J. Vall Castello, 2010

8/9/2019 J. Vall Castello, 2010

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3/148

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"gygh imhmsbmhe ` ^bL-(


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!9< mh 62 DGOL odwh|vmgs# aml!0==>s `hl

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6>>5 dv c`|gs| }g`v `y`mc`fcg "- Aml!0==>s dv g`vcmgs| }g`v `y`mc`fcg


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@s ` ~`v`ccgc lgygcd~agh| |d |bms mhovg`sg mh vgom~mgho} v`|gs# m| b`s fggh

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odwh|vmgs( Mh Imewvg 6 ug dfsgvyg |b`|# dh `ygvèg òvdss |bg DGOL mh |bg aml!6>>>s#

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jgg~ sdag vga`mhmhe o`~òm|} |d udvj(

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_uglgh 0(= 6(0 6(7 ?(0 6(> 0(5 7(> 6(6 6(2 ?(6 ??= 09

\wvjg} >(0 >(6 >(0 >(0 >(> >(> >(0 >(6 >(0 6?6 0Whm|glJmhelda 0(9 6(0 0(2 >(9 >(5 >(7 6(6 6(2 6(? =>< 00Whm|gl_|`|gs >(7 >(9 >(5 >(2 >(9 >(5 0(? 0(6 0(< >(= >(2 6(? 6(0 6(> 6



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Advgdygv# s~ghlmhe dh lms`fmcm|} fghgim|s b`s# mh eghgv`c# gm|bgv fggh jg~| `| `

vgc`|mygc} odhs|`h| cgygc dv m| b`s fggh mhovg`smhe lwvmhe vgogh| }g`vs `s ` vgswc| di |bg

~gva`hgh| h`|wvg di |bms jmhl di fghgim|s# ubmob `lls gr|v` lmiimowc|mgs ubgh |v}mhe |d

vglwog |bms sdwvog di ~wfcmo gr~ghlm|wvg( \bms ms ` ygv} ma~dv|`h| dfsgvy`|mdh |d |`jg

mh|d `oodwh| mh |mags di godhdamo ovmsms cmjg |bg owvvgh| dhgs `s vglwo|mdhs di s~ghlmhe

dh lms`fmcm|} fghgim|s `vg dhc} ~dssmfcg |bvdweb s|vdhe vg!dve`hm{`|mdh di |bg `oogss `hl

vgymsmdh ~vdogss di |bg fghgim| s|vwo|wvg "sdag di |bgsg vgidvas `vg `h`c}{gl `hl

sweegs|gl mh |bg ?vl `hl


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mh|vdlwogl mh 6>>< mh dvlgv |d ~vdad|g |bg c`fdwv a`vjg| mh|gev`|mdh di lms`fcgl udagh

`hl m| ev`h|gl lglwo|mdhs |d |bg sdom`c sgowvm|} odh|vmfw|mdhs idv ga~cd}gvs |b`| bmvgl

lms`fcgl udagh( Dh |bg d|bgv b`hl# |bg ~dcmo} |b`| ms |bg dfkgo| di s|wl} di |bg |bmvl

~`v| `ccdus idv ` ?9' mhovg`sg mh |bg àdwh| di fghgim|s |d ~`v|m`cc} lms`fcgl mhlmymlw`cs

ubd `vg dclgv |b`h 77 }g`vs dcl `hl idv ubmob m| ms lggagl |d fg lmiimowc| |d imhl ` kdf(

\bg `ma di |bms |bmvl ~`v| ms |d `ssgss |bg lmsmhogh|mygs |d udvj mh|vdlwogl f} |bg

mhovg`sg mh |bg fghgim|s(

_|`v|mhe ivda |bg cm||cg |b`| u`s jhdu ivda ~vgymdws ~wfcmo`|mdhs `fdw| |bg c`fdwv

a`vjg| sm|w`|mdh di lms`fcgl mhlmymlw`cs mh _~`mh6# |bms s|wl} `llvgssgs |bvgg s~gomimo

msswgs vgc`|gl |d |bg s|g~s s~gomimgl `fdyg;

\bg ma~ò| di |bg fwsmhgss o}ocg `| |bg cdo`c `hl h`|mdh`c cgygc dh gh|vmgs mh|d

|bg lms`fmcm|} s}s|ga idv dclgv mhlmymlw`cs `~~vdòbmhe vg|mvgagh| èg mh _~`mh(

\bg giigo|myghgss di wsmhe lglwo|mdhs |d |bg _dom`c _gowvm|} odh|vmfw|mdhs idv

ga~cd}gvs `s ` c`fdwv a`vjg| mh|gev`|mdh ~dcmo} |`veg|gl |d ` s~gomimo ~`v| di |bg

lms`fcgl ~d~wc`|mdh# mh |bms o`sg lms`fcgl udagh(

\bg lmsmhogh|mygs |d udvj gafgllgl mh mhovg`sgs mh |bg cgygcs di fghgim|s emygh

|d ~`v|m`cc} lms`fcgl mhlmymlw`cs(

Gòb msswg ms |òjcgl mh `h mhlg~ghlgh| ob`~|gv ubmob odh|vmfw|gs |d ` s~gomimo

cm|gv`|wvg( \bg idccdumhe sgo|mdhs gr~c`mh mh iwv|bgv lg|`mc |bg ag|bdldcde} wsgl mh |bg

`h`c}sms `hl |bg odh|vmfw|mdh di gòb di |bg ~`v|s |d |bg ò`lgamo lgf`|g(

0(0 Fwsmhgss O}ocg Giigo|s dh C`fdwv Idvog \v`hsm|mdhs idv Dclgv^gd~cg mh _~`mh

Lwvmhe |bg 0=5>s `hl 0=2>s edygvhagh|s idowsgl dh |bg ~vdad|mdh di g`vc}

vg|mvgagh| sobgags mh `h `||ga~| |d mhovg`sg ga~cd}agh| idv }dwhegv udvjgvs( @s `

vgswc| di |bms ~dcmo}# c`fdwv idvog ~`v|mom~`|mdh v`|gs di dclgv mhlmymlw`cs lvd~~gl `hl |bg

`w|bdvm|mgs vg`cm{gl |b`| |bgvg u`s ` hggl |d ob`heg |bms s|v`|ge} mh dvlgv |d ~vgsgvyg |bg

imh`hom`c s|`fmcm|} di |bg _dom`c _gowvm|} s}s|gas `hl |d oda~ghs`|g idv |bg ev`}mhe di

|bg c`fdwv idvog( Odhsgpwgh|c}# ò|my`|mdh ~dcmomgs ugvg mh|vdlwogl `s ugcc `s

cmam|`|mdhs |d òogss |bg g`vc} vg|mvgagh| sobgags( Bdugygv# ò|mym|} v`|gs di dclgv

6 @ oda~cg|g cm|gv`|wvg vgymgu ivda ~vgymdws ~wfcmo`|mdhs ms emygh mh gòb ob`~|gv(


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~gd~cg lml hd| vgodygv `s `c|gvh`|myg vdw|gs ugvg idwhl f} |bgsg udvjgvs |d grm| |bg

c`fdwv a`vjg|# a`mhc} |bvdweb |bg whga~cd}agh| `hl lms`fmcm|} sobgags(

Mi ug |`jg mh|d odhsmlgv`|mdh |b`| mh _~`mh 5>' di mhlmymlw`cs vgogmymhe lms`fmcm|}

fghgim|s `vg dclgv udvjgvs# |bg hggl |d s|wl} |bgsg `c|gvh`|myg vdw|gs di cg`ymhe |bg

c`fdwv idvog fgidvg vgòbmhe |bg vg|mvgagh| èg "`s ` sdwvog di odygvgl ~vg!vg|mvgagh|-

fgodags di a`kdv ma~dv|`hog idv |bg ~c`hhmhe `hl lgsmehmhe di ò|my`|mdh ~dcmomgs idv

dclgv mhlmymlw`cs(

@c|bdweb grm|s ivda ga~cd}agh| doowv |bvdwebdw| |bg fwsmhgss o}ocg# m| ms `

jhduh iò| |b`|# mh |mags di godhdamo lduh|wvhs# advg ~gd~cg cdsg |bgmv kdfs `hl dhg

u`} idv imvas |d `lkws| |d |bg ob`hemhe godhdamo ghymvdhagh| ms |bvdweb "ydcwh|`v} dv

mhydcwh|`v}- vgs|vwo|wv`|mdh di |bg dclgv ~`v| di |bg c`fdwv idvog( \bgvgidvg# |bms

grdeghdws y`vm`|mdh mh fwsmhgss o}ocg odhlm|mdhs vg~vgsgh|s ` ygv} wsgiwc |ddc idv ws |d

