JAMES PAUL GEE La alfatización crítica como análisis crítico del discurso

7/30/2019 JAMES PAUL GEE La alfatización crítica como análisis crítico del discurso

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CM MCAMD@XO[MIOÙE ITÆXOIM ILFL MEÍCOYOY ITÆXOIL H@C

HOYIPTYL=

Kmf`y ^mpc G``

Peoq`tyox la Woyileyoe&Fmhoyle

Oextlhpiioùe; ¼]pï `y cm Mcamd`xo{mioùe Itæxoim<

¼^lt }pï tm{ùe `royx` cm eì`yohmh h` bmdcmt h` –mcamd`xo{mioùe itæxoim‖ è cpgmt

h` yof~c`fèx` –mcamd`xo{mioùe< @c flxoql `y `c yogpoèx`; Cmy altfmy h` mcamd`xo{mioùe

}p` ile atìpèiom y` m~tèhè è cly ilc`goly el ilehpiè mc h`ymttlccl h`c of~pcyl l cm

bmdocohmh h` ~èymt –itæxoimfèx`‖ è `c yèxohl h` ilf~tèh`t iùfl cly yoyx`fmy `

oeyxoxpiole`y y` oex`tt`cmioleme ~mtm mphmt l hmýmt m cly oehoqohply ^lt cl xmexl# doèqmc` cm ~èm ileyoh`tmt è }pï ileyoyx` cm –mcamd`xo{mioùe itæxoim‖%

@e `c ~t`yèx` mtxæipcl lat`{il xme yùcl pem t`y~p`yxm ~lyodc` m cm ~t`gpexm# –¼]pï

`y cm mcamd`xo{mioùe itæxoim<‖ Ylyxègl }p` ïyxm ileyxoxp` pem `y~ìo` h` meícoyoy h`

hoyiptyl "G``# K% ^%# =???/% ^lt –hoyiptyl‖ "ile –h‖ foeûyipcm/ f` tào`tl m xlhl

atmgfèxl h` cègpmk`# ltmc l `yitoxl# ipl ~tl~ùyoxl y`m ilfpeoimt l# doè# ~p`hm

ileyoh`tmty` ilfpeoimxoql "è `yx` mtxæipcl# h`kmtï h` cmhl lxtly yoyx`fmy h` yæfdlcly#

xmc`y ilfl ofígè`y l x`rxly h` flhmcohmh`y fûcxo~c`y# oeicpyl ipmehl ap`tm m~coimdc`

gtme ~mtx` h` cl }p` oehoil/% H` ogpmc fme`tm# f` mh`cmexl m y`ýmcmt }p` m cly aoe`y h`

mqèxptmty` è `yx` xo~l h` meícoyoy h` hoyiptyl el `y ~tìoyl mhl~xmt eoegpel h` cly

xïtfoely }p` `f~c`l è `c ~t`yèx` mtxæipcl "yof~c`fèx`# yp `y~ætoxp/%

M ilexoepmioùe# ~tl~legl ipmxtl oex`ttlgmex`y ile `c ldk`xoql h` ypg`tot `c flhl

è }p` `y ~lyodc` hmt ilfoè{l m pe meícoyoy itæxoil h` hoyiptyl% Myofoyfl# hoibly

oex`ttlgmex`y y`tíe h` gtme mphm ~mtm cm ltgmeo{mioùe h` ep`yxtm mtgpfèxmioùe% Atèx`

m pe atmgfèxl h` cègpmk` "m y`m h` fmlt l fèlt `rxèyoùe/ tìlfoèhl altfpcmt cmy

yogpoèx`y ~t`gpexmy;=% ¼]pï cègpmk` yliomc l cègpmk`y yliomc`y y` qè t`~t`yèxmhly è hoibl hoyiptyl<

= @c ~t`yèx` mtxæipcl y` bm ~t`~mtmhl ~mtm yp ~t`yèxmioùe è cm Mymfdc`m @y~ìomc h` Mcamd`xo{mioùeItæxoim "Itoxoimc Cox`tmi Xmyj Alti` F``xoeg/ i`c`dtmhm è X@YLC "Yx% Clpoy# A`dt`tl h` 4>>=/ OTM"E`w Ltc`mey# Mdtoc h` 4>>=/



4

4% ¼Ipíc`y yle mcgpely h` cly yogeoaoimhly yoxpmhly h` cmy ~mcmdtmy l atmy`y icmq`y è

hoibl hoyiptyl<

9% ¼]pï flh`cly ipcxptmc`y h` of~ltxmeiom y` `rxtmè "l y` ~lhtæme `rxtm`t/ h`

io`txmy ~mcmdtmy l atmy`y h` hoibl hoyiptyl<

8% ¼H` }pï Hoyiptyl l Hoyiptyly "ile –H‖ fmûyipcm/ hoibl hoyiptyl `y l ~p`h` y`t

~mtx`< ¼H` }pï fme`tm xmc Hoyiptyl# l xmc`y Hoyiptyly# y` t`cmioleme ile lxtly

Hoyiptyly<

Oealtfmioùe

M aoe h` `yxphomt }pï ileyxoxp` pe meícoyoy itæxoil h` hoyiptyl# `y eì`ymtol ilexmt

ile io`txm oealtfmioùe% ^lt xmc flxoql# b` hìohl xtmeyitodot m ilexoepmioùe pem y`to` h`

atmgfèxly h` hly èxt`qoyxmy "t`mco{mhmy ~lt pem foyfm ~`tylem/% @e cm ~tof`tm y`

èxt`qoyxm m pem ~tla`yltm peoq`tyoxmtom h` mextl~lclgæm# }poè bm h`y`f~`ýmhl yp imtgl

è pem peoq`tyohmh ~toqmhm h` ïcox` pdoimhm è pem {lem ptdmem ~lyx&oehpyxtomc% Cm

y`gpehm `y pem èxt`qoyxm m pem ~tla`yltm h` `hpimioùe f`hom# }p` cc`qm m imdl ypy xmt`my

è cm foyfm {lem% M mfdmy fpk`t`y y` c`y ylcoioxm hmt yp l~oeoùe è cl tà`tèx` m io`txly

x`fmy yliomc`y ilfl `c tmioyfl%

Xtmeyitodl cly y`gfèxly mex`toltfèx` tà`tohly è –cæe`my‖ –`yxtlamy‖ "cmy

peohmh`y }p` y` èipèxtme èxt` dmttmy ldcoipmy t ̀~t`yèxme –peohmh`y h` xlel‖# h`

mip`thl ile G``# K% ^%# =???/% M cly aoe`y t`mc`y h`c ~t`yèx` `yxphol# el t`ypcxm h` gtme

of~ltxmeiom m}p`ccl }p` hoibmy tà`tèiomy ~pho`tme yogeoaoimt: yof~c`fèx` cmy pxoco{l

~lt}p` ileyoh`tl }p` ilcmdltme è cm ltgmeo{mioùe h` cm oealtfmioùe h` fme`tm xmc }p`

y` amiocoxm yp cìxptm meícoyoy% Mh`fíy# ~lt cm foyfm tm{ùe# b` hìohohl `cofoemt cmy

tï~coimy }p` `c èxt`qoyxmhlt t`mco{m ~lt h`xtíy h` cmy t`y~p`yxmy h` }poè`y yleèxt`qoyxmhly "`r~t`yole`y xmc`y ilfl –m&bm‖# `xi%/% @yxmy ~p`hè y`t of~ltxmex`y ~mtm pe

meícoyoy "h`c foyfl flhl }p` xmexmy lxtmy ~mtxoipcmtohmh`y }p` hìohl el xtmeyitodot/# yoe



9

`fdmtgl# ~mtm cly aoe`y h`c ~t`yèx` `yxphol# b` it`æhl ileqèoèx` xtmeyitodot m

ilexoepmioùe yùcl m}p`ccly h`xmcc`y }p` ~pho`tme y`t q`thmh`tmfèx` yogeoaoimxoqly;4

^tla`yltm peoq`tyoxmtom

@ext`qoyxmhlt; ¼Y`gûe pyx`h# h` }pï fme`tm# hogíflycl myæ# y` `r~`tofèxm `c

tmioyfl è cm ylio`hmh<

@yxtlam =

=% @b# doè# , l ~lhtæm t`y~leh`tc` è, è pem qmto`hmh h` eoq`c`y hoa`tèx`y

4% @b# è pe eoq`c fíy mf~col# , `b# it`l }p` `royx`# `b# `b#

9% _l el }poyo`tm hìotcl h` fme`tm xmc }p` ypè` m iley~otmioùe#

8% ^`tl l it`l# `b# , }p`# `b# díyoimfèx` cmy qohmy h` cmy ~`tylemy h` ilclt yle# yle

, yle m ott`c`qmex`y ~mtm cm ylio`hmh%

0% @b# `ccmy el yle eì`ymtomy ~mtm cm ìlelfæm , ~lt}p` elylxtly ilexmfly ile `c

x`ti`t fpehl ~mtm lip~mt cly ~p`yxly h` xtmdmkl dmtmxl%

@yxtlam 4

1% @b# l it`l }p`# , }p` cly cæh`t`y# , m `yx` ~mæy t`mcfèx` el c` of~ltxm yo y`

fmxme m xotly è cly gb`xxly#

7% @b# # ~lt cl xmexl `ccly ~`tfoxè `c oegt`yl h` htlgmy è cly gb`xxly#

4 Elxm h`c xtmhpixlt; @e cmy hìcmtmiole`y }p` oex`gtme cly atmgfèxly }p` y` xtmeyitodè m ilexoepmioùe#y` ~lhtí ldy`tqmt pe mdpehmex` pyl h` ~tlelfdt`y ~`tylemc`y "~lt `k`f~cl# –l‖# –elylxtly‖# –`ccly‖#

