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EV-EXKXc"KhaldUn"carr"de"lin"peint"au"muse"de"l'Agriculture"du"Caire"(inv."01+)""..................." +-

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LSPKY"))("-"*()(

An"early"version"of"this"paper"was"pre-sented"at"the"Institute"for"the"Study"of"the"Ancient"World,"New"York"University,"October" )+,"*((1."e"author"would"like"to"thank"John"C."Darnell"for"oCer-ing"many" important" suggestions"and"comments." 1" See"recently"D."O'CYXXY,"Abxdnr:"Efxos'r"Fhqrs"Pgaqangr"amd" sge"Ctks"n"Orhqhr,"Cairo,"*((1."" 2" O'CYXXY," Abxdnr," p." )*)-)+.;"for"Abydos" in" the"preceding"periods"("Dynasties"*)-*-),"see"A."LOKRc,""Abydos"in" the" Libyan" Period," in" A." Leahy"(ed.),"Lhbxa"amd"Efxos:"c."$#-*(#"B.C.,""London,")11(,"p.")---*((;"hd.,"Kushite""Monuments"at"Abydos,"in"Chr.J."Eyre"(ed.),"e"Umbqnjem"Reed,"Sstdher" hm"

sge" Ctkstqe" amd" Heqhsafe" n" Amchems"Efxos" hm"gnmntq"n"A.F."Sgnqe,"EESOP"))," )11,,"p." )/)-)1*;" hd.," Dating"Ste-lae"of"the"Libyan"Period"from"Abydos,"in" G.P.F." "Broekman," R.J." Demare,"O.E."Kaper" (eds.),"e"Lhbxam"Peqhnd"hm"Efxos,"EfUhs"*+,"*((1,"p.",)/-,,(;"O'CYXXY,"Abxdnr,"p.")*.-)*0,")+)-)+,." 3" H."DO"MO_VOXKOO,"Une"famille"de" prtres" thinites," CdE" *1," )1-,,"p."**)-*+.;" hd.," Le"clerg"abydnien"d'Osiris"" la"Basse"poque,"OLP".//,")1/.///," p." )++-)-);" hd.," Sculptures"dores" d'Abydos," CdE" /1," *((,,"p."0)-00;"K."JKX]OX-WSXUOVX,"Eine"Familie"im"Totenkult,"ZS")*0,"*((),"p.")++-),).

" 4" M."MKVK,"Excavations"of"the"Temple"of"Osiris"at"Abydos"Reported"on"behalf"of"the"University"of"Pennsylvania"Museum"-"Yale"University" -" Institute"of"Fine"Arts,"New"York"University"Ex-pedition"to"Abydos," in"J.-Cl."Goyon,"Chr."Cardin" (eds.),"Pqnceedhmfr"n" sge"Nhmsg"Imseqmashnmak"Cnmfqerr"n"Efxosnkn-fhrsr,"II,"OLA")-(,"*((/,"p.")*-)-)*-1;"hd.,"e"Orhqhr"Teloke"as"Abxdnr:"Am"Aqcgaen-knfhcak" Imuershfashnm"n" sge"Aqcghsecstqe"amd"Decnqashue"Ekelemsr"n"Tvn"Teloke"Pgarer"(PhD"Diss.;"New"York"University,"*((1);"O'CYXXY,"Abxdnr,"p.")*0-)*1."

NK`SN"UVY^dTwo"Studis"on"th"Lat"Priod"Tmpls"at"Abydos

TRY_QRY_^"Pharaonic"history,"Abydos" ranked"among"Egypt's"most" revered" sites.)"Reputed"to"contain"the"actual"tomb"of"Osiris"at"Umm"el-Qa`ab,"this"Upper"Egyptian"city"attracted"devoted"pilgrims"until"the"late"Roman"Period."Yet"despite"its"legacy"as"a"holy"site"in"all"eras,"only"scant"architectural"traces"remain"from"the"Late"Period,*"even"though"many"private"sarcophagi,"stelae,"and"other"objects"attest"to"the"continued"performance"of"local"cults.+"Recent"excavations"have"identied"a"sizeable"temple"near"Kom"el-Sultan"dating"primarily"to"the"reigns"of"Nectanebo"I"and"II"of"the"irtieth"Dynasty"(c."+0(-+,+"BCE),"with"building"phases"going"back"to"the"New"Kingdom.,"Additional"material"from"outside"Abydos"provides"

" )*0" NK`SN"UVY^d

" 5" E." JOVXUY`-ROcWYXN," Quel-ques" recherches" sur" les" rformes"d'Amasis,"ASAE"-,,")1-.--/,"p."*/--*0/;"S."GKVVO^,"Batem""Sshsem""Wehgem:"fxoshrcge"Bat-"tmd"Rersatqheqtmfrhm-rcgqhsem"unm"dem"Ammfem"bhr" ytq" ."Dxmarshe,"ADAIK")0,"*((),"p.",/+-,/,;"J." HOS]O," Eqhmmeqm" tmd" Gedemjem:"

"Aroejse"deq"bhnfqaoghrcgem"Imrcgqhsem"deq"fxoshrcgem"Sosyehs,"OBO" **.,"*((/,"p."**1-*++;"Peftuaneith"oversaw"renova-tions"at"several"sites"throughout"Egypt;"HOS]O,"no."chs.,"p.")(.-)(/." 6" Translation"of"M."LSMR^ROSW,"Am-chems"Efxosham"Lhseqastqe,"III:"e"Lase"Peqhnd,")10(,"p."+,.

" 7" W.M.Fl."PO^SO,"Abxdnr"I,"MEEF"**,")1(*,"p."+)-++;"hd.,"Abxdnr"II,"MEEF"*,,")1)+,"p.")1-*(."" 8" PO^SO,"Abxdnr"I,"p."+*"and"pl."LXX,"gs.".-1.

new"historical"background"to"these"remarkable"discoveries."Previously"neglected"Pharaonic"blocks"reused"in"the"White"Monastery"Church"in"Sohag"and"a"beautiful"private"statue"in"the"Metropolitan"Museum"of"Art"shed"light"on"the"fate"of"the"Late"Period"temples"in"Abydos.

)." ^RO"VY]^"^OWZVO"YP"KWK]S]5A"private"statue"belonging"to"the"high-ranking"oDcial"Peftuaneith"(Louvre"A"1+)"includes"a"

wealth"of"information"concerning"the"temple"of"Osiris"at"the"end"of"the"Twenty-Sixth"Dynasty."In"a"lengthy"hieroglyphic"inscription,"Peftuaneith"records"the"extensive"renovation"works"he"conducted"in"Abydos"for"Apries"and"Amasis.-"He"enumerates"the"most"substantial"building"eCorts"as"follows:.

I"qeonqsed"sge"cnmdhshnm"n"Abxdnr"sn"sge"oakace,"sn"ghr"laiersx'r"eaq."Hhr"laiersx"nqdeqed"le"sn"dn"vnqj"hm"Abxdnr,"hm"nqdeq"sn"qebthkd"Abxdnr;"I"kabnqed"fqeaskx"hm"qersnqhmf"Abxdnr,"I"ots"eueqxsghmf"beknmfhmf"sn"Abxdnr"hm"hsr"okace."I"kax"avaje"reejhmf"vgas"var"fnnd"nq"Abxdnr,"I"beffed"aunqr"qnl"lx"knqd"dahkx,"hm"nqdeq"sn"qersnqe"Abxdnr.

I"bthks"sge"seloke"n"Kgemsalemsh"ar"a"rnkhd"vnqj"n"eseqmhsx"as"ghr"laiersx'r"cnllamd,"sgas"ge"lhfgs"ree"oqnroeqhsx"hm"sge"a=ahqr"n"Taveq."I"rtqqntmded"hs"vhsg"vakkr"n"bqhcj,"sge"rgqhme"qp-~~"var"n"nme"bkncj"n"fqamhse,"sge"atftrs"cgaoek"n"ekecsqtl,"nqmalemsr,"dhuhme"altkesr,"akk"racqed"nbiecsr"veqe"n"fnkd,"rhkueq,"amd"akk"oqechntr"rsnmer.

Peftuaneith's"comprehensive" renovation" included" the" temple"of"Osiris-Khentiamentiu,"the"qp-~~"chapel,"an"august"shrine"(~"or),"a"brick"enclosure"wall,"the"v-opq"(vof)"chapel"(the"monumental"tomb"of"Osiris"in"Umm"el-Qa`ab),"and"a"new"House"of"Life"(scriptorium)."Furthermore,"Peftuaneith"organized"the"economic"infrastructure"necessary"to"provision"the"temple"of"Khentiamentiu,"establishing"the"Osiris"Village"(fqf.s-Wrq),"a"large"agricultural"estate"and"vineyard"to"supply"divine"oCerings,"and"replacing"ritual"equipment"such"as"the"sacred"bark."Although"Peftuaneith"was"active"already"under"Apries,"the"restoration"work"at"Abydos"took"place"during"the"reign"of"Amasis.

Peftuaneith's"testimony"is"substantiated"to"a"small"degree"in"the"meagre"archaeological"record./"While"excavating"the"Osiris"temple"precinct"in"Kom"el-Sultan,"Petrie"discovered"foundation"deposits"of"both"Apries"and"Amasis,0"a"naos"inscribed"with"the"cartouches"of"both"pharaohs"

^aY"]^_NSO]"YX"^RO"VK^O"ZOSYN"^OWZVO]"K^"KLcNY]" )*1

" 9" Ibhd,"p."+)-*,"pl."LXVIII." 10" Ibhd,"p." +*,"pls."LXIX"and"LXX,"g.")(;"this"object"is"now"in"the"British"Museum,"EA".)(." 11" PO^SO,"Abxdnr" II,"pl."XLVIII,".,"p.")1:"temple"built"by"Aahmes"II"[Ama-sis],"whose"name" is" frequently" found"cut"as"a"quarry-mark"on" the"blocks;"cf." B."KOWZ," e"Osiris"Temple" at""Abydos," MDAIK" *+," )1.0," p." ),/,"pl."XLI,"b." 12" ."AWVSXOK_,"Ler"mntuekker"nthkker"d'Abxdnr,"$+,*-$+,+,")1(,,"p.").-"()+),"+();"O'CYXXY,"Abxdnr,"p.")++-)+,." 13" CG" )/(*1;"Ch."K_OX^d,"CGC"Obkhrpter,")1+*,"p."-1-.(,"pl.")-." 14" O." PON_," Socle" d'une" statue"de"Neshor" "Abydos,"RdE",+," )11*,"p."),--).*"(the"statue"is"now"missing);"

for"the"career"of"Neshor,"see"hd.,"Neshor""Mendes"sous"Apris,"BSFE"))0,")11(,"p."+0-,1." 15" PM"V," )1+/,"p." +);"G."LOPOL`O,"

Deir-el-Abiad,"in"F."Cabrol,"H.""Leclercq"(eds.),"Dhcshnmmahqe"d'aqcgnknfhe" cgq-shemme"es"de"khstqfhe"(DACL)"IV.),")1*(,"p.",-/--(*;"U."MYXXOO^"NO"VSVVKN,"Ler" cntuemsr" oqr" de" Sngaf," II," )1*.;"B."VOLOOMU,"L"V,"col.")(-*-)(-,,"r.u."

"Sohag;" hd.," De"Kloosterkerken" bij""Sohag:"De"Architekturale"Beslechting"van"een"ideologisch"Conict,""Pgmhw"*/,")10),"p."1)-)(*;"P.""GY]]WKXX,"Cgqhrs-khcge"Aqcghsejstq"hm"fxosem,"HdO"I,".*,"*((*,"p."-*0--+-.

" 16" P."GY]]WKXX,"Zur"Stiftung"und"Bauzeit"der"grossen"Kirche"des"Sche-nuteklosters"bei"Sh"(Obergypten),"BxyZ")(),"*((*,"p."+---,." 17" Fr.W."DOSMRWKXX,"Dhe"Sonkhem"hm"deq" rosamshjem"Aqcghsejstq,"SAWM".,")1/-,"p."-.-.(,"gs."**-*-;""GY]]WKXX,"Cgqhrskhcge" Aqcghsejstq" hm" fxosem,"p.")/)-)/*." 18" R."WOSVV,"Monuments"gyptiens"divers,"XII:"Monuments"d'Amasis" et"de"Hakoris"au"Deir"el-Abiad,"RT"+.,")1),," p." 1/-)((;"H."GK_^RSO," Un"autel" consacr" " la" desse" Mehit,"ASAE"+-," )1+-,"p."*(/-*)*;"P."VOX_],"Inscriptions"de"la"Troisime"Priode"In-termdiaire"(II):"Blocs"du"grand-prtre"d'Amon"Ivovs"remploys"dans"le"Deir-el-Abyad,"BIFAO"/-,")1/-,"p."./-/*.

(perhaps"the"very"same"~"or"mentioned"by"Peftuaneith),1"an"oCering"table"of"Amasis,)("and"quarry"marks"on"foundation"blocks"with"the"label"Amasis,"beloved"of"Osiris"Lord"of"Abydos.))"Amlineau"had"previously"discovered"a" fragmentary" stela"of"Amasis"at"Umm"el-Qa`ab,"ap-parently"related"to"the"Osiris"burial"in"the"tomb"of"Djer.)*"In"addition,"an"obelisk"of"Amasis"dedicated"to"gods"from"Abydos"(Osiris,"Sokar"and"Re-Harakhty),"turned"up"slightly"north"in"Mensha"(Ptolemais),)+"and"GolenischeC"recorded"a"statue"of"the"important"Saite"oDcial"Neshor"in"Sohag"bearing"an"inscription"dedicated"to"Osiris"Lord"of"Abydos,"probably"from"the"reign"of"Apries.),

e"textual" and"archaeological" evidence"agrees" that"Amasis"was"engaged" in"building"projects"near"the"temple"of"Osiris"Khentyamenty"in"Kom"el-Sultan,"perhaps"continuing"the"construction"program"of"his"predecessor"Apries."However,"little"remains"of"the"temple"besides"the"foundations"and"the"various"Kkehmtmde"mentioned"above."While"some"blocks"may"have"found"their"way"into"the"expanded"irtieth"Dynasty"temple"(see"hmqa),"no"further"traces"of"Amasis's"architectural"contributions"have"come"to"light"at"Abydos."

Spolia"in"th"Whit"Monastry"Church,"SohagNew"information"concerning"this"temple"may"be"found"in"the"White"Monastery"Church"of"

St."Shenoute"in"Sohag,"roughly",-"km"north"of"Abydos.)-"Like"many"early"Christian"monuments,"this"church"(c.",-("MO))."is"partially"built"from"Pharaonic"and"Graeco-Roman"ronkha""blocks,"columns"and"other"architectural"elements"salvaged"from"earlier"buildings.)/"Although"these"pagan"monuments"at"Sohag"are"quite"famous,"and"several"authors"have"recorded"individual"objects,)0"the"ronkha"have"never"been"the"object"of"a"comprehensive"catalogue.

In"*((/,"the"Yale"White"Monastery"Church"Documentation"Project"began"recording"all"decorated"material"presently"visible"as"part"of"broader"multi-disciplinary" investigations"of"

" )+(" NK`SN"UVY^d

" 19" e" White" Monastery" Church"Documentation"Project" is"directed"by"Bentley"Layton,"under"the"auspices"of"the"Yale"Monastic"Archaeology"Project,"Stephen"J."Davis,"executive"director."Our"research"was"given"generous"support"by"the"Marilyn"M."and"William"K."Simpson"Endowment"Fund" for"Egyptology"at"Yale"University,"under"the"direction"of"John"C."Darnell."For"project"updates"and"detailed"maps"of"the"church,"see"www.yale.edu/egyptology/aw_white.htm." 20" D." KVY^d," Imrcqhbed" Pgaqanmhc"Maseqhak"Retred"hm"sge"Wghse"Mnmarseqx"Cgtqcg"(in"preparation)." 21" For"the"following,"see"D."KVY^d,"

Triphis"in"the"White"Monastery:"Reused"Temple"Blocks" from"Sohag,"Amchems"Snchesx",(,"*()(,"p.")1/-*)+." 22" Suggested" by" H." KOO]," Kult-topographische" und" mythologische"Beitrge,"ZS" .,," )1+)," p." )(0;" fol-lowed"by"PM"V,"p."+);"A.H."GKNSXO,"AEO" II," )1,/," p." ,.*;" S." SK_XOYX,"Villes" et" lgendes" d'gypte"XXXII" "Le"chaudron"de""Sohag:"comment"nat"une"lgende,""BIFAO".1,")1/(,"p."-,--0;"B."VKX"NO"WKVVO,"Une"base"de"statue-"gurisseuse"avec"une"nouvelle"mention"de"la"desse-scorpion"Ta-Bithet,"JNES"+)," )1/*,"p."/1;"H."TO"VOVNO,"L" III,"p.",/;"VOLOOMU,"L"V,"col." )(-*," r.u."

