Job creation in business services: innovation, demand, polarization(Eng)/ Creación de empleo en...

8/2/2019 Job creation in business services: innovation, demand, polarization(Eng)/ Creacin de empleo en servicios empresar

1/34

IS^Z WHRAIFG SMSLR hfJHRSHRM^L R%N MFN IFFHUM^IHF + Fh& 3>23==

M|g|z~ 23==

Ohb jrlm~ihf if b|ziflzz zlruijlz?

iffhum~ihf$ nlkmfn$ shdmrizm~ihf

QErmfjlzjh Bhgdimjifh$ Km~~lh D|jj`lzl mfn Kmrih Simf~m[


2/34

IS^ZWHRAIFGSMSLR HFJHRSHRM^LR%NMFNIFFHUMÎHF+3>23==OHBJRLMÎHF IFB\ZIFLZZZLRUIJLZ

2

^`l IS^Z Whraifg Smslrz hf Jhrshrm~l R%N mfn Iffhum~ihfmnnrlzz ljhfhkij mfn shdijy }|lz~ihfzrldm~ln ~h ifn|z~rimd rlzlmrj` mfn iffhum~ihf mfn ~`lir jhf~rib|~ihf ~h L|rhslmf jhksl~i~iulflzz& Kmifdymikln m~ shdijy mfmdyz~z mfn ~`l mjmnlkij jhkk|fi~y$ ~`lzl mrl zjilf~ieij smslrz (rldlumf~ ~h mfnìg`dig`~ifg shzzibdl shdijy iksdijm~ihfz) mfn srhslr zjilf~ieij s|bdijm~ihfz wìj` mrl ~ysijmddy izz|ln w`lfz|bki~~ln ~h sllr+rluilwln zjilf~ieij oh|rfmdz& ^`l whraifg smslrz mrl |zle|d ehr jhkk|fijm~ifg h|r

srldikifmry rlzlmrj` eifnifgz ~h m winl m|nilfjl$ ~h srhkh~l nizj|zzihf mfn ellnbmja mikln m~ e|r~`lriksrhulklf~z& `ly mrl jhfzinlrln whraz if srhgrlzz mfn mrl z|bolj~ ~h rluizihf&

^`lzl IS^Z Whraifg Smslrz hf Jhrshrm~l R%N mfn Iffhum~ihfjmf ~mal ~`l ehrk he khrl shdijy+hrilf~lnfh~lz$ kmifdy mnnrlzzln ~hwmrnz L\ shdijy+kmalrz& ^`ly srlzlf~ shdijy iksdijm~ihfz nlriuln erhk h|rhwf rlzlmrj` mfn ~`l uilwz he ~`l khz~ srhkiflf~ m|~`hrz if ~`l eildn$ wi~` mssrhsrim~l rlelrlfjlz&

^ìz Whraifg Smslr (Fh& 3>23== QM|g|z~ 23==[) iz izz|ln if ~`l jhf~lp~ he ~`l Ifn|z~rimd Rlzlmrj`Khfi~hrifg mfn Mfmdyziz (IRKM)=mj~iui~ilz ~`m~ mrl ohif~dy jmrriln h|~ by ~`l L|rhslmf Jhkkizzihf'zOhif~ Rlzlmrj` Jlf~rl (ORJ) Ifz~i~|~l ehr Srhzslj~iul ^lj`fhdhgijmd Z~|nilz (IS^Z) mfn ~`l Nirlj~hrm~lGlflrmd ehr Rlzlmrj` + Nirlj~hrm~l J$ L|rhslmf Rlzlmrj` Mrlm? Afhwdlngl+bmzln ljhfhky&

IRKM mj~iui~ilz mik ~h iksrhul ~`l |fnlrz~mfnifg he ifn|z~rimd R%N mfn Iffhum~ihf if ~`l L\ mfn ~hinlf~iey klni|k mfn dhfg+~lrk shdijy iksdijm~ihfz& Khrl ifehrkm~ihf$ ifjd|nifg mj~iui~ilz mfn s|bdijm~ihfz$iz mumidmbdl m~?`~~s?iri&orj&lzmfn`~~s?lj&l|rhsm&l|ifulz~+if+rlzlmrj`

^`l kmif m|~`hrz he ~ìz smslr mrl Ermfjlzjh Bhgdimjifh (L|rhslmf Jhkkizzihf$ Ohif~ Rlzlmrj`Jlf~lr+ Ifz~i~|~l ehr Slrzslj~iul ^lj`fhdhgijmd Z~|nilz$ Zluiddl1 Rizl Grh|s$ Klnlddif)$ Km~~lhD|jj`lzl (\fiulrzi~y he \rbifh) mfn Kmrih Simf~m (\fiulrzi~y he \rbifh)& ^ìz smslr b|idnz hf msrlzlf~m~ihf giulf m~ ~`l whraz`hs B|ziflzz zlruijlz ehr iffhum~ihf$ if~lrfm~ihfmdizm~ihf mfn grhw~`$`ldn m~ ~`l \fiulrzi~y he Rhkl Dm Zmsilfm$ 2+: Nljlkblr 23=3& Wl wh|dn dial ~h ~`mfa RifmdnhLumfgldiz~m$ Umdlf~ifm Kldijimfi mfn ~`l smr~ijismf~z ehr ~`lir jhkklf~z& Wl mdzh mssrljim~l ~`ljhkklf~z mfn z|gglz~ihfz he ~`rll mfhfykh|z rlelrllz& ^`l mfmdyziz jhfn|j~ln if ~`l smslr `mzbllf nluldhsln if ~`l jhf~lp~ he ~`l ZIN nm~mbmzl |snm~l$ rlelrlfjl ~h jhf~rmj~ =+23=3M30+I^by ~`l L|rhslmf Jhkkizzihf ORJ&

^`l IS^Z Whraifg Smslrz hf Jhrshrm~l R%N mfn Iffhum~ihf mrl s|bdiz`ln |fnlr ~`l lni~hrimdrlzshfzibidi~y he Elrfmfnh @lruz$ Sil~rh Khfjmnm+Sm~lrf+Jmz~lddh mfn Mfnrilz Brmfnzkm m~ ~`lAfhwdlngl ehr Grhw~` \fi~ Ljhfhkijz he Ifn|z~rimd Rlzlmrj` mfn Iffhum~ihf Mj~ihf he IS^ZOhif~

Rlzlmrj` Jlf~rl he ~`l L|rhslmf Jhkkizzihf$ Kij`ldl Jifjlrm he ~`l Zhdumy Br|zzldz Zj`hhd heLjhfhkijz mfn Kmfmglklf~$ \fiulrzi~ Dibrl nl Br|plddlz$ mfn Lfrijh Zmf~mrlddi he ~`l \fiulrzi~y heBhdhgfm&

Jhf~mj~ ifehrkm~ihf? E& @lruzL|rhslmf Jhkkizzihf$ Ohif~ Rlzlmrj` Jlf~rl + Ifz~i~|~l ehr Srhzslj~iul lj`fhdhgijmd Z~|nilzLnieijih LpshJ Ifjm Gmrjidmzh$ :L+>=392 Zluiddl (Zsmif)Emp? !:> 9< >>0 0: 251 L+kmid?orj+is~z+aeg+zljrl~mrim~Clj&l|rhsm&l|IS^Z wlbzi~l?`~~s?is~z&orj&lj&l|rhsm&l|1 ORJ wlbzi~l? `~~s?www&orj&lj&l|rhsm&l|NG R^N+J wlbzi~l?`~~s?lj&l|rhsm&l|ifulz~+if+rlzlmrj`khfi~hrifgmfmdyzlz3=Xlf&`~k

Dlgmd Fh~ijlFli~`lr ~`l L|rhslmf Jhkkizzihf fhr mfy slrzhf mj~ifg hf bl`mde he ~`l Jhkkizzihfiz rlzshfzibdl ehr mfy |zl kmnl he ~ìz s|bdijm~ihf&

IS^Z WHRAIFG SMSLR hf JHRSHRM^L R%N MFN IFFHUMÎHF + Fh& 3>23==E|dd ldlj~rhfij ulrzihf he ~`l smslr jmf bl nhwfdhmnln m~`~~s?iri&orj&lzORJ 55>07L\R 2>7>7 LF>IZBF 970+92+79+2==>5+=IZZF =0:=+9>30IZZF =0:=+9>2>nhi? =3&279=5:::3D|plkbh|rg? S|bdijm~ihfz Heeijl he ~`l L|rhslmf \fihf

L|rhslmf \fihf$ 23==Rlsrhn|j~ihf iz m|~`hrizln srhuinln ~`l zh|rjl iz mjafhwdlnglnSrif~ln if Zsmif
http://iri.jrc.es/http://ec.europa.eu/invest-in-research/http://iri.jrc.es/http://iri.jrc.es/http://iri.jrc.es/http://ec.europa.eu/invest-in-research/http://ec.europa.eu/invest-in-research/http://ec.europa.eu/invest-in-research/http://ipts.jrc.ec.europa.eu/http://ipts.jrc.ec.europa.eu/mailto:[email protected]://www.jrc.ec.europa.eu/http://www.jrc.ec.europa.eu/http://ipts.jrc.ec.europa.eu/http://ipts.jrc.ec.europa.eu/http://ec.europa.eu/invest-in-research/monitoring/analyses01_en.htmhttp://ec.europa.eu/invest-in-research/monitoring/analyses01_en.htmhttp://ec.europa.eu/invest-in-research/monitoring/analyses01_en.htmhttp://ec.europa.eu/invest-in-research/monitoring/analyses01_en.htmhttp://ec.europa.eu/invest-in-research/monitoring/analyses01_en.htmhttp://ec.europa.eu/invest-in-research/monitoring/analyses01_en.htmhttp://ec.europa.eu/invest-in-research/monitoring/analyses01_en.htmhttp://iri.jrc.es/http://iri.jrc.es/http://iri.jrc.es/http://iri.jrc.es/http://iri.jrc.es/http://ec.europa.eu/invest-in-research/monitoring/analyses01_en.htmhttp://www.jrc.ec.europa.eu/http://ipts.jrc.ec.europa.eu/mailto:[email protected]://ec.europa.eu/invest-in-research/http://iri.jrc.es/


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:

Mbz~rmj~^`l sm~~lrfz mfn klj`mfizkz he ohb jrlm~ihf if b|ziflzz zlruijlz mrl ifulz~igm~ln if ~`iz

mr~ijdl by jhfzinlrifg ~`l rhdl he iffhum~ihf$ nlkmfn$ wmglz mfn ~`l jhkshzi~ihf helksdhyklf~ by srhelzzihfmd grh|sz& M khnld iz nluldhsln mfn mf lksirijmd ~lz~ iz jmrriln h|~wi~` smrmddld mfmdyzlz hf m grh|s he zldlj~ln b|ziflzz zlruijlz$ hf h~`lr zlruijlz mfn hfkmf|emj~|rifg zlj~hrz$ jhfzinlrifg zip kmohr L|rhslmf jh|f~rilz hulr ~`l slrihn =995+2337&