`xi%/% Yp xtmeya`tèiom mc oholfm imyx`ccmel# m ~`ymt h` }p` ~p`hm `yxltdmt cm cìxptm# bm yohl eì`ymtomh`dohl m }p` `c mpxlt t`mco{m è yp `yxphol pe meícoyoy ~tlapehl h`c `f~c`l h` hoibly ~tlelfdt`y ~lt ~mtx`h` cly oehoqohply èxt`qoyxmhly%



8

2% # `b# `ccly ~`tfoxè }p` cmy ~`tylemy y` hoy~mtè# , }p` y` fmxè m xotly èxt`

`ccmy#

?% `ccly el ipèxme ile# , pem ap`t{m ~lcoiomc }p` h` q`thmh qmm m bmi`t , `b# yp

xtmdmkl%

=>% `ccly ypy~èhè cly ~tlgtmfmy }p` ~lhtæme mcoqomt mcgpely h` cly ~tldc`fmy# #

`b%

@yxtlam 9

==% ^lt cl xmexl l it`l }p` `royx`# , cl }p` y` fmeoao`yxm è# è `c fmlt# , eoq`c

`yxtpixptmc ilfl# `b# m ymd`# , pe lhol q`thmh`tl# ilextm# ilextm# ilextm# `b# cmy~`tylemy h` ilclt%

=4% _# ïyx` y` `qohèiom# è# , cly tìltx`y lxtmy ilymy%

=9% _# `b# l it`l }p`# `b# }p`# y`# y` tàc`km è# , è `c bìbl h` }p`# , `yxmy ~`tylemy#

`ccmy yle qoyxmy ilfl# , h`yimtxmdc`y# , ~lt ep`yxtly cæh`t`y%

=8% @b# l it`l ~lt cl xmexl# , l cl q`l è cly tìltx`y }p` y` t`mco{me è cly

~tlgtmfmy ilfl pe yof~c`# pe yof~c` `k`f~cl h`# h` mcgl fpibl# ,m ymd`, fíy

gtmeh`# , }p`# }p`# h`yh` `c ~pexl h` qoyxm h`# h` }poè`y `yxíe è `c ~lh`t# , cmy

~`tylemy h` ilclt yle h`yimtxmdc`y# , `# ` ott`c`qmex`y% @b#&&

^tla`yltm h` `hpimioùe f`hom

@ext`qoyxmhlt; ^lt cl xmexl# it`l }p`# y`gûe ~mtì`# fpibly x`fmy of~ltxmex`y h`lthè yliomc yptgè è cmy mpcmy‡ ¼^lhtæm t`cmiolemt pyx`h `yxl ile

ilymy xmc`y ilfl cmy t`cmiole`y mixpmc`y h` ~lh`t l yof~c`fèx` ile

`r~`toèiomy oehoqohpmc`y h` tmioyfl è cmy qohmy h` `yxmy ~`tylemy p

lxtly mypexly yofocmt`y<



0

@yxtlam =

=% Elylxtly bmi`fly pe ~lil è cl }p` y` tào`t` m `yx` x`fm#

4% mc hoyipxot yldt` mcgpely h` cly ~pexly# , `b# y` hoi`# ~lt `k`f~cl# }p` y`t pem

~`tylem h` x`{ dcmeim `hpimhm è pem amfocom h` icmy` f`hom of~coim altfmt~mtx` h`c kp`gl c`y `r~coimfly m cly eoýly#

9% elylxtly ilexmfly ile cm qoyoxm h` pem klqè xtmdmkmhltm#

8% m cm }p` y` c` ~t`gpexù iùfl bo{l `ccm ~mtm iley`gpot `c `f~c`l%

‡ ZCm ~tla`yltm oealtfm }p` `ccm foyfm oex`ttpf~où cm icmy` ~t`yèxù m ypy mcpfelypem elxm èqomhm m Mee Cmeh`ty ~lt pe `f~c`mhlt ile `c yogpoèx` fèymk` m cly

mhlc`yièx`y# –H` q`thmh c` mhqo`txl }p` el èxt` è fo e`gliol yo `yxl yogeoaoim }p` ql m

xè`tcm atèx` m cm gèx` pymehl k`mey tlxly ~tlaotoèhl `~æx`xly laèyoqly l `r~t`yole`y

oeypcxmex`y‖9V%

@yxtlam 4

0% @b# l c`y bmdcl yldt` `c ~tldc`fm h` qoqoèhm#

1% Hoyipxofly yldt` `c , hoyipxofly fpibl yldt` xlhl cl t`cmiolemhl mc ~tldc`fm h`

dmkly oegt`yly#

7% _l c`y hogl# –@yipibè pe flfèxl#‖

2% _l c`y hogl# , –¼H` q`thmh it`è }p` cm mhfoeoyxtmioùe h` cm iophmh y` qm m lip~mt

h` mcgpem {lem h` cm ipmc pyx`h`y foyfly el y` lip~è<‖

@yxtlam 9

9 Elxm h`c xtmhpixlt; @e `c x`rxl ltogoemc# `c mpxlt xtmeyitod` `r~t`yole`y ilfl –l fme‖# –b`‖ –wbmx

xb` apij‖: yoe `fdmtgl# f` bm ~mtìohl ilttìxl `qoxmt yp xtmhpiioùe mc imyx`ccmel m aoe h` ~t`yioehot h`cpyl h` qli`y }p` ~pho`tme cofoxmty` m pem t`goùe h`c bmdcm boy~mem è ~mtxoipcmt%



1

?% _l c`y hogl# , ¼Ipíexly h` pyx`h`y bme ohl m Hmedpt Yxt``x<‖

=>% _ `ccly c`qmexme ypy fmely#

==% _l c`y hogl# –¼]pï xmc m Wmyboegxle Mq`%<‖

=4% Mccæ `y hleh` y` èipèxtme cmy imymy fíy gtmeh`y#

@yxtlam 8

=9% _l c`y hogl# , –¼Ipíexly fp`dc`y bm mdmehlemhly è cly ~mxoly h`cmex`tly<‖

=8% –Doè# eoegpel%‖

=0% _ l hogl# –¼]pï imexohmh h` dmyptm bm mttlkmhm è cm {lem<‖

=1% –Eoegpem%‖

=7% _ l hogl# , –¼Ipíexmy imymy bm ~oexmhmy ile m`tlylc<‖

=2% ¼Ipíexmy h` `ccmy bme hmýmhl# , m ymdè# xoèè mpxlfùqoc`y è fmcmy

ilehoiole`y è cly atèx`y<

Cègpmk`y Yliomc`y

Xlhl oholfm bpfmel y` ilf~le` h` oeepf`tmdc`y `yxocly# t`goyxtly# l –cègpmk`y

yliomc`y‖ hoa`tèx`y "~mtm cly aoe`y h` `yx` `yxphol el of~ltxm ipíc`y h` `yxly xïtfoely y`

pxocoiè/% ^lt cègpmk` yliomc y` èxoèh` pe flhl h`x`tfoemhl h` pxoco{mt `c oholfm }p`

t`~t`yèxm pem ohèxohmh ~mtxoipcmt yliomcfèx` yoxpmhm "~lt `k`f~cl# pem –icmy` h`

~`tylem‖ `y~ìæaoim ile yogeoaoimhl yliomc/% ^mtm ocpyxtmt `yx` ilei`~xl# `y ~lyodc` hìot

}p` `royxè fme`tmy h` bmdcmt }p` iltt`y~lehè m h`x`tfoemhly gtp~ly h` ~`tylemy#

ilfl hlixlt`y# fo`fdtly h` dmehmy imcc`k`tmy# itæxoily cox`tmtoly ~lyflh`tely# ameíxoily

h`c aûxdlc mf`toimel# ìlelfoyxmy e`lcod`tmc`y# xtmdmkmhlt`y# doùclgly mhm~xmhlt`y#



7

fpibly fíy% Cl io`txl `y }p` `royx` pe cègpmk` yliomc ~lt imhm pem h` cmy ohèxohmh`y

}p` ilealtfme cm oex`tfoemdc` coyxm h` ohèxohmh`y yliomc`y% ^lt yp~p`yxl# m fèphl ely

t`ypcxm ~lyodc` tìleli`t m pem –icmy` h` ~`tylem‖ ~mtxoipcmtfèx` yoxpmhm è cm ylio`hmh

~lt f`hol h`c cègpmk` yliomc `y~ìæaoil }p` `f~c`` mpe}p` elylxtly foyfly el

~phoïtmfly t`~t`yèxmtcm%H` eoegpem fme`tm `y fo oexèioùe hìot }p` cm t`~t`yèxmioùe `c

tìleliofoèxl h` io`txmy icmy`y h` ~`tylemy "Bmijoeg# =?21/ yof~c`fèx` ileyoyxè è

pem ip`yxoùe h` imx`glto{mt m cly oehoqohply è xo~oaoimiole`y tægohmy% Cm t`~t`yèxmioùe

`c tìleliofoèxl h` icmy`y h` ~`tylemy of~coime èx`tmfèx` pem y`to` h`

e`gliomiole`y# yp~lyoiole`y t`qoyole`y h` yp~lyoiole`y yldt` cmy icmy`y h` ~`tylemy: y`

xtmxme æex`gtmfèx` h` cm hàèym cm t`yoyxèiom ilextm cm imx`glto{mioùe h` cly

oehoqohply ilfl io`txm icmy` h` ~`tylem% Myofoyfl# ~lt cl xmexl# el `royxè ileatìpèiom cæfox`y `yxtoixly è cly cègpmk`y yliomc`y% @yxly ûcxofly el yle# ~lt èh`# fíy