`h`c}{g |bg vgc`|myg wsg di |bgsg `c|gvh`|myg vdw|gs di cg`ymhe |bg c`fdwv idvog fgidvg

vg|mvgagh| idv |bg o`sg di dclgv udvjgvs( \bg vgswc|s di |bms s|wl} umcc `csd fg ma~dv|`h|

|d fg mhodv~dv`|gl f} ~dcmo}!a`jgvs ubgh lgsmehmhe ~dcmo} ob`hegs |d |bg

whga~cd}agh| `hl lms`fmcm|} fghgim| sobgags# `s sdag whidvgsggh sgodhl`v} giigo|s di

|bgsg ob`hegs odwcl doowv mi |bg odhhgo|mdh fg|uggh |bgsg grm|s vdw|gs ms hd| mhocwlgl mh

|bg ~dcmo} `h`c}sms(

\bgvgidvg# mh |bms ob`~|gv ug `h`c}{g |bg lg|gvamh`h|s di dfsgvygl grm|s ivda

ga~cd}agh| idv ~gd~cg ègl >9( \bg a`mh `ma di |bg ~`~gv ms |d mlgh|mi} |bg giigo| di |bg fwsmhgss

o}ocg "FO- `| |bg vgemdh`c `hl h`|mdh`c cgygc dh |bg |mamhe `hl |bg |}~g di grm| vdw|g dw|

di |bg c`fdwv idvog(

Ug ~vdoggl mh |ud s|ègs( Mh |bg imvs| s|èg# ug s|wl} |bg lg|gvamh`h|s di grm|s

ivda ga~cd}agh| |d hdh!ga~cd}agh|( Mh |bg sgodhl# ug |`jg mh|d òodwh| |bg iò| |b`|

|bgvg `vg |bvgg oda~g|mhe grm| vdw|gs "whga~cd}agh|# mhò|mym|} `hl lms`fmcm|}- `hl

gs|ma`|g ` oda~g|mhe vmsj lwv`|mdh adlgc |d gy`cw`|g |bg ma~dv|`hog di FO odhlm|mdhs

mh lg|gvamhmhe |bg vgs~go|myg grm| ~vdf`fmcm|mgs( Ug a`jg wsg di |bg vgogh|c} vgcg`sgl

Awgs|v` Odh|mhw` lg Yml`s C`fdwv`cgs |d gs|ma`|g lmsovg|g |mag b`{`vl vgevgssmdh

adlgcs( Ug a`|ob |bms mhidva`|mdh um|b ` hwafgv di y`vm`fcgs odhs|vwo|gl um|b

aòvdgodhdamo l`|` lgvmygl ivda |bg Mhs|m|w|d Hòmdh`c lg Gs|`ls|mo` |d ag`swvgevdu|b `hl ga~cd}`fmcm|} ~gvidva`hog di lmiigvgh| godhdamo sgo|dvs `hl vgemdhs mh


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02

_~`mh mh dvlgv |d o`~|wvg |bg y`vm`|mdh mh |bg fwsmhgss o}ocg fg|uggh |mags# sgo|dvs `hl

vgemdhs( \mag!y`v}mhe ody`vm`|gs `vg `csd mhocwlgl mh |bg `h`c}sms |d adlgc |bg

adhg|`v} mhogh|mygs ~vdymlgl f} |bg s}s|ga( Imh`cc}# ug `csd mhocwlg sdag èg

lwaamgs |d o`~|wvg |bg giigo| di ` hwafgv di s~gom`c sobgags mhocwlgl mh |bg

whga~cd}agh| `hl lms`fmcm|} cgemsc`|mdh mh dvlgv |d obgoj ubg|bgv |bg} b`yg `h ma~ò|

dh |bg |mamhe `hl |bg obdmog di vdw|g dw| di |bg c`fdwv a`vjg|(

0(6 ^vdad|mhe Ga~cd}agh| di Lms`fcgl Udagh mh _~`mh; Gy`cw`|mhe` ^dcmo}

\bg _dom`c _gowvm|} s}s|ga mh _~`mh ~vdymlgs idwv lmiigvgh| |}~gs di ~gva`hgh|

lms`fmcm|} fghgim|s ubmob `vg ev`h|gl òodvlmhe |d |bg sgygvm|} di |bg lms`fcmhe odhlm|mdh

`hl |bg vga`mhmhe o`~òm|} |d udvj |b`| ms cgi| idv |bgsg mhlmymlw`cs( \bgvgidvg# |bg

s}s|ga ms lgsmehgl |d `ccdu idv ` ogv|`mh ~`v| di |bg lms`fcgl mhlmymlw`cs |d udvj ubmcg

vgogmymhe |bg lms`fmcm|} ~ghsmdh( Bdugygv# l`|` vgyg`cs |b`| |bg a`kdvm|} di |bgsg

mhlmymlw`cs ld hd| giigo|mygc} udvj `hl ga~cd}agh| v`|gs idv |bms evdw~ di ~gd~cg b`yg

vga`mhgl ygv} cdu smhog 0==9( @adhe |bg ~dcmo} mhm|m`|mygs mh ~còg |b`| `ma |d

~vdad|g |bg c`fdwv a`vjg| mh|gev`|mdh di lms`fcgl mhlmymlw`cs mh _~`mh ug o`h bmebcmeb|

`h `h|mlmsovmamh`|mdh cù |b`| l`|gs ivda |bg 0=2?# `h ga~cd}agh| pwd|` di 6' di |bg

udvjmhe idvog odygvgl f} mhlmymlw`cs um|b lms`fmcm|mgs idv imvas di advg |b`h 7>

ga~cd}ggs `hl lglwo|mdhs |d |bg _dom`c _gowvm|} odh|vmfw|mdhs ~`ml f} |bg ga~cd}gv |b`|

bmvgs ` lms`fcgl udvjgv( Msdc`|mhe `hl mlgh|mi}mhe |bg giigo| di `h|mlmsovmamh`|mdh

~dcmomgs dh ga~cd}agh| di lms`fcgl mhlmymlw`cs ms v`|bgv oda~cmo`|gl `hl# dh |bg d|bgv

b`hl# m| ms umlgc} òjhducglegl |b`| |bg 6' ga~cd}agh| pwd|` ms hd| ghidvogl mh |bg

_~`hmsb a`vjg|( \bgvgidvg# |bg `ma di |bms vgsg`vob ms |d gy`cw`|g |bg vgswc|s di `h

ga~cd}agh| ~vdad|mdh ~dcmo} mh|vdlwogl mh 6>>< ubmob mhovg`sgl |bg lglwo|mdhs |d |bg

_dom`c _gowvm|} odh|vmfw|mdhs ~`ml f} |bg ga~cd}gv |b`| bmvg ` lms`fcgl uda`h(

Mh dvlgv |d ld |b`|# ug imvs| `h`c}{g ga~cd}agh| v`|gs di lms`fcgl mhlmymlw`cs mh

_~`mh ivda 0==9 wh|mc 6>>5 idccdugl f} |bg gs|ma`|mdh di ` fmy`vm`|g ~vdfm| adlgc |d

gy`cw`|g |bg grms|ghog di sbmi|s mh ga~cd}agh| |vghls mh |bg udagh vgc`|myg |d |bg agh

sà~cg odhlm|mdhmhe dh |bg grms|ghog di ~vggrms|mhe |vghls( Ug obddsg ` fmy`vm`|g ~vdfm|

adlgc |d im| dwv l`|` mh dvlgv |d |`jg mh|d òodwh| |bg ovwom`c vdcg ~c`}gl f} |bg lmiigvgh|

lgevggs di lms`fmcm|} fghgim|s `y`mc`fcg mh |bg s}s|ga `hl# `~`v| ivda |bg lg~ghlgh|

y`vm`fcg |b`| o`~|wvgs |bg c`fdwv a`vjg| sm|w`|mdh di |bg mhlmymlw`c# ug `csd mhocwlg