Wi~`if ~lj`fhdhgijmd mj~iui~ilz$ m niz~ifj~ihf iz kmnl bl~wllf ~`hzl z|sshr~ifg li~`lr~lj`fhdhgijmd jhksl~i~iulflzz$ hr jhz~ jhksl~i~iulflzz& Nlkmfn umrimbdlz mddhw inlf~ieyifg~`l zsljimd rhdl he if~lrklnim~l nlkmfn&

Ohb jrlm~ihf if b|ziflzz zlruijlz msslmrz ~h bl nriulf by leehr~z ~h lpsmfn ~lj`fhdhgijmdjhksl~i~iulflzz mfn by ~`l emz~ grhwifg if~lrklnim~l nlkmfn jhkifg erhk h~`lr ifn|z~rilz1jhfulrzldy$ srhjlzz iffhum~ihf dlmnz ~h ohb dhzzlz mfn wmgl grhw~` `mz m flgm~iul leelj~ ~`m~iz dhwlr ~`mf if h~`lr ifn|z~rilz& B|ziflzz zlruijlz z`hw mf ifjrlmzifgdy shdmrizln

lksdhyklf~ z~r|j~|rl&

OLD Jdmzzieijm~ihf? O23$ O2:$ H:3$ H::

Alywhrnz? B|ziflzz Zlruijlz$ Iffhum~ihf$ Lksdhyklf~


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>

= If~rhn|j~ihf

If rljlf~ nljmnlz m f|kblr he zlruijl ifn|z~rilz jdhzldy difaln ~h b|ziflzz mj~iui~ilz if ~`lrlz~ he ~`l ljhfhky b|ziflzz zlruijlz `mul z`hwf m z~rhfg nyfmkizk if ~lrkz he

iffhum~ihf mfn lksdhyklf~ grhw~`1 ~`ly jrlm~l mfn niee|zl afhwdlngl$ mrl lp~lfziul |zlrz he

IJ^z mfn `mul m z~rhfg iksmj~ hf ~`l mj~iui~y he kmf|emj~|rifg mfn h~`lr zlruijlz1 if ~ìz wmy

~`ly mrl lklrgifg mz sh~lf~imd nriulrz he ljhfhkij grhw~` mfn ohb jrlm~ihf&

M dmrgl di~lrm~|rl `mz rljlf~dy lklrgln hf ~`l ikshr~mfjl mfn sh~lf~imd he b|ziflzz zlruijlz

if mnumfjln ljhfhkilz$ lks`mzizifg ~`l h|~zh|rjifg he mj~iui~ilz erhk kmf|emj~|rifg mfn ~`l

rizl he afhwdlngl+bmzln mj~iui~ilz wi~` m sh~lf~imd ehr zsrlmnifg iffhum~ihfz mjrhzz mdd ~`l

ljhfhky (zll$ mkhfg h~`lrz$ Ahp$ 233=1 Kidlz$ 2337)&Erhk m L|rhslmf shdijy slrzslj~iul$ ~`l grhwifg if~lrjhfflj~ihfz bl~wllf b|ziflzz zlruijlz

mfn kmf|emj~|rifg rl}|irl m nlls mfmdyziz he nyfmkijz he ~`lzl ifn|z~rilz$ if hrnlr ~h mjìlul

m bl~~lr jmdibrm~ihf he ifn|z~rimd shdijilz&=

If ~ìz mr~ijdl wl inlf~iey ~`l z|bzl~ he zlruijl ifn|z~rilz ~`m~ z`mrl ~`l mbhul j`mrmj~lriz~ijz

mfn jhf~rmz~ ~`lk wi~` h~`lr zlruijlz mfn kmf|emj~|rifg zlj~hrz$ ehj|zifg hf zip kmohr

L|rhslmf jh|f~rilz + Glrkmfy$ Ermfjl$ I~mdy$ ^`l Fl~`lrdmfnz$ Zsmif mfn ~`l \A + hulr ~`l

slrihn =995+2337& Me~lr jhfzinlrifg ~`l sm~~lrfz he grhw~` ehr umd|l mnnln$ lksdhyklf~$

srhn|j~iui~y$ iffhum~iul mj~iui~ilz mfn }|mdieijm~ihf he ohbz if ~lrkz he srhelzzihfmd jm~lghrilz$

wl inlf~iey ~`l ehddhwifg ifn|z~rilz mz b|ziflzz zlruijlz? Shz~ mfn ^ldljhkk|fijm~ihfz

(FMJL Niuizihf 5>)$ Rlf~ifg he Kmjìflry mfn L}|isklf~ (FMJL Niuizihf 7=)$ Jhks|~lr mfn

Rldm~ln Mj~iui~ilz (FMJL Niuizihf 72)$ Rlzlmrj` mfn Nluldhsklf~ (FMJL Niuizihf 7:)$ mfn

H~`lr B|ziflzz Mj~iui~ilz (FMJL Niuizihf 7>)&

Wìdl zhkl `l~lrhglfli~y lpiz~z wi~ìf ~ìz grh|s$ ~`ly zyz~lkm~ijmddy h|~slrehrk h~`lr

zlruijlz mfn kmf|emj~|rifg zlj~hrz if ~`l mzslj~z diz~ln mbhul (mz widd bl z`hwf if zlj~ihf :)

mfn z`mrl m aly rhdl mz srhuinlrz he ìg`+umd|l ifs|~z ~h ~`l rlz~ he ~`l ljhfhky (hf ~ìz rhdl$

zll Lumfgldiz~m$ D|jj`lzl mfn Kldijimfi$ 23==)& If ~`l zip jh|f~rilz wl ifulz~igm~l$ ~ìz grh|s

he b|ziflzz zlruijlzmjjh|f~z ehr =>, he umd|l mnnln mfn =


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23==OHBJRLMÎHF IFB\ZIFLZZZLRUIJLZ

5

^ìrn$ erhk dmbh|r kmral~ z~|nilz wl jhfzinlr ~`l rldlumfjl he wmgl grhw~` if hrnlr ~h ~lz~

w`l~`lr ohb jrlm~ihf if b|ziflzz zlruijlz iz meelj~ln by ~`l flhjdmzzijmd ~rmnl hee bl~wllf

wmgl mfn lksdhyklf~ grhw~`&

Eh|r~`$ wl jhf~rhd ehr ~`l kmral~ z~r|j~|rl$ |zifg bh~` m srhpy he jhfjlf~rm~ihf (@lreifnm`difnlp) mfn ~`l mulrmgl eirk zil if ~`l zlj~hr$ if hrnlr ~h mjjh|f~ ehr bh~` jhksl~i~iul

srlzz|rl mfn ifn|z~ry luhd|~ihf nyfmkijz (lf~ry sm~~lrfz$ l~j&)&

Eifmddy$ giulf ~`m~ rljlf~ di~lrm~|rl `mz lks`mzizln ~`l }|mdi~y$ mfn fh~ o|z~ ~`l }|mf~i~y$ he

lksdhyklf~$ wl jhfzinlr ~`l wmy lksdhyklf~ iz jhkshzln if ~lrkz he srhelzzihfmd grh|sz

mz ikshr~mf~ mfn lpmkifl lulf~z ~`m~ `mul hjj|rrln if b|ziflzz zlruijlz$ jhksmrifg ~`lk ~h

h~`lr zlruijlz mfn kmf|emj~|rifg& If smr~ij|dmr$ wl |zln nm~m hf ~`l z`mrlz he eh|r kmohr

srhelzzihfmd grh|sz kmfmglrz mfn srhelzzihfmdz1 jdlraz1 jrme~ whralrz1 kmf|md whralrz +

mfn ifulz~igm~l ~`l hjj|sm~ihfmd z~r|j~|rlz grhwifg shdmrizm~ihf$ wi~` fl~ ohb jrlm~ihf kmifdy

if ~`l ~hs mfn bh~~hk grh|sz (Fmzjim mfn Simf~m$ 2330)&

Nieelrlf~ khnldz mrl srhshzln if hrnlr ~h lpsdmif ~`l nriuifg ehrjlz he lksdhyklf~ j`mfgl if

b|ziflzz zlruijlz mfn h~`lr ifn|z~ry grh|sz$ ìg`dig`~ifg klj`mfizkz difaln ~h ~lj`fhdhgijmd

z~rm~lgilz$ nlkmfn nyfmkijz mfn dmbh|r kmral~z&

Lksirijmd whra mfn ljhfhkl~rij ~lz~z mrl bmzln hf ~`l nm~mbmzl nluldhsln m~ ~`l \fiulrzi~y

he \rbifh$ ~`l Zlj~hrmd Iffhum~ihf Nm~mbmzl (ZIN) (D|jj`lzl mfn Simf~m$ 23==) wìj`

srhuinlz m brhmn nlzjris~ihf he nieelrlf~ niklfzihfz he ifn|z~ry mj~iui~ilz& I~ if~lgrm~lz

iffhum~ihf nm~m erhk L\RHZ^M^ Jhkk|fi~y Iffhum~ihf Z|rulyz (JIZ) wi~` m dmrgl f|kblr he

ifnijm~hrz hf ljhfhkij mfn nlkmfn umrimbdlz erhk ~`l HLJN Z^MF nm~mbmzl mfn ~`l HLJN

Ifs|~+H|~s|~ ^mbdlz& ^`l ZIN nm~mzl~ jhulrz 22 kmf|emj~|rifg zlj~hrz mfn =7 zlruijl zlj~hrz

+ FMJL RLU&= z|bzlj~ihfz + ehr zip L|rhslmf jh|f~rilz + Glrkmfy$ Ermfjl$ I~mdy$ ^`l

Fl~`lrdmfnz$ Zsmif mfn ~`l \A$ wìj` rlsrlzlf~ mrh|fn 03, he ~`l L\+=2z umd|l mnnln

n|rifg ~`l ~wh nljmnlz |fnlr jhfzinlrm~ihf&

^`l smslr iz hrgmfizln mz ehddhwz? Zlj~ihf 2 rluilwz ~`l lpiz~ifg di~lrm~|rl hf b|ziflzz

zlruijlz mfn lksdhyklf~1 Zlj~ihf : heelrz m nlzjris~iul mfmdyziz hf ~`l nyfmkijz he b|ziflzz

zlruijlz mfn ~`lir lksdhyklf~ z~r|j~|rl$ jhfzinlrifg ~`l rhdl he iffhum~ihf mfn nlkmfn1

Zlj~ihf > srlzlf~z ~`l khnld mfn ~`l ljhfhkl~rij z~rm~lgy1 Zlj~ihf < z`hwz ~`l rlz|d~z1 mfn

Zlj~ihf 5 srhuinlz m jhfjd|zihf&


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0

z`hwf ~`m~ ~`lzl nyfmkijz mrl nlslfnlf~ hf jh|f~ry mfn zlj~hrmd jhfni~ihfz (Bmalr$ 2337)$