}p` pe tìptyl "~p`y `royxè lxtly/ ~lt cly }p` `y ~lyodc` t`~t`yèxmt tìleli`t

hoyxoexmy icmy`y h` ~`tylemy h` flhly xmc`y è }p`# mcgpemy qì`y# ~p`hm bmccmty` pem gtme

l~lyoioùe# y` h`~èhm yùcl h` ~tldmdocohmh`y# y` `yxï ypk`xl m gtmeh`y e`gliomiole`y%

^lt yp~p`yxl# cmy ilymy el yo`f~t` ~t`yèxme aoemc`y xme mdo`txly; Cm atmy` –¡Cm ~cmxm l x`

fmxl# b+++l h` ~+++m-‖# foèxtmy ely m~pexme è `c ip`ccl ile pe mtfm è pe imk`tl

mpxlfíxoil# `y yoe hphmy icmtm hotìxm: xmexl ilfl `c cègpmk` }p` y` `f~c`m è cm

fmltæm h` cly mtxæipcly }p` y` ~pdcoime mixpmcfèx` è cmy t`qoyxmy ~tla`yolemc`y

`y~ìomco{mhmy è aæyoim%

El ldyxmex`# t`gt`y`fly m cly x`rxly mex`toltfèx` ioxmhly% Cly cègpmk`y yliomc`y

}p` y` `f~c`me è imhm pel h` `ccly yle hoa`tèx`y% @y ~lyodc` hoyxoegpotcly h` fpibmy

fme`tmy% M ilexoepmioùe# ~`tfæxmef` memco{mt mcgpely h` cly my~ìxly%

@e ~tof`t cpgmt# `y eì`ymtol ileyoh`tmt `c eoq`c h` cmy ~mcmdtmy cmy atmy`y "eoq`c

cïroil/% ^lt pem ~mtx`# cm ~tla`yltm peoq`tyoxmtom `f~c`m pem gtme imexohmh h` ~mcmdtmy

atmy`y ~mtm tà`toty` m ip`yxole`y yliomc`y# ~`tl h` fme`tm gè`tmc mdyxtmixm; ~lt`k`f~cl# ~`tylemy h` ilclt# cm ylio`hmh# cm ìlelfæm# `c x`ti`t fpehl# ~p`yxly h`

xtmdmkl dmtmxl# cly cæh`t`y# `yx` ~mæy# ep`yxtly cæh`t`y% @e imfdol# cm ~tla`yltm h`

`hpimioùe f`hom pxoco{m xïtfoely fíy ilcl}pomc`y ileit`xly; ~lt `k`f~cl# pe ~lil#

altfmt ~mtx` h`c kp`gl# c`y `r~coimfly m cly eoýly# cl t`cmiolemhl mc ~tldc`fm h` dmkly

oegt`yly# `yipibè pe foepxl# cmy imymy fíy gtmeh`y# mttlkmhm è cm {lem % ^lt f`hol h`



2

cmy ~mcmdtmy atmy`y }p` `f~c`m# myæ ilfl lxtly my~ìxly }p` `yxphomt`fly cp`gl# cm

~tla`yltm peoq`tyoxmtom clgtm t`~t`yèxmt pem ohèxohmh pe xmexl fíy altfmc hoyxmeiomhm#

"hoyxmeiomhm h` cmy ~`tylemy cly `qèxly –ileit`xly‖# ~lt hìotcl myæ/ }p` cm ~tla`yltm h`

`hpimioùe f`hom%

@e y`gpehl cpgmt# `y of~ltxmex` ileyoh`tmt `c eoq`c h` cmy ltmiole`y "eoq`c

yoexíixoil l ~mxtùe ltmiolemc/% M ilexoepmioùe# y` memco{m `c flhl è }p` cly ypk`xly h`

cmy ltmiole`y h` cly oehoqohply èxt`qoyxmhly y` t`cmioleme ile cly mgèx`y ~tofmtoly "cly

bmi`hlt`y l ~`ti`~xlt`y fíy of~ltxmex`y/ m cly ipmc`y `ccly y` tào`tè è ypy

ilfèxmtoly% @e cly atmgfèxly iltt`y~lehoèx`y m cm ~tla`yltm peoq`tyoxmtom# cly ypk`xly

h` cmy icípypcmy ~toeio~mc`y ile atìpèiom yle cm ~tof`tm ~`tylem h`c yoegpcmt "–l‖/ è

ilfdoemioùe ile `c q`tdl –it``t‖ "}p` yptg` è ioeil8 l~ltxpeohmh`y/% El ldyxmex`# cly

mgèx`y t`mc`y m cly ipmc`y `ccm y` tào`t` è ypy hìcmtmiole`y "cly }p` m~mtìè è cmyicípypcmy ypdlthoemhmy/# yle ypk`xl h` m}p`ccmy ohèxohmh`y yliomc`y ~`tl h` imtíix`t

mdyxtmixl }p` y` memco{mtle mex`toltfèx`; ~lt `k`f~cl# cmy qohmy h` cmy ~`tylemy yle

ott`c`qmex`y ~mtm cm ylio`hmh "–cm ylio`hmh‖ `y pe mgèx`/: el yle eì`ymtomy ~mtm cm

ìlelfæm "–cm ìlelfæm‖ `y pe mgèx`/: `yx` ~mæy io`txmfèx` el c` of~ltxm yo y` fmxme m

xotly "–`yx` ~mæy‖ `y pe mgèx`/: yle qoyxmy ilfl h`yimtxmdc`y ~lt ep`yxtly cæh`t`y

"–ep`yxtly cæh`t`y‖ `y pe mgèx`/: h`yh` `c ~pexl h` qoyxm h` }poè`y `yxíe è `c ~lh`t #

cmy ~`tylemy h` ilclt yle h`yimtxmdc`y "–}poè`y `yxíe è `c ~lh`t‖ `y pe mgèx`/% @y h`

ypfm of~ltxmeiom y`ýmcmt }p` è `yxmy ltmiole`y cly mgèx`y el y` èipèxtme yo`f~t`# eo

yo}po`tm è cm fmltæm h` cmy qì`y# è cm ~lyoioùe h` ypk`xl: cm ~lyoioùe fíy eltfmc ~mtm

cly mgèx`y è pe cègpmk` ilcl}pomc%

^lt lxtl cmhl# cly ypk`xly fíy atìpèx`y è cmy icípypcmy ~toeio~mc`y h` cly

atmgfèxly iltt`y~lehoèx`y m cm ~tla`yltm h` `hpimioùe f`hom yle cm ~tof`tm ~`tylem

h`c yoegpcmt "–l‖/ è ilfdoemioùe ile `c q`tdl –hìot‖ "}p` yptg` è yo`x`

l~ltxpeohmh`y/% Mh`fíy# cly mgèx`y ~toeio~mc`y m cly }p` `ccm y` tào`t` è ypy hoibly

yle# io`txmfèx`# `ccm foyfm ilfl ~mtcmex`,oex`ttlgmhltm,iley`k`tm ypy `yxphomex`yilfl tì`~xlt`y h` ypy ~mcmdtmy: cmy ipmc`y ileyxoxpè cm –htmfmxo{mioùe‖ ~toeio~mc h`

8 Elxm h`c xtmhpixlt; @e `c x`rxl ltogoemc `c q`tdl –xl xboej‖ ~p`h` ilexmty` yòy qì`y è cly atmgfèxlyiltt`y~lehoèx`y m cm ~tla`yltm peoq`tyoxmtom m cm }p` `c mpxlt bmi` tà`tèiom è `yx` ~íttmal% @e cmxtmeya`tèiom mc oholfm imyx`ccmel# hoibl q`tdl bm yohl xtmhpiohl ilfl –it``t‖ è cmy foyfmy yòy

l~ltxpeohmh`y% Yoe `fdmtgl# ilfl è `yx̀ ~mtïex`yoy `c mpxlt yof~c`fèx` oehoim –ioeil‖# f` b` cofoxmhl m

t`~tlhpiot ̀ rmixmfèx` cl foyfl%



?

yp x`rxl% Cm ~tla`yltm h` `hpimioùe f`hom ilexoepmfèx` `f~c`m ~mxtle`y fp díyoily

h` –~tlelfdt`# q`tdl ldk`xl‖ "elylxtly bmi`fly R# elylxtly ilexmfly ile R# `ccm bo{l

~mtm iley`gpot R# l "c`y/ bmdcl yldt` R# l "c`y/ hogl R# `ccly c`qmexme R# l "c`y/ hogl

R / ~mxtle`y díyoily h` altfmy oex`ttlgmxoqmy "¼Ipíexmy,ly‡<# }p` m~mtì` ipmxtl

qì`y# ¼]pï xmc‡<# ¼]pï imexohmh</# cly }p` oeit`fèxme cm emxptmc`{m ilcl}pomc –ilxohomem‖ yp x`rxl%

M aoe h` ~tly`gpot ile `c meícoyoy# `y ~tìoyl ileyoh`tmt xmfdoïe `c eoq`c h`

ile`roùe }p` `royx` èxt` cmy ltmiole`y "eoq`c h` hoyiptyl/% Cm ~tla`yltm peoq`tyoxmtom

pxoco{m pem yìpèiom h` elfdt`y ~tlelfdt`y ~mtm pe gtme eûf`tl h` mgèx`y yliomc`y

~`tl h` imtíix`t mdyxtmixl: cly ipmc`y díyoim ` æex`gtmfèx` y` ilttào`tè èxt` yo # ~lt

