouq

H KOIAIA 271

tregqod6veg xor ro de(rd oupnrnpo. Aureg or oX6oerg eXouv peyo-trq o4poo(o yro T0uq Xerpoupyoug. Kor ro duo ougno0rlrtro oretr6-X1 dr6pXovror pnpooro on6 ro pLxpo oorpuiro oyye(o nou or;lo16-vouv To on(o0to rod,loro ro[Xtolro ror orq ouveXero nopeuovror n[-ool ono ro rorvo troyovLo oyye(o, ro0drg ouro ero6pXovror orrlv nu-etro. To duo oretr6Xr1 ouvevtirvovror oro geoo o(uyo roxruyLxdyayyAto. To ougnoOlrrro ror nopooupnoOr;rrro veupo rorovdpro-vTor oT0 roilroro ontroXvo pe 6vo ntrouoro d[xruo veuprrtiv ntrey-portrlv ror yoyytrLrov xoro gr;xog 14g npdo0rog enupove[og Trlq Kor-trrorrlq oopr1q. Kupro ororXe(o qg roilrox1g pofpog rou ouUno-Olrtxou ouor1porog onoretre( ro xortrroxri (4trroxri) ntrfypo pe royoyytrto rou, To ono[o evron((rror Kor oro dfo ntroyro rou rortrro-rou oretr6Xouq or0 uQoq rou ovordpou rp4porog rou 01 onovdu-Lo u.

To ontro;lvrxti veUpo rou Otirpoxo onoretrouv r4v rupLo n1y1rtr.tv oupnoo4trrorv veupov rrlg roil(og. To pe((ov, ro 6troooov xorro etrdXroro onl,oXvLrd vefpo onoretrouv xtrodoug rou 5ou - 12ououpno0lrLrou yoyytrLou rou 0c0poro. Aurd ro veupo onoretrouvrorono npoyayyAnxeq (veq,, or ono(eg q0ovouv on6 ro vtrlno(o prue-

tr0, peotrl treuxdrv ovooro;lolxdrv rtrodurv ror dr6pXovror p6oot rolvoupno0llr6v yoyytruov, Xrop(q vo oXqpor((ouv ouvor.ferg (pL Err.26 xot27 qq ELooytrlyrlg). 0r (veg ourdg rorotr1youv or0 roltrroroKor oT0 ooproveqpLxo yoyytrro (Err. 2-61 roL 2-64), ono ro onoloerquovror or oguetreg peroyoyytrror6g (veg.

To pef(ov ontro;lvrxri vef po (Err. 2-64,2-92 ror 2-99). Anore-tre( eupeyd0eg veupo, ro onolo oXlpor((eror ono 4-5 p((eg, nouerquovror ono ro rgrlpo rou oupno04rLxou orel,6Xoug nou pp(oxe-rot pero{f rou 6ou Kor rou 1Oou yoyytr(ou. To pei(ov ontroXvrroveupo nopeueTor itpoq ro roro, novto oro otirporo rorv 0oporrrotvonovdrjl,rrrv npoq T0 6otrt rou oupno0rllrou oretr6Xoug Kor npoq T0

5[or rr;g o(uynq qtrepog. ALooXr(er ouv1Otrlg ro ouororXo or6trogrou Drorppoylroroq Kor rorotr1yer oro roillor<o yoyytrro.

To etroooov ontroprxri veUpo (Err. 2-61,2-64 ror 2-92). Auroro ptrpo veupo erqueror ouv1Otog pe duo p((eq ono ro 9o xor ro100 oupno0rlrLrd yoyytrro ror ror6pXeror rpoq r0 elot rou pe((o-vog on),oXvrrou veupou. To rltroooov ontroXvrro veupo drooXi(er roouorotXo oretrog rou drorppoy;roToq Kor rorotrrlyer oro ror6reporplpo rou rortrLorou yoyytriou, ro ono[o ovopo(eror ooptoverppx6yoyyAto.

To etrdyroro ontro;1vrxr5 verjpo (Err. 2-64). Auro ro trenrororovetjpo oXrlgori(eror ond rtrodoug errpurigevoug ono ro 1 1 o ror/n ro1 2o ougno04rrro yoyytrro, dLonepvo ouvr;0tog ro ouororXo orrltrogrou drotppoylrorog rovro q po(i pe ro eLoooov ontroXvrrd veupo roLrorotrrlye r orc verppx1 nAeypa. Me prrdg qoprlg ro etroXroro onlo-Xvrro veupo 6r6pXeror po(i pe ro ougnoOrlrrro oretreXog n(oo onorov 6otrr ro{oerdrl ouvdeopo, ev6 ouXvo tre(ner.

To xortrlq16 nAdyporo rou qurov6pou veuprxoriouorfporog (ELr. 2-61 ror 2-64). To ntreyporo ouro neprBotr-trouv rrlv ooprrl xor roug ruproug rtrodoug 11g. A0poLopoTo ouUno-O4ttxtov veuprr6v rurroporv (ouUno1ryLxo yoyyALo) pplorovrorbtooropnropevo ovogeoo oro roilroro ror ro dlopeoevrepto ntrdy-po. Ia nopooupna1quxo yayyALa (oOpo(ogoro nopooupnoOql-

r6v veuprrtlv rurroporv) pp(orovror oro rorXdrporo rov ontroXvrrlv,n.X. T0 1rueyrepx6 nAeypa (rou Auerbach) ppioxeror oro ;ruird Xr-rdrvo rou oropoXou Kor rou trenrou evr6pou (Cormack, 1987).

To dropeoevrepro ntreypo (Err. 2-64). Aurd ro ntrrlypo, pepogrou ooprrro0 ntr6yporog, onoretre[ror ono 4-12 veupo oqv npd-o0ro ror orrlv npooOrontroyro enrqovero qg ooprrlg, Uero€U rrlq o-vo Kor rlq rorco geoevr6prog opqpiog. To dropreoevr6pro ntr6ypod6Xeror rtrodoug ono ro duo np6ro oorpuiro ontroXvrro veupo, e-vtir Xoprlyei veqprxoug, opXrroUg (r; oto04rrroug) xor ouplqprxougrtroDoug. Ie onovreg neprnr6oelg Xoplyei xtrodouq oro dodero-dorrutro, oro noyrpeog, orrlv ooprl Kor oTrlv roror rortr4 qtrepo.

To tivo unoy6orpro ntreypo (Err. 2-64, ptr. en(o4g Err.3-47 ror3-48). Auro ro ntreypo ouvdXeror pre ro dropleoevrepro ntr6ypo xord6Xeror xtrodoug ono ro oorpuixo yoyytrro rov ougno0qrlrov ore-treXdrv. Bp(orerot pnpooro ono ro rordrrepo rprlgo rrlq ooprr;9, roudrXoolrou rlq Kor rorv prlotov rep6v oyyeltrlv. AdXetor ro 6uo xoro-repo oorpuiro ontroXvrro veUpo ror dLXo(eror oe delLo Kor oproTr-po unoyaorpto velpo, to ono[o roreu0uvovror npoq ro roro uno-yoorpro nl6ypo. To dvo unoyoorpro ntr6ygo Xoprlyei oup7r4pxaxot opyLxo nAeyporo, roOdrg xor ono 6vo ntrdypo yro xoOep[o ondlg duo rorv6g troyovreg oprqpieg.

To xorto unoyoorpro ntreypo (ELr. 2-64, ptr. en(olq Err. 3-47).Auro ro ntr6ypo oXrlporL(eroL K0r olq 6uo ntreup6q rou orrrporog o-no 6vo unoyoorpro veupo, nou erqueror ond ro ovto unoyoorprontr6ypo. To Duo roro unoyoorpro ntreyporo pp[orovror oro n],oyrorou op0ou, rou rpoXrltrou rrlq grlrpog Kor Trlq oupodoXou ruoqg.Iupno0qrrro ydyytrro ourdlv rorv ntreyporov neprpotrtrouv rrg ou-ororxeq 6oar troytlvreg opqp(eq. To de[rd Kor r0 oproTepo rdrto u-noydorpro ntr6ypo ddXeror prrpo0q rtrddouq ono ro ovur repd ou-pno0qrLro yoyytrro Kor ropoouUno0qrLr6g (veg ono ro l2 - l4 veu-pordpro (nuilxa onAoyvu<a veApo) llpoexrooerg rou roro uno-yoorp[ou ntrdyporog Xoprlyouv ourovopeg (veg roro 94rog rotv oy-ye[tov, or ono(eg oXqporl(ouv ontroXvrro ntr6yporo oro rorXrir;-rororrrlv nueirr<rilv opyovtrlv (n.X. ro oporro ntr6yp0 Kor T0 xuolrontreypo).

0r revrpop6treg iveq rov oupnoOqrrxtirv vefpov(Ev. 2-64, 2-92 xu 2-99). Av xor ro oupno0rlrtro veupo e(vor xr-v4lro, q6pouv peprx6g oLo04lx6g (veg ond ro oro04r4pro dpyovorov onl,oXvrov. Aur6g or (veg nopeuovror npoq ro vtolo(o puel,dp6oo oro ontroXvrro veupo, ;r6Xpr ro oupno04lr6 or6treXoq. Iqouv6Xero orotrou0ouv ovrouoo 11 rolorjoo nope[o, nporerp6vou votpOooouv ro enlnedo rou votno(ou puetrou nou 0o peroq6per ro e-peOfoporo oro revrprro veup116 ouor4po. 'Orov q0ooouv oro en(-nedo ourd eyrorotre(nouv ro ougnoO4lxri orrltreXog, g6oor evogAeut<ou ovooropurtKou xAo1ou xor eLo6pXovror oe tlvo vtolo[ovefpo ror oro vono(o puetro, geoo rou on(oOrou xup(ou rtrodourou. To ruroprro odrproro rtrlv ontroXvlrdrv oro0qlxtirv rvdrv ppC

oKovTor oro vurn[o yayyALo.

0t xevrpoptitreg iveg rov nopooupno04rrxtilv vef-palv. Av Kor T0 nopooupnoOqrrrd veupo e(vor ontroXvrro rpuyore-vrpo (d4tr. rrvllxo yro Touq tre(oug gueg Kor Touq od6veq), roontrdXvo nou veuptirvovror onri ouro nepLeXouv oro04rr;pro rlpyo-


v0. Kevrpouotreq iveq, npoepxoUeveq 0r0 0uT0 T0 opY0vo, n0-pe0ovror npoq T0 KevTprKO vsuptKO ouorlU0 Uso0 0T0 nop00uUn0-0rlrrro veupo. '0treq or oro0lrLr6g lveg rotv nopoouptno0lrtr6vveuporv eXouv ro xurroplro odrporo rouq 0T0 otoOr;rtro yoyytrLo

rou veupou, nou nopeXeL oTO 0uyKeKptUtlvo ontroXvo nop00uUno-Olrrreq rveq (n.1., oro oto0rptxo yoyytrto r0u nveu[ovoyoorptro0veu po u).

To otryt1 rov rod,tordlv onLoXvtrtv notr(trtrouv oe 6-

vroorl ono rlnro prlXpt notru toxupo, XupoKTlptoTtKo oUoq

nopouord(ouv oooqfl evr6nton. To otrYoq ovorl,orot ororprl;ro rou odrgotog nou veup6vetot ond ooportxdg oL-

o0111169 lveg, nou npo6pXovrot ono ro ldto veupordpLo

rou vorLolou puetrou, pe ereivo ro onolo ddXeroL rtg ontro-

XvLrdg oLo0r;lr6g fveg ond ro nooXov ontrdXvo (pL ELr. 1 -

24).Io rporvopevo ouro treyerot ovrovdxtrooq rou ontro-yvrxori ritryoug, l-ro nopoderypo, otryog oqedogevo oe yo-orprro 6trxog npopotrtrerot orrlv entydorpLo Xtitpo, eneLdq

o ordgoXog rpdpet xevrpoptdtreq iveg otrYouq nou rorotrrl-youv or0 07 xor 0B veuporopro rou vortoiou guetro[, p6-

oo Tou pel(ovog onAayvLxou velpou.0 eyrdqotrog ovrL-

trogpoveror ro dtryoq oov o epe0togdq vo ouUBoivtt oTrlv

nepLoXrl rou 66pporog nou veupdtverot ono rtg on(o0tegpi(eq rorv 07 ror 09 vefpolv (Etr. 2-13A, pL en[o1g Etr.1-24).

To oAyog nou npoepyerot ono EAeypa[vouoo oxu-trnxoeLdn anbquo1, preroqeperot revrptxo peoo rou etroo-oovog ontroyXvrrou veupou or1 de(ro ntreupo rou otitporogror y(verot opXrr6g oro0rlro oqv oprpotrtr4 Xtirpo, n onofoovrlrer oro 0.10 depgoropLo (Err.2-134, ptr. enioqq Err. 1-24). Apydrepo ro otryog orrtvopotreI oro de{ro rotot rerop-qpdpro qg roil[og, orov q qtreygovrl enerro0el oro tptl-Uo r0u r0rxoUorrroI nepuovolou nou pploxerot oe enoqrlge rq orotrrlroerdrl on6Euo1. To otryoq nou npo6pXerot o-no ro rorXrol-rolro nepuovoro e(vor otrrportxo0 r[nou, 6Xet

ouvrl0oq roXuprl 6vrool roL prnopei vo evron((eror orprptirgoro o4pe(o rrlg npo6treuoqg rou. H ovoroprrrl pool ourqgrqg evronrorlg rou dtryoug onodideror oro yeyovog ort roroLxtrlpolro nepudvoro eqodro(eror ge otogolrdg oro0rll-x6q Lveq pe ro OoporLrd ve0po, evtrl 1 oxtrrtrlroetdtlq ono-tpuoq veuptrrveror und ontroyxvLr6g oLo0llr6g [veg pe ro6troooov ontroXvrr6 veupo.

'}rav qtreypoivEt, To rotxupouxo nepn6vato eivate(otperu<a eua[o11ro orr1v roo4. Enopdvtog, Ue oornolnieolg oro npooOro xorLtoro ro(Xtrrlro novo ono ro orlpeior4g qtreygov1g (or1pe(o rou Mc Burney) Kor orrl ouv6Xetope lotpvrr4 oporl rrlg nleor1g, nporotre[ror ouvqOoq LoXupo

evronroprivo dtryoq. 0rov ro qleygoivov rotXol-rorLxd nept-rovoro dLoreiveroL, e{orr[og qq n(eoqq nou oore[rot pe rodoxrutro Kor orrl ouvdXero orprlverot vo Xotroptloet onoro-p0, orn dLoprero rnq Xotropoong npoxotre[rot otryoq, ro o-no(o ovopo(eroL diyoq ovan46r1oeug.