Bm|khdz nizlmzl iz ifuhduln by mf ifjrlmzifg wlig`~ he zlruijlz wìj` jh|dn rln|jl hulrmdd

ljhfhkij zyz~lk grhw~`&

^`l zsljieiji~y he b|ziflzz zlruijlz wìj` he~lf `mul ìg`lr srhn|j~iui~y slrehrkmfjlz ~`mf~rmni~ihfmd' zlruijlz `mz bllf shif~ln h|~& M kmohr emj~hr `lrl iz ~`l ikshr~mfjl he

afhwdlngl mfn iffhum~ihf if b|ziflzz zlruijlz$ he~lf rldm~ln ~h ~`l mssdijm~ihf mfn niee|zihf

he IJ^z1 ~`l srhuizihf he b|ziflzz zlruijlz mfn ~`l umz~ afhwdlngl lp~lrfmdi~ilz ~`m~ hrigifm~l

erhk ~`l zlj~hr kmy jhf~rib|~l ~h bl~~lr slrehrkmfjlz if ~`l w`hdl ljhfhky& ^`lzl mzslj~z

mfn ~`l niee|zihf he afhwdlngl ~`rh|g` ~`l rldm~ihfzìsz ~`m~ mrl lz~mbdiz`ln mkhfg ifn|z~rilz

`mul bllf nhj|klf~ln lp~lfziuldy if ~`l di~lrm~|rl (Mf~hflddi$ =9991 Jmkmj`h mfn Rhnrig|l$

23371 Lumfgldiz~m l~ md&$ 23== if ~ìz zsljimd izz|l)&

2&2& Iffhum~ihf$ nlkmfn$ srhelzzihfz mfn lksdhyklf~

^`l di~lrm~|rl rluilwln mbhul lpsdmifz lksdhyklf~ grhw~` if b|ziflzz zlruijlz mz m rlz|d~ he

~`l z~r|j~|rmd j`mfgl if mnumfjln ljhfhkilz& @hwlulr$ ~`l ikshr~mfjl he afhwdlngl mfn

iffhum~ihf mz m zh|rjl he ohb jrlm~ihf if ~ìz lklrgifg ifn|z~ry rl}|irlz jhfzinlrm~ihf ehr ~`l

rhdl ~`m~ iffhum~ihf sdmyz if meelj~ifg lksdhyklf~& Nllsdy nizj|zzln zifjl ~`l Jdmzzijmd

Ljhfhkijz lrm$ ~`l rldm~ihfzìs bl~wllf ~lj`fhdhgijmd j`mfgl mfn lksdhyklf~ `mz~rmni~ihfmddy bllf lksirijmddy ifulz~igm~ln hfdy jhfzinlrifg ~`l kmf|emj~|rifg ifn|z~ry$ z~mr~ifg

wi~` ~`l sihfllrifg whraz he Erllkmf$ Jdmra$ mfn Zhl~l (=902) mfn Erllkmf mfn Zhl~l$

(=907$ =99>)&:

Z~|nilz ehj|zifg hf ~`l eirk dluld `mul glflrmddy eh|fn m shzi~iul rldm~ihfzìs bl~wllf

iffhum~ihf mfn ohb jrlm~ihf (zll ehr ifz~mfjl Umf Rllflf$ =9971 Sium mfn Uiumrlddi$ 233


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9

(233=) `mz srhshzln m niz~ifj~ihf bl~wllf ~`l z~rm~lgilz he ~lj`fhdhgijmd hr jhz~

jhksl~i~iulflzz mfn `mz z|gglz~ln ~`l flln ~h jhfzinlr nlkmfn emj~hrz ehr lpsdmififg

lksdhyklf~ h|~jhklz& Z|j` m niz~ifj~ihf inlf~ieilz ~`l srlnhkifmf~ hrilf~m~ihf he zlj~hrz if

~lrkz he ~`l fm~|rl he ~`l iffhum~iul leehr~z srhn|jln& ^`l z~rm~lgy he ~lj`fhdhgijmdjhksl~i~iulflzz iz mzzhjim~ln wi~` m glflrmd ~lfnlfjy ~h if~lrfmd iffhum~iul mj~iui~y$ m

srlumdlfjl he srhn|j~ iffhum~ihfz mfn m srhslfzi~y ~h zlmrj` ehr flw kmral~z1 ~`l jhz~

jhksl~i~iulflzz z~rm~lgy iz rldm~ln ~h m srlumdlfjl he jhfjlrfz mbh|~ jhz~ leeijilfjy mfn

dmbh|r zmuifg srhjlzz iffhum~ihfz& ^ìz niz~ifj~ihf iz bmzln hf ~`l inlm ~`m~ ~`l ljhfhkij

zlj~hrz mrl j`mrmj~lrizln by m nieelrlf~ ~lj`fhdhgijmd ~rmolj~hry ~`m~ z`mslz ~`l slrzslj~iul he

zlj~hrz grhw~`& If emj~$ i~ iz ~`l |fehdnifg he ~`lzl ~rmolj~hrilz ~`m~ brifgz mbh|~ m umril~y if

grhw~` slrehrkmfjl he zlj~hrz mfn$ mz m jhfzl}|lfjl$ m jhf~if|h|z j`mfgl if ljhfhkilz

if~lrfmd z~r|j~|rl& ^ìz mssrhmj` `mz bllf if~lgrm~ln wi~` ~`l jhfzinlrm~ihf he nlkmfn

emj~hrz$ if hrnlr ~h mjjh|f~ ehr ~`l flln he nlkmfn+s|dd leelj~z ehr jrlm~ifg ~`l jhfni~ihfz ehr

mjìluifg iffhum~ihfz sh~lf~imd mfn z|sshr~ifg ohb jrlm~ihf&

Ehddhwifg ~ìz mssrhmj`$ ~`l ~lj`fhdhgy+lksdhyklf~ difa `mz bllf ifulz~igm~ln m~ ~`l ifn|z~ry

dluld by z~|nilz ~`m~ `mul lp~lfziuldy |zln luinlfjl erhk iffhum~ihf z|rulyz& Uiumrlddi$

Lumfgldiz~m mfn Simf~m (=995) mfn Simf~m (2333$ 233=) lpmkifln ~`l wlma L|rhslmf ohb

slrehrkmfjl if ~`l =993z$ z`hwifg i~ ~h bl rldm~ln ~h dhw dluldz he srhn|j~ iffhum~ihf$ z~mbdl

wmglz mfn dhw+nlkmfn nyfmkijz& Zikidmr rlz|d~z mrl eh|fn if Mf~hf|jji mfn Simf~m (2332)

mfn Lumfgldiz~m mfn Zmuhfm (233:)1 ~`l dm~~lr z~|ny ehj|zlz hf ~`l lksdhyklf~ sm~~lrfz if

zlruijl ifn|z~rilz if I~mdy$ w`lrl ohb jrlm~ihf hjj|rz kmifdy if zkmdd$ ~lj`fhdhgy+nriulf eirkz&

Kmz~rhz~lemfh mfn Simf~m (2339) lpmkifl ~`l leelj~z hf lksdhyklf~ ~`m~ rlz|d~ erhk nieelrlf~

~yslz he iffhum~ihf$ dmbh|r kmral~ emj~hrz$ mfn nlkmfn nyfmkijz& W`lf ~`l mfmdyziz he ~`l

iksmj~ he iffhum~ihf hf ohb jrlm~ihf iz z~|niln if ~`l dhfg+~lrk$ ~`l flhjdmzzijmd flgm~iul

rldm~ihfzìs bl~wllf wmgl mfn ohb grhw~` zllkz ~h bl dlzz rldlumf~$ wìdl ~`l

Zj`|ksl~lrimf ohb jrlm~ifg leelj~ hf iffhum~ihfz kmral~ iksmj~ lklrglz mz m kmohr emj~hr&

^ìz rlzlmrj` `mz bllf lp~lfnln ~h zlruijlz if Bhgdimjifh mfn Simf~mz z~|ny (23=3)$ w`lrl

~`l rldm~ihfzìs bl~wllf ~lj`fhdhgijmd rlgiklz mfn sm~~lrfz he lksdhyklf~ grhw~` iz z~|niln

~`rh|g` ~`l if~rhn|j~ihf he m Rluizln Smui~~ ^mphfhky& ^`l dm~~lr iz mbdl ~h nlzjribl ~`l

nieelrlf~ ~lj`fhdhgijmd hsshr~|fi~ilz he kmf|emj~|rifg mz wldd mz zlruijl zlj~hrz& Mgmif$ ~`l

rlz|d~z z`hw ~`m~ srhn|j~ iffhum~ihf `mz m shzi~iul iksmj~ hf lksdhyklf~ if Zjilfjl+Bmzln

mfn Zsljimdizln Z|ssdilrz zlj~hrz bh~` if kmf|emj~|rifg mfn if zlruijlz wìdl dmbh|r+

zmuifg leelj~z srlumid if ~`l jmzl he zlj~hrz khrl hrilf~ln ~hwmrnz srhjlzz iffhum~ihf (Zjmdl

mfn Ifehrkm~ihf If~lfziul mfn Z|ssdilrz Nhkifm~ln zlj~hrz)& If inlf~ieyifg ~`l klj`mfizkz he

ohb jrlm~ihf$ ~`l glflrmd niz~ifj~ihf bl~wllf kmf|emj~|rifg mfn zlruijlz msslmrz dlzz

233


10/34


=3

rldlumf~ ~`mf ~`l zsljieiji~y he lmj` Rluizln Smui~~ jdmzz&

H~`lr z~|nilz `mul ehj|zln hf ~`l rhdl he nlkmfn if z|sshr~ifg ~lj`fhdhgijmd j`mfgl mfn

slrehrkmfjlz$ z`hwifg i~z jr|jimd rhdl if jrlm~ifg ~`l jhfni~ihfz ehr grhw~` (Jrlzsi mfn Simf~m$

23301 Bhgdimjifh mfn Simf~m$ 2330 mfn 23==)&Eifmddy$ m grhwifg di~lrm~|rl `mz mnnrlzzln j`mfglz if ~`l rldm~iuljhkshzi~ihf he lksdhyklf~

by srhelzzihfmd zaiddz (Mjlkhgd|$ 2332)& ^`l nhkifmf~ if~lrsrl~m~ihf iz ~`m~ ~`l lklrglfjl he

flw ~lj`fhdhgilz `mz dln ~h m sm~~lrf he zaidd+bimzln ~lj`fhdhgijmd j`mfgl mz iffhum~ihfz

rlsdmjl |fzaiddln dmbh|r wi~` whralrz wi~` ìg`lr jhksl~lfjlz$ wìj` mrl jhksdlklf~mry ~h