èh`# ileyxoxpè è t`mcohmh pem ylcm ohèxohmh% Yoe `fdmtgl# }pï l }poïe`y yle cly

mgèx`y è xïtfoely ileit`xly y` `r~le` fp qmgmfèx`; ~lt `k`f~cl# ‡ cm ylio`hmh "8/# ‡ elylxtly "0/# ‡ cly cæh`t`y "1/# ‡ `yx` ~mæy "1/# ‡ `ccly "7/# ‡ `ccly "2/# ‡ `ccly

"?/# ‡ `ccly "=>/# ‡ ep`yxtly cæh`t`y "=9/# ‡ }poè`y `yxíe è `c ~lh`t "=8/ % @y

of~ltxmex` oehoimt iùfl cm ~tof`tm ~`tylem h`c ~cptmc "–elylxtly‖/ qoè` m yogeoaoimt

–elylxtly ilfl ~mtx` h` pe mgèx` mdyxtmixl‖# h` }pï altfm hoibl ~tlelfdt` xmfdoïe

y` xtmeyaltfm è cm x`ti`tm ~`tylem h`c ~cptmc "–`ccly‖/# oeicpyl ipmehl cm ~`tylem

èxt`qoyxmhm y` l~le` m xmc mgèx` m ypy mixly%

Cm ~tla`yltm h` `hpimioùe f`hom# è imfdol# m cl cmtgl h` ypy ltmiole`y# `f~c`m

pem yìpèiom h` mgèx`y ~tlelfoemc`y ~mtm lip~mt cm ~lyoioùe h` ypk`xl "cm ~lyoioùe

eltfmc è `c cègpmk` ilcl}pomc/; ~lt `k`f~cl# elylxtly "=# tàotoïehly` m –`c ilc`gol‖/#

elylxtly "9/# l "0/# elylxtly "1# tàotoïehly` mc hlièx` cly eoýly/# l "7/# l "2/# l

"?/# `ccly "=># tàotoïehly` m cly eoýly/# l "==/# l "=9/# l "=0/# l "=7/% @yxm yìpèiom

ogpmcm ile àoimiom cm ~tof`tm ~`tylem h`c ~cptmc "–elylxtly‖/ }p` y` tào`t` m –`c ilc`gol‖

ile cm ~tof`tm ~`tylem h`c yoegpcmt "–l‖/ h` cm ~tla`yltm cm ~tof`tm ~`tylem h`c ~cptmc

"–elylxtly‖/ }p` y` tào`t` mc hlièx` m cly mcpfely ilfl mixlt`y }p` ilcìxoqmfèx`

t`~t`yèxme `c gpoùe h`c ilc`gol%^lt lxtm ~mtx`# mh`fíy# cm ~tla`yltm peoq`tyoxmtom y` tào`t` m `ccm foyfm ilfl pem

~`tylem tàc`roqm "`f~c`m ioeil0 qì`y cm aùtfpcm –l it`l‖/# ~tlx`g` ypy

0 Elxm h`c xtmhpixlt; @e `yx` ~mtïex`yoy liptt` ep`qmfèx` cm yoxpmioùe h` cm elxm mex`tolt% @c mpxlt yùclfèiolem ioeil l~ltxpeohmh`y ipmehl è t`mcohmh# è `c x`rxl ltogoemc# cm atmy` –O xboej‖ m~mtì` yòy qì`y#

xmc ilfl l xmfdoïe cmy b` xtmhpiohl mc oholfm imyx`ccmel%



=>

hìcmtmiole`y# `y hìot# cmy flh`tm# ypmqo{m l –mkpyxm‖# f`homex` `c pyl h` ~mcmdtmy l

atmy`y xmc`y ilfl# –~lhtæm t`y~leh`t"c`/‖# –el }poyo`tm hìotcl h` fme`tm xmc }p` ypè` m

iley~otmioùe‖# –díyoimfèx`‖# –t`mcfèx` el‖# –h` q`thmh qmm m‖# –m ymd`‖#

–yof~c`fèx`‖/% Xmc`y `r~t`yole`y c` lxltgme m yp x`rxl `c my~ìxl gè`tmc h` pe

–mtgpfèxl tm{lemhl‖# pem imtmix`tæyxoim }p` ylyxoè` ile èltf` aotf`{m `c hoy`ýl

hoyiptyoql gè`tmc h` xlhl yp x`rxl: `c ipmc t`~t`yèxl m ilexoepmioùe;

@yxtlam =; =% gè`tmco{mioùe "qmto`hmh h` eoq`c`y/

4% è pe ~tof`t eoq`c "pe eoq`c fíy mf~col/

9% ~tlxìioùe "el pem iley~otmioùe/

8% hìcmtmioùe ~toeio~mc "cmy ~`tylemy h` ilclt yle

ott`c`qmex`y/0% tm{ùe ~mtm cm hìcmtmioùe ~toeio~mc "el eì`ymtomy ~mtm cm

ìlelfæm/

@yxtlam 4% 1% `k`f~cl h` hìcmtmioùe ~toeio~mc "el c` of~ltxm yo y` fmxme

m xotly/

7% `k`f~cl h` hìcmtmioùe ~toeio~mc "~`tfoxè `c oegt`yl h`

htlgmy è cly gb`xxly/

2% `k`f~cl h` hìcmtmioùe ~toeio~mc "~`tfoxè }p` cmy ~`tylemy

y` fmxè m xotly/

?% `k`f~cl h` hìcmtmioùe ~toeio~mc "pem ap`t{m ~lcoiomc }p`

el t`mco{m yp xtmdmkl/

=>% `k`f~cl h` pem hìcmtmioùe ~toeio~mc "tìltxme ~tlgtmfmy/

@yxtlam 9; ==% yogeoaoimhl h` pem hìcmtmioùe ~toeio~mc è pe eoq`c fíy

~tlapehl "cm ott`c`qmeiom y` fmeoao`yxm ilfl lhol/=4% `qohèiom h`c lhol "tìltx`y/

=9% `qohèiom h`c lhol "yle qoyxmy ilfl h`yimtxmdc`y ~lt

cæh`t`y/

=8% Tàtmy`m xlhl `c mtgpfèxl%



==

Myofoyfl# `y ~lyodc` y`ýmcmt }p` cm ~tla`yltm peoq`tyoxmtom `f~c`m pem y`to` h`

tìptyly cïroily yoexíixoily `y~ìæaoily ile `c ~tl~ùyoxl h` it`mt cm elioùe h` }p` `royx`

mcgl –lipcxl‖ –~tlapehl‖ }p` yùcl y` t`q`cm mex` cmy ~`tylemy }p` ~ly`è cly lkly

m~tl~omhly ~mtm q`tcl% @e ypy hìcmtmiole`y# xmc`y icmy`y h` ~`tylemy el tìodè elfdt`mcgpel# ~`tl `y ~lyodc` mypfot }p` cm hlièx` y` tào`t` m oehoqohply }p` y` c` my`f`kme

ile cly }p` ilf~mtx` pe foyfl xo~l h` cègpmk` yliomc; ~lt `k`f~cl# è pem qmto`hmh h`

eoq`c`y hoa`tèx`y# è pe eoq`c fíy mf~col# y` fmeoao`yxm è `c fíy gtmeh` eoq`c

`yxtpixptmc ilfl# y` `qohèiom è# y` tàc`km è% Ipmehl è cm cæe`m =8# cm ~tla`yltm

peoq`tyoxmtom `r~t`ym# –l "cl/ q`l‖# `y ~lyodc` oea`tot }p` xmc`y ilymy y` –fmeoao`yxme‖#

–`qohèiome‖# l –tàc`kme‖ ûeoimfèx` m ~`tylemy ilfl `ccm%

^lt lxtl cmhl# cm ~tla`yltm h` `hpimioùe f`hom pxoco{m `c q`tdl –hìot‖ è cpgmt h`cq`tdl –it``t‖# el oexèxm ~tlx`g`t eoegpem h` ypy hìcmtmiole`y# `f~c`m ypy tìptyly

cïroily yoexíixoily ile `c ldk`xoql h` t`~t`yèxmt pem ~`}p`ým ~o`{m x`mxtmc# pe hoíclgl

aoegohl mc `yxocl h` OT@ hotogohl m ypy mcpfely: cly ipmc`y el ~`txèìè m pe `yxtmxl

yliomc `c`qmhl% ^lt xmc tm{ùe# `c x`rxl h` cm y`gpehm hlièx` ~t`yèxm pe hoy`ýl gè`tmc

fp hoa`tèx` m m}p`c }p` y` fmeoao`yxm è `c }p` ~`txèì` m cm ~tla`yltm peoq`tyoxmtom;

@yxtlam =; Cl }p` bmi`fly "Coyxm/

@yxtlam 4; @k`f~cl h` Hoíclgl



^lt cl xmexl# `y ~lyodc` maotfmt }p` ilexmfly ile hly cègpmk`y yliomc`y

hoa`tèx`y }p` t`~t`yèxme hly hoyxoexmy ohèxohmh`y yliomcfèx` yoxpmhmy% @e `c ~tof`tl

h` cly imyly# y` ~p`h` ldy`tqmt m pem ~`tylem tàc`roqm }p` altfpcm hìcmtmiole`y yldt`

pe mgèx` yliomc ~`tl h` imtíix`t mdyxtmixl ~lil icmtl# pe mgèx` }p` mixûm è pe eoq`clipcxl ~tlapehl h` xmc fme`tm }p` yùcl y` fmeoao`yxm m io`txmy icmy`y h` ~`tylemy

h`yh` pe h`x`tfoemhl xo~l h` ~pexl h` qoyxm hoyxmeiomhl xmfdoïe mdyxtmixl% @e `c

y`gpehl h` cly imyly# `royx` pem ~`tylem }p` ipf~c` tlc`y h` fm`yxtl&fèxlt ~mht`

ypyxoxpxl f`homex` cm altfpcmioùe h` ~t`gpexmy t`xùtoimy ile `c ~tl~ùyoxl h` `rbltxmt

fltmcfèx` m ypy mcpfely m h`ybmi`ty` h` pem ohèxohmh# m}p`ccm }p` iltt`y~leh` m cm