H Oepone(o ooOevtirv pe no0rloerg rtr:v optqpulv rotvroro oxptov pnope( vo nepilopgover TI Xerp0upyrKn oqoi-peoq 6[o r.1 nepLooordptov oorpuirrrrv ougno0rlrLr6v yoy-ytritrrv, ge droropq Tov 0v0or0UorLrtilv rtrodov roug. H Xet-po u pyLr4 ourfl enepBoorl ovo go(eror o o E uil xr1 o u pna) e xr o -gf. H XeLpoupyLrq npoondtrool Tov ougnoOrlrtrtlv oretre-

Xtlv enuetre[roL ouvrlOtrrg Ue ntroyLo e[ulnepuovoirrq npo-on6troor1, enerdfl ro oupno0rllro oretr6Xr1 ppiorovrot oeonro0onepuovoixq 0eon geoo orov e[tonepuovoiro trtn6-dr1 rord (Err. 2-92). f[verot 6toXtrtpLopog rov 1tut0v rounpooOrou roLl,rorou rotXtitporog, evtil ro neptrovoto ono-0e(roL npog ro eoo roL epnpog nporerpevou vo exre0eI ro6oor Xeitroq rou pe ((ovog tl.toirq Uudq, xoro Unroq rou onoi-ou pp(oreror ro oupno0rllrd or6trexoq (Ev.2-92,2-96 rot2-99). To opLorepo or6treXog rotrfnrerot etroqptitg ond rrlvooprn (Err. 2-82) ror oe onovleq neprnr6oerg ono nopo-prevouoo oproreprl roror roitrq qtrepo (Err. 2-106). To delL6oupnoOrllro or6treXog rotrfnreror ond rqv rorto roltrr1qtreBo (Etx. 2-82 r<st 2-96. Iuventlq, 0 XstpoupYog e(votunoXpeopdvog vo ontoOrloet out6g rtg dog5q npog ro 6otrt,

drore vo onoxotr0(;er ro oupnoOillro oretr6Xr1 (Eu<. 2-93),ro ono[o ppfoxovroL ouvn0oq oqv ou],oro perolu rou gei-(ovoq qroiTn pudg npog ro 6[trl rot trrlv orrtporov ro]v ooqu-ir6v onovdutrov npoq ro eotrl, onou roO[orovrct ouvrl0otgduodrorprro, trdyol qg nopouo[og tr(noug rot trepqtro0torou.

H ovayvtipto4 ruv oupno11nxdv orcAeydv e(vot6AoxoA1 fftx.2-92,2-96 ror 2-99). l-vopi(ovrog ourrl rqduoX6pero, o Xerpoupyoq npoodXer Ldrolrepo, toote voonoqeuX0e( 11 ono onpooel(o otpoipeoq rpnUoroq 1) rouordoropqpLrou veupou, 2) rov ootpuirtlv trepqoyyelov ror3) rou ouprlrqpo. Ie onovteg neprnr6oerg, or noOotroyo-ovoropor noporqpouv rprlporo rolv noponovur opydvtrrvor0 Xsrpoupyrxo nopooreuooporo n0u T0uq onoor6trtro-vror. H orevfl oX6or1 rov oupno0qrrr6v yoyytritov pe rnvooprrl roL rrlv rorto roitrq ptreBo ro0roro xor ouro ro ge-yotro oyyeio eunpdoptrlro oq dLdprero oogulxqg ou1na-0xropr1q.

Ot dprnpfes rou onfolrou Kor\rqKoirorx(/dpqro9

0r opqpreq rou onloOlou xortrrorou rorXdrporog erquovror onoqv rorLrorrl oopq (Err. 2-95), errog ono rrg unontreIpreg oprrl-pfeg, or onoleg onore],ouv xtroboug rqg OorporLrqg ooprqg.

0L unontreJpreq oprnpieg (Erx. 2-7, 2-39 ror 2-82). Au-r6q or oprqp[eq onoretrouv rouq retreuroloug rtrodoug rqg rorrou-oog 0rrrpoxrrrlg ooprrlq. Oqeltrouv ro ovolro r0uq 0r0 yeyovog drrevronl(ovror roror ono ro ntreupLro Xeitrq, rLq peoontre0preq opq-p[eg ror rq 1 2q ntreupo. KoOe unontreupro oprrlpro nopeueror npogro 6Ero, novor ono ro o6po rou 012 onovdutrou ror nloo ono ro

H KOIAIA 273

HnattKn opTnpro

foorpoOa6€Ko6oKrunKnoptnpio

KoplJ oC Kor nto K uC opulp to C

[nnnvtKti optup]o

Aptor€po oK€noC rcu 6toQtioVlJotoC

. Aptot€ph v€QptKn optnpio

Ava Lt€o€vt€pto optnpioA€Ao v€OptKn optnpio

'*' . Kora p€o€vrtpto opulpio

Erxrivu 2-103. H xorirorrl ooprrl xot orr<trodor rqg. tlpooe[re orr 1 rottrrorrlooprrl opXr(er eref onou ro dLorppoypoentKo0erol orov roppo r4g rorLLoxrlgopqpiog, oro enlnedo Tou Urooorov-d0Lrou dror<ou nou nopeppoLLeror pe-ro[u rou 012 roL rou 01 onovdu],0u.

ontroXvrro veupo, ro ougno0lrrro oretreXog, rov une(olxoro ror rodtorppoylro. 0t unonAe1peg aprnpieq eLoEpyovru or4v roLAtu ni-ou ono rouq e{u ro{oeLdeiq ouvdEopoug po(( pe ro unontreuprove0po (01 2). Iq ouvSXero nopeuovror pnpooro ono rov rerpoyrrt-vo oorpuiro pu ror nloo ono ro veqpo nprv dronepooouv Trlv 0l]o-veupool rrlq e rrpuorlg rou eyroporou roilrorou puog xot dretr0ouvpero[u ourou rou puog Kor T0u 5oo tro[ou. 0r unontreupreq opTl-p[eg, ovooropotvovror npoq T0 epnpog pe rrq roro enryoorpreg rorrrg rordrrepeg peoontreupreg oprrlpreg Kur rpoq ro nioor pe rrgooquireg opqpreg.

H xorAroxq dopriH rortrrorf ooprq onore],eI rr1 ouv6Xero 14g rorro0oog 0oporr-

rnq ooprnq (Eu<.2-39, 2-82,2-93,2-95 ror 2-j03). ApXi(er oro o-oprLro rprlpo rou drorppoylLoToq oT0 enlnedo rou peooonov6utrrou6[orou, nou nopegpotrtreroL gerolu rou 0i 2 ror rou 0j onovdu],ouror rorotrqyer neplnou oTo ur!0q rou 04 onovdulou, onou drXo(e-T0r oTrq d0o xorv6g troyovreg oprrlp(eg. Ie otro ro prlxoq r4q dro-dpoUnq r4q q ooprr; enrxo0erol oe otirproro onovdu),ov.

0r ol6oerg rqg rortrror{g ooprfg (Err. 2-61 ,2-BZ, 2-95, 2-99 ror 2-103, ptr. enionq ELr. 1-70).

tlpog ro epnpoq,4 rortrLor4 ooprrl pproreror oe orevq oX6or1pe rcv xoplLo rr1g xoAnxqg aprr1pioq Kor Touq rtrodoug Tou, TO

xoAnro nAeypa, rov enrnLoiro 0utroro, rc nayxpeag, rrlv 0prore-pq veqprrq qtr6po, rrlv ovrouoo go(po rou du\exo\oxr1Aou, rr1 pi-(orou peotvrep[ou v,ot ro drogeoewepro veuprro ntrdypo.

tlpog ru n[ou, q roil,rorq ooprrl ror6pXeror pnpooro ono roodpora ruv 01-04 onovdutrov, roug nopepBotrtropevoug peoo-onovdutrroug dforoug rot ro ovr[ororXo rprlpo rou npoo0rou enrgrl-roug ouvdrlopou. Aelro, q ooprrl Bptoreror oe orev4 oXeol npogro novtrr peqyuAorp'po de{opevq,rc pe(ova 1uporLxo nopo rot

N€OptK€c opuioi€c

Kota KotnnQn€Eo

N€OOIK€C ONEB€C

Errdvo 2-104. EupeyeOeg oveupuolLo qg r<ottrror<r1g oopqq

ro de{ro oxeAoq rcu dnEpoylLorog. llpog ro roro, 4 roilrorrl o-oprq Bproreror oe orevrl oXeo4 pe qv roro rortrr1 qtrepo, nou rpe-peror n(our rr1q. Aprorepo, 11 roilroxrl ooprrl ppioreror oe orevfloX6oq npog ro novo ge ro opLorepo ordtrog rou dtoqpoylroToq Korrc aprctepo t<otAtoxo yoyyLtl. H v7ordodudexodoxruAx4 ropnqBp(oreror oro oprorepo 14g gnpooro ono rov 02 onovdutro, evtir rooupna?ryxo orEAeyog nope[eror roro gqrog rqg oproreprlgntreupoq qg.

KAINIKH ANATOMIA274

flpopoAri r4g rotArox{q oopr{g orqv enr<p6vero(Err. 2-46 roL 2-95). H peyotrrl ourrl oprqpio ovrtorotXe( oe Uto su-

peio (tirvq, ntrorouq 2 ex.,1 ono(o errelverot ond evo p6oo orlpeto,

nep[nou 2,5 ex. novut ono ro dtonuiupxo en[nedo, p5Xpt 6vo ot1-

pe(o triyo rdrol xot oprorepo ono rov optpotro. Auro ro retreurofo

olge(o unooqlto[vet ro en(ne6o rou btXooltou rnq ooprnq oTtq Kot-

v6q troyovteq opqpieq. 0 drxoo/og tqq aopriq pp[orerot enfor1q

triyo optoreporepo rou pdoou qq YpoUUlq nou evtbveL ro ovdrre-

po orlpe(o ratv Loyovttlv oxpotrorprtirv. Aurrl 1 ypopprl Xplotpe0etnotru orrlv e[6roor1 noXuoopxtr-tv oropov, oro onolo o olLtpotroq dev

onoretre[ o[tontoro odqyo orlge(0. 'Orov ro npoo0Lo roil'toro ro(-

Xrrrpo elvot Xotropo, Lditlg oro notdto rot oe trento0g evtltrtxeq, ro

ror6roro rgfipo rrlq rottrtorflg ooprflq pnopei eurotro vo nteo0ef

novo oro odtpto rou 04 onovdutrou, pe toXuprl n(eoq rou npoo0tou

roLtrLorou rotXdrptorog, op6otoq rdrot ono rov o1ttpotro, onou o

orpuyUoq qg rortrLorrlg ooprflg ptnopet vo y(vet oto0lrog'0t xtr66or rqg xotAlox{g oopr4q (Eu. 2-39, 2-82'2-93'

2-95 rat 2-103). 0t rtrobot rqq ooprrlq pnoporlv vo Xolpto0o0v oe

r6ooeprg xorrlyop(eq: '1) oe rpetq UovrlpeLq ontrolvtxouq rtrodouq'

2) oe 6upue(q ontroXvtrouq rtrodouq, 3) dtque(g rotXtrlportrofgrtroboug, xot 4) oe 6vo povlprl rotXtrtporLro rtrddo.

0L Uoviperq ontro;lvtxoi xtr66or (Etr. 2'39,2-95 roL 2-103)'

Auro ro oyyeio erquovrot ono qv npooOro entrpoveto rnq ooprnq

xor eivot ro e[r1q: o xopUoq qg rortrtorrlq opqpioq, q ovtrl pteoe-

vrdpro oprrlp(o rot 1 rortl peoevrepto oprnpio. 0 roppoq Tlq Kot-

trrornq oprnpiog erquerot ono qv ooprrl oro ul|Joq rou 012 onov-

Dutrou, q ovct pteoevrepro oprqpio oro ur.loq rou 01 rot 1 roro pte-

oevrdpto opqp(o oT0 u$oq rou 03 onovdtitrou0t 6rrpueiq ontro;lvtxoi xtro6or (Etr. 2-39,2-61, 2-93 rot 2-95)

erq0ovror ono rLq ntroyteq enLtpoveteg rnq ooprrlq, oro orotrouOo

onovdutrtro en[nedo:1. 0t/eoeq enuepp(lrcq arynpiry Ql), ttLn 11 neptooorepeg oe

rdOe ntreupo rou otirgoroq erquovrot noLu rovrd orrlv 6rquo1qg xoro peoevr6ptog oprnp(oq. Irqv nopeio Touq rpoq T0 e-

nrveqp[dto rpepovrot npoq r0 rl[ol, novur oro or6trr1 rou dto-

rppoYuoroq.2. OtvtEptxtq oprnpieq (07) ertpuovrot op6otrlq xorot onclrrlv o-

vol geoevr6pro oprrlpio. Ie onovteg neptnrdroetg, noporrlpe(-

ror q nopouoio enrcouptr<4g vu4pwnq aptnpiog, tdto[repo oulvoptoTepll ntreuPo Tou otllUoToq.

3. 0r eoa; oneppanxtq aprnpbq (02) t(uot trenro enLUnxn oYYei-

o, ro onoio erq0ovrot ono qv ooprrl triYo nto roro ono rtg ve-

rpprreq opulpieg. llopeuovrot npoq r0 rorto, novo orov ge((o-

v0 r|oiTn pu. H 6elto oprrlpio nepvoet novol ono rrlv rortl ro[-In qlepo. H opyLr7 arynpio bt6pXeroL p6oo ono rov ev ro po-

Oet pouBtrrvrxo dorrutrLo, eto6pXerot oro pouptlvtro nopo, rovono[o rol eyxorotrefneL yto vo nnoretrdoet p6poq Tou oreppo-rrxou rovou (Etr. 2-1 9). H uo1rlxLxry opt1pfu oroLou0e( ovotro-yn nopeio pdoo orrlv r<ortrio (Btr6ne qv Etr. 3-26), otrtrd otpotl

dtoorouprrl0e( pe ro ovt.l orpo rolv d(ur troyovLtov oyyefolv, et-

oepXerot orrlv eLoooovo nuetro, onou otportilveL rrlv otoOr1rr1

rOt tOv tOOYtrlYO.