"Horus" imi-schenut,;"G."VS^^WKXX,"Ein" Amulett" aus" der" Sptzeit" zum"Schutz"gegen"Feinde,"ZS" )))," )10-,"p." ).0,"n."e;"G."WKQXO,"V."RYXNY^,"

Une"ddicace"au"roi"Ptolme"de"la"part"

d'un"Alexandrin,"ZPE")(+,")11,,"p."*-(;"R."EV-SKcON,"Schenute"und"die"Tempel"von"Atripe."Zur"Umnutzung"des"Triphis-bezirks"in"der"Sptantike,"in"H."Knuf,"Chr." Leitz," D." von" "Recklinghausen"(eds.),"Hnmh"rnhs"pth"lak"x"oemre:"Sstdhem"ytl"ogaqanmhrcgem,"fqhecghrcg-qlhrcgem"tmd"rosamshjem"fxosem"yt"Egqem"unm"Hehmy-Jnre" hrrem," OLA" )1,," *()(,"p."-+(--+),"-+0." 23" Suggested" already" by" W.M.Fl."PO^SO,"Asgqhbhr,"BSAE"),,")1(0,"p.")),"),;"this"suggestion"is"largely"accepted"to-day;"see"e.g."Y."EV-MK]c,"More"Recent"Excavations"at"Athribis"in""Upper"Egypt,"MDAIK"-/,"*((),"p."*(1;"GY]]WKXX,"Cgqhrskhcge"Aqcghsejstq"hm"fxosem,"p.")/),"-+*;"K."LOWLUO,"C."FV_MU,"G.""VS^^WKXX,"fxosemr"rose"Bkse:"Dhe"Rleq"al"Nhk,"ZBA,"*((,,"p." ))(;"C.T."SMRYONO,"Mnmarshc"Bndher:"Dhrchokhme"amd"Sakuashnm"hm"Sgemntse"n"Asqhoe,"*((/,"p."1-." 24" WOSVV," RT" +.," )1),," p." 1/-11;""LOPOL`O," DACL" IV.)," p." ,.1,"g."+.,/;"KOO],"ZS".,," )1+),"p." )(0;"P.""GY]]WKXX,"D."BYYU]-HON]^YW,"M."ALNKV-RK]]_V,"E.S."BYVWKX,"e"Excavation" in" the"Monastery"of"Apa"Shenute"(Dayr"Anba"Shinuda)"at"Suhag,"DOP"-0,"*((,,"g.")(." 25" Furthermore," the"cult" center"of"this"god"(Nv/v),"can"be"reasonably"identied"with"Demotic:"oq-rv,"Greek:"Ptolemais," and"Arabic:"Mensha,"as"al-ready"suggested"by"KOO],"ZS".,,")1+),"p.")(0-)(1;"see"further"KVY^d,"Triphis"in"the"White"Monastery"(rtoqa,"n."*))."

A"recently"published" inscription" from"Atripe"states"that"the"domain/temple"(oq)" of"Horus-lx-mv.s"was" to" the"south-west"of"Atripe,"thus"in"the"oppo-site"direction"of"the"White"Monastery:"Chr."LOS^d,"D."MOXNOV,"Y."EV-MK]c,"Asgqhbhr"II:"Deq"Teloek"Psnkelahnr"XII,"*()(,"p."xxxvii,"n."))(;"El-Sayed"(in"Knuf"es"ak." (eds.),"Hnmh" rnhs"pth"lak"x"oemre,"p." -*,)"argued" this"might"designate"a"chapel"of"Horus-lx-mv.s"within" the"Triphis"temple." 26" KVY^d,"Amchems"Snchesx",(,"*()(,"p."*)*,"g.",;"note"that"this"ceiling"block"is"strikingly"similar"to"one"of"the"only"ceiling"blocks" from"Atripe"published"thus" far" (Asgqhbhr" II,"p." /+" [C" )," /0],"pl."+,)."R."El-Sayed"recently"attempted"to"dismiss" the"notion" that"Shenoute"could"have"attacked"the"temple"of"Atripe"or"reused"any"of"its"temple"blocks"in"the"White"Monastery,"noting" that"bisher"[kein]"irgendein"stichhaltiger"textlicher"oder"archologischer"Nachweis"erbracht"worden" wre" (EV-SKcON," in" Knuf,"es"ak." (eds.),"Hnmh" rnhs"pth"lak"x"oemre,"p."-)1--+0;"quote"on"p."-*()."However,"this"very"condent"assertion"needs" to"be"seriously"reevaluated"in"light"of"this"particular"inscription"along"with"other"related"ronkha"in"the"White"Monastery;"although"R."El-Sayed"claims" to"have"inspected"this"material"(hbhd,"p."-+(-)),"he" appears" to" have" overlooked" the""signicant"hieroglyphic"inscriptions.

the" site.)1"e"epigraphic"mission"has" thus" far" recorded"over"fty" inscribed"blocks,"dating"from"the"Twenty-Second"Dynasty"to"the"reign"of"Antoninus"Pius."While"the"nal"edition"of"all"blocks"is"still"in"progress,*("one"can"already"hazard"some"preliminary"conclusions"on"the"well-preserved"objects.*)

Scholars"have" traditionally"assumed"that"Shenoute's"masons" salvaged"building"material"from"earlier"pagan"temples"close"to"the"White"Monastery"complex,"either"from"a"completely"vanished"sanctuary"of"Horus-lx-mv.s"(in"ancient"Nv/v),**"or"from"the"temple"of"Repyt"(Triphis)"at"nearby"Atripe,"roughly"three"kilometers"south"of"the"church.*+"Since"the"ongoing"documentation"survey"has"yet"to"discover"any"mentions"of"Horus-lx-mv.s,"aside"from"the"free-standing"naos"now"in"the"Long"Hall"of"the"church,*,"the"rst"hypothesis"is"no"longer"ten-able.*-"As"expected,"many"blocks"can"be"securely"traced"to"the"temple"at"Atripe,"including"a"Graeco-Roman"ceiling"block"with"a"building"inscription"mentioning"Repyt,"Eye"of"Horus"in"the"West.*."Most"pieces"from"the"Atripe"group"are"concentrated"in"the"interior"(north-eastern)"staircase.

^aY"]^_NSO]"YX"^RO"VK^O"ZOSYN"^OWZVO]"K^"KLcNY]" )+)

" 27" GK_^RSO," ASAE" +-," )1+-,"p." *(/-*)*;" R.B." GYddYVS," The""Statue"BM"EA"+/01)"and"the"Erasure"of"Necho"II's"Names," JEA" 0.,"*(((,"p."/+," I.b+."For"Mehyt"of"Eastern"Be-hedet" (modern"Nag`" al-Mesheyekh),"see"S."CK_`SVVO," L'hymne""Mehyt"d'Edfou,"BIFAO"0*," )10*,"p." )(--)*-;"B."OMUSXQK,Y."AV-"MK]S,"Tvn"Raler-rhde"Tnlbr" as" Ek-Margaxhjg," )100," I,"p.")-*." 28" PON_,"RdE",+,")11*,"p."),--).*." 29" VOX_],"BIFAO"/-,")1/-,"p."./-/*;"the" current" survey"has" recorded"one"more"block"from"this"ensemble." 30" For" the" architectural" functions"of" these"blocks," cf."S."CVKUO,"Cgqhr-sham"Amshpthsher"hm"sge"Nhke"Vakkex,")1)*,"p." ),0-),1;"DOSMRWKXX,"Dhe"Sonkhem"hm"deq"rosamshjem"Aqcghsejstq,"p."-.-.(;"MYXXOO^"N_"VSVVKN,"Ler" cntuemsr"oqr"de"Sngaf,"II,"p.")*+-)*,;"GY]]WKXX,"Cgqhrskhcge"Aqcghsejstq,"p.")/)-)/*." 31" An" unknown" number" of" deco-rated" blocks" were" visible" when" the""foundations"of"the"south-east"corner"of"

the"church"were"exposed"(cf."the"photo-graphs"in"LOPOL`O,"DACL"IV.),"col.",.),"g." +.,*;"W.G."NO"BYMU,"Masqhatw"ontq" requhq" " k'aqcgnknfhe" de" k'fxose"cgqshemme,")1(),"p.",-,"g."-/),"but"only"one"of"these"blocks"was"ever"published:"VOX_],""BIFAO"/-,")1/-,"p.".0,"pl."X." 32" Blocks"belonging"to"Amasis"were"noted"already"by"WOSVV,"RT" +.," )1),,"p." 1/-10" (followed"by"PM"V,"p." +));"LOPOL`O,"DACL"IV.),"col.",/(;""VOX_],"BIFAO"/-,")1/-,"p."./;"VOLOOMU,"L"V,"col.")(-*;"EV-MK]c,"MDAIK"-/,"*((),"p."*(1,"n."*/."Previous"authors"have"also"recorded" the"cartouches"of"Psamtek"I"and" Apries" (PO^SO," Asgqhbhr," p." )),"),;" "LOPOL`O,"DACL" IV.)," col." ,/(;"EV-MK]c,"no." chs.,"p."*(1" ),"but" the"present"survey"so"far"has"not"yielded"any"traces"of"these"kings."It"is"possible"that"the"earlier"reports"might"have"misinter-preted"the"traces"on"the"partially"eCaced"cartouches,"understandable"given"that"all"these"Pharaohs"had"similar"prenomens"(already" acknowledged"by"LOPOL`O,"DACL"IV.),"col.",/()."PO^SO"also"noted"

a"shrine"of"Nepherites"I"built"into"the"oor"of" the"nave" (Asgqhbhr,"p." ),;" hd.,"Amchems"Efxos"*," )1)-,"p."*/),"but"any"traces"of"this"object"have"been"covered"by"more"recent"paving"stones."" 33" For"attacks"on" the"cartouches"of"Amasis,"see"H."DO"MO_VOXKOO,"L"I,"p.")0*,"r.u."Amasis;"GYddYVS,"JEA"0.,"*(((,"p."/1-0(,"n."/+."A"detailed"study"on"these"erasures"by"A.J."Leahy"is"now"in"press"(personal"communication,"*((0)." 34" Cf."K."McVSaSOM,"Rnxak"Pnqsqah-stqe" n" sge" Dxmarsher" XXI-XXX," )100,"p." )))," for" a" comparable" example"on"a"relief"of"Amasis"from"Memphis;"the"name"of"his"son,"the"prince"and"general"Amasis,"was"erased"in"precisely"the"same"way"on"his"sarcophagus"from"Memphis:"A.O."BYV]RKUY`,"Persians"and"Egyp-tians:"Cooperation"in"Vandalism?," in"S.H."D'Auria"(ed.),"O=eqhmfr"sn"sge"Dhr-ceqmhmf"Exe:"Am"Efxosnknfhcak"Medkex"hm"Hnmnq"n"Jacj"A."Jnreogrnm,"CHANE"+0,"*()(,"p.",---+.

While"the"church"builders"employed"a"substantial"number"of"blocks"from"neighboring"Atripe,"the"majority"of"identiable"ronkha"derive"from"sites"further"south."e"naos"of"Achoris"dedicated"to"Horus-lx-mv.s"could"come"from"Mensha"(Ptolemais)"(cf."rtoqa),"while"the"granite"altar"of"Necho"II"and"Psamtek"II,"dedicated"to"Mehyt,"should"have"originally"stood"in"her"temple"in"Eastern"Behdet"(Nag a`"el-Mesheyekh).*/"Furthermore,"a"number"of"objects"almost"certainly"traveled"downstream"from"Abydos,"including"a"statue"belonging"to"the"Saite"oDcial"Neshor,*0"and"at"least"ve"pieces"of"a"monumental"cenotaph"of"the"High"Priest"of"Amun,"Iuput"II.*1

To"this"list,"one"can"now"add"more"than"thirty"large"pink-granite"blocks"with"ne"reliefs"and"inscriptions."ese"pieces"are"scattered"throughout"the"church,"functioning"primarily"as"door"jambs"and"lintels"in"the"various"portals,"and"as"ceiling"slabs"for"the"west"staircase"and"windows"between"the"Long"Hall"and"the"Nave.+("e"architects"quite"naturally"preferred"granite"for"these"critical"architectural"elements"over"the"more"fragile"limestone"found"in"the"temple"of"Atripe."e"decoration"on"around"thirty"blocks"is"still"visible,"but"the"reliefs"on"other"granite"pieces"throughout"the"church"are"obscured,"either"due"to"infelicitous"location"(i.e."built"into"the"wall),"or"because"the"original"surface"has"been"eCaced."Additional"decorated"blocks"were"also"used"for"the"church"foundations,"but"these"are"not"visible"at"present"without"excavation.+)

A"precise"date"for"this"stylistically"homogenous"group"is"conrmed"by"several"cartouches"of"Amasis,+*"some"of"which"suCered"from"dalmashn"lelnqhae.++"On"a"block"in"the"western"staircase,"the"prenomen"was"selectively"eCaced"so"that"the"divine"names"(Moon"(~)"and"Neith)"remained"intact"(g.")"a).+,"e"cartouches"on"most"Hapi"gures,"meanwhile,"were"rendered"

" )+*" NK`SN"UVY^d

" 35" Based"on"his"copy"of" the" inscrip-tion,"R."Weill"already"noted"one"of"these"blocks" and" correctly" attributed" it" to"Amasis"(RT"+.,")1),,"p."10);"so"far"fteen"of"the"expected"forty-two"Hapi"gures"have"been"recorded,"with"the"following"distribution:"Upper"Egypt,"nomes")-+,"/,")*-),;"Lower"Egypt,"nome");"unknown,"seven"examples"(all"with"missing"nome"emblems)." 36" For" the" position" of" these" texts,"see" LOPOL`O," DACL" IV.)," col." ,/-,"g." +.-);" NO" BYMU," Masqhatw" ontq"requhq"" k'aqcgnknfhe"de" k'fxose" cgqsh-emme,"p.",0;"DOSMRWKXX,"Dhe"Sonkhem"hm"deq"rosamshjem"Aqcghsejstq,"g."*-;"the"portal"is"no"longer"bricked"up,"but"the"inscriptions"are"still"partially"obscured"by"support"beams.

" 37" A"photograph"appears"already" in"DOSMRWKXX,"Dhe"Sonkhem"hm"deq"rosamsh-jem"Aqcghsejstq,"g."*,."For"parallels,"see"W."BK^K,"Dhe"aksfxoshrcge"Ooeqkhrs"unm"deq"Fqgyehs"bhr"ytq"fqhecghrcg-qlhrcgem"Eoncge,"MS"+,")1.+,"p.",0"(Nos."0-)-),").+;"cf." the"similar" layout" in"the"Saite"tomb" of" Bakenrenef" from" Saqqara"(LD"III,"*.(c),"which"hints"at" the"co-lossal"scale"of"the"present"oCering"list." 38" The" only" other" Sed-Festival"scene"for"Amasis"comes"from"Sais;"see"L.""HKLKMRS,"Sais"and"its"Monuments,"ASAE",*,")1,+,"p."+0-,"g.")(-." 39" East"portal"of"the"Long"Hall."is"block"was"described"in"part"by"R."Weill"(RT" +.," )1),,"p."1/-10)"who"recorded"the"entire"Horus"name"of"Amasis,"now"missing.

" 40" For"these"activities"in"the"context"of"the"Sed-Festival,"see"P."M_XY,"Be-merkungen"zu"einem"Sedfest-Relief"in"der"Stadtmauer"von"Kairo,"ZS" 0.,")1.),"p.".--./." 41" For" the"Rtdeqkat" " ritual," cf."H."KOO],"Deq"Ooeqsamy" der" fxoshrcgem"Kmhfr,")1)*,"p."**--*,"/,-)(*;"M.J."LO-LVKXM,"e"Rhstakr"n" sge"Sed"Fershuak:"Amchems"Efxosham"Rnxak"Idenknfx"amd"Icn-mnfqaogx"qnl"sge"Pqedxmarshc"sgqntfg"sge"Gqaecn-Rnlam"Peqhnd"(PhD"Diss.;"Yale"University,"*())),"Chapter","(with"many"references).

almost"completely"illegible"(g.")b).+-"Occasionally,"the"name"of"Amasis"escaped"destruction,"as"on"the"interior"door"jambs"of"the"north"portal.+.