~`l flw ~lj`fhdhgilz& Ohb hsshr~|fi~ilz ehr bd|l jhddmr whralrz if ~`l dmbh|r kmral~ whrzlf

mfn ~`l rlz|d~ifg ifl}|mdi~y iz srlzlf~ln mz m fm~|rmd leelj~ he ~lj`fhdhgijmd j`mfgl&

Khrl rljlf~ z~|nilz ehj|zln hf ~`l mbidi~y he jhks|~lrz ~h rlsdmjl rh|~ifl+~mza whralrz$ wìdl

mj~iui~ilz z|j` mz nljizihf kmaifg (by kmfmglrz) mfn klfimd ohbz (z|j` mz jdlmfifg$ by ~`l

dlmz~+zaiddln whralrz) jmffh~ bl m|~hkm~ln& ^`l h|~jhkl iz m shdmrizln lksdhyklf~ z~r|j~|rl

w`lrl ~`l z`mrl he kinndl zaiddz iz emddifg (M|~hr l~ md&$ 233:1 M|~hr l~ md&$ 23351 M|~hr mfn Nhrf$

23=31 Khhzl mfn Kmffifg$ 2337)&

M khrl nl~midln ifulz~igm~ihf `mz |zln nm~m hf lksdhyllz by srhelzzihfmd }|mdieijm~ihfz if :5

kmf|emj~|rifg mfn zlruijl ifn|z~rilz ehr eiul L\ jh|f~rilz$ jhfzinlrifg eh|r srhelzzihfmd

grh|sz? Kmfmglrz$ Jdlraz$ Jrme~ whralrz mfn Kmf|md whralrz (Fmzjim mfn Simf~m$ 2330)&

Niz~ifj~ sm~~lrfz lklrgl w`lf ifn|z~rilz mrl grh|sln bmzln hf ~`lir sm~~lrfz he ~lj`fhdhgijmd

j`mfgl$ i&l& ~lj`fhdhgijmd jhksl~i~iulflzz if ìg` iffhum~ihf ifn|z~rilz mfn jhz~

jhksl~i~iulflzzif ~rmni~ihfmd zlj~hrz& ^`l hulrmdd zaidd if~lfzi~y iz z|bz~mf~imddy ìg`lr if ~`l

ehrklr ifn|z~ry grh|s$ mfn erhk 2333 ~h 233: m jdlmr lksdhyklf~ shdmrizm~ihf sm~~lrf

lklrgln$ wi~` khrl ohbz blifg jrlm~ln ehr kmfmglrz (!2, m ylmr) mfn kmf|md whralrz

(!=&2,) mfn ohb dhzzlz ehr jdlraz (+3&2,) mfn zaiddln whralrz (+2,)& Rm~`lr ~`mf m diflmr zìe~

erhk dhw+zaiddln ohbz ~h ìg`+zaiddln$ wì~l jhddmr lksdhyklf~$ mz srlnij~ln by ~`l zaidd+bimzln

`ysh~`lziz$ m jdlmr shdmrizm~ihf sm~~lrf iz eh|fn& W`lf ~`l nl~lrkifmf~z he lksdhyklf~

j`mfglz mrl lpsdhrln zlsmrm~ldy if ~`l eh|r srhelzzihfmd grh|sz$ nieelrlf~ rldm~ihfzìsz

lklrgl& Srhn|j~ iffhum~ihf mfn ìg`lr ln|jm~ihf dlmn ~h khrl ohbz ehr ìg`+zaidd jm~lghrilz1

srhjlzz iffhum~ihf mfn jhz~+rln|j~ihf z~rm~lgilz nlz~rhy ohbz ehr jrme~ whralrz (ibin&)&

Eh|r kmif dlzzhfz jmf bl nrmwf erhk z|j` nieelrlf~ z~rlmkz he di~lrm~|rl& Eirz~$ ~`l ifn|z~ry

dluld iz smr~ij|dmrdy mssrhsrim~l ~h ifulz~igm~l ~`l iffhum~ihf+lksdhyklf~ difa mz i~ iz mbdl ~h

~mal if~h mjjh|f~ ~`l hulrmdd sm~~lrfz he z~r|j~|rmd j`mfgl mfn ~`l nlkmfn jhfz~rmif~ ~`m~

hslrm~lz ehr ifn|z~rilz& Zljhfn$ ~`lrl iz m flln ~h brlma nhwf ~lj`fhdhgijmd j`mfgl if~h

nieelrlf~ z~rm~lgilz ~lj`fhdhgijmd uz& jhz~ jhksl~i~iulflzz wìj` `mul jhf~rmz~ifg leelj~z

hf lksdhyklf~& ^ìrn$ ~`l ulry rldm~ihfzìsz nleifln by khnldz flln bl mnms~ln ~h ~`l

zsljieiji~ilz he ifn|z~ry grh|sz j`mrmj~lrizln li~`lr by nieelrlf~ ~lj`fhdhgijmd ~rmolj~hrilz hr by


11/34


==

~`l smr~ij|dmr fm~|rl he b|ziflzz zlruijlz& Eh|r~`$ ~`l }|mdi~y he ohbz `mz ~h bl ~malf hf bhmrn

if ~`l mfmdyziz$ wi~` m~~lf~ihf ~h ~`l srhelzzihfz mfn zaiddz srlzlf~ if ohbz jrlm~ln mfn dhz~&

^`l mssrhmj` wl widd ehddhw `lrlif widd bl bmzln hf ~`lzl dlzzhfz erhk rljlf~ di~lrm~|rl&&

: Lksirijmd luinlfjl

Ohb jrlm~ihf if zlruijlz iz fh~ |fiehrk& Ie wl lpmkifl lksdhyklf~ grhw~` erhk =995 ~h 2337

if ~`l zip kmohr L|rhslmf ljhfhkilz (Glrkmfy$ Ermfjl$ \A$ I~mdy$ Zsmif mfn ^`l

Fl~`lrdmfnz) m z|bz~mf~imd niuinl lklrglz bl~wllf ~rmni~ihfmd mfn b|ziflzz+zlruijl mj~iui~ilz&

If Grms` :&=&$ zlruijlz mrl grh|sln by ^rmnl mfn Dliz|rl (FMJL Niuizihfz


12/34


=2

Zh|rjl? ZIN nm~mbmzl

Grms` :&2& lpsdhrlz ~`l lksdhyklf~ nyfmkijz erhk =995 ~h 2337$ jhfzinlrifg ~`l ~rlfn he

~`l kmf|emj~|rifg zlj~hr$ hulrmdd zlruijlz mfn b|ziflzz zlruijlz& ^`lir nyfmkijz msslmr ~h

bl zikidmr$ md~`h|g` ~`l slrehrkmfjl he kmf|emj~|rifg iz z~rijaifgdy dhwlr ~`mf ~`m~ he

zlruijlz? erhk 2333 ~h 2337$ ~`l L|rhslmf kmf|emj~|rifg zyz~lk `mz nlz~rhyln m dmrgl

}|mf~i~y he ohbz$ rlsdmjln by m rljhulry if zlruijl mfn (lzsljimddy) b|ziflzz zlruijlz

ifn|z~rilz& ^`l dm~~lr `mul z~rhfgdy z|eelrln ~`l ljhfhkij jriziz erhk 2333 ~h 233: mfn `mul

fh~ rl~|rfln ~h rmsin grhw~` |f~id 2337&

Grms` :&2& Mff|md rm~lz he lksdhyklf~ grhw~`& Mulrmgl umd|lz mkhfg jh|f~rilz&


Dhhaifg m~ Grms` :&2&$ ~`rll s`mzlz he nluldhsklf~ jmf bl inlf~ieiln? erhk =995 ~h 2333

~`lrl iz m z~rhfg lksdhyklf~ grhw~` if zlruijlz$ s|z`ln by ohb jrlm~ihf if b|ziflzz zlruijlz1

erhk 2333 ~h 233: ~`l nlz~r|j~ihf he lksdhyklf~ if kmf|emj~|rifg iz fh~ jh|f~lrbmdmfjln by

m grhw~` he lksdhyklf~ if zlruijlz1 erhk 233: ~h 2337 kmf|emj~|rifg rln|jlz i~z ohb dhzzlz

mfn m z~rhfg niulrglfjl lklrglz if ~`l ehrkm~ihf he lksdhyklf~ bl~wllf ~rmni~ihfmd mfn

b|ziflzz zlruijlz& ^`l nyfmkijz he b|ziflzz zlruijlz zllk ~h bl khrl z|bolj~ ~h ~`lljhfhkij jyjdl ~`mf h~`lr zlruijlz$ mz Ahp mfn R|bmdjmbm (2337) `mul z|gglz~ln? ~`iz


13/34


=:

zllkz ~h bl n|l ~h ~`l ìg` if~lgrm~ihf he b|ziflzz zlruijlz wi~` ~`l kmf|emj~|rifg zlj~hr

mfn ~h m ìg` dluld he dmbh|r edlpibidi~y&

^`l nieelrlf~ grhw~` he zlruijlz brifgz mbh|~ m j`mfgl if ~`l }|mdi~m~iul nluldhsklf~ he ohbz

heelrln&>

Kmfy z~|nilz `mul if emj~ ehj|zln hf m j`mfgl if ~`l jhkshzi~ihf he zaiddz rl}|irlnehddhwifg ~`l z~r|j~|rmd j`mfgl srhjlzz&

Dhha m~ ~`l jhkshzi~ihf he lksdhyklf~ by srhelzzihfz (Grms` :&:&) if 2333& Kmf|emj~|rifg

mfn zlruijlz mrl j`mrmj~lrizln by m nieelrlf~ jhkshzi~ihf? zlruijlz mrl kmraln by m ìg`lr

z`mrl he Kmfmglrz mfn Jdlraz wìdl Jrme~ mfn Kmf|md whralrz jhfz~i~|~l ~`l grlm~lr smr~ he

kmf|emj~|rifg lksdhyklf~& Ln|jm~ihfmd dluldz niz~rib|~ihf iz hbuih|zdy rldm~ln ~h nieelrlfjlz

if srhelzzihfz& M glflrmd srhjlzz he |s+zaiddifg iz srlzlf~ if mdd zlj~hrz$ md~`h|g` ~`l

nieelrlfjlz bl~wllf kmf|emj~|rifg mfn zlruijlz zllk ~h bl dlzz rldlumf~& Mnni~ihfmd

luinlfjl hf ~`l lksdhyklf~ j`mfgl rm~lz if lmj` he ~`l eh|r srhelzzihfmd grh|sz iz srhuinln

if ~`l Msslfnip&

Grms` :&:& Jhkshzi~ihf he lksdhyklf~ if 2333 by srhelzzihfz mfn by ln|jm~ihf&

Mulrmglz mjrhzz jh|f~rilz&


>N|l ~h ~`l mumidmbidi~y he nm~m ehr srhelzzihfz mfn ln|jm~ihfz$ eiul jh|f~rilz mrl jhfzinlrln `lrl (^`l