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`hd|bgv gpw`|mdh |b`| o`~|wvgs |bg |}~g di lms`fmcm|} ~ghsmdh "~`v|m`c dv |d|`c- vgogmygl f}

|bg mhlmymlw`c( @s |bg vgsmlw`cs mh fd|b gpw`|mdhs `vg hd| mhlg~ghlgh|# ug adlgc |bga

smawc|`hgdwsc} `hl `ccdu idv |bg odvvgc`|mdh mh |bg whdfsgvygl iò|dvs di |bg |ud

gpw`|mdhs(

0(? Ga~cd}agh| Giigo|s di Mhovg`smhe Lms`fmcm|} Fghgim|s; @Vgevgssmdh Lmsodh|mhwm|} @~~vdòb

\bg `y`mc`fmcm|} `hl eghgvdsm|} di lms`fmcm|} mhswv`hog s}s|gas b`s mhovg`sgl mh

vgogh| lgo`lgs mh ads| DGOL odwh|vmgs fw| um|b sws|`mhgl godhdamo evdu|b mh ads| di

|bgsg godhdamgs# |bg v`msg mh |bg imh`hom`c vgsdwvogs |`veg|gl |d |bgsg ~vdevàs lml hd|

|v`hsc`|g mh|d ` ~dcm|mo`c ~vdfcga idv ` cdhe |mag?( Bdugygv# |bms sm|w`|mdh umcc ogv|`mhc}

ob`heg `s ` vgswc| di |bg imh`hom`c ovmsms di |bg c`s| |bvgg }g`vs `hl |bg odhs|v`mh|s ~cògl

dh edygvhagh|s fwleg|s lwg |d mhovg`sgs mh whga~cd}agh| mhswv`hog sobgags `hl

d|bgv sdom`c `ssms|`hog ~vdevàs( Lms`fmcm|} s}s|gas b`yg# hdhg|bgcgss# vgogmygl

odh|mhwdws ovm|momsa `s |bg} `vg fcàgl idv mh|vdlwomhe lmsmhogh|mygs |d udvj idv ~`v| di

|bg lms`fcgl ~d~wc`|mdh( @ c`veg cm|gv`|wvg b`s gagvegl mh odwh|vmgs cmjg |bg W_@ `hl

\bg Hg|bgvc`hls< |b`| |vmgl |d pw`h|mi} |bgsg lmsmhogh|mygs `hl |bgvg ms hdu`l`}s `

ogv|`mh lgevgg di èvggagh| `fdw| |bg grms|ghog di lmsmhogh|myg giigo|s |d udvj ~vdymlgl

f} |bg lms`fmcm|} sobgags( Bdugygv# |bgvg ms s|mcc sdag lmsèvggagh| dh |bg sm{g di |bgsg

giigo|s(

Idv |bg o`sg di _~`mh# ` vg~dv| ivda |bg DGOL ~wfcmsbgl mh 6>>5 ocg`vc} lgimhgl

|bg ma~vdygagh| di |bg udvj mhogh|mygs idv dclgv udvjgvs um|b ~`v|m`c lms`fmcm|} `s dhg

di |bg idwv a`mh vgodaaghl`|mdhs |d |bg _~`hmsb `w|bdvm|mgs mh |bg `vg` di lms`fmcm|}

~dcmomgs "DGOL 6>>5-( Bdugygv# hd vgidva mh |bms lmvgo|mdh b`s fggh ma~cgagh|gl

smhog |bms vgodaaghl`|mdh u`s msswgl mh 6>>5( Advgdygv# |bg lmsmhogh|mygs |d udvj

gafgllgl mh |bg _~`hmsb lms`fmcm|} s}s|ga b`yg hgygv fggh ~vd~gvc} `h`c}{gl mh |bg

cm|gv`|wvg# ~vma`vmc} lwg |d |bg còj di l`|` `y`mc`fmcm|}(

\bgvgidvg# |bg `ma di |bms vgsg`vob ms |d `h`c}{g |bg ga~cd}agh| giigo|s di ` cù

|b`| ~vdymlgs idv ` ?9' mhovg`sg mh |bg eghgvdsm|} di lms`fmcm|} fghgim|s mh _~`mh idv

?Bdugygv# m| aws| fg hd|gl |b`| sdag odwh|vmgs "swob `s Lgha`vj# Cwrgafwve dv \bg Hg|bgvc`hls-

s|`v|gl ma~cgagh|mhe vgidvas |d |bg smojhgss `hl lms`fmcm|} s}s|gas ` igu }g`vs èd mh `h `||ga~| |dvglwog |bg eghgvdsm|} di |bgsg s}s|gas( Idv ` lgsovm~|mdh `hl vgymsmdh di |bg a`mh ob`hegs ma~cgagh|gl

mh DGOL odwh|vmgs# vgigv |d DGOL# 6>>=(>?( Advg lg|`mcgl mhidva`|mdh dh |bg

cm|gv`|wvg dh |bg |d~mo ms emygh mh |bg cm|gv`|wvg vgymgu di ob`~|gv


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oc`ma`h|s ubd `vg# `s ` vgswc| di |bgmv còj di sjmccs `hl di |bg c`fdwv a`vjg| odhlm|mdhs

|bg} iòg# lggagl whcmjgc} |d imhl ` kdf(

\bg a`mh ~vdfcga mh `h`c}{mhe |bg grms|ghog di ga~cd}agh| giigo|s vgsmlgs mh |bg

iò| |b`| lms`fcgl mhlmymlw`cs um|b |bg cdugs| ~vdf`fmcm|} di fgmhe ga~cd}gl `vg `csd |bg

dhgs |b`| `vg advg cmjgc} |d fg emygh |bg mhovg`sg mh |bg fghgim| àdwh| "|vg`|agh|-(

\bgvgidvg# |bms sgcgo|mdh msswg a`jgs m| advg oda~cmo`|gl |d df|`mh whfm`sgl vgswc|s di

|bg sm{g di |bg lmsmhogh|myg giigo|s mh|vdlwogl f} |bg ~dcmo}( _ma~cg adlgcs |b`| ld hd|

|`jg mh|d òodwh| |bms sgcgo|mdh umcc vgswc| mh dygvgs|ma`|mdh di |bg ~dcmo} giigo|( Dh |bg

d|bgv b`hl# adlgcs |b`| odh|vdc `hl a`|ob dh dfsgvy`fcg ob`vò|gvms|mos di |bg lms`fcgl

mhlmymlw`cs `hl |bg vgemdh mh ubmob |bg} cmyg umcc vglwog |bg fm`s di |bg gs|ma`|gl

odgiimomgh|s# `s ~`v| di |bg sgcgo|mdh mh|d |bg ~dcmo} lg~ghls dh |bgsg dfsgvy`fcgsig`|wvgs( Bdugygv# mi lms`fcgl mhlmymlw`cs `vg `csd sgcgo|gl mh|d |bg ~dcmo} idccdumhe `

hwafgv di ob`vò|gvms|mos |b`| `vg hd| dfsgvy`fcg f} |bg vgsg`vobgv "swob `s `||òbagh|

|d |bg c`fdwv a`vjg| dv vgc`|myg lgevgg di lms`fmcm|}- |bgsg adlgcs umcc s|mcc ~vgsgh|

fm`sgl vgswc|s(

Idv |bgsg vg`sdhs# ug gr~cdm| |bg lmsodh|mhwm|} di |bg ~dcmo} ma~cgagh|`|mdh `| |bg

èg di 77 ubmob `ccdus ws |d wsg vgevgssmdh lmsodh|mhwm|} adlgcs |d |`jg mh|d òodwh|

|bg mhicwghog `hl sgcgo|mdh dh fd|b dfsgvy`fcg `hl whdfsgvy`fcg y`vm`fcgs( \bms

|gobhmpwg vgcmgs dh |bg sma~cg `sswa~|mdh |b`| |bg lms|vmfw|mdh di lms`fcgl mhlmymlw`cs