Given" the" fragmentary" preservation" of" the"Amasis"material," the"overall"decoration"program"of"which"the"blocks"were"originally"part"remains"tantalizingly"obscure." In"addition" to"cartouches"and"processions"of"fecundity"gures,"the"granite"ronkha"predominantly"feature"legs"and"torsos"of"the"king"and"various"divinities"(g."*)."One"large"block"preserves"a"small"excerpt"of"an"archaizing"oCering"list" (g." +"a);+/"other" fragments" feature"episodes"from"a"Sed-Festival"for"Amasis.+0"On"one"block,"the"Wepwawet-standard"accompanies"two"labels:"rst"occasion"of"celebrating"the"[Sed]-Festival"(yo-sox"rd"~b[-rd])"and"the"king"makes"a"processional"stop"(~so"mrv.s)"(g."+b)."Elsewhere,"the"Horus"name"of"Amasis" appears" to" the" left"of" another"Wepwawet-standard,+1"while"on"the"right"one"dis-cerns"a"label"for"a"Meret-goddess"(Mq.s)"and"the"phrase"fashioning"(a"statue"and"performing)"the"Opening"of"the"Mouth"ceremony"(lr(.s)"vo(.s)-q)"(g." +c).,("A" larger"block"near" the"church" roof"contains"a"remarkable"example"of"the"Rtdeqkat"(g.","a),,)"and"the"lintel"slab"of"the"north"portal"depicts"a"king"wearing"the"red"crown"and"the"Sed-Festival"robe,"although"his"face"is"now"partially"obstructed"by"support"beams"(g.",b).

Among"all"the"divinities"represented,"only"Osiris"appears"with"any"frequency."One"window"slab"preserves"a"full"relief"of"Osiris"with"the"following"label"(g."-"a):

" " " " " ["Wrq"mb"b]v"d"m0".s" " " " " ["Orhqhr"Lnqd"n"Abx]dnr,"fhuem"khe"eseqmakkx.

Other"blocks"preserve" images"of"mummiform"Osirian"deities"(g."-b-c);"another"relief"juxtaposes"Khentyamenty,"Lord"of"Abydos"with"the"cartouches"of"Amasis,"and"the"royal"titularies"on"the"door"jambs"claim"he"is"beloved"of"Sokar"(cf."rtoqa)."Finally,"a"cartouche"on"the"interior"jambs"of"the"north"portal"belongs"to"Amasis"son"of"Osiris"(g."."a)"instead"of"the"usual"son"of"Neith,"a"variant"attested"only"on"material"from"Abydos.,*

From"the"preceding"evidence,"it"is"clear"that"the"granite"blocks"at"Sohag"come"from"a"sanctuary"of"Amasis"in"which"Osiris"played"a"major"role,"and"the"most"likely"candidate"for"their"location"would"be"Abydos,"the"closest"temple"with"reliefs"attributable"to"Amasis."ese"granite"blocks"could"easily" join"the"list"of"similar"monuments"denitely"traced"to"Abydos,"including"the"Amduat"scenes"of"Iuput"II"(cf." rtoqa).,+"Compelling"evidence" for" this"prov-enance"comes" from"yet"another"block,"currently"along"the"north"wall"of"the"Nave,"bearing"the"initial"fragments"of"a" royal" titulary" in" large"hieroglyphs"(roughly"*("cm"high):" ,"probably"to"be"restored"as"[ml-b]-R,"[Khnem-ib]-re"(Amasis)."e"bottom"surface"contains"a" smaller"and"more"crudely"inscribed"text,"which"very"closely"resembles"the"ownership"inscription"of"Amasis"from"Abydos.,,

Cartouches"of"Amasis"beloved"of"Sokar""(Sohag,"White"Monastery"Church,"North"Portal).

^aY"]^_NSO]"YX"^RO"VK^O"ZOSYN"^OWZVO]"K^"KLcNY]" )++

" 42" PO^SO," Abxdnr" I," pl.LXVIII;"K_OX^d," Obkhrpter," p." .(;" cf." A.I."BVLK_W,"Demm"hcg"bhm"ehm"Kmhf,"deq"dhe"Maas"khebs:"Heqqrcgeqkefhshlashnm"hl"rosyehskhcgem"fxosem,"ehme"ueqfkehcgemde"Umseqrtcgtmf"deq"Pgqarenknfhe"hm"dem"n-yhekkem"Kmhfrhmrcgqhsem"unl"Befhmm"deq"%(."dxmarshe"bhr"ytl"Emde"deq"laje-dnmhrcgem"Heqqrcgas,"AefMnmars",,"*((.,"p."+*(.

" 43" In" a"discussion"of" the"Abydene""statue" of" Neshor" found" at" Sohag,"O.""Perdu"(RdE",+,")11*,"p."),.,"n.".)"had"already"suggested"that"the"Amasis"mate-rial"(as"recorded"by"Weill"and""Vernus)"could" have" also" come" from" "Abydos,"without"elaborating"on"the"content"of"the"reliefs."" 44" A"photograph"of" this" inscription"was"published"by"P."Vernus"(BIFAO"/-,"

)1/-,"p."./,"pl."VI),"but"with"no"scale,"discussion"of" the"context,"or"mention"of" the" name" Osiris." Similar" owner-ship" inscriptions"have"been" found"on"blocks"of"Apries" from"Sais"and"Tanis:"P." "WSV]YX," e" Stquex" n" Sar" (Sa"ek-Hafaq)," $,,*-%##%,"MEES"//,"*((.,"p."*)(-*)),"g.".1,"pl."*1b.

Among"all"the"divinities"represented,"only"Osiris"appears"with"any"frequency."One"window"slab"preserves"a"full"relief"of"Osiris"with"the"following"label"(g."-"a):

" " " " " ["Wrq"mb"b]v"d"m0".s" " " " " ["Orhqhr"Lnqd"n"Abx]dnr,"fhuem"khe"eseqmakkx.

Other"blocks"preserve" images"of"mummiform"Osirian"deities"(g."-b-c);"another"relief"juxtaposes"Khentyamenty,"Lord"of"Abydos"with"the"cartouches"of"Amasis,"and"the"royal"titularies"on"the"door"jambs"claim"he"is"beloved"of"Sokar"(cf."rtoqa)."Finally,"a"cartouche"on"the"interior"jambs"of"the"north"portal"belongs"to"Amasis"son"of"Osiris"(g."."a)"instead"of"the"usual"son"of"Neith,"a"variant"attested"only"on"material"from"Abydos.,*

From"the"preceding"evidence,"it"is"clear"that"the"granite"blocks"at"Sohag"come"from"a"sanctuary"of"Amasis"in"which"Osiris"played"a"major"role,"and"the"most"likely"candidate"for"their"location"would"be"Abydos,"the"closest"temple"with"reliefs"attributable"to"Amasis."ese"granite"blocks"could"easily" join"the"list"of"similar"monuments"denitely"traced"to"Abydos,"including"the"Amduat"scenes"of"Iuput"II"(cf." rtoqa).,+"Compelling"evidence" for" this"prov-enance"comes" from"yet"another"block,"currently"along"the"north"wall"of"the"Nave,"bearing"the"initial"fragments"of"a" royal" titulary" in" large"hieroglyphs"(roughly"*("cm"high):" ,"probably"to"be"restored"as"[ml-b]-R,"[Khnem-ib]-re"(Amasis)."e"bottom"surface"contains"a" smaller"and"more"crudely"inscribed"text,"which"very"closely"resembles"the"ownership"inscription"of"Amasis"from"Abydos.,,

a."Quarry"mark"of"Amasis,"now"in"Sohag."b."Quarry"mark"of"Amasis,"found"hm"rhst"at"Abydos"(from"Kemp,"MDAIK"*+,")10.,"p."),/).

a

b

" )+," NK`SN"UVY^d

" 45" S."CK_`SVVO,"La"sgnknfhe"d'Orhqhr""Ednt,"BdE"1),")10+;"ead.,"Le"seloke"de"Demdaqa:"Ler" cgaoekker" nrhqhemmer,"I-III,"BdE" ))/-))1," )11/;"L."CY_VYX,"Une"trinit"d'Osiris" thbains" sur"un"relief"dcouvert""Karnak,"in"Chr."iers"(ed.),"Dnctlemsr"de"sgnknfher"sgbahmer"saqdhuer"(D&T"$),"CENhM"+,"*((1,"p.")-)0.

" 46" For"a"possible"chapel"of"Osiris"and"Sokar"at" the"Repyt" temple" in"Atripe:"PO^SO,"Asgqhbhr,"pl."*),"*0-*1;"LOS^d,"MOXNOV,"EV-MK]c,"Asgqhbhr"II,"p."b`SS,"n."+*." 47" Cf."PO^SO,"Asgqhbhr," pl." *)," for"Osiris-Khentyamenty"and"Sokar-Osiris"specied"as"within"Akhmim"(~qx-b"

Iov).

" 48" Note" that" according" to"Kemp's"reconstruction"of"the"Amasis"temple"at"Abydos"(MDAIK"*+,")1.0,"p."),.,"and"g.")),"the"exterior"wall"had"a"perimeter"of"around").("meters,"while"the"interior"wall"of"the"sanctuary"measured"roughly"1-"meters.

Although"the"inscription"from"Sohag"is"almost"twice"the"size"of"its"parallel"at"Abydos,"both"are"stylistically"similar,"and"one"may"easily"restore"the"leftmost"line"of"the"Sohag"text"as"fol-lows:"[lqx]"Wrq"mb"[bv])."[beloved"of ]"Osiris"Lord"of"[Abydos]."While"Osiris"can"appear"in"oCering"scenes"at"any"Egyptian"temple,"it"is"highly"unlikely"that"this"type"of"ownership"inscription"would"mention"Osiris"unless"the"block"belonged"to"his"cult"center"at"Abydos.

Imseqoqesashnme"large"group"of"granite"blocks"in"the"White"Monastery"Church"can"be"securely"attributed"

to"Amasis."e"ne"granite,"exceptional"workmanship,"content"of"the"reliefs,"and"multiple"references"to"Osiris,"Sokar"and"Abydos"in"the"few"surviving"texts,"all"strongly"suggest"that"these"ronkha"derive"from"nearby"Abydos."

Since"Osiris"features"prominently"in"the"decoration"program"of"most"Egyptian"temples,,-"one"might"argue"that"these"blocks"actually"came"from"an"Osirian"chapel"of"another"temple"in"the"vicinity"of"Sohag,"such"as"Atripe"or"Akhmim.,."However,"if"this"were"the"case,"one"would"expect"at"least"one"reference"to"this"alternate"toponym,,/"whereas"all"the"blocks"from"Sohag"exclusively"mention"Abydos."Furthermore,"there"is"no"evidence"for"constructions"of"Amasis"at"any"other"site"between"Memphis"and"ebes,"while"numerous"sources"attest"to"the"extensive"activity"under"his"reign"at"Abydos."In"other"words,"the"Saite"blocks"at"Sohag"either"derive"from"a"temple"of"Amasis"in"an"unknown"location"(never"specically"named"in"the"surviving"inscrip-tions),"a"structure"otherwise"completely"unattested"in"the"archaeological"and"textual"record,"or"they"come"from"his"well-known"temple"at"Abydos,"a"place"mentioned"several"times"on"the"reliefs."While"either"interpretation"is"theoretically"plausible,"the"latter"option"most"adequately"explains"the"decoration"of"the"blocks"in"the"context"of"Amasis's"known"building"activities.

As"noted"above,"the""""decorated"blocks"represent"a"mere"fraction"of"the"combined"granite"material"at"Sohag,"and"thus"the"original"temple"would"have"been"a"substantial"construction."e"preserved"Hapi"gures"permit"a"rough"estimate"of"the"scale."Each"fecundity"gure"with"his"column"of"text"measures"roughly"-("cm"in"width,"thus"assuming"all",*"nomes"were"originally"represented,"this"procession"would"require"a"minimum"perimeter"of"*)"meters.,0

Since"all"the"Amaside"decoration"from"Abydos"was"discovered"at"Kom"el-Sultan,"the"blocks"from"Sohag"should"ultimately"derive"from"the"same"building."Nonetheless,"the"exact"nature"of"this"structure"is"unclear."Peftuaneith"claimed"to"have"rebuilt"the"temple"of"Khentiamenty"for"Apries"and"Amasis"(cf."rtoqa),"and"Barry"Kemp"assumed"the"Saite"traces"at"Kom"el-Sultan"

^aY"]^_NSO]"YX"^RO"VK^O"ZOSYN"^OWZVO]"K^"KLcNY]" )+-

" 49" KOWZ,"MDAIK"*+,")1.0,"p."),.." 50" O'CYXXY," Abxdnr," p." 0(-0),")))-))+;" MKVK," in" J.-Cl." Goyon,"Chr."Cardin" (eds.),"Pqnceedhmfr"n" sge"Nhmsg"Imseqmashnmak"Cnmfqerr"n"Efxosnkn-fhrsr,"II,"*((/,"p.")*-)-)*-*;"hd.,"e"Orhqhr"Teloke"as"Abxdnr,"*((1,"p."+--+.;"for"the"relative"positions"of"these"two"structures,"cf."O'CYXXY,"Abxdnr,"p.")*(,"g."..;"J."GK]^KXQ,"Ek"Aqbag,"A"Celeseqx"n" sge"Mhddke"Khmfdnl;"Stquex"n" sge"Okd"Khmfdnl"Telemnr;"Gqa>sh"qnl"sge"Teloke"n"Sesx,"ERA".,")1((,"pl."XXXVII,"where" the" Amasis" temple" is" labeled"

Stone"Pavement,"and"the"larger"temple"covers"the"areas"labeled"Platform"and"

Pavement"of"Stone,"Rough"Ground"with"traces"of"Brick"Walls"and"Irregular"Mound"covered"with"Stone"Chippings"(cf."MKVK,"e"Orhqhr"Teloke"as"Abxdnr,"*((1,"p.")*-),)."" 51" Compare"the"stela"of"Sety"I"comme-morating"the"erection"of"a"cenotaph"for"his"father,"Ramesses"I,"at"Abydos"(KRI"I,"))*,",-.):"I"caused"his"statue"to"reside"within"it,"being"provided"like"(previous)"kings"(d="~so"rl="l-mv=r,"r.s"l"mrv.v)."Whenever"the"majesty"of"this"august"god," (Osiris)-Wennefer"would"come" forth" to" rest" therein,"he"would"honor"my"father"like"those"in"the"past"(oq"~l"m"mq"om"or"Wm-mq"q"~so" l,"sq="

s="l" lx.v-"~.s),"having"elevated"him"among"the"blessed"dead"(r.m="rv"l-l"~yx.v)." 52" For" the"decoration"of"earlier"Ka-chapels,"see"MKVK,"e"Orhqhr"Teloke"as" Abxdnr," *((1," p." *+,-*+-," +---+-."(g.")).-))/)." 53" For"the"interpretation"of"Amasis's"dalmashn"lelnqhae,"see"the"forthcoming"study"by"A.J."Leahy"(rtoqa,"n."++);"for"the"various"crimes"attributed" to"Cam-byses,"see"recently"D."KKRX,"Note"on"the"Time-Factor" in"Cambyses'"Deeds"in"Egypt"as"told"by"Herodotus,"Tqam-retogqasme"+,,"*((/,"p.")(+-))*.

"represent"the"latest"phase"of"the"Osiris"temple.,1"However,"David"O'Connor"suggested"the"smaller"buildings"at"Kom"el-Sultan"were"actually" royal"Ka-chapels"going"back" to" the"Old"Kingdom,"and"that"the"main"Osiris"temple"was"the"much"larger"structure"to"the"south"(cf.""hmqa,"Section"*).-("Recent"excavations"by"Michelle"Marlar"have"conrmed"the"latter"theory,"and"suggesting"the"smaller"temple"of"Amasis"at"Kom"el-Sultan"was"indeed"a"type"of"Ka-chapel."

According"to"Kemp's"reconstruction,"the"Amasis"temple"would"have"opened"to"the"south-west,"with" the"entrance"being"parallel" to" the"processional" road" leading" to" the"Portal"Temple"of"Ramesses" II"and"ultimately" to"Umm"el-Qa`ab."Since" the"main"Osiris" temple" faced" to" the"north-east,"diagonal"to"the"Amasis"shrine,"the"bark"of"Osiris"would"have"passed"by"the"Ka-chapel"before"reaching"the"causeway"and"could"have"easily"made"processional"stops"therein"during"the"Khoiak"or"Valley"Festivals.-)

Despite"their"fragmentary"nature,"the"surviving"reliefs"from"Abydos"may"provide"further"sup-port"for"the"Ka-chapel"interpretation."In"particular,"the"multiple"Sed-Festival"scenes"(cf."rtoqa)"would"be"perfectly"appropriate"for"a"chapel"celebrating"the"divine"kingship"of"Amasis."Other"scenes"bear"comparison"to"the"preserved"decoration"of"earlier"Ka-chapels"from"Abydos,"includ-ing"the"archaizing"oCering"list"(g."+"a)"and"another"scene"in"which"the"King"and"a"Iunmutef"priest"standing"before"a"deity"(g.".b).-*

It"is"impossible"to"determine"when"or"how"these"blocks"came"to"Sohag,"or"when"the"Amasis"temple"was"dismantled."More"intriguing,"however,"are"the"traces"of"dalmashn"lelnqhae"on"most"of"his"cartouches."Since"the"attackers"took"care"to"not"destroy"the"divine"names,"the"erasures"must"have"occurred"while"people"could"still"read"hieroglyphs."e"most"plausible"candidate"would"be"the"Persian"conqueror"Cambyses,"who"famously"exhumed"Amasis's"corpse"just"to"ay"and"burn"it"(Herodotus"III,").).-+"If"this"is"the"case,"these"minor"attacks"to"the"Amasis"temple"may"be"related"to"the"greater"damage"the"Persians"reportedly"inicted"upon"Abydos"and"its"people"(cf."hmqa,"Section"*).