Fl~`lrdmfnz mrl lpjd|nln) ehr m rln|jln slrihn he ~ikl$ erhk 2333 ~h 233:& Srhelzzihfz mrl grh|sln by

Kmfmglrz mfn srhelzzihfmdz$ Jdlraz$ Jrme~ Whralrz mfn Kmf|md Whralrz (bmzln hf ~`l If~lrfm~ihfmd

Z~mfnmrn Jdmzzieijm~ihf he Hjj|sm~ihfz IZJH00 JHK fhklfjdm~|rl m~ hfl nigi~ dluld)& Ln|jm~ihfmddluldz mrl jdmzzieiln by |fiulrzi~y$ zljhfnmry mfn srikmry ln|jm~ihf (mjjhrnifg ~h ~`l IZJLN

fhklfjdm~|rl m~ hfl nigi~ dluld)&


14/34


=>

Blzinlz ~`lzl sm~~lrfz jhfjlrfifg ~`l }|mf~i~y mfn }|mdi~y he lksdhyklf~$ i~ iz mdzh ikshr~mf~

~h jhfzinlr `hw nlkmfn luhdulz& B|ziflzz zlruijlz mrl z~rhfgdy nlslfnlf~ hf if~lrklnim~l

nlkmfn$ wìdl h~`lr zlruijlz rldy hf eifmd jhfz|ks~ihf mfn kmf|emj~|rifg ifn|z~ry z`hwzl}|md z`mrl he if~lrklnim~l nlkmfn mfn lpshr~z& ^`l luinlfjl iz srhuinln if Grms` M: if ~`l

Msslfnip& ^`lzl nieelrlf~ nlkmfn sm~~lrfz `mul ikshr~mf~ jhfzl}|lfjlz hf h|r lpsdmfm~ihf

he lksdhyklf~ grhw~` nl~lrkifmf~z if b|ziflzz zlruijlz mz hsshzln ~h ~`l rlz~ he ~`l

ljhfhky&

> ^`l khnld mfn ljhfhkl~rij z~rm~lgy^ìz zlj~ihf lpsdhrlz ~`l emj~hrz jhf~rib|~ifg ~h ohb jrlm~ihf if L|rhsl$ difaifg z|ssdy mfn

nlkmfn emj~hrz& ^`l sh~lf~imd ehr ohb grhw~` jmf bl rln|jln by ~`l hjj|rrlfjl he rlz~rij~iul

jhfni~ihfz hf nlkmfn wìj` z`mrslf ~`l rlz|d~z he ~`l ~lj`fhdhgijmd jhksl~i~ihf mkhfg eirkz

mfn zlj~hrz& ^`rh|g` ~`l ifehrkm~ihf nrmwf erhk ~`l Ifs|~H|~s|~ ^mbdlz erhk HLJN$ wl jmf

brlma nhwf ~`l nieelrlf~ nlkmfn jhkshflf~z mfn z~|ny ~`lir iksmj~ hf lksdhyklf~ grhw~`&

^`l iffhum~iul mj~iui~y he zlj~hrz iz ifulz~igm~ln by jhfzinlrifg ~`l nhkifmfjl he m z~rm~lgy

bmzln hf ~lj`fhdhgijmd mfn jhz~ jhksl~i~iulflzz (Simf~m$ 233=)& ^`lzl z~rm~lgilz mrl

z|sshzln ~h `mul jhf~rmz~ifg leelj~z hf lksdhyklf~& Hf ~`l hfl `mfn$ ~lj`fhdhgijmd

jhksl~i~iulflzz$ rhh~ln if }|mdi~y mnumf~mglz mfn ~`l if~rhn|j~ihf he flw srhn|j~z$ hslfz |s

flw hsshr~|fi~ilz ehr nlkmfn mfn lksdhyklf~ grhw~`$ md~`h|g` ~ìz leelj~ jmf bl

jh|f~lrbmdmfjln by ~`l ehrkm~ihf he khfhshdy rlf~z ~`m~ jmf rln|jl ~`l jrlm~ihf he umd|l

mnnln& Hf ~`l h~`lr `mfn$ jhz~ jhksl~i~iulflzz$ bmzln hf srhjlzz iffhum~ihf$ lfglfnlrz

srhn|j~iui~y iksrhulklf~z wìj` mrl dmrgldy n|l ~h ohb dhzzlz& M shzi~iul leelj~ hf

lksdhyklf~ jmf mdzh rlz|d~ erhk rln|jln srijlz ~`m~ jmf z~ik|dm~l flw nlkmfn& @hwlulr$

~`l srlumidifg he ~`l eirz~ z~rm~lgy hulr ~`l dm~~lr iz glflrmddy z|sshzln ~h srhuinl ìg`lr ohb

jrlm~ihf hsshr~|fi~ilz&

Lksdhyklf~ grhw~` iz mdzh nlslfnlf~ hf ~`l nyfmkijz he nlkmfn& W`lf i~z jhkshzi~ihf iz

jhfzinlrln (`h|zl`hdn mfn if~lrklnim~l jhfz|ks~ihf$ ifulz~klf~z$ mfn lpshr~z)$ nieelrlf~

jhksl~i~iul rlgiklz mrl mjafhwdlngln& ^`l kmf|emj~|rifg zlj~hr iz mzzhjim~ln wi~` m z~rij~

if~lrfm~ihfmd jhksl~i~ihf wìj` mzaz ehr m jhf~if|h|z zlmrj` ehr ìg`lr dluldz he srhn|j~iui~y if

hrnlr ~h z|z~mif lpshr~z grhw~`& Zlruijl zlj~hrz mrl rldm~ln ~h if~lrfmd nlkmfn mfn ~h ~`l

srhjlzz he rizifg ermgklf~m~ihf he srhn|j~ihf w`lrl jhksl~i~iul srlzz|rl iz hbuih|zdy


15/34


=&=& Kl~`hnhdhgy

^`l ehddhwifg l}|m~ihf iz lz~ikm~ln?

i~i~i~i~i~i~ |wnjj~jlks !!!!!; >:2=3 (=)

w`lrl lksiz ~`l zlj~hrz lksdhyklf~ dluld$ ~jrlsrlzlf~z ~`l mjj|k|dm~ln afhwdlngl rldm~ln

wi~` ~lj`fhdhgijmd jhksl~i~iulflzz z~rm~lgy$ jjiz jhz~ jhksl~i~iulflzz$ niz nlkmfn mfn wiz

~`l wmgl1 imfn ~z~mfnz ehr ifn|z~ry mfn ~ikl$ rlzslj~iuldy& ^`l khnld iz lz~ikm~ln m~ ifn|z~ry

dluld ehr umrih|z jh|f~rilz zh ~`l ifniuin|md hbzlrum~ihf iz m jlr~mif ifn|z~ry if m giulf jh|f~ry&

H|r kmif hbolj~ iz ~h inlf~iey ~`l leelj~ he ~lj`fhdhgy mfn nlkmfn& M ~ysijmd izz|l iz ~`m~ ~`l

lrrhr ~lrk |kmy bl jhrrldm~ln wi~` ~`l rlgrlzzhrz$ bljm|zl he ~ikl+ifumrimf~ leelj~z hr izz|lz

he zik|d~mfli~y mfnhr hki~~ln umrimbdlz&

Ie wl ~ìfa he umrimbdlz if ~`l dhg zjmdl$ wl afhw ~`m~ by ~maifg ~`l nieelrlfjlz wl mssrhpikm~l

~`l rm~l he j`mfgl& ^`rh|g` ~ìz ~rmfzehrkm~ihf wl ldikifm~l ~`l ifniuin|md ~ikl+ifumrimf~

leelj~ (wl mdzh jhf~rhd ehr mdd ~ikl+ifumrimf~ j`mrmj~lriz~ijz$ z|j` mz jh|f~ry+dluld ifz~i~|~ihfmd

nl~lrkifmf~z wìj` mrl dialdy ~h sdmy m rhdl) mfn wl jmf lpsdhi~ ~`l dmg z~r|j~|rl ~h muhin

zik|d~mfli~y&

^lj`fijmddy$ wl ~mal dhfg nieelrlfjlz (l&g& Jmrhdi mfn Umf Rllflf$ 233=1 Sium l~ md&$ 233:2= (2)w`lrl ~`l nlslfnlf~ umrimbdl iz ~`l rm~l he grhw~` he lksdhyklf~$ ~`l umrim~ihf if ~`l

afhwdlngl z~hja mzzhjim~ln wi~` ~`l ~lj`fhdhgijmd z~rm~lgilz jmf bl srhpiln by edhwz


16/34


=5

umrimbdlz jhkifg erhk iffhum~ihf z|rulyz$ nlkmfn grhw~` iz klmz|rln ~`rh|g` ~`l grhw~`

rm~l he nieelrlf~ zh|rjlz he nlkmfn$ wiz ~`l grhw~` rm~l he dmbh|r jhkslfzm~ihf slr lksdhyll

mfn ~`l dmz~ smr~ iz ~`l lrrhr ~lrk$ if wìj` ~`l ifniuin|md ~ikl+ifumrimf~ leelj~z mrl ldikifm~ln&

Ehddhwifg h|r jhfjls~|md ermklwhra$ wl lpslj~ ~`l ehddhwifg rldm~ihfzìsz ~h lklrgl?=) Srhpilz ehr ~lj`fhdhgijmd jhksl~i~iulflzz (~`l z`mrl he eirkz ifnijm~ifg jdilf~z mz zh|rjl he

iffhum~ihf mfn ~`l z`mrl he eirkz if~lrfmd zh|rjl mz nl~lrkifmf~z ehr iffhum~ihf) mrl lpslj~ln

~h `mul m shzi~iul leelj~ hf ohb grhw~`& Lksdhyklf~ grhw~` iz z~ik|dm~ln by ~`l grlm~lr

nlkmfn ehr flw srhn|j~z1 ~`l shzi~iul leelj~ he ~`l flw nlkmfn iz z|sshzln ~h srlumid hf ~`l

leelj~z he rln|jln srhn|j~ihf n|l ~h ehrkifg shzzibdl khfhshdy rlf~z if ~`l jhfz|klr kmral~

mfnhr rlsdmjifg leelj~z ehr hdn srhn|j~z1

2) Ifnijm~hrz he jhz~ jhksl~i~iulflzz (~`l z`mrl he eirkz mikifg ~h rln|jl dmbh|r jhz~z mfn ~`l

z`mrl he eirkz w`h ifnijm~l z|ssdilrz mz zh|rjl he iffhum~ihf) mrl lpslj~ln ~h `mul nirlj~

dmbh|r zmuifg leelj~z& ^`l leelj~ hf srijlz n|l ~h ifjrlmzln srhn|j~iui~y jmf `hwlulr smr~imddy

hr ~h~mddy hulrjhkl ~`l rln|jln lksdhyklf~ ~`m~ nlriulz erhk rljh|rzl ~h m z~rm~lgy bmzln

hf srhjlzz iffhum~ihfz&

:) Nlkmfn umrimbdlz mrl lpslj~ln ~h `mul m shzi~iul leelj~ hf lksdhyklf~1 `hwlulr$ wìdl

lpshr~z mrl z|sshzln ~h nriul srhn|j~iui~y mfn lksdhyklf~ grhw~` if kmf|emj~|rifg$

lksdhyklf~ grhw~` if zlruijlz iz srlumdlf~dy mzzhjim~ln wi~` ~`l grhw~` he if~lrklnim~l mfn