`vdwhl |bms gcmemfmcm|} |bvgsbdcl ms vgc`|mygc} v`hlda mh dvlgv |d eg| |bg ma~ò| di |bg

mhovg`sg mh |bg lms`fmcm|} fghgim|s dh vg!ga~cd}agh| v`|gs "A`vmg `hl Aòbmh

idv|bodamhe: Obgh `hl Y`h Lgv Jc``wu# 6>>2-( Ug wsg fd|b |v`lm|mdh`c vgevgssmdh

lmsodh|mhwm|} adlgcs `hl ug `csd mhocwlg sdag s~gomimo`|mdhs mh ubmob ug vgs|vmo| |bg

sà~cg |d mhlmymlw`cs ubd kdmhgl |bg lms`fmcm|} vdccs fgidvg |wvhmhe 77 }g`vs dcl( Ug

mh|vdlwog |bgsg hgu s~gomimo`|mdhs di |bg adlgc lwg |d |bg grms|ghog di hdh!cmhg`vm|mgs mh

|bg ody`vm`|g èg `| ubmob mhlmymlw`cs gh|gv |bg lms`fmcm|} mhswv`hog s}s|ga(

0(


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~ghsmdhs gr~gvmghog sd |b`| |bg l`|`sg| odh|`mhs mhidva`|mdh idv `~~vdrma`|gc} 0(6

amccmdh ~gd~cg `hl odygvs |bgmv gh|mvg c`fdwv `hl ~ghsmdh bms|dv}(

\bms sà~cmhe grgvomsg b`s fggh vg~g`|gl mh 6>>>7# 6>>9 `hl 6>>5 um|b |bg

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}g`v( \bgvgidvg# idv |bgsg mhlmymlw`cs# |bg ~d|gh|m`c ~vdfcga di sgcgo|mdh fm`s ms vglwogl

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`llgl gòb }g`v( Bdugygv# `| |bg sàg |mag# mhlmymlw`cs |b`| lmg dv |b`| s|d~ b`ymhe `

kdf dv vgogmymhe whga~cd}agh| dv ~ghsmdh fghgim|s ivda |bg _dom`c _gowvm|}

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6(0 Mh|vdlwo|mdh9

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ob`hemhe godhdamo `hl lgadev`~bmo odhlm|mdhs `vdwhl |bg udvcl `hl# idv ` cdhe |mag#

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~`v|mowc`vc} lwvmhe |bg 0=5>s `hl 0=2>s# mh dvlgv |d eghgv`|g kdf d~~dv|whm|mgs `hl

vglwog whga~cd}agh| idv }dwhegv udvjgvs(

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dhc} grògvf`|gl |bg ~vdfcga "Imsobgv g| `c( 6>>9-(

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sbmi| mh ~dcmo} idows |du`vls u`}s di lgc`}mhe vg|mvgagh| `hl di jgg~mhe dclgv udvjgvs

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|bg òogssmdh vwcgs |d |bgsg g`vc} vg|mvgagh| sobgags( Bdugygv# |bgsg giidv|s b`yg hd|

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lms`fmcm|} dv whga~cd}agh| sobgags# fgidvg vgòbmhe |bg vg|mvgagh| dv g`vc} vg|mvgagh|

èg( \bgvgidvg# |bgsg d|bgv ~dssmfmcm|mgs di cg`ymhe ga~cd}agh| sbdwcl fg s|wlmgl `hl

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jgg~ dclgv udvjgvs ò|myg mh |bg c`fdwv a`vjg|(

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69

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vgswc|s mh ` fg||gv mlgh|mimo`|mdh di |bg o`ws`c giigo|s di |bg godhdamo odhlm|mdhs dh

mhlmymlw`cs fgb`ymdwv(

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s|wl} |v`hsm|mdhs |d g`vc} `hl ~`v|m`c vg|mvgagh| idv agh fg|uggh 9> `hl 5> }g`vs dcl mh

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|d adlgc adhg|`v} mhogh|mygs `hl imhls gymlghog |b`| _dom`c _gowvm|} mhogh|mygs ld

ìigo| vg|mvgagh| lgomsmdhs(

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Fdygv `| `c( "6>>6- `hl Kghjmhs g| `c( "6>>


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|bg sg`vob fgb`ymdwv di whga~cd}gl mhlmymlw`cs fg|uggh 77!97 }g`vs dcl mh _~`mh( Idv

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|bg cgygc di whga~cd}agh| fghgim|s `hl |bg ~gh`c|mgs `ssdom`|gl um|b |bg g`vc}

vg|mvgagh| d~|mdh(

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fgb`ymdwv di ~gd~cg ègl


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62

6(? Lg|gvamh`h|s di c`fdwv idvog |v`hsm|mdhs idv udvjgvs ègl 5( Imewvg ?sbdus lvà`|mo i`ccs mh |bg c`fdwv idvog ~`v|mom~`|mdh v`|g idv agh lwvmhe |bg c`|g

gmeb|mgs `hl aml hmhg|mgs idccdumhe# |d sdag gr|gh|# |bg fwsmhgss o}ocg `hl vgswc|mhe mh

s|vdhe mhovg`sgs mh |bg whga~cd}agh| v`|g idv |bms evdw~ di udvjgvs lwvmhe |bms ~gvmdl(

_mhog 0==7 c`fdwv ~`v|mom~`|mdh v`|gs b`yg vgodygvgl sdagub`|2 fw| ~`v|mom~`|mdh b`s

hd| fggh `s bmeb `s m| u`s mh |bg c`|g 0=2>s# ubmcg whga~cd}agh| v`|gs b`yg fggh

s|g`lmc} lgovg`smhe smhog |bg aml hmhg|mgs( Mh 6>>0# `hl idv |bg imvs| |mag smhog |bg

0=2>s# ` lgovg`sg mh ~`v|mom~`|mdh v`|gs ms hd| idccdugl f} `h mhovg`sg mh |bg

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20 6>>? 6>>7 6>>5}g`v

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Imewvg 7 `hl Imewvg 9 sbdu |bg u`} mh ubmob fd|b |bg whga~cd}agh| v`|g `hl |bg

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|b`| fd|b |bg whga~cd}agh| v`|g `hl |bg hwafgv di hgu lms`fmcm|} fghgim|s ev`h|gl |d

udvjgvs ègl s( Bdugygv#

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whga~cd}agh| v`|g vga`mhmhe vg`sdh`fcg odhs|`h| fg|uggh 9' `hl 2' `hl |bg hwafgv

di hgu lms`fmcm|} fghgim|s ev`h|gl |d |bms evdw~ di udvjgvs mhovg`smhe s|g`lmc} wh|mc

6>>5(

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_dwvog; Whga~cd}agh| v`|g di mhlmymlw`cs ègl


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33/148

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_dwvog; _~`hmsb H`|mdh`c Mhs|m|w|g di _|`|ms|mos "G^@-(

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ga~cd}agh| |b`| vga`mhs smehmimo`h| ubgh ug mhocwlg d|bgv gr~c`h`|dv} y`vm`fcgs swob

`s |bg whga~cd}agh| v`|g `hl |bg EL^ ~gv o`~m|` "sgg \`fcg 6-06(

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fwsmhgss o}ocg odhlm|mdhs `hl |b`| |bgmv lgomsmdhs dh c`fdwv a`vjg| |v`hsm|mdhs

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cgygc di godhdamo evdu|b0?(

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6(7 Adlgccmhe ivàgudvj; \bg b`{`vl vgevgssmdh adlgc

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cdems|mo b`{`vl adlgc |d s|wl} |v`hsm|mdhs ivda ga~cd}agh| |d hdh!ga~cd}agh| um|b `

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oda~g|mhe vmsj adlgc ms gs|ma`|gl mh dvlgv |d lms|mhewmsb fg|uggh |bg y`vmdws vdw|gs dw|

di ga~cd}agh|; lms`fmcm|} fghgim|s# whga~cd}agh| dv mhò|mym|}( \bg mlg` di im||mhe |bgsg

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6(7(0 _mhecg grm| cdems|mo b`{`vl adlgc

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hdh!ga~cd}agh| idv _~`hmsb udvjgvs `egl


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Ubgvg 0

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`hl ? `vg |bg sb`~g ~`vàg|gvs# ubmob `vg gs|ma`|gl |deg|bgv um|b |bg

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Ubgvg om ms |bg oghsdvmhe mhlmo`|dv;