" )+." NK`SN"UVY^d

" 54" G."Vittmann"(Rupture"and"Conti-nuity:"On"Priests"and"ODcials"in"Egypt"during"the"Persian"Period,"in"P.""Briant,"M."Chauveau"(eds.),"Oqfamhrashnm"der"ontunhqr"es"cnmsacsr"ctkstqekr"damr"ker"oaxr"de"k'Elohqe"acglmhde,"Peqrhja"),,"*((1,"p."))*)"recently"discussed"two"cases"of"priests"from"Abydos"who"may"have"been"active" in" the" late"Twenty-Seventh"Dy-nasty,"but"precise"dates"are"impossible"to"determine."" 55" For" the"building" eCorts"of"Nec-tanebo"I"and"II,"see"recently"N."SZOXMO,"A"Nanr"n"Nejgsgnqgeb"qnl"Btbarshr."Re-khfhntr"Icnmnfqaogx"amd"Teloke"Bthkdhmf"hm" sge"

^aY"]^_NSO]"YX"^RO"VK^O"ZOSYN"^OWZVO]"K^"KLcNY]" )+/

" 64" PM" VIII,*," )111," p." /.1," 0()-/*/-+)(;"SY^ROLc']"LYXNYX,"Efxosham,"Mhddke"Earseqm,"Gqeej,"Esqtrcam"amd"Rn-lam"Amshpthsher,"Amchems"Gkarr,"amd"Aqs"Reeqemce"Bnnjr," Jtkx" $&," $,+$,"p."0(-0*,"no.").,;"M."HSVV,"J.P."AVVOX,"BMMA"-,/*,")11.,"p."0-1;"Do."AXYVN,"Aonkkn,"October,")11/,"p.")-;"ead.,"in"Pghkhooe"de"Mnmsebekkn"amd"sge"Mesqnonkhsam"Mtretl"n"Aqs,"$,**-%##+,"*((1,"p."/-0,"g."1."e"author"would" like" to" thank"Dorothea"Arnold,"Lila"Acheson"Wallace"Curator"of"Egyptian"Art,"for"granting"permission"to"publish"the"statue,"Marsha"Hill"for"of-fering"additional"photographs"and"many"helpful"suggestions,"and"Isabel"Stuenkel"for"providing"detailed"measurements." 65" P.-M." CRO`OOK_," Pqnrnonfqa-oghe" der" cadqer"lhkhsahqer" fxoshemr" de"ka"Barre"onpte."Caqqhqer"lhkhsahqer" es"caqqhqer"raceqdnsaker"em"fxose"dt"XIe"at"IIe""rhcke"auams"J.-C.,"Antony,")10-,"p.").,,"*-*,"doc." *+/;" J.A." JY]OZR]YX,"Efxo-sham"Rnxak"Sctkostqe"n" sge"Lase"Peqhnd,"'##-%')"B.C.,"SDAIK" +(," )11/,"p." )),"n."/(."K.""LOWLUO,"G."VS^^WKXX,"Die"Standgur"des"Horos,"Sohn"des"otoes"(Berlin," "gyptisches"Museum"SMPK"**/)),"MDAIK"--,")111,"p."+)),"n."l.

" 66" e"back"pillar"is")*"cm"wide,"and"the"intercolumnar"width"is"*.,"cm;"the"depth"of"the"statue"is")1.-"cm"at"the"chest,"and"*..."cm"at"the"legs." 67" M."Chevereau"(no."chs.,"p.").,)"dated"the"statue"to"the"period"of"the"dernires"dynasties"indignes"("Twenty-Ninth"to"irty-First"Dynasties);"B."Bothmer"(le"in"CLES),"M."Hill," J.P."Allen" (no." chs.,"p."0)"and"Do."Arnold" (no." chs.,"p." )-)"placed" it" specically" in" the" reign" of""Nectanebo"I." 68" Noted"already"by"M."Hill,"J.P.""Allen,"hbhd.;"clear"parallels"for"the"scalloped"edg-es"appear"on"royal""statues"of""Nectanebo"I,"including"Louvre"E."**/-*"(W."SOSZOV"(ed.),"Gnss,"Memrcg,"Pgaqang,"Vienna,")11*,"p.",/*-,/+,"No.")1-;"PM"VIII,"),")111,p." )-),"0((-0-0-.1(),"Strasbourg"University" +-*" (A.P."ZS`SO,"Heqlnon-khr"es"ke"mnle"de"k'hbhr."Recgeqcger"rtq"ka"oqnuhmce"dt"dhet"nsg"em"Barre"fxose"I:"Imsqndtcshnm"es"hmuemsahqe"cgqnmnknfhpte"der" rntqcer,"BdE" ..," )1/-," p." ))0-)*(,"doc."+(;"photograph"from"the"CLES);""Vatican,"Museo"Gregoriano"Egiziano"**./)"(PM"VIII,),")111,"p.")-(,"0((-0-0-0((;" J.-Cl."GOXSO,"Mtren"Efhyhamn"Gqefnqhamn,"Roma,")11+,"p."-),"pl.")-).

" 69" At"least"one"example"occurs"after"the" reign"of"Nectanebo"I" (kindly"not-ed"by"Marsha"Hill):"British"Museum"EA")(/1"(Nectanebo"II;"N."SZOXMO,"A"Nanr"n"Nejgsgnqgeb"qnl"Btbarshr."Re-khfhntr"Icnmnfqaogx"amd"Teloke"Bthkdhmf"hm" sge"

" )+0" NK`SN"UVY^d

" 71" For"this"development"of"the"back"pillar," see"PON_,"no." chs.,"p."*-(-*-*;"VS^^WKXX,"in"Briant,"Chauveau"(eds.),"Oqfamhrashnm"der"ontunhqr"es"cnmsacsr"ctk-stqekr"damr"ker"oaxr"de"k'Elohqe"acglmhde,"*((1,"p."10." 72" For" the" enigmatic" object," see"primarily" H.G." FS]MRO," An" Elu-sive" Shape"within" the" Fisted"Hands"of"Egyptian"Statues,"MMJ" )(," )1/-,"p."1-*);"A." "FORVSQ,"Das" sogenannte"Taschentuch" in"den"gyptischen"Dar-stellungen"des"Alten"Reiches,"SAK")+,")10.,"p."---1,." 73" Compare" especially" the" statue"of"Tjaihorpata" (Brooklyn"Museum"of"Art," .0.)(.);" D." WSVN_XQ," Ilgnseo"tmd"Alemgnseo:"Gnssveqdtmf"hl"aksem"fxosem,"MS"+.,")1//,"p.",,-,-,"pl."/)." 74" Especially"in"col."+,"where"the"statue"owner"implores"future"readers"to"say"his"name"beside"the"great"god"(Osiris)"on"ac-count"of"the"benefactions"he"performed"in"Busiris." 75" PM"IV,")1+,,"p.",,;"H.G."Fischer,"

Some"Early"Monuments" from"Busiris,"in"the"Egyptian"Delta,"MMJ")),")1/.,"

p." --*,;"O."PON_,"Documents" rela-tifs"aux"gouverneurs"du"Delta"au"dbut"de" la"XXVIe"dynastie,"RdE" -/,"*((.,"p.")/.-)//." 76" For" the" specific" features" of"inscriptions" from" the" irtieth" Dy-nasty"and"early"Ptolemaic"Period," see"H."DO"MO_VOXKOO,"Une"statue"de"prtre"hliopolitain,"BIFAO".)," )1.*,",(-,*;"PON_,"RdE"+.,")10-,"1*-1.;"hd.,"RdE",1,")110,"p."*-*-*-+;"and"most"re-cently"."EXQ]RONOX,"On"the"Verge"of"Ptolemaic"Egyptian:"Graphical"Trends"in"the"+("th"Dynasty,"Abfadhxas"),"*((.,"p."+--,)." 77" E.g."J."BKSXO],"Restricted"Knowl-edge,"Hierarchy,"and"Decorum:"Modern"Perceptions"and"Ancient" Institutions,"JARCE"*/,")11(,"p.")/." 78" See" the" bibliography" in"M." "LSMR^ROSW,"e"Naucratis"Stela"Once" Again," in" Sstdher" hm" Hnmnq"n"Genqfe"R."Htfger,"SAOC" +1," )1/.,"p." )+1,"n." );" further" renements" and"new"readings"were" recently"proposed"by"." "EXQ]RONOX,"Philologische"Be-merkungen"zu" sptzeitlichen"Texten,"

LhmfAef" )+,"*((-,"p." +1-,+."Other"par-ticularly"diDcult"texts"of"the"irtieth"Dynasty"or"early"Ptolemaic"Period" in-clude"Bayonne",10"(DO"MO_VOXKOO,""BIFAO".)," )1.*,"p."*1-,*);" JE",/*1)"(I." "G_OWO_,"Ler" ctkser"d'Alnm"gnqr"de"ber,"BEPHE")*+,"*((-,"p."**)-***);"Lyon,"muse"des"Beaux-Arts"E.G.")/,0"(J.-Cl."GYcYX,"M." "GKLYVNO,"Trois"pices"de"Basse"poque" et"d'poque"ptolmaque"au"muse"des"Beaux-Arts"de"Lyon,"BMML," )11)/+-,,"p."*-)+);"Alexandria"*(1-1"(I."G_OWO_,"Les"monuments"d'Ounnefer,"ls"de"Djed-bastetiouefnkh," contemporain" de"Nectanbo"Ier,"in"I."Rgen,"Fr.""Servajean"(eds.),"Veqba"Mamems."Rectehk"d'stder"ddher" " "Dhlhsqh" Meejr," "CENhM" *,"*((1,"p." )/0-)1*);"Ph." "DOMRKSX," in"D."Boschung,"es"ak."(eds.),"Dhe"amshjem"Sjtkostqem"hm"Cgasrvnqsg,"rnvhe"hm"Dtm-gal"Marrex"tmd"Whsghmfsnm"Hakk,"CSIR"III.0," )11/,"p." )*/-)*0;"and"Hannover,"Kestner-Museum")1+-.*((.-)(" (to"be"published"by"the"author).

the"head"is"broken,"surviving"traces"conrm"that"the"top"of"the"back"pillar"had"a"trapezoidal"shape"typical"for"the"period./)"He"carries"small"rolls"of"cloth"in"both"hands,/*"and"he"displays"the" so-called"Isis-knot" (ss)"on"his" left" shoulder" (g."0b)." In"general," this" statue" is"quite"similar"to"other"striding"statues"of"the"irtieth"Dynasty./+"While"its"provenance"is"uncertain,"the"inscription"indicates"that"it"originally"came"from"the"temple"of"Osiris"in"Busiris,/,"a"very"important"site"which"has"yielded"only"a"handful"of"objects"thus"far./-

e"back"pillar"features"four"columns"of"inscriptions"composed"in"very"clear"hieroglyphs."is"text"is"well"preserved"with"lacunae"limited"to"the"upper-right"corner,"the"middle"of"the"fourth"column,"and"the"entire"bottom"of"the"statue."e"inscription"is"composed"in"the"terse"and"very"diDcult"semi-cryptographic"style"characteristic"of"the"early"irtieth"Dynasty,"evi-denced"on"the"Naucratis"stela"of"Nectanebo"I,"the"Metternich"Stela"(New"York,"MMA"-(.0-),"and"the"statue"of"Tjaihapimu"(New"York,"MMA"(0.*(-.))./."During"the"reign"of"Nectanebo"I,"scribes"experimented"with"new"orthographies," rendering"words"by" the"barest"consonantal"elements"(e.g." "=""

^aY"]^_NSO]"YX"^RO"VK^O"ZOSYN"^OWZVO]"K^"KLcNY]" )+1

" 79" Primarily" J." VOMY_^^O," Les"statues" du" gnral" Hor," gouverneur"d'Hraklopolis," de" Busiris" et"d'Hliopolis"(Louvre"A."00,""Alexandrie"

s.n.)," BIFAO" ,1," )1-(," p." 0--)),"(G." GYO," Ler" qekashnmr" dt" ckeqf""fxoshem"es"der"Lafhder"d'aoqr"ker"rntqcer"oqhuer,"SstdHekk",-,"*((1,"p.")10-*(1);"

and"Uqj." II," *,-*." (GYO," no." chs.,"p."+1.-,()).

tentative."However,"the"historical"content,"recounting"military"actions"against"foreigners"and"the"reconstruction"of"temples"is"relatively"straightforward,"and"bears"many"similarities"with"the"biographies"of"contemporaneous"Generals"from"the"Delta./1

Txt"and"Translation" [PSQ."1]A." Titles"and"Epithets"(cols.")-*)

[)]""[*]"

"

3

"

[)]"[qx-o.s"~sx-"l]"msx"a"~p"l"Nv.s-qm=r"b"" vq"l"q0"bv()"l"j-b"c" ls(q)-~(.s)"d"lm"r0q(.v)"" rb"~q.v"mb.v"l"ldv="" rl"0l"p"mb-q0"f" d"m=".s"mb"rq=r"g" dmr-lgv(.s)"h" v"(d)="l"()v"m"m0"i" l(v)m"m"[]"j[*]"[]"~mb"qpx.v"k"" ~sq""l" m"m.v"l"rm="m" q"l.s"rod"q"vl"n" rso.m"m(q)"l-0ms"mv.s="o" " ~q"q(.s)"d"m="b="p

" (lx)-q"l"vq"sox"m"~l="q" ~l-mq"~jm.s"ms""vq"r"m"Pq-Wrq" [~l]-mq"[]

" ),(" NK`SN"UVY^d

" 80" P."MYX^O^," Gnfqaoghe" I," )1-/,"p."1/;"O."PON_,"Un"dieu"venu"de"la"campagne,"RdE"-.,"*((-,"p.")+)-)..." 81" For"titles"composed"~sx-"+"topo-nym,"see"primarily"H."DO"MO_VOXKOO,"

Le"vizir"Harsisis"de" la" +(e"dynastie,"MDAIK").,")1-0,"p."*++;"I."G_OWO_,"BhOq" .(," *((+," p." ++*;" cf." especially"Uqj."II,"*,,".-/"and"*-,"."(Berlin"/)." 82" For"the"identication"of"Nv.s-qm=r,"see" J."YYcY^^O,"AEPHE.Ve" recshnm"/-,")1./-.0,"p.")(,."Other"examples"of"this"toponym"include"VOMY_^^O,"BIFAO",1," )1-(," p." )(+," col." *," )(/," n." (m);"P.""VOX_],"Asgqhbhr."Tewser"es"dnctlemsr"

qekashr"" ka"fnfqaoghe,"atw"ctkser," es""k'ghrsnhqe" d'tme" uhkke" dt"deksa" fxoshem"" k'onpte"ogaqanmhpte,"BdE"/,," )1/0,"p.")**,")*0"n."(ab);"G_OWO_,"Ler"ctkser"d'Alnm"gnqr"de"ber:"qecgeqcger"de"fnf-qaoghe"qekhfhetre"BEPHE")*+,"*((-,p.".,,".-,"n." i;"PON_,"RdE" -/,"*((.,"p." )-.,"g.")b,"col."+,")-/,"n."a;"and"Turin"+(*,"(CLES"photo;"noted"by"YYcY^^O,"no."chs.,")(,)." 83" For"the"location"of"Mostai,"see"pri-marily"YYcY^^O,"AEPHE"/-,")1./-)1.0,"p.")(*-)(0;"hd.,"AEPHE"/.,")1.0-)1.1,"p." )(0-))+;"G_OWO_," no." chs.,"p.".,,"n."(f ),")00-)1*.