`h|zl`hdn jhfz|ks~ihf& If zlj~hrz w`lrl ~`l rhdl he flw ifehrkm~ihf ~lj`fhdhgilz iz khrl

if~lfziul mfn m z|z~mifln grhw~` if ~lrkz he umd|l mnnln jmf bl hbzlruln$ ljhfhkij grhw~`

iz srifjismddy difaln ~h j`mfglz if ~`l srhn|j~ihf z~r|j~|rl ~`m~ dlmnz ~h ìg` if~lrklnim~l

nlkmfn erhk ~`l rlz~ he ~`l ljhfhky? 73, he b|ziflzz+zlruijl nlkmfn hfdy jhklz erhk

h~`lr zlj~hrz&

If ~lrkz he jhf~rhd umrimbdlz$ wl lpslj~ mf ifulrzl rldm~ihfzìs bl~wllf wmglz (dmbh|r

jhkslfzm~ihf grhw~` rm~l slr lksdhyll) mfn lksdhyklf~ jrlm~ihf& Dmbh|r nlkmfn jmf

ifjrlmzl w`lf dmbh|r jhz~z nljrlmzl&

Wl mdzh rmf e|r~`lr rhb|z~flzz j`ljaz ~h jhf~rhd ehr ~`l kmral~ z~r|j~|rl he ifn|z~rilz1 wl

lpslj~ jhfjlf~rm~ihf ~h bl flgm~iuldy rldm~ln wi~` grhw~`$ ~`rh|g` m z~mfnmrn dmja he

jhksl~i~iul srlzz|rl leelj~& Wl mdzh mnn m jhf~rhd ehr ~`l eirkz mulrmgl zil if ~`l zlj~hr? wl

lpslj~ i~ ~h bl flgm~iuldy jhrrldm~ln wi~` grhw~` ehr ~`l khz~ nyfmkij ifn|z~rilz$ w`lrl ohbz

mrl nizsrhshr~ihfm~ldy jrlm~ln by flw (mfn |z|mddy ulry zkmdd) eirkz (@md~iwmfglr l~ md&$ 23=3)&

>&2& Nm~m

^`l mfmdyziz jhfzinlrz zip jh|f~rilz$ Glrkmfy$ Ermfjl$ I~mdy$ ^`l Fl~`lrdmfnz$ Zsmif mfn ~`l

\fi~ln Aifgnhk ehr 2= kmf|emj~|rifg mfn =7 zlruijl zlj~hrz&


17/34


=7

^`l khnld iz niz~ifj~dy lpmkifln ehr kmf|emj~|rifg mfn zlruijlz zlj~hr& If hrnlr ~h

nieelrlf~im~l ~`l nyfmkijz he zlruijlz$ wl izhdm~l ~`l leelj~z he b|ziflzz zlruijlz erhk h~`lr

zlruijlz& Ifn|z~rilz jdmzzieiln mz 5> mfn 7= ~h 7> by FMJL Rlu& =&= ehrk ~`l eirz~ jm~lghry$

w`idl ifn|z~rilz


18/34


=0

nlslfnifg hf mumidmbidi~y (if hrnlr ~h muhin gmsz if ~`l nm~mzl~$ lzsljimddy wi~` rlgmrnz ~h

zlruijl ifn|z~rilz) mfn dhw f|kblr he h|~dilrz&

77

Q3&=5:[///

Lpshr~ grhw~` rm~l 3&3:7

Q3&327[

If~lrklnim~l nlkmfn grhw~` rm~l 3&232Q3&3

Q3&3:2[//

Jhfz~mf~ 3&>::

Q3&9

E+~lz~

(S umd|l)

9&:=

(3&333)

R2 3&2:5

Mz wl jmf hbzlrul$ ~`l ~lj`fhdhgijmd mfn jhz~ jhksl~i~iulflzz leelj~ iz jhksmrmbdl if

kmgfi~|nl b|~ wi~` flgm~iul zigf& Mf ifjrlmzl by hfl if ~`l z`mrl he eirkz ifnijm~ifg if~lrfmd

zh|rjlz ehr iffhum~ihf widd mnn 3&3> slrjlf~mgl shif~z ~h ~`l mulrmgl lksdhyklf~ grhw~`$

wìdl ~`l hsshzi~l widd `msslf ie ~`l z`mrl he eirkz ~`m~ j`hhzl dmbh|r zmuifg z~rm~lgy

ifjrlmzlz by hfl shif~&

If~lrklnim~l nlkmfn `mz ~`l ìg`lz~ iksmj~? =, ifjrlmzl rmizlz by hfl eie~` he slrjlf~mgl

shif~ ~`l mff|md jhksh|fn rm~l he lksdhyklf~& @h|zl`hdn jhfz|ks~ihf `mn ~`l dhwlz~

iksmj~$ wìdl lpshr~ iz fh~ zigfieijmf~&

^`l wmgl ~lrk `mz m flgm~iul iksmj~$ ~`rh|g` m z~mfnmrn dmbh|r+nlkmfn leelj~&


19/34


=9

^`l eirz~ nieelrlf~im~ihf ~`m~ wl wmf~ ~h lpmkifl iz bl~wllf kmf|emj~|rifg mfn zlruijlz& ^`l

rlz|d~z mrl if ^mbdl :& Ie wl |zl zikidmr srhpilz ehr ~lj`fhdhgijmd z~rm~lgilz if bh~`

kmf|emj~|rifg mfn zlruijlz wl jmf hbzlrul ~`m~ umrimbdlz mrl fhf+zigfieijmf~ ehr

kmf|emj~|rifg&23==OHBJRLM^IHF IFB\ZIFLZZZLRUIJLZ

23

nhlz fh~ rlolj~ ~`l `ysh~`lziz he m lrh nieelrlfjl m~ :[ 3&2>


21/34


2=

@h|zl`hdn jhfz|ks~ihf

grhw~` rm~l

3&327

Q3&323[

3&3>:

Q3&355[

3&=[//

Jhfz~mf~ 3&3:)

Hbzlrum~ihfz :>7E+~lz~

(S umd|l)

=:&35

(3&333)

R2 3&


23/34


2:

(3&>73)

Hbzlrum~ihfz :32

E+~lz~

(S umd|l)

==&=:

(3&333)

R2 3&

If z|kkmry$ lksdhyklf~ if kmf|emj~|rifg iz dmrgldy lpsdmifln by ~`l shzi~iul leelj~ he

~lj`fhdhgijmd jhksl~i~iulflzz mfn ~`l flgm~iul nirlj~ leelj~ he jhz~ jhksl~i~iulflzz1 i~ iz mdzh

flgm~iuldy meelj~ln by jhfjlf~rm~ihf& If ~rmni~ihfmd mfn eifmfjl zlruijlz$ nyfmkijz mrl dmrgldy

lpsdmifln by nlkmfn luhd|~ihf (mfn m~ dlmz~ ehr ~`l dm~~lr smr~$ mdzh smr~dy mr~ieijimddy ifedm~ln by

b|bbdl srhjlzzlz)&

Eifmddy b|ziflzz zlruijlz z`hw m Zj`|ksl~lr Kmra I ~rmolj~hry$ w`lrl lf~ry by flw eirkz mfn

srhn|j~ iffhum~ihf mrl ~`l aly nl~lrkifmf~z he ~`l zlj~hrz luhd|~ihf$ jh|sdln wi~`

if~lrklnim~l nlkmfnz zigfieijmf~dy ikshr~mf~ rhdl$ rldm~ln wi~` ~`l srhjlzz he nl+

ulr~ijmdizm~ihf mfn gdhbmdizm~ihf&

Jhf~rhddifg ehr hjj|sm~ihfmd z~r|j~|rl

Mf if~lrlz~ifg ifzig`~ ~`m~ wl jmf mnn |zifg ZIN iz ~`l rldm~ihfzìs bl~wllf ~`l lksdhyklf~

z~r|j~|rl mfn shdmrizm~ihf& M~ ~ìz z~mgl wl jmf hfdy nizj|zz mzzhjim~ihf mfn fh~ ~`l jm|zmdi~y

j`mif$ ehr ~wh kmif rlmzhfz? m) hf ~`l hfl `mfn$ wl mrl kizzifg ifehrkm~ihf n|l ~h diki~ln

nm~m$ ~`l zmksdl iz zigfieijmf~dy rln|jln mfn wl wlrl jhferhf~ln by m kmohr srhbdlk rldm~ln

~h |zifg ~`l dmg z~r|j~|rl ~h inlf~iey leelj~z1 b) hf ~`l h~`lr `mfn$ i~ iz rlmddy srhbdlkm~ij ~h

inlf~iey jm|zmdi~y j`mifz1 bh~` s`lfhklfm mrl ifed|lfjln by ~lj`fhdhgy (Mjlkhgd|$ 2332) mfn

}|mf~i~y mfn }|mdi~y he dmbh|r mrl if~lrrldm~ln&

Nm~m hf Srhelzzihfz jhkshzi~ihf he zlj~hrz ifjd|nl klmz|rlz nrmwf erhk ~`l fm~ihfmd Dmbh|r

Ehrjlz Z|rulyz (DEZ)& I~ mddhwz |z ~h jhddlj~ zlj~hrmd nm~m hf srhelzzihfz$ ln|jm~ihf he

lksdhyllz wi~ìf lmj` zlj~hr ehr eiul L|rhslmf jh|f~rilz (FMJL Rlu& =) (^`l Fl~`lrdmfnz iz

lpjd|nln) ~`rh|g` `mrkhfizln z|rulyz ~`m~ nh fh~ `mul jhfeinlf~imdi~y srhbdlkz& Nm~m wlrl

jhddlj~ln erhk 2333 ~h 233:& ^`l ehrklr iz mzzhjim~ln wi~` ~`l eirz~ slrihn mfn ~`l dm~~lr wi~`

~`l zljhfn hfl if h|r ZIN nm~mbmzl& Mz wl nizj|zzln mbhul (zll ehh~fh~l >)$ wl niuinln ~`l

=3 If~lrfm~ihfmd Z~mfnmrn Jdmzzieijm~ihf he Hjj|sm~ihf (IZJH) hjj|sm~ihfmd jdmzzlz if~h

kmfmglrz$ jdlraz$ jrme~z mfn kmf|md whralrz&0

If ^mbdl 5$ wl rmf ~`l rlgrlzzihf |zifg m shdmrizm~ihf klmz|rl$ jhks|~ln mz ~`l z`mrlz he

kmfmglrz mfn kmf|md whralrz if ~h~md lksdhyklf~ hulr ~`l ~h~md f|kblr he z`mrlz he jdlraz