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39/148

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cdem| adlgcs lgimhgl dh |bg swvymymhe ~d~wc`|mdh `| gòb lwv`|mdh# ubgvg |bg lg~ghlgh|

y`vm`fcg gpw`cs 0 ubghgygv `h grm| ivda ga~cd}agh| ms dfsgvygl `hl > d|bgvumsg(

6(7(6 Oda~g|mhe vmsj adlgc

Ug iwv|bgv odhsmlgv |bg ~dssmfmcm|} di grm| ivda ga~cd}agh| |d dhg di |bg |bvgg

idccdumhe lgs|mh`|mdh s|`|gs; whga~cd}agh|: lms`fmcm|} fghgim|s `hl mhò|mym|}( Um|b |bg

`sswa~|mdh di mhlg~ghlghog di |bg lgs|mh`|mdh!s~gomimo b`{`vl v`|gs60# |bg lmsovg|g

b`{`vl v`|g idv grm| `| |mag | |d `h} di |bg |bvgg lgs|mh`|mdhs ms sma~c} |bg swa di |bg

lgs|mh`|mdh!s~gomimo lmsovg|g b`{`vl v`|gs# " -wb | # " -mb | `hl " -lb | ;

" - " - " - " -w m lb | b | b | b | 1 * *

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ubgvg

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" -lb | ms |bg b`{`vl v`|g |d lms`fmcm|} fghgim|s(

\bg lmsovg|g |mag b`{`vl mh|d dhg di |bg a s|`|gs ms gpw`c |d |bg ~vdf`fmcm|} di

a`jmhe ` |v`hsm|mdh mh mh|gvy`c |# odhlm|mdh`c w~dh swvymymhe w~ |d |bg fgemhhmhe di |bg

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mlgh|mimo`|mdh di |bg adlgc# ug `vg wh`fcg |d o`~|wvg èg giigo|s(

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Mh |gvas di vgemdhs# A`lvml b`s |bg cdugs| b`{`vl v`|g# idccdugl f} |bg

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77

\bg vgswc|s di |bms gs|ma`|mdh `vg sbduh mh \`fcg 9 `hl \`fcg 2( \bg smeh di |bg

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whga~cd}agh| v`|g b`s hdu ` s|vdhegv giigo| dh b`{`vl v`|gs |b`h |bg whga~cd}agh|

v`|g di |bg `w|dhdadws odaawhm|} `hl |bg EL^ evdu|b( \bgvgidvg# ` lg|gvmdv`|mdh di

|bg godhdamo odhlm|mdhs mh ` ~`v|mowc`v godhdamo sgo|dv mhovg`sgs |bg b`{`vl v`|g di

a`jmhe ` |v`hsm|mdh |d lms`fmcm|} fghgim|s idv mhlmymlw`cs ga~cd}gl mh |b`| sgo|dv( @s `

vgswc|# mhlmymlw`cs um|b ` advg s|`fcg ga~cd}agh| sm|w`|mdh `vg advg ìigo|gl f} |bg

godhdamo sm|w`|mdh di |bg sgo|dv di ò|mym|} `hl f} |bg godhda}!umlg fwsmhgss o}ocg

odhlm|mdhs |b`h f} |bg godhdamo sm|w`|mdh di |bg `w|dhdadws odaawhm|} mh ubmob |bg}

udvj(

6(5(? Giigo|s dh b`{`vl v`|gs

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79

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lmiigvghog ms di 6 ~gvogh|èg ~dmh|s(

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ga~cd}agh| sm|w`|mdhs `hl ` oda~g|mhe vmsj adlgc idv |v`hsm|mdhs ivda ga~cd}agh| |d

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ivda ` v`hlda lvù di |bg _~`hmsb _dom`c _gowvm|} vgodvls `hl# dh |bg d|bgv b`hl# ivda

|bg _~`hmsb H`|mdh`c Mhs|m|w|g di _|`|ms|mos ug b`yg lgvmygl |bg aòvdgodhdamo

mhidva`|mdh dh |bg fwsmhgss o}ocg odhlm|mdhs(

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cmjgc} |d cg`yg ga~cd}agh| |d vgogmyg lms`fmcm|} fghgim|s ubgh |bg godhdamo

sm|w`|mdh di |bg odwh|v} ms cgss i`ydwv`fcg( Lms`fmcm|} fghgim|s `vg fgmhe wsgl `s

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ubmob |bg mhlmymlw`c ms udvjmhe vglwogs |bg b`{`vl di cg`ymhe ga~cd}agh| |d

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sdag giidv| sbdwcl fg a`lg mh dvlgv |d `h`c}{g bdu |bgmv `fmcm|mgs o`h fg a`|obgl um|b

c`fdwv a`vjg| d~~dv|whm|mgs "DGOL# 6>>?-(

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udvj ms vge`vlgl `s ` eddl u`} |d lgovg`sg |bg ~vgsswvgs dh |bg imh`hom`c s|`fmcm|} di |bg

sdom`c sgowvm|} s}s|ga `s ugcc `s |d vgòb |bg sdom`c mh|gev`|mdh di lms`fcgl mhlmymlw`cs(

@s |bg DGOL ~w|s m|: Bgc~mhe "lms`fcgl- ~gd~cg |d udvj ms ~d|gh|m`cc} ` umh!

umh ~dcmo}; m| bgc~s ~gd~cg `ydml grocwsmdh `hl b`yg bmebgv mhodags ubmcg v`msmhe |bg

~vds~go| di advg giigo|myg c`fdwv sw~~c} `hl bmebgv godhdamo dw|~w| mh |bg cdhe |gva

"DGOL# 6>>5`-(

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62\bms ob`~|gv ms f`sgl dh; Y`cc!O`s|gccd# K( "6>0>-( ^vdad|mhe Ga~cd}agh| di Lms`fcgl Udagh mh

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lms`fcgl mhlmymlw`cs mh _~`mh um|b vgs~go| |d d|bgv DGOL odwh|vmgs `hl |bg bmebgv

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"sgg Imewvg 66-(

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c`s| |gh }g`vs `hl |bg eghgv`c whga~cd}agh| v`|g b`s lvd~~gl ivda 6>' |d =#6'?>( \bms

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Imewvg 66 Lms`fmcm|} vgom~mgh|s f} èg `hl eghlgv `s ` sb`vg di |d|`c lms`fcgl mhlmymlw`cs#6>>7(

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95

Imewvg 6? Ga~cd}agh| v`|gs di lms`fcgl mhlmymlw`cs

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whga~cd}agh|!vgc`|gl gr~ghlm|wvgs vgòbgl 6#7' di EL^ mh 6>>7( Bdugygv#

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lms`fcgl mhlmymlw`cs mh _~`mh# |bg `ma di |bms ob`~|gv ms |d whlgvs|`hl |bg u`} mh ubmob `

~`v|mowc`v ob`heg mh ga~cd}gvs mhogh|mygs "`h mhovg`sg mh |bg lglwo|mdhs di ga~cd}gvs

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lms`fcgl udagh?0(

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lms`fmcm|} ~ghsmdh# mh dvlgv |d eg| sdag mhsmeb|s dh |bg gydcw|mdh di |bgmv c`fdwv a`vjg|

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70/148

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\`jmhe `ly`h|`eg di |bg lmiigvgh| |mamhe dh |bg ma~cgagh|`|mdh di |bg @L@ mh

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smehmimo`h| ma~ò| dh ga~cd}agh| ~vds~go|s idv lms`fcgl mhlmymlw`cs ì|gv |bg

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giigo| di |bg pwd|` |bvgsbdcl( Mh ` advg vgogh| ~`~gv# C`cmyg g| `c( "6>>=- `h`c}{g

mhovg`sgs mh |bg lga`hl idv lms`fcgl udvjgvs di `h ga~cd}agh| pwd|` mh|vdlwogl mh

@ws|vm` mh 0=9= |b`| vgpwmvgl imvas |d bmvg `| cg`s| dhg lms`fcgl mhlmymlw`c ~gv 67 hdh!