" 84" Asgqhbhr" II/)," ++/" (C" -," *1)," cor-rected"after"the"photograph"in"hbhd,"II/+,"pl."1(." 85" VOMY_^^O," BIFAO" ,1," )1-(,"p.")(+,"col."*." 86" Uqj."II,"*-,"/"(Berlin"/);"E."BO]MSKXS,"S."EV-NKQQK,"S.""POXSQY^^S,"Fl."SSV-`KXY,"La"fakkeqha"dh"Padhmehs,"uhrhq"dh"Necsamebn" I,"Sappaqa" I," )10-,"pl."XII,"col." )."Compare" also" the" epithet" oq"l"q0," equipped"with"knowledge," in"J."VOMY_^^O,"Tewser" bhnfqaoghpter"dt"Sqaotl"de"Meloghr."Cnmsqhbtshnm"" k'stde"der" rsker"unshuer"dt"Sqaotl,"BEHE"I"+).,")1.(,"p."1,.

[)]"[Cntms"amd"fnueqmnq"hm"sge]"Btrhqhse"mnle,"cghe"hm"Nv.s-qm=r"(Mnrsah)" fqeas"hm"jmnvkedfe,"mnsabke"n"sqtrsvnqsghmerr," rsqahfgs"n"geaqs,"ghddem"n"derhfm," vgn"seacger"eueqxbndx"sgqntfg"ghr"roeecg," vgn"fthder"sge"hfmnqams"amd"qevaqdr"sge"onrrerrnq"n"hmsekkhfemce," sn"vgnl"eueqx"bndx"fhuer"sgehq"vhrdnl," qerequed"n"roeecg," ghr"vnqdr"aqqhue"ar"sge"bqeasg"n"khe," oqnsecsnq"n"[],[*]"[]"vgn"rkaxr"sge"qebekr," amd"vgn"sher"to"sge"sghe," affqerrnqr"ee"sgqntfg"eaq"n"ghl," vgn"oeqnqlr"Maas," rgaqoeq"sgam"a"reed," cgnrem"bx"fnd"qnl"alnmf"sgnre"hm"ghr"chsx," " nq"dnhmf"sgas"vghcg"ghr"geaqs"snkd"ghl.

" Fhqrs"Gemeqakhrrhln"n"ghr"Maiersx," oqhers"n"sge"dnnq"bnks"n"sge"fqeas"onqsak"n"sge"seloke"n"Orhqhr"(Btrhqhr)," [oq]hers"[n"]

a." Enough"traces"remain"to"safely"read" ,"Busirite"Nome.0("e"titles"are"restored"on"the"basis"of"similar"sequences"from"the"Late"Period.0)"

b."Nv.s-qm=r"is"another"name"for"Mostai"(usually"Mr.s),0*"a"city"in"the"Busirite"nome.0+"In"a"recently"published"geographic"list"from"Athribis,"Nv.s-qm=r"appears"in"apposition"to"Mr.s"(reading" ,"instead"of" ).0,"e"contemporaneous"General"Hor"was"also"director"of"the"districts"(0qo"v.v)"of"Busiris,"Heliopolis"and"Nv.s-qm=r.0-"

c." e"epithet"great"of"knowledge" (vq"l"q0)"occurs"on" two"sarcophagi"of" the"irtieth"Dynasty.0."Although"the"latter"epithet"bv()"l"j-b,"great"of"trustworthiness"(or:""discretion)"

^aY"]^_NSO]"YX"^RO"VK^O"ZOSYN"^OWZVO]"K^"KLcNY]" ),)

" 87" For" the" meaning" of" j-b," see"E."HYX_XQ,"Lexikalische"Studien"II,"ZS"0/,")1.*,"p."))--)).;"and"the"forth-coming"discussion"by" J.C."DKXOVV,"C."MKXK]]K,"A"Trustworthy"Seal-Bearer"on"a"Mission:"e"Monuments"of"Sabas-tet"from"the"Khephren"Diorite"Quarries"(in"press)."e"term"bv,"notable"(one),"occurs"fairly"often"in"inscriptions"from"this" period," cf."K." JKX]OX-WSXUOVX,"

Drei"Statueninschriften"einer"Familie"aus" frhptolemischer"Zeit,"SAK" +.,"*((/,"p."-),"(c)",;"Uqj."II,")/,".;")0,")*." 88" J."MYXXO^"SKVOR,"Ler"amshpthsr"fxoshemmer"de"Zafqeb,")1/(,"p."--,"col."/;"for"this"meaning"of"l-b,"see"K."JKX]OX-WSXUOVX,"Bhnfqaoghrcge"tmd" qekhfhre"Imrcgqhsem"deq"Sosyehs"atr"del"fxo-shrcgem"Mtretl"Kahqn,"AT",-,"*((),"I,"p."*,),"n.",;"D."KVY^d,"Adnqashnm"n"sge"Ral:"Fhue"Hxlmr"sn"Altm-Re"qnl"Hhbhr"Teloke,"YES".,"*((.,"p."),1,"n."A." 89" Wb." II," )/+," .;" J.M.A." JKX]]OX,"De"sqadhshnmeeke"efxoshrcge"Atsnbhnfqae"uq"ges"Nhetve"Rhij,"I,")1,.,"p."*+-*,;"HOS]O,"Eqqhmeqm"tmd"Gedemjem,"*((/,"p."1.,"n."*-).

" 90" VOX_],"Asgqhbhr," p." )/,," col." ),")/-,"n." (a);" hd.," Inscription"d'un"per-sonnage"d'Athribis"bien"en"cours"sous"la"XXIXe"Dynastie,"MDAIK" +/," )10),"p.",0,,"n."(e)."" 91" For"the"sentiment,"compare"Amh"D,",,"*-+"(="J.Fr."Q_KMU,"Dhe"Legqem"der"Amh:"ehm"metfxoshrcgeq"Wehrgehsrsews"hm"rehmel"jtkstqekkem"Ulekd,"OBO"),),")11,,"pp.")(.-/,")/,,"+(0-1):"q"~.s"(ql)"vr0"rs"q"mv.s,"l"rv"q"dx.s,"As"for"the"heart"(of"a"man),"it"is"wider"than"a"granary,"it"is"deeper"than"a"well." 92" Wb." III," +-0," )*-),;" M." SWS^R,"e"Mnqstaqx"Tewsr"n"Paoxqtr"BM"$#(#*,"CDPBM" +," )10/," p." 1/-10," note" (a)"to"VI,"*);"D."K_^R,"Ehmgqtmf" hmr"Psnkelhrcg,"I,"*((/,"p."**.,"*+0,"n."*,*." 93" JE" ,/*1)," col." *" (G_OWO_,"Ler"ctkser"d'Alnm"gnqr"de"ber,"*((-,"p."***;"reign"of"Nectanebo"I);"Athens,"National"Museum"*((1"(D."MKVVO^,"

Quelques" monuments" gyptiens" du"muse"d'Athnes,"RT" )0," )01.,"p." )),"Front," col." -;" fourth" century" BCE);"W.M.Fl."PO^SO,"Nebergeg"amd"Deem-meg,"MEEF",,")000,"pl.")("())).

" 94" G."RYONO,"Zwei"hieroglyphische"Inschriften" aus" Hermopolis" (Ober-gypten),"ASAE"-*,")1-,,"p."+0,,"line","(reign"of"Nectanebo"I),"in"the""context:"he"who"gives"temples"to"them"(viz."the"gods),"who"builds"their"statues"therein,"(and"puts)"every"body"in"their"service,"so"they"might"bring"to"him"a"great"In-undation"in"its"season"(qd"~v.vs-mq.v"m=rm,"lr"0l(.v)"l=rm,"(qd)"bv"mb"q" lr=rm," m=rm"m="~o"vq" q" sq=" )."Cf." also" I." G_OWO_," Le" groupe"familial" de" Pachryentaisouy." Caire"JE" +.-/.," "BIFAO" )(,," *((,,"p." *-+,"*-,,"n."x"(fourth"century"BC)." 95" Fr." DK_WK]," L'origine" gypti-enne"de" la" tripartition"de" l'me"chez"Platon," in"Mkamfer"Adnkoge"Gtsbtb,")10,,"p.",.-,0,"-(--);"N."SR_ZKU,"Wgeqe"Cam"Whrdnl"be"Fntmd?"e"Safe'r"Lam-ftafe"hm"sge"Bhbke"amd"hm"Amchems"Efxosham"Lhseqastqe,"OBO")+(,")11+,"p."*1+-*1-." 96" See" J.J." CVO," L'expression"dm"lgvs"des"autobiographies"gypti-ennes,"JEA"+-,")1,1,"p."+1-,*,"for"these"phrases"and"related"epithets." 97" VOMY_^^O," BIFAO" ,1," )1-(,"p.")(+,"pl."V,"col."*.

is"apparently"without"parallel,0/"one"might"compare"the"similar"phrase"vq"l"l-b,"great"of"omniscience"(lit."consuming"of"heart)"in"a"Saite"Period"autobiography"(Zagreb"No."./*).00

d."Tentatively"reading" "as"ls(q)-~.s,"true"of"heart.01"A"similar"orthography"of"l"( )"for"lsq"in"the"epithet"lsq-b"occurs"in"two"autobiographies"of"the"Twenty-Ninth"and"irtieth"Dynasties.1("One"might"also"consider" reading"l-b," deep"of"heart/mind,1)"although"such"an"epithet"is"not"attested"elsewhere."An"early"Ptolemaic"inscription"spells"ls(q)-b"as" "(Uqj."II,".(,"))."

" For" "="~.s,"one"might"compare"the"use"of"this"sign"to"write"~v.s,1*"noting"that"this"phe-nomenon"is"quite"popular"in"the"irtieth"Dynasty:" "~v.s-mq,1+" "="~v.vs-mq.v,"temples.1,"Alternatively,"this"could"simply"be"a"variant"ls(q)".s,"true"of"body,"since"the"terms"~.s"and".s"are"relatively"interchangeable"in"other"epithets.1-

." lm-r0q.v"is"apparently"a"variant"of"the"more"common"epithets"~o-.s"~q"r0q.v=,"hidden"of"body"concerning"his"designs,"and"one"who"hides/suppresses"the"designs"of"the"body"(lm/gqo"r0q.v".s="),"both"of"which"express"discretion.1.

f." A"similar"sequence"of"epithets"occurs"on"a"statue"attributed"to"the"General"Hor"currently"in"Alexandria:1/

" "MMA")11..1):" """"""""""" """"""""""""" """"""""""""""" "Alexandria"w/o":" " " "

" ),*" NK`SN"UVY^d

" 98" VOMY_^^O," BIFAO" ,1," )1-(,"p.")(+;"followed"by"PON_,"RdE"+.,")10-,"p."10-1,"n."k." 99" VOMY_^^O," BIFAO" ,1," )1-(,"p.")(--)(.,"n."(h);"followed"by"G."GYO,"Ler" qekashnmr" dt" ckeqf" fxoshem," *((1,"p."*(*." 100" For"oDcials"rewarding"(p)"their"underlings" in"Late"Period"autobiogra-phies,"cf."VOMY_^^O,"BIFAO",1,")1-(,"p."01,"and"pl."III,"col."+;"J.J."CVO,"Au-tobiographie"d'un"gnral"gouverneur"de" la"Haute-gypte"" l'poque" sate,"BIFAO"0+,")10+,"p."01,"col."+;"and"compa-re"also" the" stela"of"Nectanebo"I" from"Hermopolis,"line"+)"(RYONO,"ASAE"-*,")1-,,"p.",))):"his"majesty"gave"rewards"to"the"prophets"and"priests"for"completing"all"works"he"had"performed"in"Hesret"(vmm"~l="~q"d.s" p"m"~l.v-mq.v"vb.v"l"qp"j.s"mb"q.s.m="l"yq.s)." 101" For"this"abbreviation"of" lx-q,"see"K_OX^d,"BIFAO"+,,")1+,,"p.")-,-)-/." 102" Note" that" in" the" Hor" Ostraca,"oth"is"both"the"learned"one"(o"q0)"and"the"possessor"of"knowledge"(o"mb"

q0)"(J.D."RKc,"e"Aqcghue"n"Hnq,")1/.,"p.").(),"suggesting"that"q0"and"mb"q0"are"were"roughly"equivalent"epithets."" 103" SR_ZKU,"Wgeqe"Cam"Whrdnl"Be"Fntmd?,")11+,"pp.")0+--;"H.-W."FS]MRO-EVPO^," Dhe" Legqe" ehmer" Mammer" q"rehmem" Sngm:" ehme" Esaooe" at" del"

Gnsservef"der"knxakem"tmd"rnkhdaqhrcgem"Bealsem,"fAb".(,")111,"I,"p.".1,")1,-)1-." 104" N."de"G."DK`SO],"e"Rncj"Tnlbr"n"Ek"Alaqma,"VI,"ASEf"Melnhq")0")1(0,"pl."*),"line"*/;"cf."H."G_U]MR,"Kmhfr-dhemrs:"ytq"Sekbrsdaqrsekktmf"deq"Bealsem"hm"deq"$+."Dxmarshe,"SAGA")),")11,,"p.")-.." 105" As"Shupak"notes" (no." chs.,"p." )0,,")1.),"several"other"Egyptian"texts"speak"of"educating"the"ignorant"(0l.v),"since"they"were"deemed"worthy" for" instruc-tion."For"the"general"theme"of"guiding"(rl)" others," cf." J.-P."CY^OQQSKXS,"

Une"stle"hliopolitaine"d'poque"sate,"in"Hnllafer""Seqfe"Satmeqnm,"BdE"0),")1/1,"I,"p.")+),"n."(l)." 106" JKX]]OX," De" sqadhshnmeeke" efxo-shrcge" Atsnbhnfqae," I," )1,.," p." )*-;"W.K." SSWZ]YX," The" Stela" of"

Amun-wosre," Governor" of" Upper"Egypt" in" the"Reign"of"Ammenemes" I"or"II,"JEA"-),")1.-,"p."./,"n."(r),"pl."XIV,"line" 0." "Compare" also" the" following"epithets:"one"to"whom"the"mind"is"re-vealed"(vb(.v)"m="b),"on"to"whom"that"which" is" in" the"heart" is" revealed,""consisting" of" that" which" is" hidden"from"all" (other)"people" (vb(.v)"m="mss"l"b"l"~o.s"q"ql"mb),"and"one"to"whom"secret"aCairs"are" spoken"(d.v"m="ld.s"~o.s)"(JKX]]OX,"no."chs.,"p."-+,")*-;"D.M."DYbOc,"Efxosham"Nnm-Rnxak"Eohsgesr"hm"sge"Mhddke"Khmfdnl,"Pd")*,")110,"p.")(0-)(1,"*0,,"+1/;"SSWZ]YX,"JEA"-),")1.-,"p."./,"n."t)."For".vs,"bodies,"denoting"people"by"metonymy," see"Wb."III,"+-/,")-,"and"the"Naucratis"Stela,"col.",." 107" E.g."d.m=" .s" mb(.s)" rq=r," he"gave"every"belly" its" satiety."Compare"Naucratis" Stela," col." ,:" Every" man"is" sated" through"his"provisions" (r()"y"mb"(q)"(v)=")"(following"H."DO"MO_VOXKOO,"Zwei"Bemerkungen"zur"Naukratisstele,"ZS"0,," )1-1,"p."/0);"

" Vercoutter"translated"the"Alexandria"example"as"follows:"son"horreur,"c'est"l'homme"qui"ne"sait"payer"(lit."qui"ignore"le"paiement),"possesseur"de"plus"de"biens"que"le"grenier"royal"(lit."le"Double"Grenier).10"However,"this"interpretation"requires"interpreting"q0x"as"an"unusual"spelling"of"0q.s/0.s,"goods.11"Moreover,"if"0l-p"were"truly"a"compound"meaning,"the"one"ignorant"of"reward,"one"would"expect"the"seated-man"determinative"to"follow"p,"not"0l.