0

Fm~ihfmd Dmbh|r Ehrjl Z|rulyz (DEZ) mrl ~`l kmif zh|rjlz he nm~m hf srhelzzihfz if L|rhsl$ mz ~`lysrhuinl jhksmrmbdl mfn nl~midln ifehrkm~ihf hf srhelzzihfz jm~lghrizln by he lksdhyifg eirkz

ljhfhkij mj~iui~y zlj~hr (zll D|jj`lzl mfn Simf~m$ 23==)&


25/34


223==OHBJRLMÎHF IFB\ZIFLZZZLRUIJLZ

25

Jhfulrzldy$ m jhz~+jhksl~i~iulflzz z~rm~lgy iz rledlj~ln by ~`l z|ssdilrz if ~`l kmf|emj~|rifg

zlj~hr mfn by mikifg ~h rln|jl dmbh|r jhz~z if ~`l zlruijlz zlj~hr&

Z~r|j~|rmd j`mfgl$ `hwlulr$ iz fh~ ~`l rlz|d~ he nluldhsklf~z if ~`l z|ssdy zinl mdhfl& Hf ~`l

nlkmfn zinl ifn|z~rilz mrl meelj~ln by nieelrlf~ zh|rjlz he if~lrklnim~l mfn eifmd nlkmfn bh~` nhklz~ij mfn ehrligf ~`m~ grhw m~ nieelrifg smjlz mfn z`msl ~`l lpsmfzihf he

ifn|z~rilz ljhfhkij mj~iui~ilz mfn ohbz (Smzifl~~i$ =90=)&

^`l z~rhfglz~ nieelrlf~im~ihf bl~wllf kmf|emj~|rifg$ b|ziflzz zlruijlz mfn h~`lr zlruijlz

lklrglz hf ~`l nlkmfn zinl& If lpsdmififg ifn|z~rilz lksdhyklf~ grhw~`$ wl `mul z`hwf

~`m~ kmf|emj~|rifg ohb nljdifl `mz bllf meelj~ln by ~`l dmja he nlkmfn&

Jhfulrzldy$ ohbz if b|ziflzz zlruijlz grhw mz m rlz|d~ he ~`l z~rhfg nyfmkijz he if~lrklnim~l

nlkmfn$ mz mdd ifn|z~rilz ifjrlmzifgdy flln ~`l rlzlmrj`$ zhe~wmrl$ jhfz|d~ifg$ mjjh|f~ifg$

jhkk|fijm~ihf zlruijlz heelrln by b|ziflzz zlruijlz& ^ìz iz z`msifg m flw sm~~lrf he if~lr+

ifn|z~ry if~lrnlslfnlfjilz w`lrl b|ziflzz zlruijlz sdmy m aly rhdl if ~`l w`hdl ljhfhkij

zyz~lkz jhksl~i~iulflzz (Lumfgldiz~m$ D|jj`lzl$ Kldijimfi$ 23==)&

H~`lr zlruijlz sdmy m rhdl if nieelrlf~ nlkmfn zh|rjlz? by emr$ nlkmfn iz ~`l kmif ohb grhw~`

nriulr$ jhf~rmz~ln wi~` m ~lj`fhdhgijmd niklfzihf wìj` iz kmifdy dmbh|r zmuifg$ blifg ehj|zln

hf jhz~ jhksl~i~iulflzz&

Ohb jrlm~ihf klj`mfizkz if b|ziflzz zlruijlz ~`lrlehrl msslmr niz~ifj~ if rldm~ihf ~h ~`l rlz~

he ~`l ljhfhky? flw afhwdlngl mfn flw srhn|j~z$ emz~+grhwifg nlkmfn erhk h~`lr ifn|z~rilz

mfn grlm~lr zsmjl ehr wmgl ifjrlmzlz j`mrmj~lrizl ~`l b|ziflzz zlruijl lksdhyklf~ grhw~`&

W`lf wl jhf~rhd ehr kmral~ z~r|j~|rl wl zll ~`m~ jhfjlf~rm~ihf iz flgm~iuldy mzzhjim~ln wi~`

ohb grhw~` if kmf|emj~|rifg$ wìdl if b|ziflzz zlruijlz ~`lrl iz m jdlmr flgm~iul rldm~ihfzìs

bl~wllf ~`l mulrmgl eirk zil mfn ohb grhw~`$ z|gglz~ifg ~`m~ ~`l ifn|z~ry grhw~` iz nriulf by

lf~ry he flw eirkz mfn grhw~` he zkmdd hflz&

Eifmddy$ w`lf wl dhha m~ ~`l nyfmkijz he afhwdlngl glflrm~ihf mfn mjj|k|dm~ihf ~`rh|g` ~`l

z~r|j~|rl he `|kmf jmsi~md$ wl hbzlrul ~`m~ ~`lrl iz m jdlmr niz~ifj~ihf bl~wllf kmf|emj~|rifg

mfn zlruijlz& \zifg eh|r hjj|sm~ihfmd jm~lghrilz (z`mrl he kmfmglrz$ jdlraz$ jrme~z mfn

kmf|md whralrz) wl b|id~ m shdmrizm~ihf klmz|rl mz ~`l rm~ih he ~`l z`mrl he ~hs mfn bh~~hk

hjj|sm~ihf (kmf|md sd|z kmfmglrz) hulr ~`l z|k he z`mrlz he jrme~z mfn jdlraz& ^`l rlz|d~ifg

umrimbdl iz shzi~iuldy mzzhjim~ln wi~` ohb grhw~` if b|ziflzz zlruijlz mfn flgm~iuldy if

kmf|emj~|rifg mfn h~`lr zlruijlz& ^`lzl leelj~z jms~|rl ~`l nieelrlf~ zaidd jhkshzi~ihf

rl}|irln by ~`l ~lj`fhdhgy zl~ mumidmbdl if kmf|emj~|rifg (khrl Ehrniz~) mfn if ~`l flw

b|ziflzz zlruijlz$ w`lrl IJ^z mrl srhkiflf~&

^`lrl mrl m elw shdijy iksdijm~ihfz ~h z~rlzz?


27/34


27

m) Zifjl if~lrklnim~l nlkmfn iz bljhkifg khrl mfn khrl ikshr~mf~ n|l ~h gdhbmdizm~ihf

srhjlzzlz$ nlkmfn kmfmglklf~ shdijilz mrl ulry rldlumf~ ehr ~`l srhjlzz he ohb jrlm~ihf&

Flgm~iul z`hjaz `mul z~rhfglr leelj~z if ~`l ljhfhky1

b) Giulf ~`l lf~ry he flw eirkz sdmyz mf ikshr~mf~ rhdl if ~`l nyfmkijz he b|ziflzz zlruijllksdhyklf~ grhw~`$ i~ z|gglz~z ~`m~ lf~ry bmrrilrz z`h|dn bl ldikifm~ln if ~`l khz~ nyfmkij

smr~z he ~`l ljhfhky1

j) W`lrl jhz~ jhksl~i~iulflzz iz z~rhfglr$ shdijilz emjifg dmbh|r rlmddhjm~ihf mrl e|fnmklf~md

~h zhe~lf ~`l iksmj~ he rlz~r|j~|rifg1

n) B|ziflzz zlruijl grhw~` ifn|jlz m ~rmfzehrkm~ihf he ~`l zaidd kip rl}|irln by ~`l ljhfhky$

i&l& ifjrlmzifg shdmrizm~ihf mfn rln|jifg kinndl+jdmzz ohbz$ w`ij` rl}|irlz srhslr if~lrulf~ihf

he ~`l m|~`hri~ilz ~h srlulf~ flgm~iul leelj~z he ifl}|mdi~y&

Mjafhwdlnglklf~z

^`iz smslr b|idnz hf m srlzlf~m~ihf ~h ~`l whraz`hs B|ziflzz zlruijlz ehr iffhum~ihf$

if~lrfm~ihfmdizm~ihf mfn grhw~`$ `ldn m~ ~`l \fiulrzi~y he Rhkl Dm Zmsilfm$ 2+: Nljlkblr

23=3& Wl wh|dn dial ~h ~`mfa Rifmdnh Lumfgldiz~m$ Umdlf~ifm Kldijimfi mfn ~`l smr~ijismf~z ehr

~`lir jhkklf~z&

Wl mjafhwdlngl eifmfjimd z|sshr~ erhk IS^Z wi~` ~`l Srholj~ = + Gm~`lrifg }|mf~i~m~iulluinlfjl he ~`l iksmj~ he jhrshrm~l R%N mfn iffhum~ihf hf lksdhyklf~? Mf mfmdyziz he

nlkmfn$ z|ssdy mfn ifz~i~|~ihfmd emj~hrz m~ ifn|z~ry mfn eirk dluld&

RlelrlfjlzMjlkhgd|$ N& ^lj`fijmd j`mfgl$ ifl}|mdi~y mfn ~`l dmbh|r kmral~$ Oh|rfmd he Ljhfhkij

Di~lrm~|rl$ >3$ =$ 2332$ ss& 7+72&

Mnnizhf$ O& mfn ^liplirm$ S&^lj`fhdhgy$ lksdhyklf~ mfn wmglz$ Dmbh|r$ =


28/34


20

M|~hr$ N&$ Nhrf$ N& ^`l Grhw~` he Dhw+Zaidd Zlruijl Ohbz mfn ~`l Shdmrim~ihf he ~`l \&Z& Dmbhr

Kmral~& KI^ Whraifg Smslr$ M|g|z~ 23=3&

Bmalr$ N& ^`l iksmj~ he b|ziflzz+zlruijlz |zl hf jdilf~ ifn|z~rilz? luinlfjl erhk ifs|~ h|~s|~

nm~m$ If? R|bmdjmbm$ D&$ Ahp$ @& (lnz&)$ B|ziflzz Zlruijlz if L|rhslmf LjhfhkijGrhw~`$ Smdgrmul KmjKiddmf$ Flw Yhra$ 2337$ ss& 97+===+:&

J`lffldz$ D&$ Umf Rllflf$ O& ^lj`fijmd j`mfgl mfn ~`l z~r|j~|rl he lksdhyklf~ mfn wmglz?

m z|ruly he ~`l kijrhljhfhkl~rij luinlfjl$ If? Grllfmf$ F&$ D'@hr~y$ Y&$ Kmirlzzl$ O&$

(lnz&)$ Srhn|j~iui~y$ Ifl}|mdi~y$ mfn ~`l Nigi~md Ljhfhky& M ^rmfzm~dmf~ij Slrzslj~iul$

KI^ Srlzz$ Jmkbringl$ 2332$ ss& =7&

Jrlzsi$ E&$ Simf~m$ K& Nlkmfn mfn iffhum~ihf if srhn|j~iui~y grhw~`$ If~lrfm~ihfmd Rluilw he