0r drrpueiq rot;lttportxoi xlodor rnq xoltrrox{g ooprfg (Etx. 2-

39, 2-61 , 2-82, 2-92,2-95 roL 2-1 03). Auro ro oyye[o erqfovrotono rrq ntroytonio0req entrpdveteg rrlg oopirlq. U xaru rppewxeq

apr4pbq exquovrot o;reotlq rortl ono ro droqpoylio rot roreu00-

vovrot [poq ro novo rot 6[tr.r, novtrl oro or6trr1 rou btotppoygorog'

Ko0e pio ono rtg oprnpieq our6q, ;rero rr1 Xoprlylotl peptrtilv ovtrl

enrvetppt6ltrtv oprqptdrv, 6tortrod((erot oqv roro entqoveto rou

droqpoyporog. To r6ooepo (euyr1 rov ootpuixtiv opr4pltilv erquo-

vroL ond rtq nl,oyton[o0teq entqoveteg rrlg rortrtorrlg ooprnq Ko-

06vo ono ouro ro (euYl nopeferoL y0ptrl ono rtq ntroyteg entrpo-

vrreq ToJV ov6repirtv reoooptrlv ootpuixtitv onovdutrtlv. 0t ootpuir6g

oprnp(eq xoreuOuvovrot npoq T0 n(ou-l xol 6oo-1, trlg ro ouptno0lrt-

ro oretr6Xr1. Irrl de€ro ntreupo rou otitl-lorog dr6pXovrot nfoo ono

rrlv rdro xoilr1 qtrepo. 0L ootpuLr6g oprnpieq dtXo(ovrot gero[u

rorv eyxopottrlv onoquoeolv rtlv oorpuirdtv onovdutrtrlv oe npdo0to

ror on[o0to rtrodo.O npoolLog xAadoq xa1e oorpu[x7q oprnpioq dL6pXerot n[ool

ono rov rerpoyo.tvo oorpuird UU Kot 0Trl ouvdXeto neptrpexst r0 K0t-

trroro roiltrtlto, Uero[u rou 6oto tro[ou rot rou eyropotou rodtoxo0puoq rot ovooroptlverot Us Ttq rortrl entyoorpreq oprrlp(eq oto o-

n(o0ro rpr'1po rou op0ou roiltorou Uuoq. 0L npoo0Lot rtro6ot otlto-

rtlvouv ro npoo0tontroyto toLXtirporo rou xoro lgLltopiou Tlq K0t-

triog. 0 onro0roq riddoq xa1e ooqu[x4q optnpioq nopeUerot npog

ro nloo, en( ro errog rolv opOptxtilv onoquoetov rolv onovdutrtov

xor ot1-tortlvet rov vtlrto[o Uuelo (BI. Err. 4-52), rrlv tnnoup[60, rtgprlvryyeq rou votrtolou ;ruetrou, rouq op0trrrrlpeq Uueq rou xopltotj

Kor r0 unepKtipevo 6eppo (Btr6ne Keq. 4). 0t volrto[eq oprrlpieq

erquovroL ono rouq on[o0toug xtroDouq rov ootpuirdtv opqpttitvroL duipXovrot ono ro pteooonovdrjtrLo rpnUoro yto vo otgort0oouv

roug onovdtltroug.H Uovipnq rot;ltoportx{ oprnpio (Etr. 2-39 rot 2-95). H Ueon

reprl oprqpio efvor unorun6deq oYYeio, ro onoio ornv eUpputrn

(or1 onoretrei rr1 poXtoio oopr1 qg tepnq Uo(poq. To oyyefo ouro

oprrp0verot, Uotrtq e[orpov((erot r'] oupo rou epBpuou' H pEon rc,prt

aprnpfu errpferot ono rqv on[oOto entqoveto qq ooprtlg, op6otlgnprv ond ro bLXoogo qq. Kor6pXerot xord Unroq qq U6onq YpoU-

prlq pnpooro ono rov 04 rot rov 05 onovdutro, Xoplytitvroq ouvtl-

0og on6 Uio Utrprl ootpuirn oprrlp(o yto t<o0e ntreupo rou otitporoq,

11 onofo ovopo(erot ntpnr4 ooqullx4 aptrlpia 11 rotdrrorrl ooquirtloprrlpro. H dLovogfl rov neptnrtlv ootpuirdrv oprqpttilv e[vot nopo-

U0r0 Ue exefvr1 rov ootpuirdtv opqptdtv.

H xoilroxtl ooprrl roL ot rtrodoL rqq pnopo0v vo ele-roo0otjv orrtvo),oytro pe qv eyXuol ortoortro0 utrtroU.

Me rrlv npoUno0eorl orL dev nopouoto(et onoqpo[q ro ne-prqeprro rUnpo rnq roiltorrlg oopr4q ro/n n s{o troyovto

oprrlp(0, pnopei vo etooX0e( ro0ernpoq oq pqpLo(o oprq-pio optiooq rortl ono ro pouptovtrd ouvdeopo (ELr. 2-95).

Yno oxrtvooxontro 6treyXo, o roOernpoq pnope[ vo ov6tr-

0et p6Xpt ro en(nedo rnq ooprnq nou ent0upe[tot vo y[veL

n 6Yxuon rou oxtotlrou prloou 11 pe roro\trr1trouq Xetpt-

ogo0q vo etoetrOet oe ronoto xtrodo rnq ooprrlq, nporetp6-

H KOIAIA 275

v0u v0 np0yU0TOn0rlee( exAexnxq oyyeLoypoEfu rou xtro-dou ouro0. Orov unopXeL o1rlpooxA4puo4 (Dllodq orevo-o1 qg ooprrlg 11 rtov troyovurrv opr4puitv troyo evonri0eo4gtrtnt0lrov oro rorXtiporo rouq) n reXvrr<1 ourflpnoper vo gqveivor eqrrrq. Ie peprrdg ono lg neprnr6oerg oureg, y(ve-roL 6yXuorl rou orr0orlrou utrrrou or4v xorirorrl ooprl pe-ro ono noporevqoq r4q pe petrovrl @roorpuixq ooproypo-pto). H nopor6vrqorl y(veror oro ugog rou 01 rog 03 onov-6utrou (Err. 2-95), peprreq qopeg oprrtg yiveror oro u{.rogrou 012 q rou 01 onovdutrou, troytrr rou ol oro enlneboouro 4 0eo4 rrlq ooprrlg e(voL oroOepq p6oo oro oopnrorp4po rou drotppoyporog (ELr. 2-103). H nopordvTlon Uspetrovq y(veror ouvqOog 1 ex. roro ono rr1 1 24 ntreupo, 6-I er. opLorepo rou prloou opetrrolou enrnedou.

H a14pooxA4puln Tnq xoLvryg AoyovLoq opqpiaq o-p6otrrg pero ro drXoolro rrlg ooprrlg e[vor opxero ouXvrl. 0roo0eveig pe ourov rov runo aprr1ptooxA4puux7g onoEpa-rrLr7g vooou noponovouvror yro otryog qg yoorporvqg(-0q, Tou Unpou n rou roX(ou pero ono oox1o4. H yuAoqroourrl eloqov((eror gero ono ovdnouol (dLotreinouoo). Me-pLx6g tpopdg ourrl 1 oyyeLorrl no0r1or1 0eponeueror Us Xet-poupyLx1 rono1Errlo4 ftapaKa1nrnpfuv oyyenxuv 1to-oyeuporuv (Gross et al., 1989). To nopor<opnrrlpLo po-oxsuUo pero{u qg oopr1g Kor rov d0o pqpLo(ov oprqpuirvronoOere[rol nporerp6vou vo oto0e[ ro orpo, ro ono(o op-deueror ovenop169 pe o(po. To pooXeupo, rorooreuooprl-vo onrj Dacron, ouvdeeror pe rrlv ooprrl, perd rr1 dLev6p-yero rodror1g Xerpoupyrrrlg rog1g. Iq ouv6Xeto ro po-oxeuu0 qepsror npog T0 ror(0 ror ovooropoveror ue TrqplpLoreg opqpLeq pero ono leXtrrpror6g pouBovrrdg XeL-poupyLr<69 ropeg.

Aedog6vou on q ooprrl Bp(oreror nlotrl ono ro no-yKpeoq ror ro ord;.roXo (Ew..2-52 rot 2-68), oyror rov op-yovrrrv ourdrv pnope( vo gerobrdouv ro oquypo rqg ooprrlqr0r vo ertrrlq0ouv trovOoogevo otg oveupuoporo. To aueu-puouo rnq xotALox4g oopr4q (rontrq dreupuvorl rrlg) nouevron[(eror neptrpeprro rtov veqprrurv opqpuirv (Err. 2-104) pnoper en(o4q vo ovlperonro0e( pe rrlv rono06qorlpooXefporog (Ameli, 1989). l-Lveror drovor{r1 rou oveupu-oU0T0q r0r or4 ouv6XeLo rono0ere(ror ror oupponreror ;.ro-oxeuU0 onoretroupevo ono Dacron. To ro[Xtrrlro rrlq ooprrlgnou 6Xer unoore[ ro ove0puogo oupponreror novo ono rogooXeupo yro v0 T0 npoororeuer. l-ro rrlv nepryporprl nopo-detyporoq runrrrlg nep(nroolg oveupuoporog qg rodro-rrlg ooprqq Btr6ne r4v neplnrool 4-5.

Koro rr1 6roprero oproptlvtr_rv XeLpoupyrxdrv ene;rpo-ooov 0Trlv roil[o e(vor ovoyxo(o 11 onotr[voor1 q 4 ondr0q-0n Uroq r1 neprooor6ptrrv oorpuixrirv opqprulv yro peprrotrenro. H noporeropev4 nreon n 11 onotrivool Tnq ooqui-rtlq opqp(og, 11 ono[o Xoplye( rrlv eupey60r1 pt(Lxr1 oprr1-p[a nou opdeuer ro xototrepo 213 tou vorlolou guetrou,6Xer trrg onoreLeopo rr; droropoX4 rrlg ruxtrorpop[og oe ou-

ro ro rpqpo rou vrorrolou puetrou. H droropoXq ourrl pno-pei vo odlyrloer oTt1 veKpoon proq neproXqg veuprr<ourorou, pe onordtreo;"ro rqv nopdtruorl rov xoro orpov (na-plnAr1yfu) ror ntrf1pr1 ontll,ero rrlg oro0lrLroqrog rorurono rrlv onoqpoX0efoo nepLoXq. 0r orlpovrrreg ono x],rvt-rqg onoQqg pr(116g oprqp(eg nepryporpovror trenropepe-oTepo oTo Keq. 4.

Or. gA6BeS rou oniolrou Kor\roKori ror-x@lJoro9

0r qtrepeq rou on(o0rou roltrror<ou rorXtrtporog onoretrouv xl,o-douq rrlg roror roltr19 qlepog (Etx.2-52,2-100 ror 2-105) errogono rqv oprorep1 opXrrl (4 oro0rlrrrrl) qtrepo nou erpotrtrer orn ve-tpprr4 rptre po.

H x6ru KofAn 9A5Bo

H roror roltrq qlepo (KK0) onore],eI rl peyaAlrepq g),eBo rcuodpatoq. Irepe[ror Botrpidov, errog ono rrlv ooro01 pr1 trerroup-yrrl potrpido nou pp[orerot oro ordpro erBotrrlg Tnq oTo de(ui rotr-no. H KKO enovoqeper olgo oqv ropdro ono ro roro drpo, ro pe-yotrurepo prlpog rou roil,rorou roLXtirporog xot ro onLoXvo Trlq K0r-trtog ror rrlg nuetrou. To o(po rov ontroXvrr-tv 6r6pXeroL ono ro nu-Aob o1orr1po ror ro rlnop (Err. 2-40) nprv eroeLOer orrlv KKO pd-orD Tov 4nouxtitv EAeBdv. H KKO opX((eL pnpooro ono rov 05onovdutro pe rq ouppotrrl rov xorvtirv troyovlrrrv rptrepdrv. H ouppo-tr1 ourl evronl(eror nepinou 2,5 ex. de[ro rou peoou opetrrorou e-nrnddou, rorot ono ro drXoopo rrig oopr1g ror nioo ono ro eyyugrprlpo qg Deiroq rorvrlq troyovrog qtrepoq. H KK0 ovepXeror novtrroro delto Ue((ovo tl.toirrl ;ru, oro ds{ro rou prloou opetrLoiou enrne-6ou ror qg ooprrlg. ArdpXeror peoo rou rpr1porcq qg xaru ro|A4g EAEpoq rou drotppoy;roroq oro urfoq rou 0B onovdutrou (Err.2-98 xor 2-100). Irq ouv6Xero dronepvo ro rvdrdeg neprxopdro r<or

ero6pXeror oro roro rprlgo rou delrou rotrnou rqg ropDLog (ptr.Erx. 1-43 r<or 1-51).

0r oy6oerg rrlg xdro xoiA4g 916Bo9 (Etx. Z-44,2-52,2-67 , 2-71 , 2-82 ru 2-100). tlpog ro nioot q KKO erponreruL oroodparo ruv 03 - 05 onovdiAurz oro de{ro qg ooprrlg. Av6pXerorpnpooro ono rov De[ro tfoirrl pu, ro de[ro ougnoO4lro orritreXoq,rr1 6e [ro verpprrq opqpto, ro de{ro enLveqpidto, ro de[ro roLtrroxtjyoyytrro ror ro de{rd oxeAoq rou dLorppayparog, ro0drg 6repXerotono ro rprlgo 14g roro xoLtrqq qtrepog. llpog ro epnpdg, 11 KK0 ep-XeTor oe orevq oX6oq pe rc neptovdto, Us T0 avu peoevrepn oy-yeio orq p((o rou peoevrep[ou, pe qv opr(ovrLo porpo rou doDe-xodorrf],ou Kor Ue Tlv xepaA7 rcu noyrpeorog, onou nope;rpotr-treroL 11 nutroLo rptrdgo ror o XotrrldoXog nopoq. llovo ono qv npdr-rq poipo rou doderodorrutrou, q KKO noperleror n(oo ono ro enr-ntroird rpqpo. Iq ouvdXeLo ero6pXeror oe gro ou),oxo r4g oni-o0Log enrqoveroq T0u qnorog, 4 ono(o evron((eror perolu rou De-(rou ror rou reproqopou troBou. Iro oprorepo rrlg KK0 Bpioreror


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Erxrivo 2-105. H rortrl xoitrq rpLe$o ror oL r),o0oL rr1q.

n 00pTn, evdr oro delro rrlq pplorovror o 6e[toq oupqrrlpag, o 6e-

Irdq uerppdg ror 1 rorrouoo 1-ro[po rou doderodorrutrou.0r rtr66or rqg 16ro xoitrqg 916Bo9 (Etr. 2-105). 0t

qleBeg oureg ovtrororXouv oroug rtrodoug rrlq ooprnq. 0t rtrodotrqg KKO elvor or e|nq: 1 ) or xoLveq Aay6weg EAeBe;,2) 1 rptrq rotq r6roprrl llQUiKn EAeBo,3) n de|to opytx1 11uo1qnx4 EAeBI,4)ot verppueq rpAEBeg, 5) tl o(uVq piefo (BI. Etr. 1 -76), 6) 11 de{tdentveEp[dn rpAe|o, T) ot xoru Epevxfq EAeBq rol B) or 4norr-x6g rpttBeq. H de[ro ror q opLoreprl rotv1 Aoyovn g,leBo oXqpo-r((ovror ono q ougBotrrl qq eio Kor Trlq door troyovtog tpleBog. H

de(rd opXrrq 11 ooOqrrrq qtreBo ro06q ror 1 de[Lo entveqp[dtoqtreBo erpotrtrouv ouvrl0og orqv KKO, ev6 oqv opLorepq ntreuporou orlgorog oL tptrepeq ourdq erpotrtrouv ouvq0og oqv optorepqveqprrq qtr6po.