" Instead,"one"could"translate"the"Alexandria"example"as"follows:"one"whose"abomination"is"the"ignorant,"(but)"who"rewards"(p))(("the"possessor"of"knowledge;"overseer"of"the"Double"Granary"(lx-q"mv.sx).)()

" e"dichotomy"between"the"learned"(q0))(*"and"the"ignoramus"(0l)"pervades"Egyptian"wisdom"literature.)(+"e"extreme"reactions"to"these"groups"on"the"Alexandria"statue"recall"an"earlier"statement"about"Akhenaten:"He"sets"his"wrath"against"the"one"ignorant"of"his"teaching,"(but)"his"praise"is"for"the"one"who"knows"it"(q="bv="q"0l"rbx.s=,"~yv.s="m"q0"r).)(,"e"owner"of"the"MMA"statue"was"more"open-minded,"and"vaunts"of"having"guided"(rl)"the"ignorant"towards"knowledge.)(-

g." In"the"absence"of"any"obvious"parallels,"the"translation"of"this"passage"remains"speculative,"inspired"by"earlier"autobiographical"phrases"like:"one"to"whom"people"tell"their"secrets"(d.m"m=".vs" l.s=rm/0q.vs=rm)"(lit."to"whom"bodies"(again".vs")"tell"their"contents.)(."e"lack"of"determinatives"is"particularly"frustrating"here,"since"the"element"or" "could"potentially"write" r/rq.s," wisdom," rv/rq," satiety,)(/"y" q" to"await,)(0"or" r" q," to"perceive.)(1

^aY"]^_NSO]"YX"^RO"VK^O"ZOSYN"^OWZVO]"K^"KLcNY]" ),+

for" this" term" spelled" rq" (for" rv),"cf."Chr."TRSO],"Psnkle"Pghkadekoge"es"ker"oqsqer"d'Asntl"de"Tijnt:"Nntuekke"dhshnm"cnllemse"de"ka""rske"de"Phsgnl","OqMnmro")/,"*((/,"p."/(,"line"*,." 108" H." DO" MO_VOXKOO," Notes"ptolmaques:" *." L'expression" rv" q"v.s.," BIFAO" -+," )1-+," p." )(.-)(/;"A.H." "GKNSXO," `To"await'" in"Mid-dle"Egyptian,"JEA",+,")1-/,"p."))*-))+;"." EXQ]RONOX," Un" Mendsien" en"Dalcarlie."Statue"ZAE"/,"de"la"collec-tion"Zorn,"in"I."Rgen,"Fr."Servajean"(eds.),"Veqba"lamems."Rectehk"d'stder"ddher""Dhlhsqh"Meejr"oaq"rer"cnkkfter"es"alhr,"CENhM"*,"*((1,"p."))1-)*(,"n."(k)." 109" E.g."d.m=".s"mb(.s)"r"q=r,"he"en-sured"that"every"body"was"aware"of"it"(viz."the"reward)."For"the"phrase"r"q,"to"be"aware"of,"cf."K."JKX]OX-WSXUOVX,"Drei"Gebete"aus"der"**."Dynastie,"in"J.""Osing,"G."Dreyer"(eds.),"Fnql"tmd"Marr,"AT")*," )10/,"p."*+0-*+1,"g."),"col.".,"*,0,"n."0:"You"know"all" the"things"I"have"done,"you"are"aware"of"them"(v=j"q0.sv"q.m="mb,"msj"r"q=rm)."is"translation"could"correspond"to"other"biographies"in"which"oDcials"claim"to"have"instructed"other"priests"(e.g."K."JKX]OX-WSXUOVX,"

Die"Biographie"eines"Priesters"aus"Heli-opolis,"SAK"*1,"*((),"A,"and"B0)."Note"that"the"terms"r"and"r/rq.s"are"virtu-ally" synonymous;"cf."SR_ZKU,"Wgeqe"Cam"Whrdnl"Be"Fntmd?,"p."***-**.,"and""compare"an"epithet"of"Tjaihorpata"(Dy-nasty"+():"whom"the"king"promoted"because"of"his"perception"(r.v),"whom"the"king"advanced"on"account"of"his"wisdom" (rq.s)" (G."MK]ZOY,"CGC"

Saqcnogafer"der"onpter"oeqrame"es"osnk-lapte,")1),,"I,"p."*,()." 110" See"primarily"CVO,"JEA"+-,")1,1,"p."+0-,*;"hd.,"Deux"nouveaux"exemples"de"l'expression"dm"lgvs,"JEA"+/,")1-),"p." ))*;"W.A."WKN,"Lexicographical"Miscellanies,"SAK"-,")1//,"p."*0+-*0,;"BO]MSKXS"es"ak.,"La"fakkeqha"dh"Padhmehs,"uhrhq"de"Necsamebn"I,"pl."XII,"col."),"p."/+,"n."(d);"G."PY]OXO,"Du"nouveau"sur"Kombabos,"RdE"+/,")10.,"p."1-." 111" H."DO"MO_VOXKOO,"Raccords"memphites,"MDAIK",/,")11),"p."*,/,"col." )," *,0," n." (b)." Other" examples"are" roughly" contemporaneous" with"the"New"York" statue:"Vienna,"S"*("(Ph."DOMRKSX,"Ler" hlonmdqabker"de"k'gekkmhrashnm:" khssqastqe" d'ghqnfqal-laser,"MRE"/,"*(((,"p.",),"pl."I,"col.");"noted"by"CVO," JEA" +-," )1,1,"p." +1,"n.",)"and"Athens,"National"Museum"*((1"(MKVVO^,"RT")0,")01.,"p.")),"Front,"col." );"noted"by"CVO," JEA" +/," )1-),"p." ))*,"B)."Note"also" several"examples"of"the"nearly"synonymous"dmr-q"spelled"with"the"hippopotamus:"Uqj."II,"*-,"0;".(," ,;" Hannover," Kestner-Museum")1+-.*((.-)("(cf."rtoqa,"n."/0)." 112" Other"examples"from"the"irtieth"Dynasty"include"Naucratis"Stela,"cols."-,".,"0," )+;"DO"MO_VOXKOO,"BIFAO".),")1.*,"+*,",);"O."PON_,"Le"monument"de"Samtoutefnakht""Naples,"RdE"+.,")10-,"p."1-;"Uqj."II,"*-,"1;"note"that"this"abbreviation" is"extremely"common" in"the"early"Ptolemaic"Satrap"Stela"(Uqj."II,").,"."and")-;")/,"-,"0,")),"),;")0,"/"and")*;")1,"+)."For"earlier"examples,"see"J."OX,"

e"Stela"of"Emhab" from"Tell"Edfu,"

MDAIK"*,,"p.)1.1,"p."1(,"n."(F);"PON_,"RdE",+,")11*,"p.")-,-)--,"n."(i)." 113" For" another" irtieth" Dynasty"example,"see"Metternich"Stela,"line"**("(C.E."SKXNO-HKX]OX,"Dhe"Tewse"deq"Messeqmhcgrseke,"AmAef"/,")1-.,"p.".-);"for"earlier"attestations,"see"PON_,"RdE",+,")11*," p." )-0," n." (r);" hd.," Hommage"d'une"princesse"sate""son"prcepteur,""BIFAO")(-,"*((-,"p."*).,"n."c." 114" Naucratis"Stela," col.",;"YYcY^^O,"BIFAO"-,,")1-,,"1*,"Doc."."a." 115" For"the"king,"compare:"M."SKXN-WKX,"Tewsr"qnl"sge"Thle"n"Ajgemasem,"BhAef"0,")1+0,"*0,")-"(discussed"by"J."A]]-WKXX," Die" Loyalistische" Lehre"Akhenatens,"SAK"0," )10(,"p." )/-)0):"just"hearing"his" [vo]ice" is" the"breath"of" life" (v"m" m0" rl"[0q]v=" )."For"gods"allowing"the"deceased"to"breathe"via"their"speech,"see"J.C."DKXOVV,"e"Emhflashc" Nesgeqvnqkd" Bnnjr" n" sge"Snkaq-Orhqham"Umhsx,"OBO" )10,"*((,,"p."*)+-*),."Cf."also"H.G."FS]MRO,"An"Eleventh"Dynasty"Couple"Holding"the"Sign"of"Life,"ZS")((,")1/+,"p."*+-*-." 116" R."OV-SKcON,"Dnctlemsr"qekashr""Sar"es"rer"dhuhmhsr,"BdE".1,")1/-,"p.")*/,"n."h."Of"course"private"individuals"could"enliven"the"deceased"by"means"of"their"

breath"of" the"mouth" (v"m" q)," for"which"see"P."VOX_],"La" formule" `le"souEe"de"la"bouche'"au"Moyen"Empire,"RdE"*0," )1/.,"p." )+1-),-;"K." JKX]OX-"WSXUOVX," Semsemyem" tmd" Mawhlem"hm"dem"Pqhuashmrcgqhsem"deq"fxoshrcgem"Sosyehs,")111,"p.")0,",--,0.

h."Literally,"heavy"of"speech,"with"the"general"meaning"reserved.))("e"present"spelling"with"the"hippopotamus"for"dmr,"heavy,"occurs"already"on"a"statue"of"the"Twenty-Sixth"Dynasty.)))

i." e"rst"sign"( )"could"alternatively"write"the"particle"v,"resulting"in"a"slightly"diCerent"translation:"whatever"he"says"is"the"breath"of"life."e"abbreviated"orthographies" "for"d,))*" "for"v,))+"and" "for"m0),)),"are"all"attested"in"texts"from"the"irtieth"Dynasty."Kings"or"gods"can"communicate"the"breath"of"life"through"their"voices,))-"but"some"pri-vate"individuals"bear"epithets"such"as"one"who"rejuvenates"millions"with"his"speech"(alone)"(rm0m"~~.v"l"so-q=").)).

" ),," NK`SN"UVY^d

" 117" For"many"epithets"beginning"with"lvm,"protector,"see"DO"MO_VOXKOO,"BIFAO".)," )1.*,"p." +.,"n." (k);"HOS]O,"Eqhmmeqm"tmd"Gedemjem,"*((/,"p."+).." 118" LGG"V,"OLA" )),," *((*,"p." *)1"(noting" the"variants"~m"qpx.v" and"~ms"qpx.v;"hbhd,"p.")-0"and"**1);"for"the"vari-ous"meanings"of"~mb"and"related"words,"see"A."EQLO^],"Im"Qters"n"Meamhmf:"A"Sstdx"n"sge"Amchems"Efxosham"Rhser"n"Cnmrecqashmf"sge"Meqes-cgersr"amd"Dqhuhmf"sge"Cakuer,"EfUhs"0,")11-,"I,"p."+*(,"n."-;"another"General" from" the" late"Ptole-maic" Period" mentions" driving" away"

rebels"(qpx.v),"see"LOWLUO,"VS^^WKXX,"MDAIK"--,")111,"p."+)),"n."l."" 119" Wb." III," *(*," *-+:" (gefangene"Vgel)"zusammenbinden"(I"thank"John"C."Darnell"for"this"suggestion);"for"the"orthography,"see"Vak."Pgnm."II,"p."++)-++*"(especially"No."//1);"Demdaqa"XII,"),,")0." 120" H."J_XUO,"Die"Feinde"auf"dem"Sockel"der"Chasechem-Statuen"und"die"

Darstellung"von"geopferten"Tieren,"in"O."Firchow"(ed.),"fxosnknfhrcge"Sstdhem,")1--,"p.").*-/-." 121" Cf."LGG"I,"OLA"))(,"*((*,"p.".*/"a,".+1"a." 122" VOMY_^^O," BIFAO" ,1," )1-(,"p."0/,"pl."III,"col.")." 123" P."WSV]YX,"A"Psnkelahc"Lewhjnm,"OLA"/0,")11/,"p.")()0-1;"Demdaqa"XII,"+*),")(;"" 124" Other" examples" of" rod" written"as" rbd"occur" in" inscriptions" from"the""Twenty-Sixth"and"Twenty-Seventh"dy-nasties;" see"G."PY]OXO,"La"oqelhqe"dnlhmashnm"oeqre"em"fxose,"BdE")),")1+.,"p."1(,"n."(b),"who"already"noted"the"de-scendants"in"Demotic"(rbs)"and"Coptic"()." 125" Wb." I," +/,," -;" OV-SKcON," Dnct-lemsr" qekashr" " Sar" es" rer" dhuhmhsr,"p.")*-,"l."+,,")*/,"n."(f );"M."LSMR^ROSW,"Maas" hm"Efxosham"Atsnbhnfqaogher"amd"Rekased"Sstdher,"OBO" )*(," )11*,"p." +);"

K."JKX]OX-WSXUOVX,"SAK"*1,"p."*((),"p.")(+,"col.",,"and")(0,"n."(.0);"J."O]SXQ,"G."RY]K^S,"Paohqh"feqnfkhch"e"heqashch"da"Tebsxmhr,")110,"p.".0." 126" EV-SKcON,"Dnctlemsr"qekashr""Sar,"p.")*-;"JKX]OX-WSXUOVX,"SAK"*1,"*((),"p.")(+,"col.",." 127" For"irtieth"Dynasty" parallels,"see"Naucratis" Stela," col." )+;"RYONO,"ASAE"-*,")1-,,"p.",*)." 128" Wb." IV," ++/," )+-),;" G_U]MR,"Kmhfrdhemrs,")11,,"p."))*-))+;"K."JKX]OX-WSXUOVX,"fxoshrcge"Bhnfqaoghem"deq"%%."tmd"%&."Dxmarshe,"AT"0,")10-,"I,"p."*+*,"n."-;"HOS]O,"Eqhmmeqm"tmd"Gedemje,"*((/,"p." ++0;" cf." also"Uqj." II," +," )," ("Naple""Stela);"DOMRKSX,"Ler" hlonmdqabker"de"k'gekkmhrashnm,"*(((,"pl."IV,"col."*." 129" Compare"also"JE"+...+,"ll."1-)(:"rso"m"mvsx.v=,"one"chosen"by"his"fellow"citizens" (H."DO"MO_VOXKOO,"Une"famille"sacerdotale"thbaine,"BIFAO"0.,")10.,"p.")+1,"),(,"n."d,"and"pl."VI).

j." One"could"possibly"restore"protector"of"[the"orphan],"[the"widow],"[the"poor],"or"similar"terms.))/

k." He"who"repels"the"enemies"(~mb"qpx.v)"was"one"of"the"guardians"of"Osiris"in"Book"of"the"Dead"),-.))0"e"statue"owner"thus"mythologizes"his"own"work"restoring"the"temples"of"Osiris"in"Busiris"and"Abydos,"and"possibly"also"expelling"Persians"from"Egypt.

l." Reading" "="~sq,"to"tie"up"(birds),))1"possibly"referring"to"the"act"of"binding"prisoners'"arms"behind"their"backs"like"pinioned"fowl.)*("e"term" ,"thief,"can"also"refer"to"demonic"enemies.)*)

m."On"the"statue"Louvre"A."00,"the"General"Hor"claims"to"be"one"who"repels"the"opponents"(0r"m.v),"apparently"also"in"reference"to"the"Persians.)**"is"specic"term"is"common"among"gargoyle"texts,"where"the"lion"repels"(m)"the"enemies"(m.v)"and"storm"clouds"(m.v).)*+"e"present"example"might"allude"to"the"title"priest"of"the"door-bolt"(~jm.s)"mentioned"later"(cf."hmqa),"for"which"one"might"compare"a"doorway"inscription"from"the"Opet"Temple:"I"am"the"lion-shaped"door-bolt"of"the"great"portal"(mj"~jm.s"ms"rb"vq)"(),"who"repels"the"enemy"(m"m)"(Ooes"I,".,")-+).

n."Despite"the"unconventional"orthography"of" "="rod,"sharp,)*,"this"group"is"recogniz-able"as"the"classical"epithet"sharper"than"a"grain"(of"wheat),"attested"already"in"the"First"Intermediate"Period.)*-"As"in"the"present"example,"this"phrase"usually"qualies"a"statement"about"performing"Maat"(q"l.s).)*."

o."Reading" "="msx(.v),)*/"following"the"pattern"of"similar"epithets,)*0"especially"Pesnrhqhr,"No."0*,")(+:"rso(.v)"m"lx.v"mv.s=,"chosen"among"those"in"his"city.)*1"

^aY"]^_NSO]"YX"^RO"VK^O"ZOSYN"^OWZVO]"K^"KLcNY]" ),-

" 130" Similar"orthographies"are"popular"in"the"Late"Period:"H."De""Meulenaere,"

N(R)"et"NF(R),"in"C."Berger,"G."Clerc,"N."Grimal" (eds.),"Hnllafer" " Jeam"Leckams,"BdE")(./,,")11,,"p.".--/)." 131" J.J."CVO,"Une"statuette"du"ls"an"du" roi"Nectanab,"RdE".," )1-),"p.")+0." 132" H." DO" MO_VOXKOO," Les" va-leurs"de" signe" "" la"Basse"poque,"BIFAO"-,,")1-,,"p."/,;"note"especially"

E.J." "SROWKX,"Djedor" the"Saviour"Statue"Base"OI" )(-01," JEA"./," )10),"p."0.,"col.".,"0/-01,"oarrhl" 133" See" primarily" A." VKSVVO," La"grande" porte" du" temple" d'Apet" ""Karnak,"ASAE"-+,")1--,"p."0--1(,"pl."IX,"col." );"WSV]YX,"A"Psnkelahc"Lewhjnm,"p.".0*-.0+;"CK_`SVVO,"Demdaqa."La"onqse"d'Irhr,"+-,"-"and"p."*/*,"n."1)."For"lions"(qv.sx)"protecting"gateways" (qv.s)," see"already"H."GYONSMUO,"A""Lion-Cult"of"

the"Old"Kingdom"Connected"with"the"Royal"Temple,"RdE")),")1-/,"p."-/-.(;"H."WSVVOW],"e"Cn>m"n"Hepasa"(Cahqn"JdE"&)'$+):"a"Care"Sstdx" hm"Efxosham"Ftmeqaqx"Ctkstqe" n" sge"Eaqkx"Mhddke"Khmfdnl,"OLA"/(,")11.,"p."+)0-+)1." 134" G_OWO_,"Ler"ctkser"d'Alnm"gnqr"de"ber,"*((-,"p.")+*;"see"in"particular"the"discussion"of"J."YYcY^^O,"ACF"1-,")11,-)11-,"p."./1.