=4

{lem ptdmem è cm }p` qoqè# ~lt `k`f~cl# mhl~xmt pem hoa`tèx`# m}p`ccm h` –pem

~`tylem h` x`{ dcmeim `hpimhm è pem amfocom h` icmy` f`hom‖ "q`t cæe`m 4/%

Cm ~tla`yltm h` `hpimioùe f`hom `f~c`m "m}pæ/ pe cègpmk` ilcl}pomc#

–ilxohomel‖# t`golemco{mhl }p` y` ileìxm h` fme`tm fp `yxtìbm ile cmy ~`tylemy

`qèxly m cly }p` y` tào`t`% Yoe `fdmtgl# cm ~tla`yltm peoq`tyoxmtom pxoco{m "m}pæ/ pecègpmk` fíy altfmc# –`y~ìomco{mhl‖ gcldmco{mhl }p` y` hoyxmeiom h` cmy ~`tylemy l cly

`qèxly t`mc`y% ^lt f`hol h` ypy hoa`tèx`y cègpmk`y yliomc`y# mfdmy hlièx`y y` pdoime

è `c fpehl h` fme`tmy hoyxoexmy% H`c foyfl flhl# `y ~lyodc` y`ýmcmt }p`# ilfl y`

`yxphomtí ~lyx`toltfèx`# cmy ~t`gpexmy }p` altfpcm `c ilehpixlt h` cmy èxt`qoyxmy

oeqoxme ileyxtpè ill~`tmxoqmfèx` `yxly hoa`tèx`y cègpmk`y yliomc`y ` ohèxohmh`y

t`cmiolemhmy%

Yogeoaoimhly Yoxpmhly

@e cly hlfoeoly h` cly cègpmk`y yliomc`y# cmy ~mcmdtmy el ~ly`è yogeoaoimhly

gè`tmc`y "`ym icmy` h` yogeoaoimhl }p` `y amixodc` èilextmt è cly hoiiolemtoly/% ^lt `c

ilextmtol# cmy ~mcmdtmy ipèxme ile yogeoaoimhly }p` yle `y~ìæaoily y` yoxûme è `c

ilex`rxl t`mc h` yp pyl% ^lt ilex`rxl y` èxoèh` pem y`to` h` amixlt`y è `r~meyoùe

ileyxmex` }p` milf~mýme `c pyl h` cm cègpm; `c èxltel fmx`tomc# cmy ~`tylemy ~t`yèx`y

cl }p` ileliè l it`è/: `c atmgfèxl h` cègpmk` }p` mexì`h` l yogp` m pem

hìcmtmioùe h`x`tfoemhm# cmy t`cmiole`y yliomc`y h` cmy ~mtx`y oeqlcpitmhmy# ypy

ohèxohmh`y ïxeoim# h` gïe`tl y`rpmc`y# lxtly amixlt`y ipcxptmc`y# boyxùtoily `

oeyxoxpiolemc`y%

Cmy ~mcmdtmy# atmy`y hìcmtmiole`y è pyl el ~t`yèxme# ~lt èh`# yogeoaoimhly

aokly: mixûme ûeoimfèx` ilfl –~oyxmy‖ l –icmq`y‖ }p` ely gpæme è cm ileyxtpiioùe h`

yèxohl è pe ilex`rxl h`x`tfoemhl% ^lt `k`f~cl# yo altfpcmtm cm yogpoèx` atmy`# –Y`

imù imaï‖# ipmehl `y ~lyodc` q`t gtmely h` `yx` fmx`tomc h`y~`thogmhly è `c yp`cl#

mcgpoè xtm`tæm pem `yildm% ^lt `c ilextmtol# yo t`mco{mtm cm foyfm hìcmtmioùe bmdoèhl pe

cæ}pohl lyiptl è `c yp`cl# mcgpoè dpyimtæm pe xtm~l% Cm ~mcmdtm –imaï‖ latì`

yogeoaoimhly yoxpmhly hoyxoexly è `yxly hly ilex`rxly hoa`tèx`y%

M aoe h` ocpyxtmt `c ilei`~xl h` yogeoaoimhl yoxpmhl è cm oealtfmioùe }p` y`

oeicp` è `c ~t`yèx` mtxæipcl ~lhtæm ioxmty` mcgûe `k`f~cl ~`txèìoèx` m cmy



=9

hìcmtmiole`y altfpcmhmy ~lt cm ~tla`yltm peoq`tyoxmtom% H` mip`thl ile cm cìxptm h` yp

x`rxl# `y ~lyodc` hìot }p` cm atmy` –~`tylemy h` ilclt‖# è ilfdoemioùe ile cm ~mcmdtm

–gb`xxly‖ "@yxtlam 4/# oexèx` yogeoaoimt mcgl myæ ilfl –~`tylemy matl&mf`toimemy }p`

bmdoxme è {lemy ptdmemy h` dmkly tìptyly% @y fp bmdoxpmc }p` è cm fmltæm h` cly

mtxæipcly mimhïfoily# hoibl gtp~l h` ~`tylemy yotqm ilfl ~tlxlxo~l ~mtm `r~t`yole`yxmc`y ilfl –foeltæmy‖ l –~`tylemy h` ilclt‖% Ilfl ileyìpèiom# ~p`h` ldy`tqmty` }p`

xmc`y mtxæipcly `yxphome x`fmy xmc`y ilfl cm hoq`tyohmh# imyo `ricpyoqmfèx`# è xïtfoely

h` dcmeil&&e`gtl "cl ipmc# xmfdoïe ~lhtæm y`ýmcmt# hoyxm h`c flhl è }p` cm ~tla`yltm h`

`hpimioùe f`hom èxoèh` cm hoq`tyohmh% ^mtm `ccm# ileyoh`tmehl cm xlxmcohmh h` yp

èxt`qoyxm# –hoq`tyohmh‖ yogeoaoim cm cc`gmhm h` ep`qly oefogtmex`y# h` x`{ fltèm# m pem

iophmh ileyxtpohm ~lt oefogtmex`y dcmeily è cmy ~lyxtof`tæmy h`c yogcl ~mymhl# myæ ilfl

~mtì` oeicpot xmfdoïe m cly bmdoxmex`y dcmeily ~ldt`y }p` h`kmtle h` ~`txèì`t m cmicmy` f`hom oehpyxtomc/%

@c ~pexl fíy oex`t`ymex` ile t`cmioùe mc ilei`~xl h` yogeoaoimhl yoxpmhl }p`

~p`h` ldy`tqmty` è `c x`rxl iltt`y~lehoèx` m cm ~tla`yltm peoq`tyoxmtom y` qoeipcm ile cm

xmt`m h` oexèxmt ilf~tèh`t }pï yogeoaoime cmy ~mcmdtmy }p` pxoco{m ~mtm tà`toty` m cly

mgèx`y yliomc`y mdyxtmixly }p` xmexl èamxo{m; ~mcmdtmy xmc`y ilfl –ylio`hmh‖ "cm }p`

~p`h` ileyoh`tmt m io`txmy ~`tylemy ilfl –ott`c`qmex`y‖# cæe`m 8/# –cly cæh`t`y‖ l –`yx`

~mæy‖ "m cly }p` –el c`y of~ltxm‖# cæe`m 1# qè m io`txmy ~`tylemy ilfl –h`yimtxmdc`y‖#

cæe`m =9/# l –}poè`y `yxíe è `c ~lh`t‖ "}poè`y ~p`hè xè`t –pe ~pexl h` qoyxm‖# cæe`m

=8/% @c yogeoaoimhl yoxpmhl h` xmc`y xïtfoely ~mtì` y`t mcgl myæ ilfl –pe mgèx`

~tlapehmfèx` `yxtpixptmc# lipcxl# ~lh`tlyl# }p` l~`tm è pe eoq`c emiolemc gcldmc% Pe

mgèx` }p`# lipcxl xtmy cly dmyxohlt`y h`c `yièmtol# impym àìxly è cmy iotipeyxmeiomy

climc`y ipm fmgeoxph q`thmh`tm el ~p`h` h`q`cmty` ile amiocohmh‖%

@e imfdol# è `c x`rxl }p` ~`txèì` m cm ~tla`yltm h` `hpimioùe f`hom `y

yèioccl tìleli`t }pï yogeoaoimhly yoxpmhly ~p`hè mxtodpoty` m ~mcmdtmy atmy`y xmc`y

ilfl –xtmdmkl‖ "cæe`m 8/# –pem ~`tylem h` x`{ dcmeim `hpimhm è pem amfocom h` icmy`

f`hom‖ "cæe`m 4/# –cl t`cmiolemhl mc ~tldc`fm h` dmkly oegt`yly‖ "cæe`m 1/% H` mip`thl

ile cl }p` cm hlièx` t`cmxm mi`tim h` cm elxm èqomhm m elfdt` h` Mee Cmeh`ty: "}p`

t`ypfæ è cm xtmeyito~ioùe mex`tolt/# t`ypcxm icmtl }p` cm ~mcmdtm –xtmdmkl‖ yogeoaoim mcgl

myæ ilfl –pe ~p`yxl cmdltmc h` y`tqoiol# dmkl fmc ~mgl‖% H` ogpmc fme`tm# `c

yogeoaoimhl h` cm atmy` –pem ~`tylem h` x`{ dcmeim `hpimhm è pem amfocom h` icmy`