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5?

|bg sobgag( Ug `vg ù`vg di dhc} dhg ~`~gv f} A`cd g| `c( "6>>5- |b`| wsgs _~`hmsb

l`|` `hl idowsgs dh |bg ~dssmfmcm|mgs idv lms`fcgl mhlmymlw`cs |d odafmhg |bg vgogm~| di

|bg fghgim|s um|b |bg lgygcd~agh| di ` kdf dhog |bg mhlmymlw`c s|`v|s vgogmymhe `

lms`fmcm|} ~ghsmdh( Wsmhe ` ovdss!sgo|mdh`c sà~cg idv 6>>9# |bg} gs|ma`|g cdems|mo

vgevgssmdhs mh dvlgv |d `h`c}{g |bg y`vm`fcgs |b`| ìigo| |bg ~vdf`fmcm|} di odafmhmhe `

lms`fmcm|} ~ghsmdh um|b ` kdf( Bdugygv# |bgmv ~`~gv ms a`mhc} ` lgsovm~|myg s|wl} ubmob

ldgs hd| mhocwlg `h} `h`c}sms di ga~cd}agh| ~vdad|mdh ~dcmomgs(

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l`|` `y`mc`fmcm|} `s ugcc `s |d |bg còj di oda~cm`hog di |bg 6' ga~cd}agh| pwd|`

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506 gwvds- idv gòb lms`fcgl udvjgv |b`| |bg imva bmvgl# `s ugcc `s ` 5>'

lglwo|mdh di |bg sdom`c sgowvm|} odh|vmfw|mdhs idv gòb lms`fcgl udvjgv }dwhegv |b`h ' lglwo|mdh mi |bg mhlmymlw`c u`s dclgv |b`h > |d =>' idv udagh fgcdu |d 0>>' idv

udagh ègl >>9 ubgh lglwo|mdhs ugvg ob`hegl

ivda ` ~gvogh|èg |d ` imrgl àdwh| di |bg adh|bc} odh|vmfw|mdh |b`| |bg ga~cd}gv b`s|d ~`} |d |bg `lamhms|v`|mdh idv gòb lms`fcgl mhlmymlw`c( Bdugygv# |bms vgidva mh 6>>9

lml hd| mhydcyg `h} mhovg`sg mh |bg lglwo|mdhs ~vgymdwsc} emygh `hl# mhs|g`l# m| dhc}

ob`hegl |bg u`} mh ubmob |bgsg lglwo|mdhs ugvg oda~w|gl ivda ` ~gvogh|èg |d ` imrgl

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giigo|s di |bg mhovg`sg mh |bg lglwo|mdhs idv lms`fcgl udagh mh 6>>>5( \bgsg imewvgs sgga |d

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20

\bgvgidvg# mh dvlgv |d mlgh|mi} ubg|bgv |bg ~dcmo} mh|vdlwogl mh 6>>< mhlwogl `

lmiigvgh|m`c ob`heg mh ga~cd}agh| idv lms`fcgl udagh vgc`|myg |d lms`fcgl agh# ug

gs|ma`|g ` sgvmgs di lmiigvghog!mh!lmiigvghogs adlgcs( \bg jg} mlgh|mi}mhe `sswa~|mdh mh

|v`lm|mdh`c lmiigvghog!mh!lmiigvghogs adlgcs ms |b`| |bg ob`heg mh |bg dw|odag y`vm`fcg di

mh|gvgs|# ]# mh vgogh| }g`vs udwcl b`yg fggh |bg sàg idv udagh `s m| u`s idv agh mh

|bg `fsghog di |bg 6>>< ~dcmo} ob`heg( Mi |bms `sswa~|mdh ms odvvgo|# |bgh |bg ~`vàg|gvs

s o`~|wvg |bg ~dcmo}!mhlwogl ob`heg mh |bg dw|odag y`vm`fcg ]( Bdugygv# |d |bg

gr|gh| |b`| lmiigvgh|m`c |vghls mh ] fg|uggh |bg evdw~ di agh `hl udagh `vg ~vgsgh|

gygh ~vmdv |d |bg ~dcmo} ob`heg# |bms udwcl sweegs| |b`| |bg mlgh|mi}mhe `sswa~|mdhs `vg

pwgs|mdhgl( \bgvgidvg# `hl idccdumhe |bg ag|bdldcde} mh @w|dv ) Lwee`h "6>>2-# ug

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26

\bg imvs| lg~ghlgh| y`vm`fcg#0k|} # o`~|wvgs |bg |}~g di ~ghsmdh |b`| |bg mhlmymlw`c k

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ubmcg K| ms ` ygo|dv di |ugcyg mhlmo`|dv y`vm`fcgs idv gòb di |bg }g`vs mhocwlgl mh dwv

sà~cg( Ug `csd mhocwlg mh|gvò|mdhs di |bgsg }g`v lwaamgs um|b |bg ~gvsdhs }g`v di

fmv|b "]DF- mh dvlgv |d òodwh| idv |bg lmiigvgh| giigo| di |bg aòvdgodhdamo

ghymvdhagh| dh c`fdwv idvog ~`v|mom~`|mdh di lms`fcgl mhlmymlw`cs di lmiigvgh| odbdv|s

"dv }g`vs di fmv|b-( \bg s ob`vò|gvm{g |bg odvvgs~dhlmhe FYH gvvdv |gvas(

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ob`heg


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~`vàg|gvs di |bg adlgc( \bgsg y`vm`fcgs `vg |bg ~gvogh|èg di Lms`fmcm|} Gy`cw`|mdh

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diimogs mh gòb di |bg 76 ~vdymhogs f} |bg ~d~wc`|mdh mh |b`| ~vdymhog# `hl |bg

~gvogh|èg di lms`fmcm|} fghgim|s ev`h|gl mh gòb @w|dhdadws Odaawhm|} "@O-# ubmob

ms df|`mhgl f} lmymlmhe |bg hwafgv di fghgim|s ev`h|gl gòb }g`v mh gòb @O "05- f} |bg

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di o`~|wvmhe |bg u`} "vmedvdws$icgrmfcg- mh ubmob |bg bg`c|b odhlm|mdhs `vg gy`cw`|gl mh

gòb vgemdh


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2>=++ !>(>>?

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cde!cmj !6(5G*>7 !7(?G*>< !6(6G*>7

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+ ~3>(>7# ++ ~3>(>0# +++ ~3>(>>0


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27

Dh |bg d|bgv b`hl# |bg ma~ò| di |bg ~dcmo} sggas |d fg mhsmehmimo`h| idv mhlmymlw`cs

ubd `vg (>>9 !(?< !(966+++

Ik}v=2 (>07+++ !>(>>2 (>?7+++ !(>60?+++ !>(>>7 !>(>>9 >(>69 !>(>0= (>9>+ !>(>>9 >(>09

^gvogh|v (0?9++ !>(>92 !(>?9++

Odhs|`h| 0(92+++ !(925+++ 0(0+++ !(59=+++ !(7>5 0==9!6>>5 0==9!6>>5

+ ~3>(>7# ++ ~3>(>0# +++ ~3>(>>0

Hd|g; Ody`vm`|gs mhocwlg |bg cgygc di glwo`|mdh# èg# èg `| ubmob |bg} fgoàg

lms`fcgl# maamev`h| ivda d|bgv vgemdhs di _~`mh# |bg cgygc di |bg lms`fmcm|}

fghgim|# ? lwaamgs idv s~gom`c ~vdigssmdh`c sobgags "èvmowc|wvg# sgci!ga~cd}gl

`hl udvjmhe òomlgh|-# vgemdh`c imrgl giigo|s idv gòb di |bg 05 @w|dhdadws

Odaawhm|mgs mh _~`mh# ` lwaa} mi |bg mhlmymlw`c cmygs mh ` |duh `hl |bg |ud

grocwsmdh vgs|vmo|mdhs; |bg ~gvogh|èg di Lms`fmcm|} Gy`cw`|mdh Diimogs "LGD-

mh gòb di |bg 76 ~vdymhogs `hl |bg ~gvogh|èg di lms`fmcm|} fghgim|s ev`h|gl

mh gòb @w|dhdadws Odaawhm|} "@O-(


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25

Mi ug oda~`vg dwv vgswc|s um|b |bg dhgs df|`mhgl mh GL@L "swvyg} dh lms`fmcm|mgs#

lgimomghomgs `hl bg`c|b s|`|ws-# ubmob u`s odhlwo|gl mh _~`mh mh 0=== `hl 6>>2# ug o`h

sgg |b`| ga~cd}agh| v`|gs2 `csd `ccdus ws |d gr~cdvg ` fm| advg |bg

w|mcm{`|mdh di d|bgv ~dcmo} ag`swvgs |b`| b`yg fggh mh|vdlwogl |d ~vdad|g ga~cd}agh|

di lms`fcgl mhlmymlw`cs mh _~`mh( \bg swvyg} ms `hsugvgl f} 66(5=7 lms`fcgl mhlmymlw`cs