U vegpLr|g rpieBeg erpoltrouv oqv KKO oTO 0tf0q rou 02onovdutrou (Etx. 2-52, 2-74, 2-82 rot 2-1 05). Bploxovrot pnpooroono nq ovrfororXeg veqpLr6q opqpieg. H de[Lo vetlpLrl Qtr6po 6xet

etroXrorouq r1 6ev 6Xet ro0otrou rtrodouq errog ond roug veqplrougrtrodouq qg, evdr 1 oprorepr1 verpprxrl qtr6po deXeroL olpo rot onoro oprorepri enrveqpfdro, ro069 ror ono rov oplt I rqv too0r1r1.

Io o1or4po r7q a(uyqg tpAtBag (BI. Err. 1 -39 xor 1 -76) nepr-ypdqeror oro Keq. 1 . H o(uyr1 qtreBo ouvdeer rqv ovrrr pe qv rororroitr1 rptrrlpo e(re opeoo, eire eppeoo. H opXq qq o(uy1q qlepoqpploxeroL ouv1Ooq oqv on(o0ro enrrpovero rrlq KKO oro ugog rovveqptrov tptrepurv, pnopei opoq n o(uyn qtr5po vo onoretref q ou-v6Xeto rqg de|,roq unontreupLoq tptrepog rl vo opx((er ono q oup-polrl ouilq rnq QtrsBog pe q de[to ovrouoo ooQuiKrl qlepo. H o-(uy1 qle$o erotlpXeror oro 06poro p6oo ono rc ooprLxd Tpnpo \ro de[ro oxetrog rou drotppoylrorog. H xoro qpn(uyrl p,tepo opX(-(eL orrlv onloOro enrqovero qg oproreprlq veqpLrflg rptrdBoq, Uno-pei oprrig vo opX((er ond q ouppotrrl rqg opLoreprlq unontreuproq

Ue Tnv 0proTepl ovro0oo oorpuirrl qtrdpo.H de{ro entverpp[|to pieBo eivoL ppoXe(o ror erBotrtrer oTlv o-

nloOro enrqovsro Tlq KKO, evtir 1 opLorepl enLverpp[dro qtrepo er-vor enrplrrlq xor erpotrtrer ouvrl0oq orrlv oprorep1 veqptrtl qtr6po,pnope( oporq vo erpotrtreL orrlv KKO.

U xaru rppevxeq EAIB4 onoyouv o[po ono qv xot],lot<[ enr-qovelo rou broqpoyporog. H 6e{ro roro qpevrrrl qtrepo erBotrtrerouXvorepo oqv KKO, evtl q opLorepf rortrl qpevrrn tplepo er$ol-trer ouvrl0trrg orqv oproreprl enrveqpt6ro rptrdpo.

tI KOtAtA 277

0t 4norLx|q EAtBeq (Err. 2-40 i<or 2-105) ervor BpoXereg rorerpotrtrouv oqv KK0 opeoo:g ;rero rr1 0retreuor1 rqg ono ro oprLrvu-

!o rpilUa rou broqlpoyporoq H belLo qnolrl qtrepo peprxeg tpopsgiLepXeror ono ouro ro rpqpo. npLv er<gotrtreL orqv KKO.

At aoEuintq rpAtBeg onoretrouv Tsoosp0 1 nevre r;lqporLro(euyq (Err<.2-105).0r onloOLor r<troDoL roug onoyouv ro otpo 11g

0oxlq roL enrrorvrovouv pe rc EAeBbd4 onovduALra nAeypora (.ptr.FLr< 4-53) 0r oorpuixeg qlepeq rorotrqyouv pe norr<0roug rponoug.lvlnopeL vo erBotrtrouv XrrtpLoro oqv KKO 11 orqv xorvrl troycvroptrepo, otrtro yevLro ouvdeovror perc[Lt rouq Kor orLg 0rjo ntreupdqrou oci-r;:orog pe ;r[n roroxopuql 0v00T0Uotrrr1 qtre Bo t1v avtoti-o0 oorpuixrl gr,leBa. Aurq q qtrepo pp[or<eror nloo ono rov pe[(ovodroirl pu. 0r ovrouoe g ootpuLr<eg qtre Beg dLepXovrot nioo ono rougeou ro{oeLdt[q ouvdeououq Kor rrospxovTor oro Outpor<o. H be[Loovrouoo ootpuLrrl qiepo evdrveror Us 11 be(ro unontreupro ipleBo<oL oXrlporl(ouv qv o(uyr1 qtre9o evot r1 crprore pr1 ovroIoo oorlui-x1 p),e Bo evorverol Us Tlv 0proTspri unontre upro Q,\d$cr roL ox1uo-rr(ouv qv lpro(uyr1 qlego (BI Err<. 1-76).

Ie neplnroroq onorppolrlg rrlg KKO 11 ovoyrorog ro-rpoyevoug onotrlvatofig qg, ro qtre pLxo ofpo 6ro0erer rpergnopontreupeg o6oug yro vo rp0ooet oro de{ro rotrno rqgropDLog. Irrg neprnruloerg oureg eyxo0[ororot errerop6vrlnopantreupq rptreprrn ruxtrotpop[0, Xoprg orq DteLipuvorl e-nrnotrrlg 11 ev ro poOe r qtrep6v. H nptirrq o669 noporopgqgqg KKO e(vor peoo norxi),trrv ovooropooeov orqv roLLLoKor oTrlv nuetro nou enup6nouv oro oipo vo rp8ooer orrg e -

nrnotrqg Kor 0Trg xoru enLyoarprcg g,eBeq (ELr<" 2-6 ror 2-7). To oilro nvepleror p6oo oe o'oureg xoL g0over orrg Otrl-poroenryoorpreg tptreBeg, orrg ovtrr enryoorpLeg rplepegKor oTlv ovto r<oLtrq ptrepo. H deureprl odog nopoxoprprlgrriq KKO e fvor geoo rtro0trrv rrlq KKO, ol onofor ovooropdr-

Apt ar€pivt:()ptKtlQn€0o

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Aptot€p0 Kolvt)rloVavto +r)a0o

vovTor Ur n rpAgritdrl onovduALxo nAEypora (pI. Erx. 4-53). Auro ro ntreygoro breplovror pdoo ono r0 voTro[o oo-trr1vo ror ro otirporo rov onovDutrrrrv xor eror npooqepouvenroqg odo perooroolg ropxlvrrtirv rurropolv oyrou rqgrortrlog 1 qg nudtrou oro odporo rolv onov6rj],rrtv r1 oroveyrdqotro. H rpLril odog noporoggqq rrlq KKO dr6pXeror o-no qv n,{ciyro Supot<txr1 rpAeBa,4 onofo ouvdee r nq repr-on6peveg loyovLeg qlepeg pe rr1 poolotrroro rptrepo (ELr<.

2-6).Mepxeq (p0ptq q xaru xo[Ar. pAEBo onoAtvtvsTot n

avodtnAdverar (nruXdrverot ro roiXopo Tng yro vo etrorro-0ei q broperpog rrlq), tirore vo epnodLorouv 6gpolo, ro o-noio oXqpor((ovror pero ono 0pdpBtrrol rolv rptrep6v rrlgnudtrou 1 rotv xoro orpov, vo tpOooouv oroug nvedpovegror vo npoxotrtoouv nvtupowra Epqparco. Aoyo rqg ore-vqq oXeoqg Tlg pe To ror6repo iprlpo rrlg onovdutrrrqgoqtrqg (Eu<. 2-96), I KKO xoOrrlg r<otro rolvo troyovLo oy-yeio efvor euxo],0 vo unoorouv BtroBl roro rq 0ropxero ey-XeLpnolq yLo rr1 0e pone ta nponruorlg rou nrlxrcet\oAq nu-prjrzo (rlIqq) peooonovbutrrou d[or<ou (pI. ELr. 4-32).Ko-Orirg ouro ro oyyelo ppiorovror pnpooro ono rov nepnropeooonovdriho dloro, sivor duvorov vo rpo0ouv ono roXeLpoupyLxo opyovo nou ,\,eyerot 00Te0qJaAl60, eov 6rone-pooer orouoLo rov 04 11 rov 05 peooonovbutrLo dioro rororr1 broprero qg otpoLpeor'1q rou rprlporog rou nrlrroe r6ougnuprlvo nou npopotrtrer orov onovdulrro ourtrqvo evog onoourouq roug bIo peooonov6utrroug 6[oxoug. H ooTsorloN-6o e(vor roXupq tropido, 11 ono[o Xplorponore[ror yro rr; opi-treuoq ootov Kor rrlv orpo[peo1 peooonovDu],[rr.rv dfor<ulv,nou exouv unoore( rfltrr1.

H ovonrulq qg KKO elvor nep[n],orr1 (Moore 19Bg).Ie ronolo orodro rrlg npdriprlg egppuiulg nepLddou unop-Xouv dt1o xaru xoiAeq EAeBeq. Iuvq0oq 11 opLorepfl roroxo(trq qtreBo e rrputrf(eror, gnopei optrlg vo nopopeiver pe rqlLoprpri prrpou q geyotrou oyyefou (Etr.2-106). Aurrl rl enL-npooOeq roro roitrr1 Etrepo ouvdeer rrlv oproreprl roLvlloyovro qtrego pe rrlv oprorep1 verpprrq rptrepo. '0rov

11 o-vripotrl ouirl ptreBo eLvoL eupey604g enLroi,tinrer ro 0-prorepo oupno0rptxo oreleXog.

Ta AepqavyEfd rau arTio1rou KorAtqKoirarx(,JlJsr0q

0L trepqobsveg ourou rou rorXrrtporog evronf(ovror xoro grlrog11g oopqq rqg xoro roitrrlg rptregoq Kor roJV troyovrov oyyeio.rv(ELx 2-60 2-92 xu 2-93 BL enfo1g Err<. 3-73). 0r 6{a AoyovtoLAeltrpadeveq pp[oxovroL dLooxopnrogevor roro pqrog rov d(o tro-yovirrrv oyye iov. tlpog ro roro. or e oo_r tre;:qoddveg 0eXovror trep-qo ono ro xoro oxpo xol ro opyovo r1g nue),0u, evdr oL ntroyrortrepqoOeveg beXovroL treprpo ono rrg nepLoXeg nou orpor6vovrorono ro xort.r enryoorplo KClt T0 rv ro Bo0er nepron6pevo troyovroEtt<tivo 2-106. [iopopevouoo opLorepq rorrrr r<oLtrr1 qAepcr.


oyye(0. 0t xoLvo( Aayovtot Aeprpadev4 ppfoxovror drooropnrop6-vot roro pflrog rtov rorvrirv troyovurrv oyye(olv. AdXovror treUqo o-no roug d[rrl xor 6oo troyovroug trepqod6veq. H 6otrr opodo rovrorvtirv ),oyovrrrlv trepqodevov nopoXereuer en[or1g trepqo ror'eu-0e(ov ono qv nuetro. Ano roug rorvorig troyovroug trepqoddveg, 11

tregqoq q6peror 0Touq ooquiKoUq treUQod6veq.0rooguixof (ntr6yror ooprrxoi) treprpoddveq (ELr. 2-

60). Bp(oxovror Kor oT0 duo ntroyto rqq roLtrLorrlq ooprrlg Kor Trlq

rdrto roftr1g qlepoq. A5Xovror tr6;upo xoreu0elov ond ro on(oOrorortrroro ro[Xrrr1ro, roug veqpoug Kor r0uq ouprlrnpeq, roug opXerg

t1 lg trlo0rlreq, rq pqrpo Kor Touq tooytrlyoUq. 0r oorpuiro[ treptpo-

d6veq troppovouv enlor1g tr6;upo ono ro rorrov rotro, qv n[etro rotro rdro orpo p6orrl rov roro preoevrep(tov Kor ToJV rorvtlv troyo-vurv trepqoddvov (Eu<. 2-60).

H ;luAoq6pog 6e[opev{ ((9I. ELr. 24 Erooyoy1g rot Err.1 -70). AnoretreI ooroerdq dre0puvoq rou roro orpou rou pe(ovog}upanxol nopou ru 6Xer pilrog nepinou 5 er. ror ntrotoq 6 Xttr.IuXvo tre[ner. 'Orov undpXeL, evron((eror gerolu rrlq opxlq rlqxodrorqg ooprrlg Kor TIq o(uyr1q qleBog. Bploreror or1 de(Lontreupo rtov ooportov rou 01 xor rou 02 onovdui,ou ror ouvrlOoq

Bpbxeru n[ou ono rc 6e{rc oxeAoq rou dLorppoyltorog. H Xutro-Qdpoq de[oUevrl 66Xeror tr6Urpo ono ro 6elro ror ro oplorepo o-orpuixo trepqrro or6treXog, ro evreprro trepQrro oretr6X1, ro0drgror ono 6vo (euyog trepqoyyeiorv, ro ono(o rorepXovror ono rougxaru peoonAelpLouq Aeprpadeveg. H trepqog qg nenlrflg odoudt6pXeror opXrro ono roug trepqod6veq, n0u pp(orovror rovro oroenrpepoug opyovo (n.X. roug nopoxoArcoAg Aeprpadeveq),0rrl 0u-veXero drepXeror ono trepqoyyeio nou oroiou0ouv ro pre((ovo ot-Uotpopo oyyelo ror q0over oroug peoevr6proug trepqob6veq (Err.2-60), ono onou rp6peror oroug oorpulxoAq Aeprpodeveq.

0 pei(rov Oroporrx6q n6poq (BI. Eu<. 1-29,1-39 ror 1-70). Ervor o xAptog AepExog rzripog. ApXr(er oq Xutrotpopo delo-pevrl ror ovepXeror peoor rou ooptxoA rpqparog rou drotppoylro-Toq or0 0riporo. 0 pe((orv 0rrlpoxrrog nopog erBotrtrer oq ytrrv(oqg ouppotrqg rqg eoo orpoyindog ge r4v unorierdLo qtreBo q ro-vro oqv yorvio ourrq. 0 pei(otv 0oporrrog ndpog, o ono[og ddXe-roL otrq 14 trepqo nou oXlpori(eTor oTrlv neproXrl rou orrrgorog noupp(oreror rortrr onrj ro drorppoylro, e[ero(eror Kor 0To Kerp. 1 .