=8

f`hom‖ el ~mtì` tà`toty` ûeoimfèx` m cmy ~`tylemy h` ~o`c dcmeim yoel xmfdoïe m cmy

~`tylemy ipl yxmxpy ~lh`t y` bmccme è yoxpmioùe h` to`ygl# –altfmt ~mtx` h`c kp`gl‖%

@e ilfdoemioùe ile cm ~mcmdtm –xtmdmkl‖# è yèxohl h` –~p`yxl cmdltmc h` y`tqoiol‖# ïyxl

~mtì` yogeoaoimt mcgl myæ ilfl –~`tylemy }p` y` ilf~ltxme y`tqoiomcfèx` oeicpyl è

~lyoiole`y fp dmkmy mc `yxocl h` cly ~`tylemk`y h` Bltmxol Mcg`t1‖% –Cl t`cmiolemhl mc

~tldc`fm h` dmkly oegt`yly‖ ~mtì` tà`toty`# è `c ilex`rxl h` hoibl x`rxl# m –cly xo~ly h`

ilf~ltxmfoèxly }p` el y` iltt`y~lehè ile cly ~mtíf`xtly ~`txèìoèx`y m cm icmy`

f`hom m cly `y~mioly ptdmely è cly }p` io`txmy ~`tylemy qoqè# mc tìbm{l }p` `yxmy

ûcxofmy `r~`tofèxme ~lt ~mtx` h` m}p`ccmy }p` oex`gtme cm icmy` f`hom ~lt el

ileyoh`tmtcmy ileaomdc`y l f`tì`hltmy‖%

Flh`cly Ipcxptmc`y

Cly hoyxoexly yogeoaoimhly yoxpmhly }p` mh}po`tè cmy ~mcmdtmy atmy`y è

h`x`tfoemhly cègpmk`y yliomc`y gè`tme flh`cly ipcxptmc`y `y~ìæaoily h`dohl m }p` yle

cmy ~`tylemy }p` cl bmdcme# l `yitodè# cmy }p` cl `yipibme# l c`è# }poè`y c` hme

yèxohl mc x`rxl% ^lt Flh`cly Ipcxptmc`y "Yxtmpyy ! ]poee# =??7/ y` èxoèh` pe

ilekpexl h` –x`ltæmy‖ ilxohomemy mi`tim h`c fpehl "~lt `k`f~cl# xtmfmy# ofígè`y#

`y}p`fmy# f`xíaltmy flh`cly/% Myofoyfl# yle `ccly cly }p` `yxmdcìè }pï `y –xæ~oil‖

l –eltfmc‖ h` mip`thl ile pem ~`ty~ìxoqm h` Hoyiptyl è ~mtxoipcmt# epeim h` fme`tm

peoq`tymc "q`t cm yogpoèx` yìioùe/%

^lt `k`f~cl# io`txl xo~l h` ~`tylemy ~`txèìoèx`y m cm icmy` f`hom h` cly @yxmhly

Peohly h` Eltx`mfïtoim "Bmtje`yy# Yp~`t# ! J`à`t# =??4/ fmexoèè pe flh`cl

ipcxptmc ile t`y~ìxl mc h`ymttlccl oeamexoc }p` y` apehm è `c ilei`~xl h` }p` cly eoýly

emiè h`~èhoèx`y h` ypy ~mht`y fmhptme f`homex` `c tìlttohl h` qmtomy `xm~my# m

qì`y ~tldc`fíxoimy# }p` ilehpiè gtmhpmcfèx` bmiom pem fmlt oeh`~èhèiom "`

oeh`~èhèiom `y pe qmclt of~ltxmex` ~mtm `yx` gtp~l/% ^lt lxtl cmhl# io`txly gtp~ly h`~`tylemy }p` ~`txèìè m cm icmy` xtmdmkmhltm "^boco~yè# =?70/ hàoèhè pe flh`cl

ipcxptmc ile t`y~ìxl mc foyfl x`fm }p` y` dmym è cm it`èiom h` }p` cly eoýly emiè yoe

1 Elxm h`c xtmhpixlt; @c mpxlt ~mtì` tà`toty` m Bltmxol Mcg`t# Kt% "=294&=2??/# `yitoxlt `yxmhlpeohèy`#fp ~l~pcmt ` oeacpèx` è `c my~ìxl yliomc h`c yogcl ROR# ipm ~tïhoim è ypy fíy h` ioè codtlyileyoyxæm è }p`# f`homex` cm ble`yxohmh# cm ~`ty`q`tmeiom motlym `c xtmdmkl mthpl# pe fpibmibl ~ldt`~`tl qotxplyl xèhtæm yp tìlf~èym kpyxm "bxx~;,,`y%wojo~`hom%ltg,wojo,Bltmxol\Mcg`t/%

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=0

yliomco{mt ile xèhèiomy mc `glæyfl% Ileyoh`tme }p` cly eoýly eì`yoxme hoyio~coem è

`c blgmt m aoe h` }p` m~tèhme m ileq`txoty` è fo`fdtly yliomc`y }p` ilcmdltè ile ypy

amfocomy "cl ipmc t`~t`yèxm pe qmclt of~ltxmex` ~mtm `yx` gtp~l yliomc/%

@yxly flh`cly hoa`tèx`y el yle –q`thmh`tly‖ eo –amcyly‖: ~lt `c ilextmtol# pdoime

yp ièxtl h` mxèioùe è my~ìxly hoyxoexly h` cm eoý`{ `c h`ymttlccl% Cly flh`clyipcxptmc`y y` oeyxmcme# ~lt pem ~mtx`# è cm fèx` h` cly oehoqohply # ~lt cm lxtm# è cly

ldk`xly# x`rxly# ~tíixoimy yliomc`y }p` cly iotipehme% ^lt `k`f~cl# pe gtme eûf`tl h`

–codtly gpæmy‖ ilf~c`fèxm ` ocpyxtm `c flh`cl ipcxptmc h` oeameiom fmhptmioùe m xtmqïy

h` `xm~my }p` ylyxoè` cm icmy` f`hom% @e imfdol# pem gtme imexohmh h` fmx`tomc t`cogolyl

ilf~c`fèxm ` ocpyxtm `c flh`cl h` eoý`{ }p` hàoèh` cm icmy` xtmdmkmhltm%

^lt yp ~mtx`# cm ~tla`yltm peoq`tyoxmtom m~coim pe flh`cl mimhïfoil mf~comfèx`

gè`tmco{mhl }p` y` apehm è `c ilei`~xl h` }p` cly ilf~ltxmfoèxly `qèxly t`mc`y#–cmy m~mtoèiomy‖# yle `c t`ypcxmhl h` impymy fíy mf~comy# ~tlapehmy# gè`tmc`y#

ypdmièx`y yìt`xmy% H` bìbl# xmc flh`cl altfm ~mtx` h` cly iofoèxly h` epf`tlymy

ioèiomy% Cmy m~mtoèiomy yle ègmýlymy lipcxme pem t`mcohmh fíy ~tlapehm q`thmh`tm%

@yxm t`mcohmh fíy ~tlapehm "cm t`mcohmh –t`mc‖/ ûeoimfèx` cm ~p`hè h`yipdtot cmy

~`tylemy ile ileliofoèxly# b`ttmfoèxmy# im~miohmh`y h` ilf~tèyoùe `y~ìomc`y# el

cly oehoqohply –ilfpe`y‖ l }p` `f~c`me pe cègpmk` –ilxohomel‖ l ilcl}pomc% @c foxl h`

^cmxùe }p` bmi` tà`tèiom m cmy ylfdtmy è cm imq`tem t`~t`yèxm yùcl pe `k`f~cl h` `yx`

flh`cl ipcxptmc h` cm ylio`hmh liiohèxmc%

Cm ~tla`yltm h` `hpimioùe f`hom xmfdoïe m~coim pe flh`cl ipcxptmc mf~comfèx`

gè`tmco{mhl# }p` y` dmym è cm elioùe h` }p` cly ~tldc`fmy }p` m}p`kme m cmy ~`tylemy

yle ileyìpèiom h` ypy ~tl~oly ilf~ltxmfoèxly ilfl oehoqohply# h` }p` `c ~tli`h`t

–ilttìxl‖ cmy m~mtoèiomy –mhìpmhmy‖ ileyxoxpè `c ûeoil f`hol ~lt `c }p` `y ~lyodc`

mcime{mt `c ïroxl‖% H` mip`thl ile `yx` flh`cl# cmy –qæixofmy‖ yle t`y~leymdc`y h` ypy

~tldc`fmy# }p` y` qè ldcogmhmy m mypfot ilfl t`ypcxmhl h` cm e`gmxoqm m ilf~ltxmty`

ilttìxmfèx` "~lt `k`f~cl# ilfl pem ~`tylem h` icmy` f`hom/% @yx` flh`cl ipcxptmc y`èipèxtm ~tlapehmfèx` ètmo{mhl è cm boyxltom megcoimem: h`dohl m }p` è `ccm `c

~mtmhogfm h` iophmhmel cl t`~t`yèxm pe oehoqohpl }p` ~ly`` cl ypaoioèx` ilfl ~mtm