"dhc} =>77 fgcdu `eg 97-# ivda ubmob dhc} 699= `vg vgogmymhe ` lms`fmcm|} ~ghsmdh

"6=(7' di lms`fcgl ~gvsdhs fgcdu `eg 97-(

\`fcg 09 sbdus |b`| dhc} >(2' di vgs~dhlgh|s s`} |b`| |bg} b`yg fghgim|gl ivda

`h ga~cd}agh| pwd|` idv lms`fcgl mhlmymlw`cs mh |bg ~wfcmo sgo|dv `hl >(92' mh |bg

~vmy`|g dhg(


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22

\`fcg 09 _gcgo|gl vgswc|s ivda GL@L swvyg}

\d|`c Agh Udagh

^gvogh|èg Udvjmhe mi ègs 09!97 65'

"6?05-

?6'

"0625-

66'

"0>?>-

@vg }dw owvvgh|c} udvjmhe dv lml }dw udvj mh }dwv c`s|

kdf mh ` _~gom`c Ogh|vg idv Lms`fcgl udvjgvs4

0(5'"697-

0(=5'"06'"09(2>'"067-

>(27'"9(57'"90-

B`yg }dw gygv fghgim|gl ivda `h ga~cd}agh| pwd|` idv

lms`fcgl mhlmymlw`cs mh |bg ~vmy`|g sgo|dv4

>(92'"0>9-

>(2='"95-

>((55'"9?-

B`yg }dw fghgim|gl ivda `h} d|bgv agob`hmsa dv

mh|gvygh|mdh |`veg|gl |d ~vdad|g òogss |d ga~cd}agh|

idv lms`fcgl ~gd~cg4

0(>5'

"092-

0(07'

"29-

0(>0'

"26-

Bdu lml }dw imhl }dwv owvvgh| kdf "dv |bg c`s| kdf }dw

b`l-4


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2=

@| |bg sàg |mag# dhc} 6(6>' di vgs~dhlgh|s s`} |b`| |bg} b`yg fghgim|gl ivda `h

ga~cd}agh| odh|vò| idv lms`fcgl mhlmymlw`cs# >(2< ubmob mhovg`sgl |bg lglwo|mdhs |d |bg _dom`c _gowvm|} odh|vmfw|mdhs idv

ga~cd}gvs ubd bmvgl ` lms`fcgl uda`h(

Mh dvlgv |d ld sd# ug b`yg imvs| lvùh ` ~mo|wvg di ` hwafgv di ~gvsdh`c

ob`vò|gvms|mos `hl di |bg c`fdwv a`vjg| sm|w`|mdh di lms`fmcm|} ~ghsmdhgvs mh _~`mh `hl

m|s gydcw|mdh ivda 0==9 |d 6>>5(

Dwv imhlmhes sweegs| |b`| |bms |}~g di vgidvas ~vdymlg |bg vmeb| mhogh|mygs |d

ga~cd}gvs `s |bg} mhovg`sg |bg ~vdf`fmcm|} di imhlmhe ` kdf idv lms`fcgl udagh mh _~`mh(

\bms jmhl di ~dcm|mo`c mhogh|myg ~vdygs |d ed mh |bg vmeb| lmvgo|mdh idv vgygvsmhe |bg

hge`|myg ldwfcg lmsovmamh`|mdh ~vdfcga |b`| lms`fcgl udagh swiigvgl mh |bg _~`hmsb

c`fdwv a`vjg| fgidvg |bg ma~cgagh|`|mdh di |bg ~dcmo} mh 6>>


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92/148

=0

?(= @~~ghlmr; \`fcgs `hl imewvgs

Ody`vm`|gs mhocwlgl;

0- Ob`vò|gvms|mos di |bg mhlmymlw`c `hl |bg ~ghsmdh;

Cgygc di glwo`|mdh; \bg glwo`|mdh y`vm`fcg b`s ? cgygcs; \bg imvs| dhg

o`~|wvgs mhlmymlw`cs ubd o`hhd| vg`l dv uvm|g dv ubd lvd~~gl dw| di

glwo`|mdh fgidvg imhmsbmhe bmeb sobddc( \bg sgodhl dhg mhocwlgs

mhlmymlw`cs bdclmhe ` bmeb sobddc lm~cda` "dv gpwmy`cgh|- ubgvg`s |bg

|bmvl dhg ms idv ~gd~cg um|b ` fòbgcdvs lgevgg `hl d|bgv bmebgv

glwo`|mdh(

@eg

@eg `| ubmob bg$sbg fgoàg lms`fcgl; gygh mi ug dhc} b`yg mhidva`|mdh

dh |bg ob`vò|gvms|mos di |bg ~ghsmdh ivda 0==9# ug ld b`yg `h gr|v`

y`vm`fcg ubmob o`~|wvgs |bg }g`v mh ubmob |bg ~ghsmdh u`s ev`h|gl( \bms

ms ` ygv} ma~dv|`h| ~mgog di mhidva`|mdh `s |bg èg `| ubmob |bg

mhlmymlw`c fgoàg lms`fcgl ~vdygs |d fg ` s|vdhe lg|gvamh`h| di |bg

c`fdwv a`vjg| fgb`ymdv di |bg mhlmymlw`c lwvmhe bms$bgv lms`fmcm|} s~gcc(

Mh|gvh`c Maamev`h|; @ lwaa} y`vm`fcg |b`| ms 0 mi |bg ~vdymhog mh ubmob

|bg mhlmymlw`c cmygs ms lmiigvgh| ivda |bg ~vdymhog mh ubmob bg$sbg u`s

fdvh( \bgvgidvg# ug `vg dhc} odhsmlgvmhe mh|gvh`c amev`|mdh(

@adwh| di lms`fmcm|} ~ghsmdh; \bgvg `vg ? lwaa} y`vm`fcgs o`~|wvmhe

|bg àdwh| di ~ghsmdh vgogmygl f} |bg mhlmymlw`c mh |bg c`s| ~gvmdl

"cèegl y`cwgs-( ^ghsmdh cdu ms idv y`cwgs fg|uggh >!7>> gwvds$adh|b#

~ghsmdh bmeb idv mhlmymlw`cs vgogmymhe fg|uggh 7>> `hl 07>> gwvd$adh|b

`hl ~ghsmdh |d~ idv àdwh|s `fdyg 07>> gwvd$adh|b(

Vgemag di |bg ~ghsmdh; Lwaa} y`vm`fcgs |b`| mlgh|mi} |bg evdw~ di

udvjgvs mh ubmob |bg mhlmymlw`c b`s fggh mhocwlgl lwvmhe bms$bgv

~vdigssmdh`c cmyg; sgci!ga~cd}gl# èvmowc|wvg "mhocwlgs imsbmhe `hl

amhmhe- `hl mhlmymlw`cs |b`| fgodag lms`fcgl lwg |d ` udvj òomlgh| dv

~vdigssmdh`c smojhgss( \bg vgigvghog o`|gedv} grocwlgl ivda |bg

vgevgssmdhs ms |bg eghgv`c vgemag(


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=6

Vgemdh`c imrgl giigo|s; lwaamgs idv gòb di |bg 05 OO@@7>(

\duh; ms ` lwaa} y`vm`fcg ubmob ms 0 mi |bg |duh mh ubmob |bg

mhlmymlw`c cmygs "mhlg~ghlgh|c} di |bg ~vdymhog dv `w|dhdadws

odaawhm|}- ms sa`ccgv |b`h (>>> b`fm|`h|s( \bms y`vm`fcg o`~|wvgs

s~`|m`c odhs|v`mh|s ìigo|mhe lms`fcgl mhlmymlw`cs ivda sa`cc |duhs ubmob

a`jg m| advg lmiimowc| idv |bga |d vgòb |bg Lms`fmcm|} Gy`cw`|mdh Diimog#

ubmob `vg wsw`cc} ~cògl mh |bg fmeegs| om|mgs di |bg ~vdymhog# dv |d imhl `

kdf(

6- Y`vm`fcgs dhc} ìigo|mhe |bg |}~g di ~ghsmdh;