NATNAZTIKA NPOBAHMATA

I1epinruo4 2-1

Aoylorpro 4trrriog 32 erdrv noponoveOlre oro yrorpo Tlq yroouveX6g rouolro otryog bropreroq duo nepinou epdogodrov, nouevronr(orov ogrlotrlq rortrl ono qv [rqoeLdrl onoquorl. Koro qvnpooerlul trqgq rou roroprroU, dronror60rlre ol ro otryoq opXL(eouvfl0og 6uo tipeq neplnou pero ro qoylro xor e{oqovr(orov go-trtg q ooOevflq 6rporye [ovo r.1 6nrve 6vo norrlpr yotro. Me e[oipe-o4 ;rto etroqpto euoroOlo(o oro 6e[Lo ovol reropqpopLo dlntro o-

rprBtfg oqv lrqoerdrl onoquol, I quorKn e[6roon onodeiX0qretpuorotroyrxrl. Ynonreuopevog qv nopouolo nenrrxorj 6trrouq, o ro-

rpoq dr6role ontr6g orlvoypoq(eq rofiioq ror e[erooerg rou ovrir-Tepou yooTpeweplroI ouorrlporog.

Axrrvotroyrxli 6x0eo4. 0r ontrdq orlvoypoqleg rlrov quorotro-y1169, evdt 0r y00Tpevrepotroyrx6q elerooeLg 5der[ov rrlv n0p0u-oio nenrtrou 6trroug orov gerp[olg nopolroprptrrp6vo potrpo rou dtu-beroborrutrou.

Attiyvooq. Evepyo dodero6orrul,rro etrrog.Oeponeio. ApXrro, 1 ooOevlg ovronorp(0r1re rotro orq 0e-

poneurLrrl oytoyrl (dl}. ovrrolrvo, ouXvo prrpo yeuporo ror onoXrlono ro rorvropo Kor T0 orvonveupor6drl noro).

E{6h{q rqg vdoou, Av xor 11 oo0evrlq orotrouOloe yro drio gf1-

veg rLg odqyieg rou rorpou, lovopXroe vo epyo(eroL notrtr6q 6peq,vo ronvf(e r notru roL vo xorovo],rrrver un6pperpeg noooqreg roq6ror orvonveuporog. To oupnrdporo Tnq en0vepQ0v[orr;rov, evdrpepLreg qop69 nopouo(o(e epSrouq, orov ro otryoq rlrov roXupo. 'E-

vo Bpddu nopouolooe ol0 otryog orrlv ovtrr roil(0, e;l6roug ror ],r-noOug[0. Eror1X01 enelyovrtrlg oro vooorope[0, onou q e[6roof1 rrlq6der[e roXupororo dtryoq ror onoopd rqq rodiog, roOtig ror otryoqel ovonldrloetoq. Kord Tn llurl rou roroprxou onorotruqe dTt ro 6tr-Koq {lq nopouo[o(e "evepyono[qoq" ror ort eiXe nopoqprloer ofpooroug ep6rouq rqg. tlpoyporono140qre enefyouoo eyXeipqoq, rororrlv ono[o 6ronrortl0qre drorpqorl rou doberodorrutrrrou 6trxoug.YnrlpXe dtoXuq Xqprrl nepuovirLdo, troyto qg e[odou Xotrqq xornepteXopt6vou T0u yoorpevTeprrou otrrtrrlvo oTl'lv neprTovoirq xortro-rrlT0.

flpoBI{poro. lloro ovoroprro ororXe[o orevo ouv-6edep6vo pre ro ovtirtepo rgrlgo rou 6odexodorrftrou Uno-pe( vo dLoBptrr0ouv ono 6rorpqOev 6trroq rou drrlderodo-rr0trou; Iolo elvor 11 ouyyevrlq dropopr(o rou eileof , or4vono[o ovonruooovrot ouXvo nenlrd etrrn; EEnynore rr]v 0-voroprrrl Bool rou roil.roxou otryoug oro delLo ovo ror oro6e [ro roro reropqpopro. [1ord veupo unore rvror oe droro-p1 roro q droprero Xerpoupyrr6v eneppooeorv yro TnveLorrorol rrlq 6xrpLolq o[5og ono ro roLXur;lorrxo r0rroporou orogoxou;

ITepfnrwoq 2-2

Atotrr;lrdg unotrtrItroq 1trrr(og 42 tttisu, evti eneorperpe oroonir tou on6 rqv epyoo(o rou oLo0ov0lre orqv(dro olu drolupLol-ro otryoq oq delro ntreupo rou otirporog rou. To otryog rlrov rooopooovlolro, tlore rov exove vo drntrdrveror oro 6uo ror vo poyyo-er pe oyorvlo.'Evog ouvodetrqog rou rov nqye oro voooropef0.'0-rov o rorpog rou (flrqoe vo neprypoger rqv 6vop[1 rou otryoug, o

ooOev1g e(ne ol opXrxo otoOovOlre etroqpo dtryoq pero[u rovntreupdtv Kor Trlq trerovr1q, ro ono[o oq ouv6Xero orodroro ou(f1-01re, 6onou eyrve rooo roXupo tlore rou 1pOov dorpuo oro gorro.Auro ro oqdplro otryoq dulpreoe nepinou 30'ror [otpvrro etrorrti-Oqre. 0 ooOevrlq e[rlyqoe orL ro otryog 6pXeror ror nopdpXeroL,otrtro tpo[vetor orr gerorrve[r0r npoq rr1 poupovrrf Xtirpo.

H KOIAIA 279

Koro rq broprero rrlq rpuorrrlg el6roo1g, o rorprlg dronlorooeorr unrlpXe ronoro euoroOrlo(o ror puirl ouonooq oro de[r6 rorotreropqpopro rqq roil(og, Xtoprg ogtrrq onoopo. Koro rr1 droprerorlq L|Jntr0qnong rqq euotoor1rr1g neproXrlq, ooo nro pooro yrvorov,o rorpog oneoupe onorollo ro X6pr rou. 0 ooOevrlg ovr( vo nove-oel neproodrepo qorvorov ovorouqrogevoq nou q e[6roor1 eiXedroxone( (onouoio otryoug e[ ovonqdrloetrlg). Ereivrl q olyprl o o-oOevrlq ovetpepe rln oroOovOrlre ro otryog orri de[ro pouBtovLxl

Xrirpo, orov opXL roOtog Kor oTrlv eoo enrqovero rou prlpou. 0 to-rpoq npooe[e 6rL o de(rog opXrg rlrov oouvrl0roro euoioOr;rog roLonooupgevog rovro oro 6lto pouBovrro oropro. '0rov rou (lirtgn-re vo dtiloer 6e(y;ro o0purv, o oo0ev4q drltroroe ol rou lrov 60oro-Lo ror endlduvo vo ouprloer (duooupio). H vooox6pog ov6rpepe drrro de(ypo ouprrlv rou nepre[Xe o[po (orporoup(o). 0 rorpog, ov roLrpov oXedov B6Boroq orL o ooOev1g 6rpepe verpprro 11 ouprlqprxotr100, dr5ro[e orlvotroytxo etreyXo rrlg roiliog.

Axrrvotroyrxli 6x0eo4.'Evo grrpo oopeorono14p6vo ovrrxe[ge-vo, ouppord ge tr(00 ouprrou o[eog, rpov oporo orrlv neproXrl rouroro oxpou rou de[rou oupqrflpo.

Arriyvroorl. 0uprlr4pLxoq trrOoq r<oro dxpou de[Lou ouprlrripo.flpoBA{porq. l-loLd elvor ro nrOovrj o[lo nou npord-

treoe orov ooOev4 rqv opXLrrl npooBotrrl rou droluprolxou otr-youq; lVle pdorl r4v ovoroprrrl rorooxeurl rou ouprlrrlpo, oenor6q otrtreg 06oerg e[vor ntOovov vo evoqqvoOe( o tri0og; E-(nylore rq droie(nouoo en(roo1 rou otryoug xoL rr1 dLodpopqrou. Iu(r1rrlore ge ouvrop(o rrlv ovrovorLoorl rou oupnTlpr-ro0 otryoug.

flepinruo4 2-3

'Evo oyopr ltrrrLog 1 4 erdlv oto0ovOrlxe otryog orrl de[ro Boupto-vrrrl Xtirpo roro q droprero r4g npoonoOerog rou vo olrtrloer popuovrrre(gevo. Motrrg dronlotrloe np4[rpo (droyroorl) orrlv neproXrlnou oro0dv0rlre ro otryog, onorpooroe vo [ontrooer. H droyxrooq e-{orpov(orrlre ouvropo xor ro oyripr nrqye oro on(n rou. Koro rq drop-Kero Tnq drodpopqg rpuoq{e notr0 duvoro q purrl rou, ondre or-o0ov01re [ovo otryoq, evdr 4 dLoyrtrlol rlxove notrr qv epqovrorlrnq oTn de[ro poupovrrq Xdrpo rou. 0 norepog rou, rpoporj;revog o-l prnopei vo enprixerro yro rr1trq, xotreoe TOV orKoyeveroro roug ro-Tp0.

Koro 14 droprero qq tpuorrrlg e{eroo4q, o rorpog dBotre rrlv o-Kprl rou Dorrftrou rou 0T0v enLnotrrlg pouptovtrd Oorr0trro rou 0y0-ptou. Aev dron[orooe lnore peXpr rr1 ortyprl nou (r1r4oe ono rov0o0ev1 vo pr1[er, onore oroOdv0rlre rol vo oOe[ ro orpo rou do-rrUtrou rou. '0rov o ooOevrlg Bprororov oe 0nrro 0dor1 4 dLoyrtrroqe{oqovr(drov, evtb orov rou (rlrouoe vo xoropotrer npoonoOero (o-norg ouppo[ver roro rqv orpddeuoq) gro 6rdyrulorl peye0oug dopo-oKrlvou epqovr(orov or4 de[ro BoupovLrrl Xtirpo.

Arriyvoorl. Ao[r1 poupovor4tr4.IIpoBI{goro. Tr e[vor 11 Io[4 pouptovorntrn; EEn-

yqore qv egBpuotroyrrrl pooq ourof rou eidoug rr1trr1g.l'1o169 orrpodeq rou oflepUoTrrou rdvou rotrunrouv rov Krl-

Irro ooro; lloLdg dopeq rrvduveuouv vo unoorouv ptropr1

roro r4v 6roprero eyXeLpqor;q yro Trlv 0roKorooroo4 tro{r1gpouBovorrltrqg;

Ilepfnruoq 2-4

Mro novrpe;l6vr1 qou4rpLo rorpLxrlg, qtrrrioq ZZ ercu [unvqoe6vo npo[ Xtr.rpig vo oro0overol ro ldro rotrd onog lg otrtreg 496-peg. 'Hrov ovoperr4 ror e[Xe onoolxo rortrroro 0try1. AebopevouorL ouro ouvrnlnre ge ro Xpdvo rrlg ovopevopevqg eppqvoppuoiogqq, Oedrploe orr ouroI or onoogoI onore],ouoov rrlv rlvoplq rqgouvrl0oq entiduvqg epprivoppuorog rqg (duog4voppoLo). EneLdrl6ev eiXe nopouotoore( 11 nporlyoupevl 6UUlvoq puorl qq, orrlqrrl-re enlo1g ol gnope ( vo enporeuo yro npo-rLpo ougnrrrrporo pr1[4qerronrlg runolq. Ko0tirg nopouo(o(e etrorppo nupero ror oro0ovo-rov (otrrogdv1, onotpooroe vo ge[ver oro rpeporr rqg. To otryog e-vroniorrlre ypnyopo orqv oprpotrLrrl Xtirpo. MrlXpr ro ppodu q evro-nr0rl Tou otryouq peroronforrlre np0q TO 6e[Lo xoro reropqploproqg roillog Tnq Kor unonreurrlre ole[o orotrqroerdlrtdo. Aedoge-vou ol ro otryog rlrov orlpovrrro, o ou(uyog rrlg onopooror v0 TrlvgeroqepeL oro vooor<ope[0.

Ktrrvrxri eup{poro. llopoqprlOrp<e etrorppo ovodog rrlg Oeppo-xpoo(og qg, oullorl rou opr0porj rtov orguleorv roL ovtirpotro ur!r1-trog opr0gdg l,eurorurroporv (treurorurropo.roq).'0rov potrrl0rlrenou oro0ovdrov ere[vq qv orrygrl ro otryog, 11 oo0evrlg 60eoe rodorrutro Trlq oT0 o4pe[o Mc Burney. Koro rr1 broprero nnroq qJntro-qnonq Trlq roillog rr1g, o rorpog dron(orotoe evronro;.r6v1 0K0UqJ(0(puiro onoo;ro) ror euoroO4o(o oro de[Lo rorto reroprrlpopro qgrortrlog r4g. '0rov o rorpog on6oupe oLqvidro ro XrlpL nou Untro-qouoe ond qv nepLoXrl rou orlpe(ou Mc Burney, 11 ooOevrlg Uopqo-oe ono rov novo (olyog el ovonrldrloeotg).

Aroyvroo4. 0[e(o orotr4roetd(ldo.flpoBA{poro. lloLog e(vor o runog rop4g nou nr-

Oovororo 0o rover o Xerpoupyog yro vo orporp6oer rn oKo-l4roerdrl onorpuoq; l-rort ouq 1 roprl e(vor notru rotrrl onoovoroprrrlg onoqqg; l-ltirg 0o nepLypotpore rrlv evronro1rou ori;leiou Mc Burney; l'1ord rprlpo rqg ortoLqroerdoug o-noquolg Bp(oreror ouvrl0org roro ono our6 ro oqpe(o; Bo-or(ogevor orrg yvrrroerg ooq oTrq nro:ponreg ovoropdg,ndlg nrorerjere orr 0o epqovr(r1rov oT0 Xerpoupyrro ne6io4 or<otr4roeLdr1q onoquorl qg; l-loro 0eoq rrlg rptreygo(vou-oog orotr4roetdoug onorpuorlg 0o ;rnopouoe vo nporol6-oer nuetrrro 11 opOrxd otryoq; Avotruore ro npopotrtropevootryoq qg oru-r),qxoerdoug onorpuoeog.