`yxmt flxoqmhl m ~tli`h`t h` fme`tm xmc }p` ~tlx`km cmy `yxtpixptmy yliomc`y ~lcæxoimy

}p` ymcqmgpmthme yp ~`tylem ~tl~o`hmh% "@e cl }p` y` tào`t` m `yx` ilei`~xl# `c aocùylal

oegcïy Klbe Clij` `y pem aogptm icmq`/%



=1

Otùeoimfèx`# `c flh`cl ipcxptmc }p` t`~t`yèxm cm ~tla`yltm peoq`tyoxmtom `y `c

l~p`yxl h` m}p`c }p` y` `rxtm` h` cmy hìcmtmiole`y h` cm ~tla`yltm h` `hpimioùe f`hom%

H` mip`thl ile `c flh`cl }p` iltt`y~leh` m cm ~tla`yltm peoq`tyoxmtom# cly

ilf~ltxmfoèxly ` oex`tmiiole`y t`mc`y h` cmy ~`tylemy yle è q`thmh `c àìxl h` impymy

fíy ~tlapehmy lipcxmy yldt` cmy }p` y` `k`ti` fp ~lil ilextlc% Yoe `fdmtgl# y`gûe `cflh`cl }p` t`~t`yèxm cm ~tla`yltm h` `hpimioùe f`hom# cm ~ldt`{m cm of~lxèiom el y`

h`dè m cly fìmeoyfly h`c ^lh`t l m cmy ap`t{my h`c fpehl ~lcæxoil yoel m cmy mixoxph`y

ilf~ltxmfoèxly ~`tylemc`y h` imhm oehoqohpl% Myofoyfl# y`tæm oex`t`ymex` mgt`gmt }p`

`yxly hly flh`cly y` èipèxtme è ilcoyoùe ileyxmex` è cm `ya`tm ~ûdcoim h` ep`yxtm qohm

~lcæxoim%

^lhtæm y`ýmcmt }p`# è `c ~t`yèx` mtxæipcl# el mhbo`tl h` flhl ~`tylemc mc flh`cl

ipcxptmc }p` t`~t`yèxm cm ~tla`yltm peoq`tyoxmtom% @e cl }p` m fo t`y~ìxm# cly yogeoaoimhlyh`c cègpmk` cmy oex`tmiiole`y y` pdoime è –cmy m~mtoèiomy‖ yle qoyodc`y ~mtm xlhly

cly oehoqohply# m y`m }p` ~tào`tme `f~c`mt pe cègpmk` yliomc xïieoil l el# "`c fæl p

lxtl hoa`tèx`/% Mc foyfl xo`f~l# xmc`y yogeoaoimhly y` èipèxtme m cm q`{ –lipcxly‖#

hmhl }p` xlhmy cmy ~`tylemy "èxt` `ccmy l# ~lt yp~p`yxl/# `cogè el ldy`tqmt cm qmto`hmh

xlxmc h` cl }p` bm ~mtm q`t yo el `y h` yp –oex`tïy‖ bmi`tcl%

Mcgpely `k`f~cly h` hoibly –h`yipohly‖ ~lhtæme y`t }p` cm ~tla`yltm h`

`hpimioùe f`hom lfox` ileyoh`tmt }p` pem h` cmy tm{le`y ~lt cmy }p` `royx` pem fmlt

imexohmh h` mpxlfùqoc`y hmýmhly è cmy {lemy ptdmemy ~ldt`y }p` è cmy toimy ileyoyx`

yof~c`fèx` è `c bìbl h` }p` cly q`bæipcly è fmcmy ilehoiole`y }p` ~`txèìè m `yx`

ûcxofl gtp~l y` bmccme lipcxly è xmcc`t`y h` t`~mtmioùe% Lxtl `k`f~cl h` –h`yipohl‖ cl

latì` cm ~tla`yltm peoq`tyoxmtom liptt` ipmehl lfox` ileyoh`tmt }p` xmexl yp tìbm{l

ilfl `c h` lxtly oehoqohply yofocmt`y m `ccm m qoqot l m t`mco{mt cmy ilf~tmy è `c ièxtl h`

cm iophmh# bmioïehlcl# è imfdol# è cly ypdptdoly h` ïcox`# yle cm impym ~lt cm }p` cmy

{lemy t`yohèiomc`y ilf`tiomc`y h` cm iophmh y` èipèxtme mc ~t`yèx` è hìmhèiom%

"@yxl `y pe bìbl }p` fpibly h` cly hlièx`y }p` y` h`y`f~`ýme è cm iophmh elh`yileliè hmhl }p`# mc bmd`t qoqohl è `ccm ~lt qmtomy gè`tmiole`y# m el cm ileyoh`tme

ilfl pe cpgmt h`yh` `c ipmc y`m ~lyodc` cme{mty` m cm dûy}p`hm h` f`klt`y `f~c`ly è

hotìioùe bmiom lxtmy {lemy # qè `c –ièxtl‖ è mixpmc h`x`toltl ilfl yp ûeoil amixlt

peoaoimhlt ~lyodc` m apxptl/%



=7

Hoyiptyly

Eoegûe oehoqohpl ~p`h` t`~t`yèxmt pem icmy` ~mtxoipcmt h` ~`tylem yùcl ~lt yæ

foyfl f`homex` `c `f~c`l h`c cègpmk`% Cm t`~t`yèxmioùe `c tìleliofoèxl h`

hoa`tèx`y icmy`y h` ~`tylemy yofdlco{me pem `y~ìo` h` hme{m è cm }p` `y eì`ymtol }p`lxtly oehoqohply ~mtxoio~è y` ~le` è kp`gl fpibl fíy }p` `c cègpmk`% ^lt cl xmexl#

è `yxm oeyxmeiom# ~`tfæxmef` pxoco{mt pem hàoeoioùe h` –Hoyiptyl‖# ile –H‖ fmûyipcm m

aoe h` hoa`tèiomtcl h`c xïtfoel –hoyiptyl‖ }p` b` pxoco{mhl mex`toltfèx`# ile `c

~tl~ùyoxl h` oexèxmt im~xptmt mcgpely h` cly my~ìxly }p` hoibm hme{m oeqlcpitm% ^lt

Hoyiptyl `y ~lyodc` èxèh`t cmy hoyxoexmy altfmy è }p` `c pyl h`c cègpmk` y` oex`gtm ile

–lxtly `c`fèxly‖ m aoe h` t`~t`yèxmt pe xo~l ~mtxoipcmt h` ohèxohmh yliomcfèx` yoxpmhm

l xo~l h` ~`tylem# yo doè ïyx` ~p`h` q`ty` ypk`xl m ileyxmex`y e`gliomiole`y l hoy~pxmy%Imd` ~t`gpexmty` }pï yle `yxly –lxtly `c`fèxly‖% Yle cly ho a`tèx`y flhly h`

~èymt# y`t# mixpmt# oex`tmixpmt# it``t# ileli`t# yèxot# qmcltmt# q`yxot bmi`t pyl h`c

~tl~ol ip`t~l% Myofoyfl# ilf~tèhè cmy hoyxoexmy altfmy h` pyl h` hoq`tyly yæfdlcly#

ofígè`y# ldk`xly# mtxàmixly# b`ttmfoèxmy# xìelclgæmy# xo`f~ly# cpgmt`y `y~mioly%

Ileyoh`t`fly ipíexl of~coim –y`t,bmi`t‖ pe –h`xìxoq` tphl‖ "~lt `k`f~cl# mc `yxocl h`

^boco~ Fmtclw`7/# pem flekm imxùcoim xtmhoiolemc# l pe `f~t`ymtol h` Gè`tmioùe R ilfl

cly }p` y` fèioleme è cm t`qoyxm `y~ìomco{mhm è aoeme{my –E`w @ilelf‖ "cm ipmc#

ilfl –Altxpem‖ lxtmy yofocmt`y# yp`c` hoyipxot cly my~ìxly imtmix`tæyxoily h` `yx` xo~l

h` Hoyiptyl/% M f`hohm }p` y` ilf~c`xme fèxmcfèx` cly h`xmcc`y ~tl~oly h`c cègpmk`

lxtly }p` yle `rx`tely m ïc `y ~lyodc` h`x`tfoemt "l tìleli`t/ hoyxoexly Hoyiptyly%

Cly Hoyiptyly yo`f~t` y` hàoeè è t`cmioùe ile lxtly Hoyiptyly% ^lt `k`f~cl# `c

Hoyiptyl }p` pxoco{me cly fo`fdtly h` cmy dmehmy kpqèoc`y matl&mf`toimemy h` Cly

Íeg`c`y `royx` bm ypatohl flhoaoimiole`y m cl cmtgl h` cm boyxltom è t`cmioùe tìæ~tlim

ile `c Hoyiptyl h` cm ~lcoiæm h` Cly Íeg`c`y# myæ ilfl è t`cmioùe ile lxtly Hoyiptyly#

m y`m }p` ~`txè`{ime m hoyxoexly gtp~ly ioqoc`y# m cm ilfpeohmh l m cm ogc`yom%Myofoyfl# `c Hoyiptyl h` cly doùclgly e`l&Hmtwoeoyxmy `royx` bm imfdomhl m xtmqïy h`c

xo`f~l xmfdoïe è t`cmioùe tìæ~tlim ile cly hoa`tèx`y Hoyiptyly t`cogolyly# oeicpyl `c