Mssdiln Ljhfhkijz$ 22$ 5$ 2330$ ss& 5$ 233:$ ss& >>9+>7>&

Emglrblrg$ O&$ Khwlry$ N&$ Fldzhf$ R& (lnz&)& ^`l Hpehrn @mfnbhha he Iffhum~ihf$ Hpehrn

\fiulrzi~y Srlzz$ Hpehrn$ 233


29/34


29

Erllkmf$ J&$ Zhl~l$ D& Whra ehr mdd hr kmzz |flksdhyklf~8 Sif~lr$ Dhfnhf$ =99>&

Grllfmf$ F&$ G|lddlj$ N& ^lj`fhdhgijmd iffhum~ihf mfn lksdhyklf~ rlmddhjm~ihf$ Dmbh|r$ =>$

>$ 2333$ ss& 7++2339 (ZIN)& Zh|rjlz mfn

kl~`hnhdhgilz$ \fiulrzi~y he \rbifh$ Emj|d~y he Ljhfhkijz$ Nizj|zzihf Smslr$ 23==&

Kmfz|ry$ K&M&$ Dhul$ O&@& Iffhum~ihf$ srhn|j~iui~y mfn grhw~` if \Z b|ziflzz zlruijlz? M eirk+

dluld mfmdyziz ^LJ@FHUM^IHF$ 20$ 2330$ ss& 2&

Kidlz$ I&B|ziflzz Zlruijlz mfn ~`lir |zlrz? m di~lrm~|rl rluilw$ If? R|bmdjmbm$ D&$ Ahp$ @&$ (lnz&)$

B|ziflzz Zlruijlz if L|rhslmf ljhfhkij grhw~`$ Smdgrmul KmjKiddmf$ Flw Yhra$ 2337&

Khhzl$ K&$ Kmffifg$ M& Dh|zy mfn Dhuldy Ohbz? ^`l Rizifg Shdmrim~ihf he Whra if

Bri~mif$ Rluilw he Ljhfhkijz mfn Z~m~iz~ijz$ 09$ 2337$ ss& ==0+=::&

Fmzjim D&$ Simf~m K& Zaidd bimz hr shdmrizm~ihf8 Iffhum~ihf mfn ohb grhw~` if L|rhsl& Smslr

srlzlf~ln m~ ~`l LMLSL 2330 Mff|md Jhfelrlfjl$ Rhkl$ 5+0 Fhulkblr 2330&

H' Km`hfi$ K&$ Jmz~mdni$ J&$ Dhz$ B&$ Bmr~ldzkmf$ L&$ Kmikmi~i$ Y&$ Slfg$ E& &L\ADLKZ +

Difaln nm~m? Zh|rjlz mfn Kl~`hnz$ \fiulrzi~y he Birkifg`mk$

`~~s?www&l|adlkz&fl~nm~mdifalnL\ADLKZXDifalnNm~mXZh|rjlzMfnKl~`hnzX2237

30&sne$ 2330&

Smzifl~~i$ D& Z~r|j~|rmd J`mfgl mfn Ljhfhkij Grhw~`$ Jmkbringl \fiulrzi~y Srlzz$

Jmkbringl$ =99:&

Smui~~$ A& Sm~~lrfz he ~lj`fijmd j`mfgl? ~hwmrnz m ~mphfhky mfn m ~`lhry$ Rlzlmrj` Shdijy$

=:$ =90>$ ss& :>:+7>&

Sl~i~$ S& Lksdhyklf~ mfn ^lj`fhdhgijmd J`mfgl$ If? Z~hflkmf$ S& (Ln&)$ @mfnbhha he ~`l

Ljhfhkijz he Iffhum~ihf mfn ^lj`fhdhgijmd J`mfgl$ Bdmjawldd S|bdiz`lrz$ Mkz~lrnmk$

=9930&

Simf~m$ K& ^`l lksdhyklf~ iksmj~ he srhn|j~ mfn srhjlzz iffhum~ihfz$ If? Uiumrlddi$ K&$

Simf~m$ K& (lnz&)$ ^`l lksdhklf~ iksmj~ he iffhum~ihf$ Rh|~dlngl$ Dhfnhf$ 2333$ ss&

77+9


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:3

Simf~m$ K& Iffhum~ihf$ Nlkmfn mfn Lksdhyklf~$ If? Sl~i~ S&$ Zhl~l D& (lnz&) ^lj`fhdhgy mfn

~`l e|~|rl he L|rhslmf Lksdhyklf~$ Ldgmr$ J`ld~lf`mk$ 233=$ ss& =>2+=5


31/34


:=


^`l mfmdyziz he ~`l jhkshzi~ihf he lksdhyklf~ by srhelzzihfz if Grms` M2 z`hwz ~`m~

b|ziflzz zlruijlz mrl j`mrmj~lrizln by m z~rhfg shdmrizm~ihf srhjlzz ~`m~ iz jhf~rmz~ifg wi~`

~`l lpslj~ln srhelzzihfmd |s+zaiddifg srhjlzz& Lksdhyklf~ grhw~` ehr kmf|md whralrz if

b|ziflzz zlruijlz iz n|l ~h ~`l rizl he kmf|md whralrz if dlzz+}|mdieiln mfn mfjiddmry mj~iui~ilz$

~hgl~`lr wi~` m z~rhfg z`ie~ he lksdhyklf~ if Shz~ mfn ^ldljhkk|fijm~ihfz ifn|z~ry if ~`l

\fi~ln Aifgnhk&

Grms` M2& J`mfglz if lksdhyklf~ by srhelzzihfmd grh|sz? 2333+233:&


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:2


Grms` M: z`hwz ~`l jhkshzi~ihf he nlkmfn ehr lmj` kmjrh zlj~hr& W`idl kmf|emj~|rifg izj`mrmj~lrizln by m z~rhfg z`mrl he lpshr~z$ ~rmni~ihfmd mfn eifmfjl zlruijlz mrl rldm~ln ~h

if~lrfmd nlkmfn& Mz lpslj~ln$ b|ziflzz zlruijlz mrl difaln ~h ~`l nlkmfn ehr if~lrklnim~l

jhfz|ks~ihf$ w`idl ~`l h~`lr jhkshflf~z hfdy jhfz~i~|~l m khnlz~ z`mrl he ~h~md nlkmfn&

Grms` M:& Jhkshzi~ihf he nlkmfn if 2333& Mulrmglz mkhfg jh|f~rilz&



33/34

L|rhslmf Jhkkizzihf

L\R 2>7>7 LF(> Ohif~ Rlzlmrj` Jlf~rl Ifz~i~|~l ehr Srhzslj~iul ^lj`fhdhgijmd Z~|nilz

IS^Z WHRAIFG SMSLR hf JHRSHRM^L R%N MFN IFFHUMÎHF + Fh& 3>23==î~dl? Ohb jrlm~ihf if b|ziflzz zlruijlz? iffhum~ihf$ nlkmfn$ shdmrizm~ihfM|~`hr(z)? Ermfjlzjh Bhgdimjifh (L|rhslmf Jhkkizzihf$ Ohif~ Rlzlmrj` Jlf~lr+ Ifz~i~|~l ehr Slrzslj~iul^lj`fhdhgijmd Z~|nilz$ Zluiddl1 Rizl Grh|s$ Klnlddif)$ Km~~lh D|jj`lzl (\fiulrzi~y he \rbifh) mfn Kmrih Simf~m

(\fiulrzi~y he \rbifh)D|plkbh|rg? S|bdijm~ihfz Heeijl he ~`l L|rhslmf \fihf23==L\R Zjilf~ieij mfn ^lj`fijmd Rlzlmrj` zlrilz IZZF =0:=+9>30^lj`fijmd Fh~l IZZF =0:=+9>2>IZBF 970+92+79+2==>5+=nhi?=3&279=5:::3

Mbz~rmj~

^`l sm~~lrfz mfn klj`mfizkz he ohb jrlm~ihf if b|ziflzz zlruijlz mrl ifulz~igm~ln if ~ìz mr~ijdl byjhfzinlrifg ~`l rhdl he iffhum~ihf$ nlkmfn$ wmglz mfn ~`l jhkshzi~ihf he lksdhyklf~ bysrhelzzihfmd grh|sz& M khnld iz nluldhsln mfn mf lksirijmd ~lz~ iz jmrriln h|~ wi~` smrmddld mfmdyzlzhf m grh|s he zldlj~ln b|ziflzz zlruijlz$ hf h~`lr zlruijlz mfn hf kmf|emj~|rifg zlj~hrz$jhfzinlrifg zip kmohr L|rhslmf jh|f~rilz hulr ~`l slrihn =995+2337&

Wi~ìf ~lj`fhdhgijmd mj~iui~ilz$ m niz~ifj~ihf iz kmnl bl~wllf ~`hzl z|sshr~ifg li~`lr ~lj`fhdhgijmdjhksl~i~iulflzz$ hr jhz~ jhksl~i~iulflzz& Nlkmfn umrimbdlz mddhw inlf~ieyifg ~`l zsljimd rhdl heif~lrklnim~l nlkmfn&

Ohb jrlm~ihf if b|ziflzz zlruijlz msslmrz ~h bl nriulf by leehr~z ~h lpsmfn ~lj`fhdhgijmdjhksl~i~iulflzz mfn by ~`l emz~ grhwifg if~lrklnim~l nlkmfn jhkifg erhk h~`lr ifn|z~rilz1jhfulrzldy$ srhjlzz iffhum~ihf dlmnz ~h ohb dhzzlz mfn wmgl grhw~` `mz m flgm~iul leelj~ ~`m~ izdhwlr ~`mf if h~`lr ifn|z~rilz& B|ziflzz zlruijlz z`hw mf ifjrlmzifgdy shdmrizln lksdhyklf~z~r|j~|rl&


34/34

^`l kizzihf he ~`l Ohif~ Rlzlmrj` Jlf~rl iz ~h srhuinl j|z~hklr+nriulf zjilf~ieijmfn ~lj`fijmd z|sshr~ ehr ~`l jhfjls~ihf$ nluldhsklf~$ iksdlklf~m~ihf mfnkhfi~hrifg he L|rhslmf \fihf shdijilz& Mz m zlruijl he ~`l L|rhslmf Jhkkizzihf$~`l Ohif~ Rlzlmrj` Jlf~rl e|fj~ihfz mz m rlelrlfjl jlf~rl he zjilfjl mfn ~lj`fhdhgyehr ~`l \fihf& Jdhzl ~h ~`l shdijy+kmaifg srhjlzz$ i~ zlrulz ~`l jhkkhf if~lrlz~ he

~`l Klkblr Z~m~lz$ w`idl blifg ifnlslfnlf~ he zsljimd if~lrlz~z$ w`l~`lr srium~l hrfm~ihfmd&

DE+FN+2>7>7+LF+F

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