ITepfnruo1 2-5

'Evog noXfoopxog ovdpog, 4trrrioq 58 er6v, pe roroprro o-nro0oorepvrrou rouoou, buoneq(og ror epuyrirv perd rr1 11Qr1 nlorj-ortrlv yeuporov, noponovd0rlre yro npootporo enryoorprxo Kor 0rr-o0oorepvrrd otryog. 0 oo0evrlg ovdrpepe 6l ro onro0oorepvtrrl dtr-yog nopouoroorrlre npooqoro ror orl rlrov nepLooorepo roxupo ;re-


T0 To quynTo, tdtoiTepo orov 6orupe. 0oporjUevn 11 ou(uyog rou o-

rt pnope[ vo erpdreuo yro orn0oYxn enepeve vo entoreq0e[ o o-

o0evrlq rorpo. '0rov purnl0qr<e o oo0evflg eov e[Xe noporrlprloet ro-noro otrtrr1 ovopotr(0, d1troroe ort ouXvo nopouolo(e ovoYoYn UL-

rp6v nooorrlrov [tvtirv 11 ntxptitv ouottrtv (yoorptxr] notrtvdpoUtlol),rbro[repo orov eorupe yto vo 66oet r0 nonouroto rou. 0 oo0evrlg6r1trrrloe en(or1g dl rov retreuro[o rotpo nopouolo(e npoopotr6q tro-

luyro, ro0drq xot 6rt ouXvd un6qepe ono duororonooio (duotpo-

yio). 0 rorpoq dterole ll,errporopbtoYpoQnU0 rot orrtvotroylro e-

treyXo. To ltrerrporopbtoYpoQIU0 dev 66etle oqpe(o xopdLortlq vo-

00u.Axrrvotroytxti exOeoq. 0t oxttvoypotp(eg qq rod[oq rlrov op-

vllreg, otrtro o orrtvooronlrog 6treYXoq rou 0drporo 6det[e 6vo

orpoyyutro Xdrpo yeporo ge o6pLo rot uypd oro xor6repo rprlgorou on(oOtou pteooOoporlou rou ooOevoug. Koro rqv roronool e-voulprlporog OerouXou popiou, ro popLo rpotvorov vo eloepXerotoro X6po ouro, o ono[og dtonLorto0lxe drL 1rov I Y0oTp00t00Q0-yrrrl po(po rou orogoXou. Aev dtonlortirOrlrov orrlvotroytro olpeioyoorprxou n dorderodorrutrtrou etrroug.

Arf yvroo4. 0trto0o(vouoo dtotppoYUorortltrn.flpopl{poro. Tt e[vot 1 btotppoypororntrl; 'EXeteU-

ppuotroyrrfl Boon n dtotppoYpororrltrn; E(vot nopo0oo roro 11

y6vvlol; Tt nporoLeoe orov oo0evrl entyoorptro Kot ont-o0oorepvrro otryoq xo0drq rot tro|uYro; Boot(dpevoL ortg o-

vorogrreg yvdroetq oog, noteg dop6q ntoreuere 6rt rtvdu-veuouv roro rr1 Xetpoupytrrl onoxoroorool rnq dL0tppoYU0-

rortltrnq;

ITepfnraoq 2-6

Mro lov0ro, noXto yuvo(ro, r1trtr<(oq 40 erdrv ge nevre noLdto et-or;tr0e eoneuogtivo oro vooorope[o pe roXupo t<otrtroeLd6g dtryog

rou de[rou ovo reropq;top(ou rrlq rottr[og. 'Orov ptlqOnre nounporooroOov0rlre otryoq, n oo0evrlq 6betle ro entyoorpto rr1g.

Irrlv epdrrqorl nori evronl(erot rdlpo ro otryog, 1 oo0evqg eoupe rodorrutrd rrlg roro ono rLq deltSq ntreupeq qq (unoXovdpto Xtirpo)ror yrlpo ono rr1 be[ro ntreupo tou otlporog rrlg peXpt q poXl rr1q,

tr6yovrog ol ro otryog lrov oroOrpo rovro orrlv rorot ytrtv(o qg to-

pontrorrlq qg. Iirl ouveXero Tnq InQlq rou totoplt<00, dtltrtloe orL

ro o[u otryoq orn U6or] ypoUUn nopouotooqre gerd ono ntro0otoyeupo, nou nepre[Xe notrtrrlq trtnop6g rporpdq rot ouvodeuotov onoo(o0r1po vout(og ror egeroug. To otryoq entbetvtl0qre orodtoro.Koro rr1 dropxero nnroq qrqtroq1orlq rnq roil[og qg, o torpog no-porrlprloe onoopo ror euoroOlofo oro delto ovo reropqpopLo,r6roirepo roro rr1 dtopreto qg eLonvorlq rot 6t6role orrtvotroytr6ge{erooerg.

Axrrvotroyrx{ ex0eoq. YnopXet Uu<pdq triOoq (Xotrotrt0oq) orovruorrxo nopo, evdr q 1otrldoXog ruorrl e(vot dteupuopdvq.

Aroyvoo4. Hnortrog rotrtrdg oqettropevog oe evoqtlvtlorl Xo-trotrrOou orov ruortro nopo.

IlpoBA{poro. Tt e(vot XotrotrL0oq; E[nYtlore rnv 0-voroprrtl Boorl rou otryoug rqg ooOevofg: 1 ) oro enLyo-

fleplnrao4 2-7

MlXovrrog, 11trrr(og 54 erdrv, erot1X0r1 oro voo0KoUt[o pe toXu-

po enryoorptro otrVoq rot ot1-torepte 01. 'Hrov epqoveq ort e(Xe nte[notrf. Koro qv e[5rooq dtontortlOqre orL ro olpo nou unlpXeorov 6pero rou e(Xe (tolpo epu0pd Xpd)U0" Koro q trf1$r1 rou toro-prrou, o oo0evrlq d1trooe ort elXe ror otrtreg qop6g nopouoLooetorgoppoyieq rou ovorr6pou YooTpevTeptKou ouortlporog, otrtro no-rrl Ue roon ewoorl. H n(eor1 rou o[porog rou qrov XoUntrl, evtit tl

ouXvoqro rov oqrj[etirv r0u ur.|;rltrn. To D6ppo rol ot entnequro-Teq T0u oo0evoug nrov etroqptirq r(rptvot (trreptro(). To porlo rourpo(vovrov etroqpo pu0rog6vo. Aorepoetdfl otpoyyettitltoto unflp-

Xov oTrq nopet6g, oro trotpo, oroug trtl.toug Kot or0 ovtrl orpo rou. H roLtr(o rou flrov Ueyotrl rot oto.tpoupevl. H ltqldqlorlTlq Kot-

lioq 6derle droyroon rou rlnorog (qnoropeyotrio) xot rou ontrr1-

voq (ontrqvogeyotr(o). Meptrrlg xuov6g, 6Loretopeveg xLpotl6etgrplepeq erquovtov orrtvoro ono rov o1ttpotro, oXlporf(ovrog xe-

rpotr1 pddouooq. Koro rr1 6LopreLo npulrrooxonrlolg btontor60l-re 11 nopouo[o eotr;teptrtiv otltoppoldtov. '0rov ptlr10lxe, o oo0e-vrlg onovrrloe orL peprrdg qop6g 6Btrene o(po oro ronpovd rou.Ie otrtreq neplnrtloetg e(ne orL ro ronpovo rou 4rov potjpo xot

oll,nvo.Ardyvr,lo4. AtrrootrLr1 rLppool rou rlnorog.

IlpoBA{poro. Iu(qrtlore rrlv ovoropurrl Fdon rnqoruordueorlq rou oo0evoug, Tov 0tU0ppofdtov rou, rov 0t-

Uoqptirv ronpovtrtv Tou Kut qg reqotrqg U6bouooq. l-loLo

eivor 1 nrOovrl ou(o rou oor[r4 rot rrlg ontrlvogeYotrioq; A-voroprro orenropevor, l 0o ouvtorouooUe Yto rrlv etrdrrot-orl qq n(eorlq rou o(porog oro nuLolo o0oqpo;

ZYZHT HZH T AN N ATN AZT I KAN N P O BAH M AT AN

ITepinruo4 2-1

Ienlro 6trrog e[voL q el6trroot1 (nlnyn) rou ptrevvoyovou rouoropoXou 11 rou dtoberodorrutrou. To 6trrq elvoL ouXvo oro or6pto-

Xo (yoorprro 6trrq) ror oro 6obexodorrutro (dtrlderoborrutrtrd 6tr-11). lloporqporjvror ouvrlOtrlg oe orr[vo ptrporeprl rtrlv 3 er onorov nutrorpo ror ouprpolvouv ouXvrirepo oroug ovdpeg. Tooo ro yo-

orprrd, ooo ror ro doderodorrutrtro 6trxr1 6Xouv qv rooq vo ot-

Uoppoyouv. Meprrriq qop6q dpYovo rot oyyelo noporelpevo oro6odero6orrutro, ouvlOtrlg ro noyxpeog, npoorotrLtlvrot oro 6trroqror bLoBpdrvovror, n.X. 6vo on[o0to dtortrpo(vov 6trrog pnope( vo

6ropptiroer q yoorpodtrtderoborrutrLr1 oprnpio r1 ronotov onoroug rtrodouq rqg. To yeyovog ourd nporotre( ottpvfbto po(trrl ot-

H KOIAIA 281

U0pp0y(0, | 0tt0(0 Unopel v0 onopei Uorp0[0. llenrrro etrr1 gnopeivo ouppouv oe ertreiro errotrnolpo (rou lVleckel), T0 0tt0(0 oroTe-trei unotrergpo rou trerr0Lrou p[oXou, nou npootp0eror orov erleo.Iro roLXtrrlro rou errotrn6p0T0q T0u Meckel e[vor duvorov vo unop-Xet 6rronog yoorpLrdg rorog, nou pnopeI vo erxp(ver o[u, ro ono[-o vo nporo),e[ ro oXrlporrogo etrr6v.

To otryoq nou orpeileror oe yoorprro ekoq ovrovortro oro e-ntyoorpto, eneLdl o oropoXog veupoveror ono revrpopotreq iveqotryoug nou rpOovouv oro 07 r<or oro 08 veuporopLo, pe roug pe[-(oveg ontroXvrro0g rtrodouq rou oupno0lrrxou oretreXoug. To otr-yoq nou oqeileror oe dioderodorrutrrro etrrog oxrrvopotre[ oronpoo0to rortrror<o ro(Xrrlpo, ndvo ono rov o1irpotro, enerdrl rooo rododerodorrutro ooo ror 1 neproXrl ourrl rou d6pgoroq veuptirvo-vroL ono ro 09 ror ro 01 0 veupo (Eu<. 1 -24). Mero q drorprlorl dur-derodorrutrrrou 6trrouq ro otryog pnope( vo enerro0e[ oe 6tr1 qvroil(0. MepLreq Qopeq 1 neprrovoirl outroro nou orpop[(eror ondro ovrov rotrov pnopel vo treuoupyfloer oov udpopporl ror vo ro-reuOuver ro qtreypovtirdeg utrLro nou dr6rpuye qno rov outro roudo.lderodoxrutrou, or0 6e{ro troyovro Bo0po. To yeyovog ouro elrl-ye[ ytor( o novog qg npoo0Loq drorprlorlg doderodorrutrLrou 6l-roug pnopei vo evronl(eror oro 6elro ovro r<or oro 6elro rortrl re-ropqgopLo rrlg rottrfog.

Me dedopdvo orL 1 5rrpro4 udpoXtroprrou o16o9 ono r0 T0rxcl-polro rUrropo rou oropoXou etreyXeror roro rupro loyo ono ronveuUOVoyooTprxo veupo, peprrdg Qop6q npoyUoronorelroL dloro-p[ rov veIporv our6v (poyoroprl) nporeL;revou vo prero0eIn n0p0-ytrryq rou ubpoXtrropLrou o[eoq. H poyoroprl pnope( vo ouvduoo0eige erroprl rrlg e[etrrotp6v1g nepLoXrlg Kor Tou oleonopoytrtyoutpqporog rou oropoXou. IuXvo Droregvovror rl,obor Tov ttveuU0v0-yoorprr6v vefptrlv (ertrerrLrq Boyorogrl), nporetpevou v0 0n0q€u-X0ouv droropoX6q otrtrov opyovtov (n.X. Droroo4 qg XotrldoXouruoqg).

ITepfnruo4 2-2

H opXrrq npoopotrrl rou pooovrolrou otryoug eivor oXedov pd-poLo ol nporlfi0qre ono q gerorlvrl0rl Tou verpprrou tr(Oou ono rr1

veqprrrl nueLo rou ooOevoug oro ov6repo orpo rou De[rorj ouprl-rqpo. 0r L[0or nou eivoL geyotrurepor ono rov ou],0 rou ouprlrlpo(eupouq 3 Xil. ) nporotrouv roXupororo otryog, orqv npoonoOetorouq v0 dretrOouv pSoo ono ourov. To otryog perorrve[ror npog rororol ror doo, ro0drg o trr0oq rorepXeror rov ouprlrrlpo. 0 ooOevflgoro0ovOlre nrOovororo ro oqodpo otryog, orov 11 roOodog rou tr(-oou nopepnoDlorrlre npootrtprvo. troyrrt qg ro;lfqq rou oupqrlpooro olgelo, onou drooroupdrveror pe ro Xe[trog r4g nue],ou ror op-yorepo orov o tri0og evoqqvtirOrlre orov ouprlrrlpo, oro olge(o o-nou 6ulpXeror ono ro ro(Xnpo rrlg oupodrlXou xuoqg. Iro r<oror o-Kpo TOU oupqrqpo unopXer prro re),euro[o or6vtrrorl rou outrou, 11 o-no(o onoreLeI ouv40rogdvq 0eor1 onorppo[qg. To otryog nouer orovo triOoq eroetr0er oqv oupodoXo ruoq, ov xor pnopeivo nopope(-ver yro preprro rorpo euoro0lofo roro prirog rqq 6rodpoprlg rou 0u-pnTnp0.

To oupqr4pu<o otryog oqeileror oq dretreuoq rou tr(0ou 96ooono rov oupnrnpo. Me dedop6vo drr o ouprlrrlpog onoretre( gudr-d1 orrrl4vo, or neploroLrrreg rrvrloerg rou ono[ou perorp6pouv rpu-

oroLoyrrd oupo ono ro vetppo rpoq Tnv oupoddXo xuoq, ro otryogoqe[treror orq dLorooq rou ouplrrlpo ono rov tr(00 r<or ro oupo noudev gnopouv vo nepooouv gdoo ono ourov. 0 trefog puirog Xu6-v0q rou oupqrrlpo nopouoro(er quoLotroyLro neprorotrrrreg ouoro-tr69, or ono(eg roreu0uvovror ono ro ovo npoq ro roro orpo rou.Ko0tiq ro neproro),lro xupo npooeyyl(er ro orlgeio rrlq onorppo-

lqg, 1 evrovl ouorotr1 rov trefotv puir6v rvtirv nporo],e( evrovrldLorool rou rprlporog rou oupqrflpo nou nopeppotrtreror gerolurou ruporog qg ouorotrrlg K0r T0u triOou. Aurrl or<prptrlg 11 6roroolrou ouplrlpo e(vor erefvr1 nou nporotrei ro droluprorrxo n o[u oI-yoq. To otryog enuelveroL ro0drg q droroo4 rou ouprlrrlpo ou[o-vtT0r.