^gvogh|èg di Lms`fmcm|} Gy`cw`|mdh Diimogs; |bms y`vm`fcg ms df|`mhgl f}

lmymlmhe |bg hwafgv di lms`fmcm|} gy`cw`|mdh diimogs mh gòb di |bg 76

~vdymhogs f} |bg ~d~wc`|mdh mh |b`| ~vdymhog( Ug mh|vdlwog |bms y`vm`fcg

mh dvlgv |d o`~|wvg lmiigvghogs fg|uggh ~vdymhogs mh |bg sgvymog ~vdymlgl

|d lms`fmcm|} oc`ma`h|s `hl |d gr~cdvg bdu |bgsg lmiigvghogs ìigo| |bg

~vdf`fmcm|} di vgogmymhe ` |d|`c dv ` ~`v|m`c |}~g di ~ghsmdh( \bms y`vm`fcg

umcc `csd fg wsgl `s grocwsmdh vgs|vmo|mdh `s m| b`s ` ocg`v giigo| dh |bg

|}~g di ~ghsmdh lmèhdsgl fw| m| ldgs hd| b`yg `h giigo| dh |bg

~vdf`fmcm|} di lms`fcgl mhlmymlw`cs |d imhl ` kdf(

^gvogh|èg di Lms`fmcm|} Fghgim|s ev`h|gl; |bms y`vm`fcg ms |bg vgswc| di

lmymlmhe |bg hwafgv di fghgim|s ev`h|gl gòb }g`v mh gòb `w|dhdadws

odaawhm|mgs "05- lmymlgl f} |bg ~d~wc`|mdh mh gòb `w|dhdadws

odaawhm|}( M| lgsovmfgs |bg u`} "vmedvdws$icgrmfcg- mh ubmob |bg bg`c|b

odhlm|mdhs `vg gy`cw`|gl mh gòb vgemdh( @s |bg ~vgymdws dhg# |bms

y`vm`fcg ìigo|s |bg |}~g di ~ghsmdh |b`| |bg mhlmymlw`c vgogmygs fw| ms hd|

edmhe |d ìigo| |bg ~vdf`fmcm|} di udvjmhe idv lms`fcgl mhlmymlw`cs gm|bgv(

7> \bgvg `vg 0= @w|dhdadws Odaawhm|mgs "OO@@- mh _~`mh( Bdugygv# ug mhocwlg fd|b Ogw|` `hl

Agcmcc` mhsmlg @hl`cwom` fgo`wsg |bgsg `vg |ud sa`cc om|mgs mh |bg hdv|b di @ivmo` |b`| ld hd| b`yg ghdwebdfsgvy`|mdhs |d fg mhocwlgl mh |bg adlgc `s ` sg~`v`|g y`vm`fcg( \b`| ms |bg vg`sdh ub} ug dhc} b`yg 05lwaamgs idv |bg OO@@(


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=?

\`fcg 05; ^vdf`fmcm|mgs di udvjmhe `hl hwafgv di mhlmymlw`cs mh |bg s`a~cg

]g`v ^vdf(Udvjmhe

Hwafgv diMhlmymlw`cs

^vUdvjUdagh

HwafgvMhl(Udagh

^vUdvjAgh

HwafgvMhl( Agh

^vUdvj^`v|m`cLms`f(

Mhl( ^`v|m`cLms`f(Fghgim|s

^vUdvj\d|`c Lms(^ghs

0==9 >(>?55 0==90 >(>09< 765= >(>772 00267 >(>00?

0==5 >(>67= >(>072 7?(>709 0(>9?6 06609 >(>0>0

0==2 >(>95? 6>2>? >(>6>7 77>7 >(>2(0>60 06797 >(>0


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=>'

Lg~ghls dh |bg sdwvog di |bg lms`fmcm|}; mi udvjmhe òomlgh| "dv

~vdigssmdh`c mcchgss-# ?>'!7>' advg mi ga~cd}gv fvdjg sìg|} vgewc`|mdhs

idv |bg kdf76

(

Mhodag \`rgs ^`} hdva`c mhodag |`rgsGrga~|gl mi F`so7? odwh|v} ) hd kdf

Grga~|gl ivda mhodag |`rgs

Vglwo|mdh mh

ga~cd}agh| mhodag

wsgl |d o`cowc`|g |bg

mhodag |`r

6(2>> gwvds$}g`v "mi lms`fmcm|} cgygc

fg|uggh ??' `hl 97'- mi udvjmhe

9(6>> gwvds "mi lms`fmcm|} advg |b`h 97'

dv fgcdu |b`| fw| lms`fcgl um|b vglwogl

adfmcm|}- mi udvjmhe

70 Mh dwv l`|`f`sg ug ldh| dfsgvyg |bg sdwvog di |bg lms`fmcm|}# ug dhc} dfsgvyg |bg vgewc`|dv} f`sg(76

^cg`sg hd|g |b`| mh |bg o`sg di ` \L^# |bg imh`c ~gvogh|èg `~~cmgl odwcl fg advg |b`h 0>>' di |bgvgewc`|dv} f`sg mi |bg ga~cd}gv ms idwhl ewmc|} di hd| ~vgsgvymhe |bg vgpwmvgl sìg|} odhlm|mdhs idv |bg kdf`hl b`s |d ~`} fg|uggh ` ?>'!7>' mhovg`sg mh |bg ~gvogh|èg di |bg vgewc`|dv} f`sg "dygv |bg 0>>'

`cvg`l} gs|`fcmsbgl idv \L^ fghgim|s-(7?Lms`fcgl mhlmymlw`cs mh |bg ~vdymhogs di Ym{o`}`# @c`y` `hl Ewm~w{od`# ubmob odhs|m|w|g |bg F`so

odwh|v}# `vg grga~|gl di ~`}mhe mhodag |`rgs dh \d|`c Lms`fmcm|} Fghgim|s mi |bg} ldh| udvj(


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=9

~gvogh| di

|bg ag`h mh |bg Whm|gl _|`|gs "DGOL 6>>=-( \bms ms lgs~m|g ` ygv} swfs|`h|m`c

ldowagh|gl mhovg`sg mh lms`fmcm|} mhswv`hog "LM- `y`mc`fmcm|} `hl eghgvdsm|} mh vgogh|

lgo`lgs "@w|dv `hl Lwee`h# 6>>9: DGOL# 6>>?-( \bg ods| di gr~`hlmhe |bms ~vd|go|mdh

~vdev`a b`s sd i`v fggh dw|ugmebgl f} |bg sws|`mhgl godhdamo evdu|b di |bg ~`s|

|ugh|} }g`vs7>5# 6>>277- `vg `adhe |bg igu |b`| b`yg vgogh|c} idowsgl

dh fg||gv whlgvs|`hlmhe |bg agob`hmsas fgbmhl |bg fgb`ymdv`c vgs~dhsg di LM

oc`ma`h|s( \bgmv a`mh `vewagh| ms |b`| m| odwcl fg lwg hd| dhc} |d |bg wsw`cc} ~w|

idvu`vl lms|dv|mdh`v} swfs|m|w|mdh giigo| dh mhogh|mygs fw| `csd |d ` hdh!lms|dv|mdh`v}

7s mh DGOL odwh|vmgs `| `vdwhl 0(? ~gvogh| di EL^ dygv |bms ~gvmdl77Ug udwcl cmjg |d |b`hj |bgsg `w|bdvs idv a`jmhe |bgmv 6>>2 wh~wfcmsbgl vg~dv| |d |bg _dom`c _gowvm|}

@lamhms|v`|mdh `y`mc`fcg |d ws(


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=5

mhodag giigo|( \bg c`||gv mh|gv~vg|`|mdh udwcl ma~c} |b`| |bg dfsgvygl vglwo|mdh mh

c`fdwv sw~~c} ms hd| ` lg`lugmeb| cdss `hl m| ms ~vdymlmhe |bg vmeb| `adwh| di |v`h

J. Vall Castello, 2010

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Transcript of J. Vall Castello, 2010