" Alternatively,"this"word"could"be"an"abbreviated"form"of"m(q),)+("and"thus"one"could"read"chosen"by"the"god"within"his"city,"i.e."his"local"god."e"latter"option"would"nd"a"close"parallel"in"another"irtieth"Dynasty"biography:"whom"god"distinguished"because"of"what"his"heart"created"for"him"(m"mq"~q"pl"m="b=").)+)

p" e"value" "="d,"to"say,"is"common"in"this"period.)+*"q." For"similar"orthographies"of" (lx)-q"l," see"Chevereau,"Pqnrnonfqaoghe"der" cadqer"lhkh-

sahqer"fxoshemr"de"ka"Barre"onpte,"p."*.)-*.*."e"full"title,"Great"generalissimo"in"chief"of"his"majesty"(lx-q"l"vq"sox"m"~l=")"was"quite"common"in"the"irtieth"Dynasty"(cf."Chevereau,"no."chs.,"p."*(-)"and"thus"it"is"impossible"to"identify"the"owner"of"the"statue"based"on"his"titles"alone.

r." Door"bolts"on"Late"Period" temples"were" sometimes" shaped" like" lions" ," as"with" the"present"determinative" for" the"word"~jm(.s).)++"A" similar" title"appears"on" the"Ptolemaic"Period"sarcophagus"of"Panehemise"(Vienna"S",),"who"was"priest"of"the"Mound"of"Shena`,"priest"of"the"gods"and"goddesses"united"within"it,"priest"of"its"portal,"priest"of"its"door"bolts"( ),priest"of"its"trees,"and"priest"of"its"water.)+,

B." Restorations"in"Busiris"(col."+)[+]"

3 3

""[+]"[]"mq" dl=m"qm="q-fr"mq""a" ~q"msx"q.m="0.v"m/l"Pq-Wrq" " rlv="r.s"vq.s"m"mq-

" qd.m="vy-mq.v"m"Wrq"mb-dv" " ~-or"m"Wrq"~qx-r.s-vq.s"b" " " l"~"lj(.v)"l"mbv

" ),." NK`SN"UVY^d

" 135" K." JKX]OX-WSXUOVX," Eine"Grabbernahme" in"der"+(."Dynastie,"JEA"0+,")11/,"p.")/),"g."*,"col."*,")/,,"n."(m);"cf."similarly"H."DO"MO_VOXK-OO,"BIFAO".),")1.*,"p."+*,"col."*"(also"irtieth"Dynasty)"where"the"funerary"wish"should"read:"r0=sm"qm="q-mq"q-fr"~mv.s-mq.v,"May"you"recall"my"name"well"beside" the"Mistress"of" the"Gods"(Hathor)." 136" See"already"Wb."III,"*(1,"*;""WSV]YX,"A" Psnkelahc" Lewhjnm," )11/," p." .1*;"S."Cauville"renders"all"examples"of"this"word"as"reliquaire"(Demdaqa"I,"p."+1,;"Demdaqa"III,"p."--.;"Demdaqa"IV,"p."/.);"Demdaqa"V-VI,"*,"pp."+-,--)."Note"that"Peftuaneith"also"dedicated"one"august"shrine"of"electrum"(v"~" or"l"l)"

for" the"Osiris" temple"at" "Abydos,"and"that" it"also"contained"divine"amulets,"all"ritual"requirements"made"from"gold,"silver,"and"all"types"of"precious"stones"(y.v"mqx,"db~.vs"mb"mv"0s-mq"l"mbv"~" .s"mb)" (Louvre"A"1+,"cols." +-,"="JOVXUY`-ROcWYXN,"ASAE" -,," )1-.--/,"p."*/.);" for"a" similar" shrine"built"for"Osiris" in"Libya," see"A."RYaO,"A"Hhrsnqx"n"Amchems"Cxqemahca:"Nev"Lhfgs"nm" "Aefxosn-Cxqemaeam"Rekashnmr;"Tvn"Psnkelahc" Ssaster" Fntmd" hm"Tnklehsa,"CASAE")*,")1,0,"p."/,,"col."+."Cf."also"JE"./(1+" (Chr."ZS`SO-CYMRO,"Tamhr":"sqauatw"qcemsr"rtq"ke"Tekk"Sm"Ek-Hafaq,"&,"Ssaster"es"atsnbhnfqaogher"de"dhfmhsahqer":"Tamhr""k'onpte"osnklapte,"*((,,"p."*/),"col."0):"I"renewed"the"august"shrine"in"

electrum,"lled"with"all"precious"stones,"so"that"the"statue"of"the"Lord"of"Mesen"(Horus)"might" appear" in" procession"within"it"(rqmo="~"or"l"l,"l~(.v)"l".s"mb,"0"rl"mb-Mrm"l"~q-b=r)." 137" A."CKVNOSXS,"Dhyhnmaqhn"deh"mnlh"fenfqach" e" snonfqach"dekk'Efhssn" fqecn-qnlamn,")1+-,"III,"p.")..;"St."TSWW,"Dar"cgqhrskhcg-jnoshrcge"fxosem"hm"aqabhrcgeq"Zehs:"ehme"Sallktmf"cgqhrskhcgeq"Ssssem"hm"fxosem"hm"aqabhrcgeq"Zehs,"TAVO",),")10,,"I,"p."+)0-+*,;"GKNSXO,"AEO"II,"p.")//*." 138" R." POc]," Ler" cnlokewer" de" ka"Deletqe" dt" Shrsqe" es" dt"Tqme" de" R."nknfhe" es" dcnqashnm" damr" ke" seloke"d'Hasgnq""Demdeqa,"OLA" )(.,"*((*,"p.".-,"n.".()-.(*.

" qd.m="lss"m"mov"~q-b"v.s-mov"c" " q"q(.s)"y"[]"d[+]"[]"fnd," lax"xnt"oqnmntmce"lx"male"berhde"sge"fqeas"fnd," becatre"I"oeqnqled"bemeacshnmr"nq/hm"Btrhqhr," " qemnuashmf"sge"fqeas"reas"n"sge"Gqeas"Gnd.

" Jtrs"ar"I"dnmased"sge"oqncerrhnmak"baqj"nq"Orhqhr"Lnqd"n"Btrhqhr," " amd"sge"atftrs"rgqhme"nq"Orhqhr"tonm"sge"Gqeas"qnme," " " (lade)"qnl"rhkueq"amd"cnueqed"vhsg"fnkd," rn"I"dnmased"sge"rale"sn"Amtbhr"vhsghm"Cxmnonkhr," " hm"nqdeq"sn"oqnsecs"[]

a."e"phrase"q-fr"mq""appears"with"an"identical"orthography"on"a"Memphite"relief"from"the"reign"of"Nectanebo"I"(Brooklyn"-..)-*).)+-

b."Although"the"term"~"or,"august"shrine,"often"refers"to"the"sanctuary"or"a"free-standing"naos,"the"presence"of"silver"and"gold"suggests"this"object"was"a"small"portable"naos"intended"to"hold"a"statuette"of"Osiris.)+.

c." e"present"house"of"Anubis"(v.s-mov)"is"most"likely"Cynopolis"of"the"Busirite"nome"(modern"Abusir"Bana)"well"known"in"Greco-Roman"sources,"but"heretofore"never"attested"in"hieroglyphic"or"demotic"texts.)+/

" Building"inscriptions"frequently"state"that"temple"renovations"are"intended"to"protect"or"hide"the"divine"statues"from"harm.)+0

^aY"]^_NSO]"YX"^RO"VK^O"ZOSYN"^OWZVO]"K^"KLcNY]" ),/

" 139" H."GK_^RSO,"DG"III,")1*.,"p."0(;"P."MYX^O^,"Gnfqaoghe"II,")1.),"p.")()"(arguing"it"was"actually"inis);"LGG"III,"-**-+;"H."BOSXVSMR,"Dhe"Orhqhrqekhpthem"Ztl"Mnshu"deq"Kqoeqfkhedeqtmf"hm"deq"aksfxoshrcgem"Rekhfhnm,"fAb",*," )10,,"p." ))+,"n." -,"**+-**,,"*/1,"n." -1;" and"recently"M."S^KNVO,"Der"Skarabus"

als"osirianisches"Symbol"vornehmlich"nach"sptzeitlichen"Quellen,"ZS")*0,"*((),"p."/-,"//-/0."Examples" include:"Bndite,"Pghkae," 1(," )-;"Pghk" I," ,1,")0;"Demdaqa" I,"1+,"/;"Demdaqa" II," )++,",;" ),*,",;" "Demdaqa"V,"/+,"0;"Demdaqa"X,"-*,",;"/.," );" )).," +;"*((," +;"*+*," +;"+*-,"/;""Demdaqa"XI,".(,"0;"Demdaqa"XII,"

..,"))-)*;"Demdaqa"XIII,"*/,"),;"Ooes"I,"*)+,"n."0;"Td"I,"01,",;"Ednt"I,")(0,"*;"Ednt" III,"*,/," ),-)-;"Ednt"V,"1/,",;"*1+," ),-)-;"Ednt"VI,"**1," ),;"LD" IV,".*"d"(Armant)."For"another"occurrence"in" a" private" inscription," see" H." DO""MO_VOXKOO,"Un"prtre"d'Akhmim"Abydos,"CdE",,,")1.1,"p."*)0,"n."(u).

C." Restorations"in"Abydos"(col.",)[,]"""[]"[,]"lss"l"Nv.s-0oqq"a"" " l"g"q.m"0rsx.v"b" " " q="0.v"m"ql.v=r"c

r0="Wrq"0ms[x-lmsx.v]"d"[mb?"b]v"l"bv.s="vq.s"" " q"r~q"lx.v"f"q"o()"so"or"g

qd.m(=)"bd"m"Sjq"l"bv"h" " q"d(.s)"qmo"mq""q"sq="ioq="oq=j"l"db~.v"" " r0oq.m(=)"v~x(.s)"l"[]"j

[]"[,]"sge"khje"hm"Nv.s-0oqq"(Abxdnr)," " qnl"sge"amfthrg"vghcg"sge"nqehfmeqr"gad"catred," " " reejhmf"nts"bemeacshnmr"nq"hsr"oenoke.

as"I"catred"Orhqhr"Kgemsx[alemsht?"knqd"n ?]"Abx[dnr]"sn"aooeaq"hm"oqncerrhnm" " vhsghm"ghr"fqeas"Abxdeme"rsamdaqd," " var"hm"nqdeq"sn"dqhue"avax"vamdeqhmf"rohqhsr"qnl"sge"atftrs"gead"(n"Orhqhr).

as"I"dnmased"a"ltllx-rgaoed"lnkd"nq"Snjaq"hm"Abxdnr," " var"hm"nqdeq"sn"akknv"sge"Gqeas"Gnd"sn"qeituemase"as"ghr"shle;I"epthooed"xntq"seloke"vhsg"mecerraqx"hlokelemsr," " gauhmf"cqeased"abtmdamce/fqahm"hm"[]

a." Nv.s-0oqq"(lit."City"of"the"Scarab)"is"a"surprisingly"well-attested"designation"of"Abydos"in"the"Late"Period,)+1"and"an"identical"orthography"occurs"in"Pghk"I,",1,")0."e"present"example"complements"the"use"of"Nv.s-qm=r"for"Mostai"in"column")"(rtoqa,"n."b)."

" ),0" NK`SN"UVY^d

" 140" Wb."II,"*+-,")+-),."is"precise"or-thography"occurs"elsewhere"in"Uqj."II,"+0,"0"(Mendes"Stela),"G."LOPOL`O,"Le"snlbeat"de"Psnrhqhr" I,"BhGem"*1,")1*,"(*"nd"ed."*((/)," II,"p.+*,"n"-1,"+,"and"the"Ballas"inscription"of"Montuhotep"II"(J.C."DKXOVV,"e"Eleventh"Dynasty"Royal"Inscription"from"Deir"el-Ballas,"RdE"-1,"*((0,"p."01,"1-,"and"pl."IX,"line"x"+"0);"compare"orthographies"like" "(SROWKX,"JEA"./,")10),"p."00,"col."B*,"1-,"n."u;"Bucheum"Stela"0,"line".;"1,"line"0"="GYVNL_XXO,"Btcghr,"pls.",--)," "(TRSO]," Psnkle" Pghkadekoge" es" ker""oqsqer"d'Asntl"de"Tijnt,"*((/,"p."+,,"line"1),"or" "(ZS`SO-CYMRO,"Tamhr"+,"*((,,"p."*-0,"col.")()." 141" Wb."V,"-,(,",;"JKX]]OX,"De"sqadh-shnmeeke"efxoshrcge"Atsnbhnfqae"I,")1,.,"p.")*);"Chr."TRSO],"La"rske"de"Psnkle"VIII"ueqfse"II""Hqackhnm,"OCMAM",," *((1,"p." )+," line" )*" (reading" 0.v,"not"vbm/or"(?));"Uqj."II,"..,"/"(q"mqv);" for" the"more"common"phrase"~~-0.v," see"E." JOVXUY`-ROcWYXN,"Ler" hmrcqhoshnmr"de" ka" rsaste"ftqhrretre"de"Died-geq-ke-ratuetq,"BdE" *+," )1-.,"p."1(-1),"n."))." 142" Wb."I,"*(0,")(;"P."VOX_],"Une"localit"de" la" rgion"d'Hraclopolis,"RdE" )1," )1./,"p." )..-).0;"WSV]YX,"A"

Psnkelahc"Lewhjnm,")11/,"p.").-."For"this"sign"used"as"a"phonogram"for" q," see"Vak."Pgnm."I,"p."***"(**));"S."CK_`SVVO,"Demdaqa." Le" nmdr" ghqnfkxoghpte" at"selor"de"Cknosqe,"*((),"p."0+;"Wb." I,"*(0,",,"*(1,"+;"VOX_],"no."chs.,"p.").0." 143" K."PSORV,"Saitica,"ZS"+),")01+,"p."1(,"n."d,"discussing"the"word"rq"in"BM"0+"(cf."G_OWO_,"Ler"ctkser"d'Alnm"gnqr"de"ber,"*((-,"p.")(/,"C);"another"example"from"a"private"inscription"oc-curs"on"Moscow,"Pushkin"Museum"Stela"*/("(S.I."HYNTK]R,"O.D."BOVO`,"e"Efxosham"Rekher"amd"Ssekae"hm"sge"Ptrgjhm"Mtretl"n"Fhme"Aqsr,"Mnrcnv,")10*,"p.")+),"line")):"()" =rm"q"r.s"m,"q=rm"q"l~.s"m," (all" scribes)"who"shall"come"to"this"necropolis"and"go"up"( )to"this"cenotaph." 144" VOMY_^^O," BIFAO" ,1," )1,1,"p." )(+,"col." );"Vercoutter"alternatively"translated:" qui"momie" leurs" mes""divines"(c'est--dire:"les"animaux"sacrs)"(r~"b.v=rm)"(followed"by"GYO,"Ler"qekashnmr"dt"ckeqf"fxoshem,"*((1,"p."*(*,"*(0)."For" the"use"of" the"verb" rq," to"bring"up"(a"subject)"in"this"context,"see"JOVXUY`-ROcWYXN,"ASAE"-,,")1-.--/,"p."*0*,"n." ),;" J.J."CVO,"Une"statue"naophore"hathorique"d'poque" sate,"RdE"*,," )1/*,"p." -+,"col."*;"BY^RWO,"