0r revrpopotreg lveg rou otryoug nou veuptirvouv rov oupr;rrlponepr6XovroL oro e),oooov ontroXvrr<o veupo. Neuprro epeOloporoe ro6pXovror en[or1g oro 01 ror 02 veuporogro rou vrrrrro[ou puetrorjror ro oiyog y[veror oroOqro orrg depporrreg nepLoXdg n0u veu-ptrrvovror ono ro roro geoonl,e0pro veupo (011 ror 012), ro tro-yovounoydorpro K0r TO troyovopouptrrvLxo veupo (01) r<oOtirg ror o-no ro ordorolrlprro ve0po (01 roL 02). Aureq ornepLoX6g elvoror(dreg pe lg neproXSg rou vtrlrro[ou Uuetrou nou veup6vouv Tov 0u-pnrnpo (011 eoq 02). Iuvendrg, ro otryog opX((er oro ntroyro roi-XoU0 Tnq roil[og ror orlvoBotrei npoq rq poupurvLxrl Xtlpo ror roooXeo. H onooupoq rou opXeog ono rov r<pepoor4po ;ru, roOdrgror ro oLyog roro g1rog rou 6otrt rpqporog qg npdo0rog entqo-vrroq T0u prlpou deiXvouv orr egnLerovror o ordorirtig ror o pqpro[-og rtrodoq rou ordoroplpu<ou veupou (01 ror 02).

0 ouplqpu6g rrotrrrog nporoLelror onrl 14 dLorool Tou oupn-Trlp0, q ono(o epe0((er revrpopotreg iveg otryoug rou rorXdrgorogrou. Ko0tirg dev unrlpXe nepuov(160, dev nopoqprl0lre ortrflpuv-or1 r4g roLtr[og, oure otryog el ovonqdrloeotg. '0rov unopXeL nepir-rovirdo r<or nreoOeI ro roilroro rolXtrtlro pe rrlv notropq, rl oTn ou-veXero onoropq onoouporl rrlg npoxotre( otryoq, ro0drg or pueg rouxoilrorou rorXtlporog enrorpeqouv orrl Oeoq roug, nopooupovrogpo(i rouq ro qtreyporvov nepuovoro. 'Eror, q dor<r1_rooio ovonrl-d11olg rou rod,rorou rorXrrtporog eLvor Xprlorprl orrl drorpopLr<1 6ro-yvtrro4 pero[u ouplrrlprrou ro],rxorj ror orto],qroer6rndoq 11 evre-pLrou xotrrro[.

ITepinruo4 2-3

H ntr1pr1g trolr1 pouptrlvor<r1trr1 ervor pro npooerpotrl rou nepr-rovoirou 0utroxou, 1 ono(o ero6pXeror oTov rv rto Bo0er pouptovr-ro dorrutrro, 6rooXi(er ro pouprovrro nopo ror e[6pXeror pdoo o-no rov enlnotr4g pouporvrro dorrutrro. H epBpuotroyu<rj poorl qqtro[[q pouptrrvorqtrqg eivor 11 nopopovrl otrov rotv rgrlporov rrlg e-trurpoerboug onoquoqg, evoq epppuirou erxoi,n6poroq T0u nepr-rovo(ou, 11 ono[o o0e( ro rol],rord ro[Xorgo ror oXrlgor[(er ro pou-povrro nopo. H etrurpoerdrlg onorpuorl eyrotreo(er otreq lg olpd-deg rou xorl,rorou rorXtrrgorog nou ouvovro oqv nope(o Tlq, 0r 0-


no(eq oTov ovbpo ovlororXouv oro etrurpo rou onepporlrof rd-VOU.

0 rqtrrroq oorog (nptirqv etrutpoerdrlg ondtpuorl) gnopei vonotrftr],et oe prlroq, ono ppoXug Xurpig vo exre[veror nepo ono rovenrnotrqg dorr0trLo, p6Xpr rdoo porpug r0u v0 rpooerpotrtrer p6oooro ooXeo (q ro pe((ovo Xeft4 rou ordo(ou), onou ouveXeror U6 Tovetrurpoerbrl Xudvo. H nopogov4 qg etrurpoeLdoug onorpuolg npo-dto06rer ro drogo oe tro[r1 pouBtovoxrltrl, dron nporo],ei e[oo06vL-o1 rou npdo0rou rortrroxou rorXrrlporog. H nopopevouoo e),urpoer-dqq onoquoq oXqpori(er en(or1g x1trrrd ooro, p6oo orov onofopnope( vo npopotrtrouv xorl,rord ontroXvo, eov 1 evdorortrrorq nre-or1 y(ver e[oLpelxo uQr1trr1, dntoq n.X. roro rrlv npoono0ero 0v[rfo-oqg evoq Bopeoq ovrtrerp6vou. Motrrg o ev ro poOer pouporvrrogdorrutrrog 6reupuv0e[ ono qv nponroorl rou evrepou, 0 glxoqpnope( vo nporol,eoer unorponq qg r4trqg. Auro ro yeyovog ono-retre( rr1 pooq rrlg doxrlroo(og nou enLretre[ror roro rr1 rpuorr<r1 e{rl-Toon rou oo0evoug, onore erooyeror o borrutrog rou rorpou ;leoorou enLnoirlg dorrutr[ou oro Bouprovrro ntipo ror (r1re(ror ono rovooOevrl vo $4[er (Err.2-17t).

Koro q droprelo rqq Xerpoupyrxrlg enovop0trror;g rrlg loirlgpouBovorrltrqq, o o16orirdg xtrodog rou ordoroprlprrou veupou dro-tpeXer r[vduvo, eneLdq Kor oT0 duo rputro 6r6pXeror ond ro Boupro-vtro nopo roL e[6pXeror peoo ono rov enrnotr4g Bouptrrvrxd dorru-trto. To troyovopouptovLxri veupo drorpeXer en(oqg r(v6uvo v0 Tpo-0ei. To veupo ouro veupdrver pe oro0qrrr6g (veg ro deppo rrlq ovtrrror eotrr enrqoverog rou pqpou, ro d6pgo nou pp(oxeror novo onorq p((o rou neouq ro0drg ror pdpog rou d6pporoq rou ooXeou qro:v peyotrtr-tv Xed6ov. Eov rpoupoloOei ouro ro veupo, elvor no-tru nrOovov drL 0o nporu{er ovoroOqo(o rov noponovo neproXrrtvrou depporog, ev6 eov unoorel nep(orpLy[r1 ono poppo, 0o oro-trou0r1oer UeToxerpoupyrro veupurr6 otryog olg (dreg neproleg.

KoOrirg o onepgorrr<og nopoq pptoreror o;-ulotrlg nloo ono rovrqtrrrtl ooxo, gnopei vo unoore( ptroBq roro qv onetreuOrlpoor;T0u fleprexopevou rou r4trrxou oorou, ro0drg ror roro Tnv ne-pideorl ror qv orpo(peo4 rou. EnerDq o rrltrrrdg oorog pp(orerorgtloo orov onepporrro rovo, e(vor nr0ovov ror ro onepporrxontrdypo rtov qtrepdtv, roOt0g ror n opxrrn oprqpro vo unoorouv0I0Fn, Ue ouvenero r4v enLdeivo.rorl rrlg xurtrorpopiog rou rip-xe(l)q

llepinruo7 2-4

0 runog Tnq X€rpoupyrx4g rog4g rou ddpgorog, nou y(verorroro rrlv orotlqroerderroprl, e[oproror ono rov runo rou oo0e-voug r<or r4v oorpotrero rrlq droyvooqg. Iuv40trrq npoy;loronoreirordtoXtoprolrrl ro94 rtrrv ;rudrv, 4 ono[o e[vor lo[r1 11 oXedrlv eyrop-oto (Err. 2-14B ror A). To x6vrpo rqg rogrlg gp(oreroL oro o4pe(oMc Burney, nou evronl(eroL orrl ouppotr4 rou rl{o pe ro 96oo rpr-TnUdpro rnq ypopUnq, nou evoiver rrlv npdoOro ovtrr Loyovro orov-0o ;le rov o;upotr6. Ing neproo6repeg neprnrdroerq, T0 orlpeio ou-ro pploxeror novo ond rr1 pdoq r4g orottrrlroeLdouq on6quolq.Mero qv roprl rou dripgorog Kor Tlq entnotrqg neprroviog, r6;lve-

T0r rl onovrupool T0u elto tro[ou puog roro rr1 qopo rov rvov rou.Irrl ouvdXero, or otrtroL 6uo ;rueq rou npdoOrou rorLrorou rorXrilpo-rog (o 6oo tro{dg ror o eyroporog xoLtrroxrig) dtoXop((ovror (0evregvovror) roro q dreu0uvol rov rvtrrv roug. Aurog o rpdnog pe-toXeiprorig rolv lrurirv per6ver rqv nr0ovdrrlro plopnS rolv veuptrrvroug. Ir4 ouveleto regveror 1 eyroporo nepuov[o Kor r0 T0rxoU0-lro neprr6voro nporerp6vou vo onoroluqOe( ro ruqtrd. H poorlrqg oxoLlxoe16oug onoquolq ppioreror oro oqpe(o onou ouyrtr(-vouv or rperg xotrrr6g roLvleg.

0L nopotrtroydg rou pey50ouq Kor Trlq 0do4q qg oro.rl,lxo-erdoug onoquoqg pnope( vo npoxokloouv norr[tro oqpelo ror ou-pnr6poro oe neplnr6oerg orol,qroeLdildog. l-ro nopodeLypo, olgneprnr6oerg onroOoruqtrLxrlg evronrorlg qg orortrrlxoer6o0q ond-Quorlq, TO oqpreio euoroOlo(oq pnope( vo evron((eror opdoog nd-vo ror 6orrr ono rr;v npdo0ro ovrrl troyovro drovOo 11 orogq nro qJrl-

tro oro dro;upotrLrd enfnedo. Eov 11 ortotrrlroerdrlg ondrpuoq elvor e-nrprlrqq (10 6o9 15 er.) r0r exrefvrrol orrlv etroooovo nuetro, ri06oq rou otryoug oe 04tru oropo pnoper vo unorv(ooeror epe0roporou neprrovo(ou oqertrdgevo os pnqn erronrlg rur1or1q. Me dedopd-vo 6l 11 orultrrlxoerdrlg onorpuorl droorouptlveror Ue T0 per(ovo tpo-[r4 gu, o ooOevrlg oulvd ropnrer ro de[ro Ulpo yLo v0 0v0K0uqr-oref ono ro otryog. Me ouro rov rpono q uneperroorl rou ;u1pou(6orupooio rou rloiTl) npor<otre ( dtryog, enerdrl drore (ver rov UU Korr4v rptreypovtrldr; nepuovlo rou. H euoro0rlo(o rrlg de[rog ntreupogroro 14 droprero dor<rutrrrr1g e{6roor1g prnope[ vo drltro.lver qtreygo-vr1 oxtrltr4xoerdouq ondquo4g, nou evronl(eroL orrlv nue],0.

ApXrro, ro otryoq prog runu<r1g o[e(og oxotrrlroerdLrL6og orlvopo-tre( orrlv neprogrpotrrrrl Xorpo rrlg roLtriog, Apyorepo 11 0eor1 rou ol-youg ouvrl0trlg peroron((erol npoq To de{Lo roro reropr4popro. 0r re-vrpopotreq veuprr6g (veg rqg or<otrrlxoerdoug onorpuorlq nepldXovrororo dtroooov ontroXvrxrl vefpo, ev6 or tloerg roug ero6pXovT0r oT001 0 veupordpro rou volo(ou puetrou. Ae6op6vou drL ro epe0ioporoono ro ddpgo rr;q neproppotrrrqg Xtirpoq eniorig geroprpo(oVror oqv(dro neproXrl rou vtrrtrolou ;ruetrorj (ptr. Etx.1-24), ro otryog epp4veu-eror oq ootgolro potrtrov nopd og ontroXvrxo, npoqovtirg enerdq oeyrdqotrog deXeror ouXvdrepo tiroerg deppolr<r1q npo6treuor1g.

H peroronroq rou otryoug oro de[rd xorto reropq;lopro nporo-treiroL ono rov epeOrop6 Tou rorxoUoTrrou neprrovolou, ouvl0rogrou on(o0tou r<ortrrorou rorXrr:porog. Kevrpopotreg (veg ono ourrlrrlv neproXrl rou nepuovo[ou Kor r0u ddpporog nepr6Xovror oro ro-rto peoontreIpr0 Kor r0 unontreupro veupo. To otryoq nou nporotrern UnloAlon oqeltreror orov epeoropro unodoXrlrrrv rou dtryoug oro6eppo xor oro nepuovoro, evdr q ou(qpdv4 euoroOqo[o nou dronL-or6veror otq de{ro ntreupo rou eu0uprlrprrou rotrn6goroq (eu0u-ruolrou rotrndporog orov ovdpo) npoxoLe(ror ond epeOrogo rourorXtopolrou neprrovolou rou rol,ntoporog ourou. '0rov nr6(erorro rorLror6 ro(1rrl1ro Kor orn ouveXero orp4veror vo ovon4drloer, o0o0evr1g ouvr;0trlg poprpo(er ere164, roOtirg or xottrroro( gueg enr-orpdqouv orrl 06o11 roug, rp6pouv po(( roug ror ro rptreypovdrdegneprrovoto.

Eov eiXe qdq y(ver or4v ooOevrl orpo(peo4 rrlg ortotr4roerdougondquorlq, 1 qtreygovrl rou erxotrn6poToq rou edeou 0o gnopouoe

H KOIAIA 283

vo d6osr oqpelo Kot oupnrdporo oltoto pe erelvo rrlg orottrqroetd[-lDog. To erxoLnot;to rou eileou (rou Meckel) oloretre( to undl'et;-t-

Uo rou eyyrjq rprlporog rou l,extOtrou p[oXou roL dXeL rrlv o$1 notru-noetdorjg npooerpotrrlq r0u ovrtgeotvreptxou Xeitrouq rou eileou.