7 Elxm h`c xtmhpixlt; @c mpxlt ~mtì` tà`toty` mc ~`tylemk` it`mhl ~lt `c `yitoxlt `yxmhlpeohèy` TmflehIbmehc`t "=222&=?0?/ ~mtm qmtomy h` ypy elq`cmy h` h`x̀ ixoq`y ~pdcoimhmy è cmy hïimhmy h`c “4> “9> h`c

yogcl RR% @yxly h`xìxoq`y y` imtmix`to{me ~lt y`t ldy`tqmhlt`y ~`yofoyxmy iæeoily h` pem ylio`hmhilttp~xm% "bxx~;,,`y%wojo~`hom%ltg,wojo,^boco~\Fmtclw`/



=2

Hoyiptyl }p` pxoco{me cly it`mioleoyxmy `yxmhlpeohèy`y "`c ipmc y` oeoioù t`mcfèx` è cm

hïimhm h`c “0> h`c yogcl RR/%

El `royx` è `c ~t`yèx` mtxæipcl `y~miol ypaoioèx` ~mtm memco{mt xlhly cly

`c`fèxly }p` y` oeicpè è cly Hoyiptyly }p` `f~c`me cm ~tla`yltm peoq`tyoxmtom cm

hlièx` h` `hpimioùe f`hom t`y~ìxoqmfèx`% ^lt ileyogpoèx`# ~`tfæxmef` ileyoh`tmtyùcl pe `k`f~cl h`c flhl è }p` `c cègpmk` y` t`cmiolem l mcoe`m ile mcgpely `c`fèxly

}p` el c` yle ~tl~oly l t`ypcxme `rx`tely m ïc% @c x`rxl }p` iltt`y~leh` m cm ~tla`yltm h`

`hpimioùe f`hom y` mcoe`m ile yp {lem climc yp ymcm h` icmy`y è ~mtxoipcmt% @e imfdol#

`c x`rxl }p` ~`txèì` m cm ~tla`yltm peoq`tyoxmtom y` mcoe`m ile `c fpehl emiolemc&gcldmc%

Ilfl y`ýmcï mex`toltfèx`# `c èxt`qoyxmhlt ileyxtp` h` fme`tm ill~`tmxoqm xmc`y

mcoe`miole`y# yo`f~t` altfpcmehl ypy ~t`gpexmy tï~coimy m mfdmy hlièx`y h` fme`tm

xmc }p` y` yp~leè `yxofpcme hoibmy ltoèxmiole`y# }p` eoegpem h` cmy ~tla`yltmyèxt`qoyxmhmy tìbm{ù l oexèxù `cphot è mdylcpxl%

Xmexl cm ~tla`yltm peoq`tyoxmtom ilfl cm hlièx` h` `hpimioùe f`hom bmiè pyl h`

Hoyiptyly –~tla`yolemc`y‖% Yoe `fdmtgl# `yxm ûcxofm t`~t`yèxm yp `r~`toèiom è

xïtfoely h` pe cègpmk` yliomc ilcl}pomc "–ilxohomel‖/# è xïtfoely h` hoíclgly t`mc`y

~tli`hofoèxly h` yp xtmdmkl t`gpcmt% Yp –`r~`toèiom‖ y` mcoe`m myæ el yùcl ile cl climc

yoel xmfdoïe ile cl –ilxohomel‖ ypy miiole`y `y~ìæaoimy ilfl hlièx`% ^lt lxtl cmhl#

cm ~tla`yltm peoq`tyoxmtom t`~t`yèxm yp `r~`toèiom f`homex` pe cègpmk` `y~ìomco{mhl

altfmc# è xïtfoely h` pe ~pexl h` qoyxm hoyxmeiomhl# el yldt` cm dmy` h` hoíclgly

t`mc`y ~tli`hofoèxly h` yp xtmdmkl t`gpcmt%

H` ogpmc flhl# `y ~lyodc` elxmt }p` `c Hoyiptyl h` cm ~tla`yltm h` `hpimioùe

f`hom y` mcoe`m ile cl climc ilcl}pomc è ~mtx` ilfl ileyìpèiom h` cm altfm è }p`#

xmexl è `c ~mymhl ilfl è cm mixpmcohmh# y` ~lyoiolem è xïtfoely h` yxmxpy ~lh`t è

t`cmioùe mc Hoyiptyl h` cm ~tla`yltm peoq`tyoxmtom lxtly Hoyiptyly# ilfl cly }p`

`f~c`me cly hlièx`y h` cmy Amipcxmh`y h` @hpimioùe# }p` lyiocme èxt` cly Hoyiptyly

`y~ìomco{mhly el `hpimiolemc`y cly fûcxo~c`y Hoyiptyly h` cly hlièx`y cmy `yip`cmy%@yxl ûcxofl h` eoegûe flhl yogeoaoim }p` pel p lxtl h` hoibly Hoyiptyly y`m `c }p`#

yo`f~t` è xlhl cpgmt# y`m `c }p` h`xèx` `c fmlt ~lh`t ~lcæxoil%

M aoe h` ldy`tqmt }p` `c ~lh`t l~`tm è mfdmy hotìiole`y# yùcl `y ~tìoyl

ileyoh`tmt cm yoxpmioùe mixpmc è }p` y` èipèxtme epf`tlyly ~lcæxoily e`l&cod`tmc`y "~lt

`k`f~cl# G`ltg` W% Dpyb/% ^lt pem ~mtx`# xmc`y ~lcæxoily xoèhè m ~toqoc`gomt io`txly



=?

Hoyiptyly h` `y~ìomcoyxmy "~lt `k`f~cl# t`cmxoqly m cm `qmcpmioùe èy`ýme{m h` cm

cìxptm/# yldt` cly Hoyiptyly h` cly hlièx`y yldt` cm h`x`tfoemioùe h`c ipttæipcl# cly

fïxlhly ~`hmgùgoily# cly yoyx`fmy h` tèhoioùe h` ipèxmy% ^lt lxtm ~mtx`# cly foyfly

~lcæxoily xoèhè m ileyoh`tmt cly Hoyiptyly mimhïfoily ilfl `c }p` `f~c`m cm ~tla`yltm

peoq`tyoxmtom ilfl ~pexly h` qoyxm `coxoyxmy è ilf~mtmioùe ile `c ymd`t –ilxohomel‖

–~l~pcmt‖ }p` ~t`yèxm `c cègpmk` ilxohomel h` cm hlièx` h` `hpimioùe f`hom cly

flh`cly ipcxptmc`y }p` hàoèh` "cly ipmc`y ylyxoèè }p` xlhly cly fo`fdtly h` cm

ylio`hmh ~p`hè –clgtmtcl‖ yo yof~c`fèx` y` ilf~ltxme –ilttìxmfèx`‖/%

^lt ûcxofl# ~p`hl maotfmt }p` cm mcamd`xo{mioùe itæxoim of~coim cm t`mco{mioùe h` pe

meícoyoy h` hoyiptyl h` fme`tm xmc }p` ely ~`tfoxm ilf~tèh`t }p` `c cègpmk` y` yoxûm

yo`f~t` è h`x`tfoemhly ilex`rxly yliomc`y ~lcæxoily% Xmexl è `c ~mymhl ilfl è cm

mixpmcohmh# `c cègpmk` y` q` ypk`xl m ilexoepmy flhoaoimiole`y mixpmco{miole`y# }p`ypi`hè mc toxfl è }p` y` flhoaoime cmy altfmy è }p` cly oehoqohply cl pyme# m aoe h`

~t`yxmt ql{ m cly Hoyiptyly è oex`tmiioùe% @yxmy oex`tmiiole`y yle cly `y~mioly è hleh`

l~`tm `c ~lh`t% Yle xmfdoïe cly `y~mioly h`yh` cly ipmc`y cly y`t`y bpfmely bmiè

~p`hè xtmeyaltfmt cm boyxltom%



4>

Tà`tèiomy

G@@# K% ^%# Yliomc coegpoyxoiy meh cox`tmio`y; Oh`lclg oe Hoyilpty`y% 4eh @hoxole%

Clehle# Xmclt ! Atmeioy# =??1%G@@# K% ^%# Me oextlhpixole xl hoyilpty` memcyoy; Xb`lt meh f`xblh % Clehle#

Tlpxc`hg`# =???%

BMIJOEG# O%# –Fmjoeg p~ ~`l~c`‖# è X% I% B`cc`t# F% Ylyem# ! H% @% W`ccd`t# ile M%

O% Hmqohyle# M% Ywohc`t# ! O% Wmxx @hy% Tìleyxtpixoeg oehoqohpmcoyf; Mpxlelf#

oehoqohpmcox# meh xb` y`ca oe W`yx`te xblpgbx% Yxmealth# Imcoa%# Yxmealth Peoq`tyox ^t`yy#

=?21;444&491%

BMTJE@YY# Y%# YP^@T# I%# ! J@@A@T# I% B%# –C`mteoeg xl d` me Mf`toime ~mtèx;blw ipcxptmc flh`cy gmoe hotìxoq` alti`‖# è T% H'Mehtmh` ! I% Yxtmpyy# @hy%% Bpfme

flxoq`y meh ipcxptmc flh`cy% Imfdtohg`# Imfdtohg` Peoq`tyox ^t`yy# =??4;=19&=72%

^BOCO^Y@E# G%# –Y~`mjoeg ―coj` m fme“‖# è X`mfyx`tqocc`# Ipcxpt` ~mxx`tey la tlc`

èmixfèx oe me ptdme eògbdltbllh# ]pmtx`tc Klptemc la Y~`ìb # 1=# =?70;41&9?%

YXTMPYY# I% ! ]POEE# E%# M ilgeoxoq` xb`lt la ipcxptmc f`meoeg% Imfdtohg`#

Imfdtohg` Peoq`tyox ^t`yy# =??7%

JAMES PAUL GEE La alfatización crítica como análisis crítico del discurso

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