ESLP,")1.("pl.",*,"g.")(*,"col."+;"HOS]O,"Eqhmmeqm"tmd"Gedemjem,"*((/,"p."+))-+)*;"see"also"G_OWO_,"in"Rgen,""Servajean"(eds.),"Veqba"lamems,"I,"*((1,"p.")0),"col."+,")01,"n."w"(also"written"with"the"goat)." 145" Cf."DOMRKSX,"Ler"hlonmdqabker"de"k'gekkmhrashnm,"*(((,"pl."IV,"col."0:"I"performed"benefactions"for"the"(entire)"Coptite"Nome"(q.m="0.v"m"Nb.vx);"ZS`SO-CYMRO,"Tamhr" +," *((,," p." *-0,"col.")(:"I"performed"great"benefactions"for"the"residents"of"Tanis"(q.m="0.v"vq.v"m"lx.v"r0.s-m.s)." 146" For" the" term"bv(.s)," Abydene"standard"(not"in"the"Wqseqbtcg),"see"."CRK]]SXK^,"Le"lxrsqe"d'Orhqhr"at"lnhr" de"Kgnhaj," II," )1.0," p." -00--1);"R." "AX^RO]," Die" Berichte" des""Neferhotep"und"Ichernofret"ber"das"Osirisfest" in" Abydos," in" Fersrcgqhs"ytl"$(#igqhfem"Bersegem"der"Beqkhmeq"fxoshrcgem"Mtretlr,"MSB"0," )1/,,"p.",,,"n."a,",.-,/,"n."f;"Fr-R."HOLSX,"Le"Lhuqe"de"oaqcntqhq"k'seqmhs,"OLA"-0,")11,,"p.")(0-)(1;"D."MOOU],"Mxsger"es"kfemder"dt"Deksa"d'aoqr"ke"oaoxqtr"Bqnnj-kxm"'*.%$+.+',"MIFAO")*-,"*((.,"p.",,,"n.")-,"+((,"n.")((*."For"the"object"itself,"see"H.E."WSXVYMU,"Bar-Rekher"qnl"sge"Teloke"n"Ralerer"I"as"Abxdnr,"MMAP"),")1*),"p.")--*..

b."Reading" "="0rsx.v," foreigners,),("which" in" the"present"context" should"refer" to" the"Persians"(cf."hmqa)."e"same"expression"occurs"in"the"Mendes"Stela," line"1"(Uqj."II,"+0,"/-0),"in"which"Ptolemy"II"visits"the"local"temple"and"oversees"restoration"work"in"order"to"remove"the"damage"which"the"evil"foreigners"had"inicted"against"it"(qv"g" q"0rsx.v"bd.v"q=").

c." e"phrase"q"0.v,"to"seek"benefactions,"is"common"in"other"auto-biographies.),)"e"orthography" "="q"appears"to"be"unique,"although"the"sportive"value"of"the"second"ani-mal"for"q"(

^aY"]^_NSO]"YX"^RO"VK^O"ZOSYN"^OWZVO]"K^"KLcNY]" ),1

" 147" LGG"VI,"OLA" ))-,"*((*,"p.",-1;"Chr."TRSO],"Une"porte"de"Ptolme"vergte" II"consacre""Khonsou-qui-xe"le"sort,"Cagheqr"de"Kaqmaj")),"*((+,"p." -01," n." b," -1,," n." -/;"WSV]YX,"A"Psnkelahc"Lewhjnm," )11/,"p."01,," )((0-)((1."For"the"semantic"evolution"of"the"term"lx.v,"from"foreign"nomads"to"

demons," see"H.-W."FS]MRO-EVPO^,"Abrehsr"unm"Ma'as."Fakkrstdhem"yt"Atem-rehseqm"hl"Aksem"fxosem,"*((-,"p.")1-*-." 148" J.P." AVVOX," e" Speos" Artemi-dos"Inscription"of"Hatshepsut,"BES").,"*((*,"p."-,"pl."*,"col."+/-+0." 149" For"the"specic"term"august"head"(so"or)"in"similar"contexts,"see"HOLSX,"Le" Lhuqe" de" oaqcntqhq" k'seqmhs," )11,,"p."))(;"MOOU],"Mxsger"es"kfemder"dt"Dek-sa,"p.",,,"n.")-;"Chr."LOS^d,"Les"trente"premiers"versets"de"la"litanie"d'Osiris""Esna"(Esna"*)/)""RdE"-1,"*((0,"p."*.);"

cf."also"Demdaqa"X,"+.,"),,"and"compare"the" similar"divine"head" (so-mqx)"of"Osiris"mentioned"in"Demdaqa"X,"**1,"1"and",(),"),." 150" For" the" term"bd," see"CRK]]SXK^,"Le"Mxrsqe"d'Orhqhr"at"lnhr"de"Kgnhaj,"I,")1..,"p.")10-*((;"WSV]YX,"A"Psnkelahc"Lewhjnm,")11/,"p."++.;"MOOU],"Mxsger"es"kfemder"dt"Deksa,"*((.,"p.".0,"n.")**;"for" the" separate"mold"of"Sokar" (dis-tinct" from"the"mold"of"Osiris)," see"Demdaqa"X,"+),"*--,"+*,"1-)),"-(,"0,"Pls."-"and"+(,"and"the"discussion"of""CRK]]SXK^,"no." chs.,"p." --," -/--0."For" the"Osirian"grain-"mummies"in"general,"see"the"sum-maries"and"bibliography"in"S."CK_`SVVO,"Le"seloke"de"Demdaqa:"Ler"cgaoekker"nrh-qhemmer,"II:"cnllemsahqe,"BdE"))0,")11/,"p." )/-)1;"Chr."LOS^d,"Qtekkemsewse"ytq"fxoshrcgem"Rekhfhnm"I:"Dhe"Teloekhmrcgqh-sem"deq"fqhecghrcg-qlhrcgem"Zehs,"EQA"*,"

*((,,"p." )++-),(;"M."MSXK]-NOZOV,"Die" ptolemischen" Sokar-Osiris-"Mumien:" Neue" Erkenntnisse" zum"gyptischen"Dynastiekult"der"Ptolemer,"MDAIK".*,"*((.,"p.")1/-*)+;"and"most"recently" M.C." COX^YXO," Efxosham"Cnqm-"Mtllher:" a" Ckarr" n" Rekhfhntr"Aqseacsr"Casaknfted"amd"Sxrselashcakkx"Oqfamhyed,"*((1." 151" K."JKX]OX-WSXUOVX,"Die"Inschrift"des"Portrtstatue"des"Hor,"MDAIK"-,,")110,"p."**1,"*+(,"g."),"*++,"n."*.." 152" For"the"term"v~x.s,"grain;"harvest;"abundance,"in"similar"inscriptions,"see"VOMY_^^O,"BIFAO",1," )1-(,"p." )(.,"n." (i);" cf." also"WSV]YX,"A"Psnkelahc"Lewhjnm,")11/,"p.")1/;"EQLO^],"Im"Qters"n"Meamhmf,"I,")11-,"p."*1(,"n.")-." 153" JOVXUY`-ROcWYXN,"ASAE" -,,")1-/,"p."*0,,"n."*/;"WSV]YX,"A"Psnkelahc"Lewhjnm,")11/,"p."))1(-))1).

f." Protective"deities"are"usually"the"ones"who"drive"away"errant"spirits"(r~q"lx.v).),/"In"a"geographically-structured"hymn"from"Edfu,"Horus"in"Abydos"is"specically"he"who"drives"away"wandering"spirits"(r~q"lx.v)"from"the"tomb"of"his"father,"Osiris"(Ednt"VIII,".,")*)."is"term"might"be"another"reference"to"the"Persians"(cf."rtoqa,"b.),"and"this"text"recalls"the"Speos"Artemidos" inscription"of"Hatshepsut" in"which"she"blames"wandering"nomad"ele-ments"(also"lx.v)"among"the"foreign"Hyksos"for"destruction"to"Egyptian"temples"during"the"Second"Intermediate"Period.),0

g." e"august"head"belongs"to"Osiris,),1"and"was"traditionally"preserved"within"the"Abydene"standard."e"ability"of"this"relic"to"ward"oC"enemies"from"Osiris's"head"is"further"described"in"a"caption"from"Dendera"(Demdaqa"X,"**1,"1-)():" bv"or"rv"so-mqx"l"bv" o~.m=r"~q.s"q"r~q"rb.v"q=

" e"atftrs"Abxdnr-rsamdaqd"vghcg"oqnsecsr"sge"dhuhme"gead"hm"Abxdnr," hs"hr"hm"nqdeq"sn"qeoek"emelher"qnl"hs"(uhy."sge"gead)"sgas"hs"qeacged"sge"rjx.

h.""According" to"a" famous" inscription" from"Dendera," two"bd-molds"were"used" to" fashion"mummy-shaped"eDgies"of"Osiris-Khentyamenty"and"Sokar"from"grain,"sand,"aromatics"and"water"during"the"Khoiak"festival.)-("

i.""is"phrase"nds"a"direct"parallel"in"CG"*1/,"col."+,"where"the"priest"Hor"claims"to"have"renovated"the"temple"of"Osiris"in"order"to"rejuvenate"the"Great"God"at"his"time"(q"rqmo"mq""q"sq=").)-)

j." ese"actions"echo"a"passage"in"the"Naucratis"Stela,"column".,"where"Nectanebo"I"is"said"to"be"one"who"increases"necessary"objects"(r"db~.v),"and"creates"abundance"in""everything"(r0oq"v~x.s"l"0s"mb).)-*"e"db~.v"could"refer"to"generic"ritual"implements"for"the""temple.)-+"

" )-(" NK`SN"UVY^d

" 154" Demdaqa" X," +,," )+-+-," +-," ));"cf."CRK]]SXK^,"Le"lxrsqe"d'Orhqhr"at"lnhr"de"Kgnhaj,"II,")1.0,"p.",1+-,1/;"Fr."JKXY^,"Ler"hmrsqtlemsr"d'elbatlemems,"BdE")*-,"*(((," p." +/-,(" (kindly" suggested" by"Philippe"Collombert);"for"similar"private"donations"of"valuable" ritual"or"mum-mication"equipment,"see"Chr."TRSO],"

gyptiens"et"Grecs"au"service"des"culte"indignes."Un"aspect"de"l'vergtisme"en"gypte"lagide,"in"M."Molin"(ed.),"Ler"

qftkashnmr"rnchaker"damr"k'Amshpths."Acser"dt"cnkknpte"d'Amfeqr"%&"es"%'"lah"%##&,"*((.,"p."*//;"D."KVY^d,"e"Statue"of" the" dhnhjsr"Harkhebi/Archibios:"Nelson-Atkins"Museum"of"Art",/-)*,"BIFAO")(1,"*((1,"p."*1.-*1/,"n."z." 155" N."SZOXMO,"A"Nanr"n"Nejgsgnqgeb"qnl"Btbarshr,"*((.,"p."-)." 156" VOMY_^^O," BIFAO" ,1," )1-(,"p."0--)),;"GYO,"Ler"qekashnmr"dt"ckeqf"fxoshem"es"der"Lafhder,"*((1,"p.")10-*(1.

" 157" VOMY_^^O," BIFAO" ,1," )1-(,"Pls."I"and"IV." 158" Even"the"average"sizes"of"the"hiero-glyphs"are"close"to"those"on"the"Louvre"and"Alexandria"statues;"cf."VOMY_^^O"BIFAO",1,")1-(,"p.")(),"n.")." 159" Compare"the"Saite"oDcials"Neshor"and"Peftuaneith" (discussed" rtoqa,"Sec-tion")),"who"dedicated"statues"to"various"local"deities"in"both"Upper"and"Lower"Egypt.

" Alternatively,"if"the"author"is"still"speaking"about"the"mold"of"Sokar,"the"db~.v"and"v~x.s,"grain,"may"refer"specically"to"the"special"objects"necessary"for"creating"the"grain"mummy."Note"that"one"section"of"the"Khoiak"inscription"from"Dendera"lists"the"objects"necessary"for"the"mold"of"Sokar"(m"db~.v"m"o"bd"m"Sjq).)-,

Summarye"owner"of"the"statue"held"the"important"military"position"of"chief"Generalissimo"(lx-q"

l"vq),"and"his"administrative"and"sacerdotal"titles"connect"him"to"Busiris"and"Mostai"in"the"Delta."He"presents"himself"using"a"series"of"traditional"idealizing"epithets,"with"a"particular"focus"on"his"education,"eloquence,"and"his"eCorts"in"defending"Egypt"from"its"enemies"(viz."the"Persians)."

Art"historical"and"epigraphic"considerations"support"dating"the"statue"to"the"fourth"century"LMO,"perhaps"more"precisely"to"the"reign"of"Nectanebo"I"(cf."rtoqa)."e"fact"that"Nectanebo"I"and"II"also"funded"building"projects"at"Abydos"further"argues"in"favor"of"this"conclusion."As"Neal"Spencer"has"noted,"high-ranking"oDcials"were"responsible"for"much"of"the"temple"reconstruction"in"the"irtieth"Dynasty,")--"and"private"restoration"texts"often"accompany"royal"inscriptions,"as"with"Peftuaneith"and"Amasis"(cf."rtoqa,"Section")).

As"noted"above"(section"A,"text"note"q),"the"sole"title"of"Generalissimo"is"not"suDcient"to"identify"the"statue's"owner."Nonetheless,"the"object"bears"a"number"of"artistic"and"textual"simi-larities"to"the"monuments"of"another"Generallisimo,"Hor"(Louvre"A."00"="A,"and"Alexandria,"w/o""="B).)-."Textually,"these"include"the"mention"of"expelling"opponents"(m.v)"(A,"col.")),"the"gazelle"to"write"q"(B,"col."*),"and"the"epithets"involving"0l"and"p"(B,"col."*)."Like"the"owner"of"the"MMA")11..1),"Hor"was"also"in"charge"of"Mostai"(Nv.s-qm=r),"(A,"col."*),"de-fended"Egypt"against"foreigners"(A,"col.")),"and"nanced"temple"renovations"and"administrative"changes"(A,"cols."*-,,"B,"cols."+-,)."Artistically,"the"statues"are"all"similar"sizes"and"modeled"in"the"same"striding"pose,"although"the"kilts"are"quite"diCerent.)-/"In"addition,"the"inscriptions"are"strikingly"similar"in"layout"as"all"three"statues"have"four"columns,"the"signs"are"carved"in"the"same"style,"and"the"spacing"is"almost"identical.)-0"It"is"tempting"to"suggest"that"MMA")11..1)"represents"another"statue"of"the"general"Hor,"erected"in"Busiris"or"Abydos"to"commemorate"his"local"euergetism,"while"the"other"statues"celebrating"benefactions"to"Harsaphes,"Heneb,"and"other"deities"would"come"from"Herakleopolis;)-1"at"the"very"least,"it"is"not"unimaginable"

^aY"]^_NSO]"YX"^RO"VK^O"ZOSYN"^OWZVO]"K^"KLcNY]" )-)

" 160" See"in"general"N."SZOXMO,"no."chs.,"p.",/--*;"MKXK]]K,"e"Lase"Efxosham"Umdeqvnqkd,"*((/." 161" Cf."the"Saite"statues"of"Peftuaneith"and"Neshor"from"Abydos"(rtoqa),"just"two"of" the"many"private"monuments"these" prominent" oDcials" dedicated"throughout"Egypt." 162" G_OWO_," BIFAO" )(,," *((,,"p."*/),"*/0-*/1,"n."v;"Guermeur"noted"additional"examples"of"priests"of"Amun"in"Balamun"(Lower"Egypt)"who"also"donated"statues"at"Karnak"(hbhd,"p."*,.,"n.",).

" 163" For"0rsx.v"denoting"Persians" in"contemporaneous"inscriptions,"see"espe-cially"LOPOL`O,"Le"snlbeat"de"Psnrhqhr,"II,")1*+,"(*"nd"ed."*((/),"p."+*"(n"-1,"+);"and"the"discussions"of"G."Posener"(La"oqelhqe" dnlhmashnm" oeqre" em" fxose,")1+.,"p." )./-).0);"SROWKX," JEA"./,")10),"p."1-,"n."u;"D."DO`K_MROVVO,"Le"sentiment"anti-perse"chez" les"anciens"gyptiens," Tqamretogqasme" 1," )11-,"p."//-0(;"Chr."TRSO],"Civils"et"mili-taires" dans" les" temples." Occupation"illicite"et"expulsion,"BIFAO"1-," )11-,"p.",11,"n."a.

" 164" Note"that"such"attacks"on"sacred"sites"even"occurred"in"the"Pharaonic"Pe-riod,"as"when"Khety"damaged"the"nearby"necropolis"of"inis"during" the"First"Intermediate"Period:"P."VOX_],"Mns,"Achtos,"l'hippopotame"et"le"crocodile""lecture"structurale"de"l'historiographie"gyptienne,"in"U."Verhoeven,"E."Graefe"(eds.),"Rekhfhnm"tmd"Pghknrnoghe"hl"aksem"fxosem,")11),"p."+++-++-;"J.C."DKXOVV,"e"Message"of"King"Wahankh"Antef"II" to"Khety,"Ruler" of"Heracleopolis,"ZS")*,,")11/,"p.")(.-)(0.

that"all"three"statues"are"products"of"the"same"Lower"Egyptian"asekheq."Nonetheless,"this"statue"could"have"easily"belonged"to"another"member"of"the"burgeoning"military"elite"of"the"irtieth"Dynasty"with"ties"to"Nectanebo,"an"industrious"social"class"responsible"for"a"