I1epfnruory 2-5

H drorlpoyporoxtltrrl onoretre( np6nrurorl roLtrtordtv ontroXvttvoq 0toporrrrl roitrdrrlto p6oo ono xonoto onq rou dtotppdyporog.0 oXrlpolop6q drotppoyUororrltrlg pt6oo rou otootpoytroU rp1;to-rog e(vor ouXvq, tbto(repo oto rltrtxttopdvo orogo. Iuvrl0trlq p6otrl

Tou 0rooQoyrKou rpnUoroq npopotrtreL oro xot6repo rprlpo rou 0tit-p0K0 | yooTpoorootpuytxfl go[po rou oropoXou. H rr1tr1 rou oto0q0-yLrou rpflgoroq e(vor ouvrl0og enlxqq, ev6 q nopouo[o ono rr1

yrlvvrlorl Ueydtrou eupoug rou rpqporog pnopel vo onoretre( npo-6ro0eorro nopoyovro. 0o np6net vo y[vet rorovorlro 6rt ro deltoox6troq drel,ouveL rn U6on ypoUprl, pe onor6treopo ro otootpoyLro

rplpo ror q rqtrq vo evronf(ovrot oro optorepo rnq U6olq YpoU-

Urlq, nop'ol ppforovrot 96oo oro 6elLd or6troq.YnopXouv buo ruptot rfnot otootpoyLrnq rtltrlq: (1) q otrtoOo(-

v0u00 orooqoyLxrl rr1trq ror (2) 11 ropootooqoYtr1 xr;Ir1, otrtro UepL-

rrlg rfltreq nopouord(ouv yvoptoporo Kot Tov 6uo runtlv Kot 0v0-go(ovror perrr6g oroorpoytx6g rntreq. H 0trlportrrl polpo rqq onov-dutrLrrlg orr1tr1q ro0(ororot BpoXurep1 Ue Tnv nopodo rrlg 1trtrioq,troyo rnq oqudoroolg Tov Utooonovdutr(ov 6(ortrlv, evtl ro xot-trrord tr(nog yevrro ouldverot roro rr1 dropreto rnq U6onq qtrtriug.Kor oL duo ourdq roroorooetg euvoouv qv ovonru{r1 oLootpoytrrlgx1tr19. To neprooorepo ond ro ougnrtill-toro rou ooOevoug (ont-o0oorepvrrog rofoog, epuyeg, ovoYurYrl Kot e[tYooTptKo olVoq)oqeilovror orov epe0ropo rou ptrevvoyovou rou otootpoyou onorrlv notrrvdpoglorl yoorptro0 uYpou. H epe0tortrrl en[6pooq rouyoorprro0 uypou nporotre( onoopto rou otootpdyou, pe onor6treopto

duororonoo[o rot onro0ootepvrrd dtryog. 0t veuptxdg onotrn[etqotryoug orov oLoocpoyo epeO((ovror ono rtg 6vroveq ouondoetq routre(ou puirou rorou rou rorXtirgorog rou"

To yoorpooroorpoyrrrlg npo6treuoqq otryoq npopotrtrerot oro e-

nryoorpro Kor TTlv onro0oorepvrrn X6po, rtg depportr6g nepLoX6q

npopotrrlg rou otryoug ourdrv rtrlv neproXrrrv rou oropoXou Kot Tou

orootpoyou (pI. Err. 1-24). 0 tro[uyxoq rou oo0evoUg nporotre(rotono rr1 onoopordrrrl ouorotr1 rou 6rorppoyporog, 1 ono(o orpefierotoqv n[eo4 nou npoxo],e(ror ond r4v rr1trq. H dteupuvotl Tou 0t00-qoyrroI rprlporoq epeO((er nr0ovdv [veg rov qpevtrtiv veupotv nouveuprrrvouv ro 6roqpoypo. Aedop6vou orr p6oo ond ro otootpoytxdrprlpo 6uipXovr0r r0 nveupovoyoorptrd veupo xot ot otootpoytt<ol

rLodor ro:v oproreptirv yoorptrorv oyye[tov, out6g oL dop6g roOtlqror o orooqoyog 0o np6net vo npooToTtu0otjv ond ptropr1 rord 11

0roprero Tnq XsrpoupyrK4g onororooroonq Tnq otootpoytxtlg xr1trqg.

I1epfnruo4 2-6

0t noXuoopreg xot notr0rerveq Udonq 1trtriog yuvolxeg e[vot ot

nl,6ov enrppene(g olg vtiooug rrlq XotrrldoXou ruorrlg. Iro yeyo-

voq ouro orrlpi(eror o yvoorog pvrlporeXvtrog rovovog "tov n6vte{" (forty, flatulent, female, fertile, and fat - oopovrop0, Ue UeTeopt-o;ulvq xortrLd, yuvoiro, notrurervl roL noXto) nou nepLypoqet rr1

Ueyotrl ntreroqrnQ(o rov ooOevdrv, otrtro dev Xopoxrnp((et otrouq

rouq ooOeve(q Ue Xotrotrt0oug. H nopouoio Xotrotrt0trlv elvot ne-prooorepo ouXvrl ortg yuvo[reg qtrtriog dvo rov 20 erdtv, oxt oUolq

ror prero ro nevrqrooro 6roq rnq r1trtxiog. Iro 50% nepinou rotv o-o0evdlv or Xotrotrt0ot e(vot ooupnrogortro(. 0 Xotrotrt0oq onoretre[orepeonoulp6vo utrtro ptdoo orrl XotrrlddXo ruoq, rov ruortxo n6-po 11 ro Xotrr;doXo ndpo, onoreLou;tevo xup(tlg ono rpuorotrtrouq

Xotrqorepivqq. To otryoq elvot dvrovo, orov o Xotrotrt0og evoqrl-voOe( orov ruortro r1 oro XotrqddXo nopo. To ottpv[dto LoXupo otr-yoq rou evronr(orov oto entyoorpto rrlg oo0evoIg (lnortrog xto-

trLrdq) nportrrl0qre ono XotrotrL0o nou evotpqv60rlKe orov ruortronopo.

To otryog, ro ono[o oxrLvoBotre( oro de[t6 dvo reropqpoptorqg xortrlog Kor orrlv unon],orto Xdrpo, oqeitreroL oe qtreypovrl rqq

XotrndoXou xuorqq ror oe btoroorl Tou KUoTtKou ndpou. 0t Ktvrpo-potreg veuprr6g tiroetg odeUouv p6oo rou pei(ovog ontroyXvtrouveupou orn de€Ld ntreupd rou otitporog rot etoepXovrot oro volrtol-o puetro gdoo ortg on[o0teg pi(eq tou 07 rot rou 08 veupou. To o-vor),drprevo ontroyXvrxd otryoq y(verot oLo0rlro oro delt6 ovot re-roprqpdpro qg roLtrlog Kot orrl 6elto unontrorto Xtitpo, enetdfl e-xtroppoveror trov0oop6vo oq DepUortrn n nnYn rtr:v epe0Loporolv

nou eroeplovror oTrlv neproXtl ouul rou vollolou puetro0 (ptr. Etx.

1 -24). IuXvo rl rptreyUovtirdnq XotrrldoXoq rtjorn epe0((et ro neplro-v0r0 r0u rotr0nret ro nepLrpeptro rprlpo rou 6totppoyporog, pe 0-nor6treoplo ovoxtrootl TOU T0txolUoTtroI otryoug oro ror6repo rprl-;lo rou Oopoxtrou rotXtit;lorog. Auro to rptllto rou neptrovo(ouveupdlveror ono ro rotor geoontreupto veupo. Ie otrtreg neptnrtit-oerg, epe0((eror ro nepuovoro nou rotruntet ro dLotppoYuo Kot r0otryog orrLvopotreI orov drpo enetdt1 ourrl 4 neptoXrl rou neptrovo[-ou veup6vetot ono ro tppevtro veUpo. To dtlpUo rnq optrrlq Xtitpoqveuptiveror ono ro uneprtreldro veupo (A3 xot A4), ro idLo rg4;to-T0 Tou voTro[0u puetrou nou d6Xovror revrpopotreq (veq dtrYouq o-nd ro revrprro rprlpo rou drorppdyporoq.

'0rov ero6pXeror trrnop1 rpoqrl oro 6toderodorrutro, 11 Xotroru-ororrv(v1 nporotrei ouorotrq r4g XotrrldoXou ruorrlg. Ir4v ouyxe-rprpdvrl nep[nrooq e(vot no],rj nr0ovov ol n XotrIdoxog r0oq qgooOevouq ouorotr0qre dvrovo prero ro trrnopo yeupo rqg, e€toOtit-

vroq evo tr(00 orov ruorrro ndpo. Ie Ueyolo nooooro Tolv rtpt-nrdloearv, 11 o[eio Xotroruor(rrdo ouvdud(eror pe XotrotrL0o nou 6-

Xer evoq4vor0e[ orov ruolro rdpo. 0 evoqrlvtopdvog triOoq npox0-tre( orqv(6ro droyrolorl rqq XotrqddXou ruoqg, nou 6uoXepolvet rqvopqprorrl, q qtreprrn xor q trepqLrtl nopoXrl rou opyovou.

Iuvrl0oq q XotrrlddXoq ruoq dev dLoXtop[(erot ono ro rlnop pe

nepuovoro. H Xotrndoxoq r[oq roroorrlvdrvet peoo oe oftroxo rrlqxdro enrqoveroq rou de[rou tropou rou rlnorog. To neptrovoto qgenrqoveroq our4q rou rlnotog dL6pXerot novo ono rrlv rdrto entqo-vero Trlq Xotrnddxou rrlorrlg. H oxtrlpio qg roiliog nou dtontordl-01re orr;v neplnrroorl nou neptypotpoupte orpeiltirov oqv orouotoouonoon rov Uutov rou npooOtou rottrtoxo0 totXtitporog rot tdto(-


Tep0 T0u opgoi K0r),r0K0u UU0q.0 onoopog rou puog ourou ono-retreI ovrovortroorrrrl onovrrlol orov epeOLopo rtov veuprr<tirv ono-tr1{etrlv rou nepuovoiou, nou Bpiorovror oe orevrl oXeoq pe rr1droreropdvrl Xotrq6oXo ruorrl.

0r ovoroprreg nopotrtroydg rrlg XotrrldoXou r<0or4g, Tou KUoTr-rou nopou Kor Tov oprqprtirv nou opbeuouv ro opyovo ouro e[vorouv10Lop6veg. fL'ouro ro troyo, or Xerpoupyoi np6ner np6ro vodtonrorovouv rov runo r4g ovoropLrqq dLoro[r1g rotv noponovorbogtirv, vo evron((ouv rov xuorrro, ro Xotrrlqopo Kor rouq rlnoTr-roug nopoug, ro0tirq enroqg r4v ruorrrl Kor rrlv rlnorrr<r; oprqpionptv enrXetploouv rq droropq rou ruorrro[ nopou ror rqg opiqp(-0q rou. KoOtlq gnope( vo unopXouv enrrouprroI ruorrroi r],odorrov rlnorrr6v oprqprdrv, e[vor duvorov vo oupBer onpoodorrlrrl or-lroppoyio roro q droprero rqg Xotror<uorerropqg.

flep[nruoq 2-7

H r<ipprrtor1 rou lnorog e[vor vooog nou XopoKrnpi(eror ononpoiouoo roroorpoqrl Tov nopeyxuUolrrrtv xurropov T0u rln0r0q.To lnorLro xurropo ovlro0iorovroL ono rvrrld4 roro, o ono(og oup-ptrv6ver ror oxtr4p0ver ro fnop. 0 rvrirdrlg rordg neprpotrtrer ro ev-Do4norLxo oLporpopo oyyeio ror ro lotrqqopo rprXoerdrl. KoOorq r1

6repyoo(o ourrl npoXropei, nopepnod((eror q rurtroqopio rou o(po-rog ;16orrr rorv xtrodrrlv rrlg nutro[og QMgoq r<or qg Xotrr1g Ueoo] TovXotr4qoptrlv rprXoetbdlv. H nreorl orqv nuLofo rptreBo ouloveror(nutroio uneproorl), pe onore),eopro vo ou[overoL 4 eloprqoq rourlnorog ono rqv 4norLxl opqpro yLo rq 0p6rf1 rou, evtir q or.t(r1or1rrlg n(eo1g tou ofgorog orrlv nutroro rptr6po dXer en(oqg org ouve-rrtro Trlv ovoorpoqfi Tnq polq rou o(gorog orrg quoro],oyrreg ovo-oropooerg prero{u rqg nutro(og Kor Tnq roror roitr1g rptrepoq. Auroro yeyovog 6Xer trtg onorel,eopo rrlv e(oodo orporog qg nutroiog0rrl ouorrlUoTrrq rurtroqopio. Me dedog6v0 0Tr 0r ovooroporlrdg0ur5g qtreprr5g odoIonov[rrrq rpe pouv potrp(deq, enupeneror 11 d16-treuor1 oiporog Kor npoq rrg duo roreu0uvoerg. To yeyovoq ouronporotre[ dreupuvol rotv qtrepuiv (xrpooi) nou oXrlpor((ouv ouregrtg 0vooroptriroerq oTO rorto orpo rou oroorpoyou (xrpooi rou oLoo-rpoyou), oro rorco orpo rou op0ou ror orov nptoxrrrd ootrrlvo (or-ltoppoideg) ror yuprrl ond rov oprpotro (reqolrl pe6ouooq).

E[ouiog qq nieorlg nou oore[ror roro q dropreLo rrlg roro-noonq n rqg oqddeuorlg, or rrpooirou oroorpoyou 11 or orpoppoidegovr[ororXo, pnopef vo poyouv pe onor6treopo oLpordgeol ror/n or-ltoppoyro ond rov nporro ror ol1_rorpupro ronpovo. 0r eooreprreg0tlroppofdeg e[voL rrpooI rorv x],o6ov rrlg ovtrr or;toppoidrrriq tptre-Bog. A(po gnoper enrorlg vo noLrvdpoprloer olg neproggotrLxdgqleBeg (prrpoug rloboug rrlg nutrorog rpIeBoS) grloot rolv qtreptrtvrou orpoyyutrou ouvbeopou. Irrlv nutroio uneproorl or nopolupo-trteg qtreBeg pnopeI vo xoroorouv xrporildeLg, pe onordtreopo oXrl-ponopo orrrvorou rptreprrorj drrruou orov oprpotro, ro onoio tr6ye-ror reqotr4 Uddouooq, enetdrl poro(er pe ro qidro nou 6qepe ororeqol,r rou ro ;.ru0rxo r6pog, nou treyorov MdDouoo.

Irqv x(pprrtorl rou rlnorog, ot rtrodor qg nutrorog tptr6pog n16-(ovror ond Tov oupprKVoUdvo rvdrbl roro rolv nutro(ov dLooqpo-

rov, nporo),tirvroq Trlv o[l1or1 qq n(eolg oqv ontr1vrrr1 ror lg o-vo ror rorr.rl peoevre preg rptrepeg. Ano ro rprxoerdrl ntreyporo nouerpotrtrouv olg noponovor rplepeg e[dpXeror uypo npog ro repr-rovoro. H ogpoLorl uypou orqv neprrovoirq xoildrqro ldyeror oor(-qg. 0 onl4vog elvor ouvrlOog dtoyropdvoq (ontrqvogeyotr(o), o-rov unopXeL rlnolr4 r<(ppooq, troyo ou{4o1q rrlg nreolg orriontrqvrrrl qtrepo. KoOtfrq Dev unopXouv BoIp(deg oro nutro(o ou-oTlU0, I nleor1 orq ontrqvrrfl qtrepo eivor (or1 pe rrlv nfe o4 oq nu-troio qtrepo. Mro ouvr10r1g pe0odog etrorroorlg rrlg n(eor1g Trlq ilu-troiog rurtrorpop(og e(vor 11 droXereuoq o(porog on6 qv nutroioqtrepo orqv roro roilq rptreBo 6ropeo0u XerpoupyrKrlg ovoorogtrl-or1q. Me rov fdro rpono, pnope( vo ovooropot0eL I ontrlvrrrt qtrdpoUe Tnv 0proTeprl veqpLxq qtrepo (ontrrlvoveqprrrl ovoorogoorl).

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